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Peng HT, Lai CT, Lin HL, Wang LI. Unimodal and bimodal curves of ground reaction force-time profiles identify the drop jump performance. Sports Biomech 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38180880 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2298972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the kinematics and kinetics differences in ground reaction force (GRF)-time profiles with uni- and bimodal curves (UNC and BIC) during the concentric phase of the drop jump (DJ). Twenty two male Physical Education college student who met UNC (N = 11) or BIC (N = 11) of the GRF-time profile of were recruited. Two force plates and eight infrared optical cameras were synchronised to collect the GRF and motion data during DJ from a 30-cm height. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data. The Wilcoxon test was used when data were not normally distributed. Otherwise, Independent t-tests were used to compare differences between the UNC and BIC groups for each dependent variable. The UNC group demonstrated shorter ground contact time, lower jump height, greater leg stiffness, greater peak power during the eccentric phase, less work during the eccentric and concentric phases, and greater hip and knee joint flexion and extension angle displacements (p < 0.05). No significant intergroup differences were found in reactive strength index (p > 0.05). The UNC and BIC of the GRF-time profiles can indicate whether athletes can practice DJ appropriately. UNC can be representative of a better DJ performance with an efficient stretch-shortening cycle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Te Peng
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Lai
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-I Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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2
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Brandt M, Beinert S, Alfuth M. Network Meta-analysis of Combined Strength and Power Training for Countermovement Jump Height. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:778-798. [PMID: 37459857 DOI: 10.1055/a-2105-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Combined strength and power training in a training program is considered to improve the vertical jump, which is frequently quantified using the countermovement jump height. It is not yet clear whether one of the different training set structures, such as complex training, contrast training, compound training and traditional training, is superior to another. The aim of this review is to describe and assess the comparative effects of the set structures on countermovement jump height in healthy subjects. A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Network Meta-Analyses. Three databases were systematically searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. NMAs were performed using a random-effects model. Twenty-four studies were included. All interventions were superior to control (no intervention) with mean differences ranging from 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99 to 3.74] for complex training to 3.43 (95% CI: 2.61 to 4.26) for traditional training. None of the training interventions were superior compared to each other in strength and/or power trained subjects, as well as in non-strength and/or power trained subjects. The findings support the combination of strength and power training to improve countermovement jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brandt
- Physiotherapy, Academy of Applied Movement Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Further Education, M.Sc. Sport Physiotherapy, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sibylle Beinert
- Physiotherapy, Academy of Applied Movement Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Alfuth
- Department of Further Education, M.Sc. Sport Physiotherapy, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Health Care, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
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3
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Wang X, Lv C, Qin X, Ji S, Dong D. Effectiveness of plyometric training vs. complex training on the explosive power of lower limbs: A Systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1061110. [PMID: 36741805 PMCID: PMC9889940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Explosive power is considered an important factor in competitive events. Thus, strategies such as complex training (CT) and plyometric training (PLT) are effective at improving explosive power. However, it is still not clear which of the two strategies can enable greater improvements on the explosive power. