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Jovanović M, Cabarkapa D, Andersson H, Nagy D, Trunic N, Bankovic V, Zivkovic A, Repasi R, Safar S, Ratgeber L. Effects of the Flying Start on Estimated Short Sprint Profiles Using Timing Gates. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2894. [PMID: 38733001 PMCID: PMC11086264 DOI: 10.3390/s24092894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Short sprints are predominantly assessed using timing gates and analyzed through parameters of the mono-exponential equation, including estimated maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and relative acceleration (TAU), derived maximum acceleration (MAC), and relative propulsive maximal power (PMAX), further referred to as the No Correction model. However, the frequently recommended flying start technique introduces a bias during parameter estimation. To correct this, two additional models (Estimated TC and Estimated FD) were proposed. To estimate model precision and sensitivity to detect the change, 31 basketball players executed multiple 30 m sprints. Athlete performance was simultaneously measured by a laser gun and timing gates positioned at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m. Short sprint parameters were estimated using a laser gun, representing the criterion measure, and five different timing gate models, representing the practical measures. Only the MSS parameter demonstrated a high agreement between the laser gun and timing gate models, using the percent mean absolute difference (%MAD) estimator (%MAD < 10%). The MSS parameter also showed the highest sensitivity, using the minimum detectable change estimator (%MDC95), with an estimated %MDC95 < 17%. Interestingly, sensitivity was the highest for the No Correction model (%MDC95 < 7%). All other parameters and models demonstrated an unsatisfying level of sensitivity. Thus, sports practitioners should be cautious when using timing gates to estimate maximum acceleration indices and changes in their respective levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jovanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory—Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | - Dora Nagy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nenad Trunic
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Bankovic
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Zivkovic
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, Singidunum University, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Richard Repasi
- Center for Basketball Methodology and Education, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sandor Safar
- University of Physical Education—Institute of Sport, Training Theory and Methodology Research Center, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Ratgeber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Basketball Methodology and Education, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- University of Physical Education—Institute of Sport, Department of Sport Games, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
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Jovanović M. Bias in estimated short sprint profiles using timing gates due to the flying start: simulation study and proposed solutions. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:145-155. [PMID: 36708323 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Short sprints are most frequently evaluated and modeled using timing gates. Flying start distance is often recommended to avoid premature timing system triggering by lifting knees or swinging arms. This results in timing system initiation not being aligned with the initial force application, which yields bias in estimated short sprint parameters. This simulation study aims to explore the effects of the flying start distance on bias and sensitivity to detect changes in short sprint parameters using three models: the contemporary No Correction model and two proposed Estimated time correction (Estimated TC), and Estimated flying distance (Estimated FD) models. In conclusion, both the Estimated TC and Estimated FD models provided more precise parameter estimates, but surprisingly, the No correction model provided higher sensitivity for specific parameter changes. Besides standardizing the sprint starting technique for the short sprint performance monitoring, practitioners are recommended to utilize and track the results of all three models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jovanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Carron MA, Scanlan AT, Power CJ, Doering TM. What Tests are Used to Assess the Physical Qualities of Male, Adolescent Rugby League Players? A Systematic Review of Testing Protocols and Reported Data Across Adolescent Age Groups. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:106. [PMID: 37947891 PMCID: PMC10638136 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the physical qualities of male, adolescent rugby league players across age groups is essential for practitioners to manage long-term player development. However, there are many testing options available to assess these qualities, and differences in tests and testing protocols can profoundly influence the data obtained. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the most frequently used tests to assess key physical qualities in male, adolescent rugby league players (12-19 years of age); (2) examine the testing protocols adopted in studies using these tests; and (3) synthesise the available data from studies using the most frequently used tests according to age group. METHODS A systematic search of five databases was conducted. For inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research that contained original data published in a peer-reviewed journal; (2) report data specifically for male, adolescent rugby league players; (3) report the age for the recruited participants to be between 12 and 19 years; (4) report data for any anthropometric quality and one other physical quality and identify the test(s) used to assess these qualities; and (5) be published in English with full-text availability. Weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for each physical quality for each age group arranged in 1-year intervals (i.e., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 years) across studies. RESULTS 37 studies were included in this systematic review. The most frequently used tests to assess anthropometric qualities were body mass, standing height, and sum of four skinfold sites. The most frequently used tests to assess other physical qualities were the 10-m sprint (linear speed), 505 Agility Test (change-of-direction speed), Multistage Fitness Test (aerobic capacity), bench press and back squat one-repetition maximum tests (muscular strength), and medicine ball throw (muscular power). Weighted means calculated across studies generally demonstrated improvements in player qualities across subsequent age groups, except for skinfold thickness and aerobic capacity. However, weighted means could not be calculated for the countermovement jump. CONCLUSION Our review identifies the most frequently used tests, but highlights variability in the testing protocols adopted. If these tests are used in future practice, we provide recommended protocols in accordance with industry standards for most tests. Finally, we provide age-specific references for frequently used tests that were implemented with consistent protocols. Clinical Trial Registration This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021267795).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Carron
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia.