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the effects of PLT and CT on the explosive power of the lower limbs. Methods: The Review Manager and GraphPad Prism programs were used to analyze the synthetic and time effects (effects over training time) on explosive power (i.e., jump ability, sprint ability) and maximum strength. Our research identified 87 studies comprising 1,355 subjects aged 10-26.4 years. Results: The results suggested the following: 1) Synthetic effects on jump ability (Hedges' g): .79 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, 1.35 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and .85 (p < .001) for CT; 2) Synthetic effects on sprint ability: .83 (p < .001) for unloaded PLT, -2.11 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and -.78 (p < .001) for CT; 3) Synthetic effects on maximum strength: .84 (p < .001) for loaded PLT and 1.53 (p < .001) for CT; 4) The time effects of unloaded PLT and CT on explosive power were similar, but the time effects of CT on maximum strength were obviously above that of PLT. Discussion: In conclusion, unloaded PLT and CT have a similar effect on explosive performance in the short term but loaded PLT has a better effect. The improvement of the maximum strength caused by CT was greater than that induced by PLT. In addition, more than 10 weeks of training may be more beneficial for the improvement of power. Therefore, for explosive power training, we suggest adopting unloaded or light-loaded PLT during a short season and applying CT during an annual or long training cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Changhai Lv
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Changhai Lv,
| | - Xinmin Qin
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Shuyu Ji
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Delong Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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4
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Spyrou K, Alcaraz PE, Marín-Cascales E, Herrero-Carrasco R, Cohen DD, Freitas TT. Neuromuscular Performance Changes in Elite Futsal Players Over a Competitive Season. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1111-1116. [PMID: 36727908 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spyrou, K, Alcaraz, PE, Marín-Cascales, E, Herrero-Carrasco, R, Cohen, DD, and Freitas, TT. Neuromuscular performance changes in elite futsal players over a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-A professional futsal season imposes a great amount of physiological and mechanical stress on players. The main aim of this study was to examine the changes in neuromuscular performance qualities across the season. Ten professional male players performed a 10-m sprint, standing long jumps (SLJs), and countermovement jumps (CMJs) during the competitive season (i.e., every ∼5 weeks from September to January). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons and effect sizes (ESs) were used to analyze potential differences among these assessments. A significant and large decline was found in concentric peak power (p = 0.040; ES = 1.24). A nonsignificant and moderate decrease was observed in sprint ability (p = 0.155; ES = 1.03), CMJ height (p = 0.175; ES = 1.00), and SLJ distance (p = 0.164; ES = 1.03). Regarding other CMJ kinetic variables, nonsignificant and moderate changes were found. In summary, considering the neuromuscular performance tests and variables assessed, only concentric peak power in CMJ decreased significantly across the season; however, nonsignificant decrements were observed in sprinting time, SLJ, CMJ height, and other kinetic metrics. CMJ variables during the jump-land cycle should be incorporated alongside more traditional measures (e.g., jump height) to monitor performance during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bogotá, Colombia.,Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia; and
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
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Krzyszkowski J, Chowning LD, Harry JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3352-3358. [PMID: 34533485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzyszkowski, J, Chowning, LD, and Harry, JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3352-3358, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine whether countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) phase-specific cues can improve jump performance and phase-specific force-time characteristics. Twenty-nine subjects (14 males and 15 females) performed 15 total CMVJ trials (5 per condition) while being provided with a control and phase-specific (unloading phase and eccentric braking phases) foci of attention. Jump height, reactive strength index-modified, countermovement depth, time-to-takeoff, and CMVJ subphase force-time characteristics were compared between each phase-specific verbal cues and the control condition using paired samples t-tests ( α = 0.05) and Cohen's d effect sizes ( d ; large >1.2). Female ( d = 0.242; p = 0.012) and male ( d = 1.96; p = 0.047) subjects achieved greater jump heights in the control condition compared with the unloading phase condition. Females demonstrated a faster unloading phase, less unloading force, greater unloading yank, and greater braking force during the unloading condition, as well as greater eccentric braking force during the eccentric braking condition compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.014; d ≥ 0.242). Males exhibited less body mass unloading, greater unloading yank, faster eccentric braking time, greater eccentric braking force, and greater eccentric braking yank for both the unloading and eccentric braking conditions compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.047; d ≥ 0.196). Collectively, these results suggest that phase-specific foci of attention do not acutely improve jump performance but can enhance phase-specific force-time characteristics in recreationally active individuals. Specifically, practitioners should consider using an eccentric braking phase instruction for individuals need to improve eccentric braking force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Krzyszkowski