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Cody J Power
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Building 81, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
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Repeated Sprint Protocols With Standardized Versus Self-Selected Recovery Periods in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Can They Pace Themselves? A Replication Study. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:193–201. [PMID: 35393370 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Replicating the studies of Gibson et al and Brownstein et al to assess performance, and physiological, and perceived variables during a repeated sprint protocol (RSP) with standardized versus self-selected recovery in youth soccer players. METHODS Nineteen male soccer players (age 13.1 [1.3] y) completed 2 separate RSPs. RSP1: 10 × 30-m sprints with 30-second recovery and RSP2: 10 × 30-m sprints interspersed with self-selected recovery periods. Mean time of both 10 × 30-m RSPs and self-selected recovery periods of RSP2 were assessed. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rates of perceived exertion were measured following RSPs. RESULTS RSP2 revealed longer recovery periods (RSP1: 30.0 [0.0] s; RSP2: 39.0 [7.7] s; P < .001; effect size d = 1.648) with shorter repeated sprint time (mean 30-m sprint time: RSP1: 4.965 [0.256] s; RSP2: 4.865 [0.227] s; P = .014; d = 0.414). Blood lactate concentration (P = .002-.005; d = 0.730-0.958), heart rate (P < .001; d = 1.353), and rates of perceived exertion (RSP1: 14.9 [1.9]; RSP2: 12.9 [2.1]; P = .016; d = 1.046) were higher following RSP1. CONCLUSION In contrast to the original studies, the present replication study demonstrated that self-selected recovery periods during a RSP leads to better repeated sprint performance compared with standardized recovery periods in youth soccer players. The better repeated sprint performance with individual recovery durations in RSP2 was achieved with less physiological and perceived effort.
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Petré H, Ovendal A, Westblad N, Ten Siethoff L, Psilander N. Physical Characteristics of Elite Male Bandy Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12337. [PMID: 36231635 PMCID: PMC9564452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical characteristics of elite male bandy players have not been studied for the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of elite male bandy players with respect to playing positions. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 25 male bandy players from one of the highest-ranked bandy leagues in the world. Body weight, length, isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, squat jump, unilateral long jump, bilateral long jump, 15- and 30-m sprint, 15-m flying sprint, and VO2max were tested. Players were divided into forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Forwards had significantly (p = 0.012) higher relative VO2max than defenders (59.8 ± 4.3 compared to 53.0 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min). No significant differences for any of the other measurements were observed between positions. This is the first study to present the physical characteristics between playing positions in off- and on-ice tests for male bandy players competing at the highest level. Today's bandy players are heavier and have lower relative VO2max compared with players in the early 1990s. However, their work capacities have increased since their absolute VO2max is higher. These results provide benchmark values that can serve as a foundation for strength and conditioning professionals when designing future training programs.
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Impact of Flexibility on Vertical Jump, Balance and Speed in Amateur Football Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle strength, power, balance and speed assume decisive roles in football performance. This study aims to investigate whether lower limb flexibility, particularly the hip flexors and knee extensor and flexor muscles, are correlated with vertical jump performance, balance and speed in adult football players. A sample of 22 male amateur football players (age: 22.3 ± 3 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.4 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.6 kg; BMI: 24.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were assessed for lower limb flexibility, vertical jump, balance and speed. Results indicated that vertical jump ability is moderately correlated with left knee extensors flexibility (ρ = −0.426; p = 0.048), which did not occur on the right side. There were no statistically significant correlations between vertical jump and knee flexors flexibility (ρ = 0.330; p = 0.133). In balance, the reaching distance on the right side presented a moderate and statistically significant correlation with the knee flexors flexibility (ρ = 0.411; p = 0.040), which was not observed on the left side. Velocity was not correlated with the knee extensors flexibility (right: ρ = 0.360; p = 0.100; left: ρ = 0.386; p = 0.076), or with the knee flexors flexibility (ρ = −0.173; p = 0.440). In conclusion, the influence of flexibility on vertical jump ability, balance and speed appears to exist. Further research should seek to clarify the associations between these abilities.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Gentil P, Moran J, Dalbo VJ, Scanlan AT. Dribble Deficit Enables Measurement of Dribbling Speed Independent of Sprinting Speed in Collegiate, Male, Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2040-2045. [PMID: 30664115 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramirez-Campillo, R, Gentil, P, Moran, J, Dalbo, VJ, and Scanlan, AT. Dribble Deficit enables measurement of dribbling speed independent of sprinting speed in collegiate, male, basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2040-2045, 2021-The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between sprinting and dribbling speed in basketball during linear and change-of-direction (COD) sprints using total dribbling time and Dribble Deficit. Collegiate, male, basketball players (n = 10; 21.0 ± 1.6 years) performed linear and COD sprints with and without dribbling a ball. Linear dribbling sprints were measured for the dominant and nondominant hands, whereas COD dribbling sprints involved bilateral use of hands. Dribble Deficit was determined as the difference between total time (second) during each dribbling trial and the equivalent nondribbling trial for linear and COD sprints. Simple linear regression analyses were performed during linear and COD sprints to determine the relationship (R) and shared variance (R2) between (a) sprinting times and total dribbling times and (b) sprinting times and Dribble Deficit. Large to very large, significant relationships were evident between linear sprinting and dribbling time for dominant (R = 0.86; R2 = 0.74, p = 0.001) and nondominant hands (R = 0.80; R2 = 0.65, p = 0.005). Trivial relationships were apparent between linear sprinting time and Dribble Deficit with dominant (R = 0.10; R2 = 0.01, p = 0.778) and nondominant hands (R = 0.03; R2 = 0.00, p = 0.940). A very large relationship was evident between COD sprinting and dribbling time (R = 0.91; R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001), whereas a trivial relationship was observed between COD sprinting time and COD Dribble Deficit (R = -0.23; R2 = 0.05, p = 0.530). Dribble Deficit eliminates the strong influence of sprinting speed on outcome measures typically seen when using tests predicated on total dribbling time. Consequently, Dribble Deficit may be of added use in basketball test batteries to measure dribbling speed across linear and multidirectional movement paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Jason Moran
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Strafford BW, Davids K, North JS, Stone JA. Effects of functional movement skills on parkour speed-run performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:765-773. [PMID: 33583349 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1891295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkour speed-runs require performers (known as Traceurs) to negotiate obstacles with divergent properties such as angles, inclinations, sizes, surfaces, and textures in the quickest way possible. The quicker the run, the higher the performer is ranked. Performance in Parkour speed-runs may be regulated through Parkour Traceurs' functional movement skill capacities given the physical requirements of the event. This study examined what functional movement skills