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Hughes S, Warmenhoven J, Haff GG, Chapman DW, Nimphius S. Countermovement Jump and Squat Jump Force-Time Curve Analysis in Control and Fatigue Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2752-2761. [PMID: 35687846 PMCID: PMC9488939 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hughes, S, Warmenhoven, J, Haff, GG, Chapman, DW, and Nimphius, S. Countermovement jump and squat jump force-time curve analysis in control and fatigue conditions. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2752-2761, 2022-This study aimed to reanalyze previously published discrete force data from countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a statistical method that enables analysis of data in its native, complete state. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of 1-dimensional (1D) force-time curves was compared with previous zero-dimensional (0D) analysis of peak force to assess sensitivity of 1D analysis. Thirty-two subjects completed CMJs and SJs at baseline, 15 minutes, 1, 24, and 48 hours following fatigue and control conditions in a pseudo random cross-over design. Absolute (CMJ ABS /SJ ABS ) and time-normalized (CMJ NORM /SJ NORM ) force-time data were analyzed using SPM 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance with significance accepted at α = 0.05. The SPM indicated a magnitude of difference between force-time data with main effects for time ( p < 0.001) and interaction ( p < 0.001) observed in CMJ ABS , SJ ABS, and SJ NORM, whereas previously published 0D analysis reported no 2-way interaction in CMJ and SJ peak force. This exploratory research demonstrates the strength of SPM to identify changes between entire movement force-time curves. Continued development and use of SPM analysis techniques could present the opportunity for refined assessment of athlete fatigue and readiness with the analysis of complete force-time curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - John Warmenhoven
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Dale W. Chapman
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
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7
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Arntz F, Mkaouer B, Markov A, Schoenfeld BJ, Moran J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Behrens M, Baumert P, Erskine RM, Hauser L, Chaabene H. Effect of Plyometric Jump Training on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review With Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:888464. [PMID: 35832484 PMCID: PMC9271893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.888464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2021. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main overall finding (44 effect sizes across 15 clusters median = 2, range = 1-15 effects per cluster) indicated that plyometric jump training had small to moderate effects [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.47 (95% CIs = 0.23-0.71); p < 0.001] on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses for training experience revealed trivial to large effects in non-athletes [SMD = 0.55 (95% CIs = 0.18-0.93); p = 0.007] and trivial to moderate effects in athletes [SMD = 0.33 (95% CIs = 0.16-0.51); p = 0.001]. Regarding muscle groups, results showed moderate effects for the knee extensors [SMD = 0.72 (95% CIs = 0.66-0.78), p < 0.001] and equivocal effects for the plantar flexors [SMD = 0.65 (95% CIs = -0.25-1.55); p = 0.143]. As to the assessment methods of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, findings indicated trivial to small effects for prediction equations [SMD = 0.29 (95% CIs = 0.16-0.42); p < 0.001] and moderate-to-large effects for ultrasound imaging [SMD = 0.74 (95% CIs = 0.59-0.89); p < 0.001]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the weekly session frequency moderates the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with a higher weekly session frequency inducing larger hypertrophic gains [β = 0.3233 (95% CIs = 0.2041-0.4425); p < 0.001]. We found no clear evidence that age, sex, total training period, single session duration, or the number of jumps per week moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy [β = -0.0133 to 0.0433 (95% CIs = -0.0387 to 0.1215); p = 0.101-0.751]. Conclusion: Plyometric jump training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, regardless of age and sex. There is evidence for relatively larger effects in non-athletes compared with athletes. Further, the weekly session frequency seems to moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereby more frequent weekly plyometric jump training sessions elicit larger hypertrophic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Arntz
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B. Mkaouer
- Department of Individual Sports, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A. Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B. J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - J. Moran
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - R. Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - P. Baumert
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R. M. Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Hauser