correlate with Parkour speed-run performance. Nineteen male Parkour Traceurs undertook a physical testing battery inclusive of: agility T-test, maximal grip strength test, and maximal vertical and horizontal jumps across several jump modalities. For the speed-run, Parkour Traceurs navigated an indoor Parkour installation. Pearson's correlation analyses (r) revealed that agility T-test performance showed a significant positive correlation with Parkour speed-run performance, whereas standing long jump and counter movement jump (with and without arm swing) were significantly negatively correlated with Parkour speed-run performance. Concurrent with the intrinsically-linked building blocks in the Athletic Skills Model, the data from the present study suggest that performance in Parkour-speed-runs are underpinned by functional movement skills (jumping, running; arm swinging) and conditions of movement (agility), all of which encapsulate elements of basic motor properties (speed; strength). From a practical perspective, the agility T-test, standing long jump, and counter movement jump with and without arm swing can form a basic battery to evaluate the physical effects of Parkour speed-run interventions on functional movement skills.Highlights As Parkour speed-runs could be implemented to improve functional movement skills in different domains (indoors, outdoors, collectively as members of a team or individually), it was important to explore what composition of a battery of standardised athletic tests for functional movement skills correlated to Parkour speed-run performance (time to completion).In line with the intrinsically-linked building blocks in the Athletic Skills Model, the data from the present study suggest that performance in Parkour-speed-runs are underpinned by functional movement skills (jumping, running; arm swinging) and condition of movement (agility), all of which encapsulate elements of basic motor properties (speed; strength).Testing batteries examining the effects of Parkour speed-run interventions should include the following: agility T-test, CMJ jumps without arm swing using both feet and the dominant and the non-dominant foot, SLJ, and CMJ jumps with an arm swing component using both feet and the dominant and the non-dominant foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben William Strafford
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP
| | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP
| | - Jamie Stephen North
- Expert Performance and Skill Acquisition Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Allied Health, and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, TW1 4SX
| | - Joseph Antony Stone
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Hall, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP
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Pearson AG, Alexander L, Witard OC, Coughlin TE, Tipton KD, Walshe IH. A hypoenergetic diet with decreased protein intake does not reduce lean body mass in trained females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:771-781. [PMID: 33258997 PMCID: PMC7892501 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Increasing protein intake during energy restriction (ER) attenuates lean body mass (LBM) loss in trained males. However, whether this relationship exists in trained females is unknown. This study examined the impact of higher compared to lower protein intakes (35% versus 15% of energy intake) on body composition in trained females during 2 weeks of severe ER. Methods Eighteen well-trained females completed a 1-week energy balanced diet (HD100), followed by a 2-week hypoenergetic (40% ER) diet (HD60). During HD60, participants consumed either a high protein (HP; 35% protein, 15% fat) or lower protein (CON; 15% protein, 35% fat) diet. Body composition, peak power, leg strength, sprint time, and anaerobic endurance were assessed at baseline, pre-HD60, and post-HD60. Results Absolute protein intake was reduced during HD60 in the CON group (from 1.6 to 0.9 g·d·kgBM−1) and maintained in the HP group (~ 1.7 g·d·kgBM−1). CON and HP groups decreased body mass equally during HD60 (− 1.0 ± 1.1 kg; p = 0.026 and − 1.1 ± 0.7 kg; p = 0.002, respectively) and maintained LBM. There were no interactions between time point and dietary condition on exercise performance. Conclusion The preservation of LBM during HD60, irrespective of whether absolute protein intake is maintained or reduced, contrasts with findings in trained males. In trained females, the relationship between absolute protein intake and LBM change during ER warrants further investigation. Future recommendations for protein intake during ER should be expressed relative to body mass, not total energy intake, in trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Lee Alexander
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Coughlin
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Ian H Walshe
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.
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McMahon JJ, Lake JP, Ripley NJ, Comfort P. Vertical Jump Testing in Rugby League: A Rationale for Calculating Take-Off Momentum. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:370-374. [PMID: 32796137 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of calculating jump take-off momentum in rugby league (RL) by exploring its relationship with sprint momentum, due to the latter being an important attribute of this sport. Twenty-five male RL players performed 3 maximal-effort countermovement jumps on a force platform and 3 maximal effort 20-m sprints (with split times recorded). Jump take-off momentum and sprint momentum (between 0 and 5, 5 and 10, and 10 and 20 m) were calculated (mass multiplied by velocity) and their relationship determined. There was a very large positive relationship between both jump take-off and 0- to 5-m sprint momentum (r = .781, P < .001) and jump take-off and 5- to 10-m sprint momentum (r = .878, P < .001). There was a nearly perfect positive relationship between jump take-off and 10- to 20-m sprint momentum (r = .920, P < .001). Jump take-off and sprint momentum demonstrated good-excellent reliability and very large-nearly perfect associations (61%-85% common variance) in an RL cohort, enabling prediction equations to be created. Thus, it may be practically useful to calculate jump take-off momentum as part of routine countermovement jump testing of RL players and other collision-sport athletes to enable the indirect monitoring of sprint momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford
- Leeds Beckett University
- Edith Cowan University
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Martin E, Kim S, Unfried A, Delcambre S, Sanders N, Bischoff B, Saavedra R. 6th vital sign app: Testing validity and reliability for measuring gait speed. Gait Posture 2019; 68:264-268. [PMID: 30551051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait speed tests are useful predictors of different health outcomes in people. These tests can be administered by the convenience of one's smartphone. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the 6th Vital Sign app valid and reliable for measuring gait speed? METHODS The study used a prospective test-retest design. Fifteen college subjects were asked to walk at their normal pace for 2 min. Each subject performed two trials. Speed was recorded by the 6th Vital Sign app, Brower timing gates, and by hand-measurement of distance walked divided by the 2 min. Criterion validity was assessed by paired t-tests, Cohen's D effect sizes, and Pearson correlation tests. Inter-trial reliability within each device was assessed with Pearson correlation tests. RESULTS Speed measured by the app was significantly lower than speed measured by gates (p = 0.004) and by hand-measurement (p = 0.009). The difference between gates and hand-measurement was not significant (p = 0.684). The speed measured by gates and hand-measurement were very highly correlated (r = 0.974), but speed measured by app was only moderately correlated with gates (r = 0.370) and hand-measurement (r = 0.365). The inter-trial reliability was fairly high with correlations r = 0.916, 0.944, and 0.941 when speed was measured by the app, gates, and hand-measurement, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE The app tended to underestimate speed when compared to gate and hand-measurements. Therefore, we conclude that the 6th Vital Sign app is not valid for use for clinical diagnosis or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - S Kim
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - A Unfried
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - S Delcambre
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - N Sanders
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - B Bischoff
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
| | - R Saavedra
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA, 93955, USA.
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Sprint Mechanical Properties of Female and Different Aged Male Top-Level German Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040161. [PMID: 30487450 PMCID: PMC6316512 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the sprint mechanical properties of female and different aged male top-level soccer players. A total of 14 adult females (FEM) and 115 different aged male field players, competing at German top levels, participated in this study. The males belonged to teams of under 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, and 23 years (U 12–23) and professionals (PRO). All players were tested for a 30 m linear sprint. From timing gate derived sprint times, force-velocity and power-velocity relationships, as well as theoretical maximum running velocity, force, and power data were computed by an inverse dynamic approach applied to the center of mass. The approach was optimized for taking the starting time into account, which is a progress in the present research field, when aiming to compute sprint mechanical properties by different methodological approaches under field conditions. Sprint mechanical properties of FEM were lower than those of PRO. Compared to other age groups, sprint mechanical properties of FEM were similar to those of U 14 and U 15. An increase in sprint mechanical properties was found from U 12 to U 17. The study shows that sprint mechanical properties differ according to gender and age in top-level soccer players.
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Altmann S, Ringhof S, Becker B, Woll A, Neumann R. Error-Correction Processing in Timing Lights for Measuring Sprint Performance: Does It Work? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1400-1402. [PMID: 29809060 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if error-correction-processing (ECP) algorithms in timing lights are able to eliminate or reduce measurement errors (MEs) and false signals due to swinging arms or legs. METHODS First, a dummy was used to check if ECP generally works. Second, 15 male sport students performed sprints over 5 and 10 m. Timing lights with ECP and a high-speed camera as a gold standard were used to simultaneously capture the athletes when passing the timing lights at start, 5 m, and 10 m. MEs of the timing lights were calculated for hip and upper body. RESULTS The dummy condition revealed that ECP is able to eliminate MEs. In real sprint conditions, MEs were highest for timing light at start and when using the hip as a reference. Overall, out of 120 trials, only 4 false signals were not detected by ECP. They all occurred at the start timing light, with highest MEs being 0.263 s (hip) and 0.134 s (upper body). Regarding 5 and 10 m, all false signals were eliminated. CONCLUSIONS As proven through video analyses, ECP eliminated almost all false signals. The largest MEs at the start timing light were associated with a distinct forward leaning of the athletes. Therefore, clear instructions concerning starting posture should be given to further improve measurement accuracy of the start timing light. This approach could also enhance comparisons between athletes. Nevertheless, based on the results, timing lights employing ECP can be recommended for measuring short sprints.