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - H. Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Holmberg PM, Harrison PW, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Krzyszkowski J, Chowning LD, Harry JR. Phase-Specific Predictors of Countermovement Jump Performance That Distinguish Good From Poor Jumpers. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1257-1263. [PMID: 32412965 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzyszkowski, J, Chowning, LD, and Harry, JR. Phase-specific predictors of countermovement jump performance that distinguish good from poor jumpers. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1257-1263, 2022-The modified-reactive strength index (RSImod) is commonly examined during the countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) to assess neuromuscular characteristics (i.e., explosiveness, fatigue, adaptation, etc.) of an athlete. However, both phase-specific variables explaining RSImod and corresponding differences between good and poor jumpers are not well understood in trained populations. This study sought to (a) identify predictors of RSImod during the CMJ based on phase-specific temporal and rate of force development (RFD) variables, and (b) identify differences in those predictors between performers with high and low RSImod performances from a sample of collegiate male basketball players (n = 22; 20 ± 2 years; 1.99 ± 0.06 month; 93.8 ± 7.5 kg). Subjects performed 3 maximal effort CMJ trials while ground reaction force data was recorded using 2 force platforms. Phase-specific temporal and RFD variables were calculated and entered into separate stepwise regression models using backward elimination to identify predictors RSImod. Individuals were then categorized into high (n = 11; RSImod = 0.68 ± 0.10) and low (n = 11; RSImod = 0.48 ± 0.04) RSImod groups according to the overall median RSImod (RSImod = 0.55). Independent t-tests (α = 0.05) were conducted and supplemented by Cohen's d effect sizes (d ≥ 1.2, large) to compare groups relative to significant predictors identified by the linear regression models and related variables. The temporal regression model (R2 = 0.530) retained unloading time and concentric time, whereas the RFD regression model (R2 = 0.429) retained unloading RFD and braking RFD. The high RSImod group exhibited significantly greater RSImod scores (d = 2.51, p < 0.001) and jump heights (d = 1.58, p < 0.001), shorter times to takeoff (d = 1.27, p = 0.007) and concentric times (d = 1.51, p = 0.002), and a greater braking RFD (d = 1.41, p = 0.005) than the low RSImod group. Individuals targeting enhanced CMJ performance may consider exploring strategies or interventions to develop quicker unloading and concentric phases and increasing eccentric RFD abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Krzyszkowski
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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10
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Ramírez-delaCruz M, Bravo-Sánchez A, Esteban-García P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Body Muscle Architecture, Tendon Structure, Stiffness and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35312884 PMCID: PMC8938535 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training (PT) has been widely studied in sport science. However, there is no review that determines the impact of PT on the structural variables and mechanical properties of the lower limbs and physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of PT on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness and physical performance. METHODS Five electronic databases were analysed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Availability in English; (2) Experimental studies that included a PT of at least eight sessions; and (3) Healthy adults subjects. Four meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software: (1) muscle architecture; (2) tendon structure; (3) muscle and tendon stiffness; (4) physical performance. RESULTS From 1008 search records, 32 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Muscle architecture meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on muscle thickness (Standard Mean Difference (SMD): 0.59; [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.47, 0.71]) and fascicle length (SMD: 0.51; [95% CI 0.26, 0.76]), and a small effect of PT on pennation angle (SMD: 0.29; [95% CI 0.02, 0.57]). The meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on tendon stiffness (SMD: 0.55; [95% CI 0.28, 0.82]). The lower body physical performance meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on jumping (SMD: 0.61; [95% CI 0.47, 0.74]) and strength (SMD: 0.57; [95% CI 0.42, 0.73]). CONCLUSION PT increased the thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of the evaluated muscles. In addition, plyometrics is an effective tool for increasing tendon stiffness and improving jump and strength performance of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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11