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Chtourou H, Engel FA, Fakhfakh H, Fakhfakh H, Hammouda O, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Souissi N, Sperlich B. Diurnal Variation of Short-Term Repetitive Maximal Performance and Psychological Variables in Elite Judo Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1499. [PMID: 30416454 PMCID: PMC6212582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of time of day on short-term repetitive maximal performance and psychological variables in elite judo athletes. Methods: Fourteen Tunisian elite male judokas (age: 21 ± 1 years, height:172 ± 7 cm, body-mass: 70.0 ± 8.1 kg) performed a repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability (RSSJA) test (6 m × 2 m × 12.5 m every 25-s incorporating one countermovement jump (CMJ) between sprints) in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (5:00 p.m.). Psychological variables (Profile of mood states (POMS-f) and Hooper questionnaires) were assessed before and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after the RSSJA. Results: Sprint times (p > 0.05) of the six repetition, fatigue index of sprints (p > 0.05) as well as mean (p > 0.05) jump height and fatigue index (p > 0.05) of CMJ did not differ between morning and afternoon. No differences were observed between the two times-of-day for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, interpersonal relationship, sleep, and muscle soreness (p > 0.05). Jump height in CMJ 3 and 4 (p < 0.05) and RPE (p < 0.05) and vigor (p < 0.01) scores were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning. Stress was higher in the morning compared to the afternoon (p < 0.01). Conclusion: In contrast to previous research, repeated sprint running performance and mood states of the tested elite athletes showed no-strong dependency of time-of-day of testing. A possible explanation can be the habituation of the judo athletes to work out early in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Chtourou
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Florian Azad Engel
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassen Fakhfakh
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hazem Fakhfakh
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM EA 2931), Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Achraf Ammar
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, García-Pinillos F, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Yanci J, Castillo D, Loturco I, Chaabene H, Moran J, Izquierdo M. Optimal Reactive Strength Index: Is It an Accurate Variable to Optimize Plyometric Training Effects on Measures of Physical Fitness in Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:885-893. [PMID: 29389692 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ramirez-Campillo, R, Alvarez, C, García-Pinillos, F, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Yanci, J, Castillo, D, Loturco, I, Chaabene, H, Moran, J, and Izquierdo, M. Optimal reactive strength index: is it an accurate variable to optimize plyometric training effects on measures of physical fitness in young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 885-893, 2018-This study aimed to compare the effects of drop-jump training using a fixed drop-box height (i.e., 30-cm [FIXED]) vs. an optimal (OPT) drop-box height (i.e., 10-cm to 40-cm: generating an OPT reactive strength index [RSI]) in youth soccer players' physical fitness. Athletes were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 24; age = 13.7 years), a fixed drop-box height group (FIXED, n = 25; age = 13.9 years), or an OPT drop-box height group (OPT, n = 24; age = 13.1 years). Before and after 7 weeks of training, tests for the assessment of jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ], 5 multiple bounds), speed (20-m sprint time), change of direction ability (CODA [Illinois test]), strength {RSI and 5 maximal squat repetition test (5 repetition maximum [RM])}, endurance (2.4-km time trial), and kicking ability (maximal kicking distance) were undertaken. Analyses revealed main effects of time for all dependent variables (p < 0.001, d = 0.24-0.72), except for 20-m sprint time. Analyses also revealed group × time interactions for CMJ (p < 0.001, d = 0.51), depth jump (DJ) (p < 0.001, d = 0.30), 20-m sprint time (p < 0.001, d = 0.25), CODA (p < 0.001, d = 0.22), and 5RM (p < 0.01, d = 0.16). Post hoc analyses revealed increases for the FIXED group (CMJ: 7.4%, d = 0.36; DJ: 19.2%, d = 0.49; CODA: -3.1%, d = -0.21; 5RM: 10.5%, d = 0.32) and the OPT group (CMJ: 16.7%, d = 0.76; DJ: 36.1%, d = 0.79; CODA: -4.4%, d = -0.34; 5RM: 18.1%, d = 0.47). Post hoc analyses also revealed increases for the OPT group in 20-m sprint time (-3.7%, d = 0.27). Therefore, to maximize the effects of plyometric training, an OPT approach is recommended. However, using adequate fixed drop-box heights may provide a rational and practical alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (University of Los Lagos), Osorno, Chile.,Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (University of Los Lagos), Osorno, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera (University of the Frontier or UFRO), Temuco, Chile
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport-NAR, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia.,Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- University Center Hartpury, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for the Study of Physical Activity Measurement (CEMA), Del Rosario University, Bogotá, Colombia and.,Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Relationships between performance test and match-related physical performance parameters. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Altmann S, Spielmann M, Engel FA, Neumann R, Ringhof S, Oriwol D, Haertel S. Validity of Single-Beam Timing Lights at Different Heights. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1994-1999. [PMID: 28277431 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Altmann, S, Spielmann, M, Engel, FA, Neumann, R, Ringhof, S, Oriwol, D, and Haertel, S. Validity of single-beam timing lights at different heights. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1994-1999, 2017-The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of different timing light heights on sprint time and the validity of measurement. Two single-beam timing gate systems were used to measure 30-m sprint time (splits at 5 and 10 m) in 15 healthy and physically active male subjects. System 1 was set up at a height of 0.64 m and system 2 at 0.25 m (initial timing light) and 1.00 m (each following timing light), respectively. Participants performed 3 valid trials. The recordings of a high-speed video camera were used as a reference. Sprint times of system 1 and system 2 differed significantly between each other and from the reference system at all distances (p < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficients and Pearson's r values between both timing light systems and the reference system were low to moderate at 5 and 10 m and moderate to high at 30 m. Bland and Altman analysis revealed that the agreement intervals were considerably higher for the comparison between system 1 and the reference system than for system 2 and the reference system. A valid measurement of splits at 5 and 10 m via the systems used in this study is questionable, whereas 30-m times have an acceptable validity, especially when using system 2. This study confirms the influence of methodological approaches on sprint times. Coaches and researchers should consider that results gained by single-beam timing lights at different heights are not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- 1Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; 2BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; 3Department for Social Sciences, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; and 4TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Hoffenheim, Germany
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Murr D, Raabe J, Höner O. The prognostic value of physiological and physical characteristics in youth soccer: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:62-74. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1386719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Murr
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Raabe
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Höner
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Darrall-Jones JD, Jones B, Roe G, Till K. Reliability and Usefulness of Linear Sprint Testing in Adolescent Rugby Union and League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1359-64. [PMID: 26466131 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate (a) whether there were differences in sprint times at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m between rugby union and rugby league players, (b) determine the reliability and usefulness of linear sprint testing in adolescent rugby players. Data were collected on 28 rugby union and league academy players over 2 testing sessions, with 3-day rest between sessions. Rugby league players were faster at 5 m than rugby union players, with further difference unclear. Sprint time at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m was all reliable (coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.1, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.3%) but greater than the smallest worthwhile change (SWC [0.2 × between-subject SD]), rating the test as marginal for usefulness. Although the test was incapable of detecting the SWC, we recommend that practitioners and researchers use Hopkins' proposed method; whereby plotting the change score of the individual at each split (±typical error [TE] expressed as a CV) against the SWC and visually inspecting whether the TE crosses into the SWC are capable of identifying whether a change is both real (greater than the noise of the test, i.e., >TE) and of practical significance (>SWC). Researchers and practitioners can use the TE and SWC from this study to assess changes in performance of adolescent rugby players when using single beam timing gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Darrall-Jones
- 1Research Institute Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; 2Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Haugen T, Buchheit M. Sprint Running Performance Monitoring: Methodological and Practical Considerations. Sports Med 2015; 46:641-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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