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Kozinc Ž. Is the Shape of the Force-Time Curve Related to Performance in Countermovement Jump? A Review. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 50:49-57. [PMID: 36374956 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2022045205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Countermovement jump (CMJ) is frequently used to assess the neuromuscular capacity in athletes and track adaptations to training, typically through outcome variables such as jump height, peak/mean force, power or velocity, and rate of force development. Recently, there has been an increasing interest to analyze the shape of the force-time curve of the CMJ and its relationship to CMJ performance. This aim of the present review was to collect and analyze the available literature pertaining to this topic. One approach to analyze CMJ curve shape is to classify it as "unimodal" or "bimodal," based on the number of force peaks. The difference between athletes showing unimodal and bimodal curves is negligible in terms of jump height, while unimodal curves are associated with higher reactive strength index. Rather than the number of peaks, the most important characteristics that maximizes CMJ height seems to be the temporal alignment of peak force with the instant of the lowest center-of-mass position (i.e., when the jumper transitions from the braking to the propulsive phase). Other than bimodal/unimodal classification, the "shape factor" (the value of force impulse, divided by the area of the rectangular shape drawn around) has been emerging as another approach to assess CMJ curve shape; however, the studies exploring its relationship with performance are few and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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12
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Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
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Taberner M, van Dyk N, Allen T, Jain N, Richter C, Drust B, Betancur E, Cohen DD. Physical preparation and return to performance of an elite female football player following ACL reconstruction: a journey to the FIFA Women's World Cup. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000843. [PMID: 34422284 PMCID: PMC8323467 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ACL injuries are among the most severe knee injuries in elite sport, with a high injury burden and re-injury risk. Despite extensive literature on the injury and the higher incidence of injury and re-injury in female athletes, there is limited evidence on the return to sport (RTS) of elite female football players following ACL reconstruction (ACLR). RTS is best viewed on a continuum aligning the recovery and rehabilitation process with the ultimate aim — a return to performance (RTPerf). We outline the RTS and RTPerf of an elite female football player following ACLR and her journey to the FIFA Women’s World Cup, including the gym-based physical preparation and the on-pitch/sports-specific reconditioning. We used the ‘control–chaos continuum’ as a framework for RTS, guiding a return above pre-injury training load demands while considering the qualitative nature of movement in competition. We then implemented the ‘RTPerf pathway’ to facilitate a return to team training, competitive match play and a RTPerf. Objective information, clinical reasoning and shared decision-making contributed to this process and helped the player to reach her goal of representing her country at the FIFA Women’s World Cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom Allen
- Performance and Research Department, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Neil Jain
- The Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Chris Richter
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Esteban Betancur
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia.,Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Cohen DD, Restrepo A, Richter C, Harry JR, Franchi MV, Restrepo C, Poletto R, Taberner M. Detraining of specific neuromuscular qualities in elite footballers during COVID-19 quarantine. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020; 5:26-31. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1834123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Alfredo Restrepo
- Performance Department, América De Cali Football Club, Cali, Colombia
- Indervalle (Valle Del Cauca Institute of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation), Cali, Colombia
| | | | - John R. Harry
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Carlos Restrepo
- Performance Department, América De Cali Football Club, Cali, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Poletto
- Performance Department, América De Cali Football Club, Cali, Colombia
| | - Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore’s University, Liverpool, UK
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Taberner M, Haddad FS, Dunn A, Newall A, Parker L, Betancur E, Cohen DD. Managing the return to sport of the elite footballer following semimembranosus reconstruction. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000898. [PMID: 33178446 PMCID: PMC7640780 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strains are the most common injury in elite football and typically occur during high-speed running. Despite its important contribution to power production in the late swing phase, injury to the semimembranosus (SM) is less common than to the biceps femoris, but may involve the free tendon and depending on the degree of retraction, warrant surgical repair. Few case reports detail clinical reasoning, supported by objective data during rehabilitation in elite footballers, and none have described the return to sport (RTS) process following this type of hamstring injury. In this article, we outline the management and RTS of an English Premier League (EPL) footballer who suffered a high-grade SM proximal tendon tear during training. Due to the degree of retraction of the free tendon, the player underwent surgical reconstruction at the recommendation of an orthopaedic surgeon. Early physiotherapy care, nutritional support, on- and off-pitch injury-specific reconditioning and global athletic development are outlined, alongside strength and power diagnostic and global positioning systems data, assessment of pain, player feedback and MRI informed clinical reasoning and shared decision-making during the RTS process. 18 weeks post-surgery the player returned to team training, transferring to a new club 3 weeks later. 2.5 years post RTS, the player remains free of re-injury playing regularly in the EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - Andy Dunn
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
- The OrthTeam, Spire Healthcare Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Newall
- Medical Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lloyd Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Nutrition Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Esteban Betancur
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
- Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Harper DJ, Cohen DD, Carling C, Kiely J. Can Countermovement Jump Neuromuscular Performance Qualities Differentiate Maximal Horizontal Deceleration Ability in Team Sport Athletes? Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E76. [PMID: 32471190 PMCID: PMC7353628 DOI: 10.3390/sports8060076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aimed to determine the countermovement jump (CMJ) neuromuscular performance (NMP) qualities that differentiate between athletes with high or low horizontal deceleration ability. Twenty-seven male university team sport athletes performed a CMJ on vertical axis force plates and a maximal horizontal deceleration following a 20 m maximal horizontal sprint acceleration. The instantaneous velocity throughout the maximal horizontal deceleration test was measured using a radar device. The deceleration ability was evaluated using the average deceleration (HDEC, m·s-2) and change in momentum-referred to as the horizontal braking impulse (HBI, N·s·kg-1). Participants were dichotomised into high and low HDEC and HBI according to a median-split analysis, and CMJ variables calculated for the overall eccentric, eccentric-deceleration and concentric phases. When horizontal deceleration ability was defined by HDEC, the CMJ concentric (effect size (ES) = 0.95) and eccentric (ES = 0.72) peak forces were the variables with the largest difference between groups. However, when defined using HBI, the largest difference was the concentric (ES = 1.15) and eccentric (ES = -1.00) peak velocities. Only the concentric mean power was significantly different between the high and low groups for both HDEC (ES = 0.85) and HBI (ES = 0.96). These findings show that specific eccentric and concentric NMP qualities may underpin the horizontal deceleration abilities characterised by HDEC and HBI. Specific NMP training interventions may be beneficial to target improvements in either of these measures of horizontal deceleration abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Daniel D. Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia;
- Mindeporte (Colombian Ministry of Sport) High Performance Centre, Bogota 111071, Colombia
| | - Christopher Carling
- Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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Lake JP, McMahon JJ. Within-Subject Consistency of Unimodal and Bimodal Force Application during the Countermovement Jump. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040143. [PMID: 30413012 PMCID: PMC6316337 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Countermovement jump (CMJ) force data are often time-normalized so researchers and practitioners can study the effect that sex, training status, and training intervention have on CMJ strategy: the so-called force–time curve shape. Data are often collected on an individual basis and then averaged across interest-groups. However, little is known about the agreement of the CMJ force–time curve shape within-subject, and this formed the aim of this study. Fifteen men performed 10 CMJs on in-ground force plates. The resulting force–time curves were plotted, with their shape categorized as exhibiting either a single peak (unimodal) or a double peak (bimodal). Percentage-agreement and the kappa-coefficient were used to assess within-subject agreement. Over two and three trials, 13% demonstrated a unimodal shape, 67% exhibited a bimodal shape, and 20% were inconsistent. When five trials were considered, the unimodal shape was not demonstrated consistently; 67% demonstrated a bimodal shape, and 33% were inconsistent. Over 10 trials, none demonstrated a unimodal shape, 60% demonstrated a bimodal shape, and 40% were inconsistent. The results of this study suggest that researchers and practitioners should ensure within-subject consistency before group averaging CMJ force–time data, to avoid errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, UK.
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford M6 6PU, UK.
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An Eight to Thirteen Hertz Cut-Off Low Pass Filter is More Appropriate to Treat Isoinertial Accelerometry Signals During Jumping. Asian J Sports Med 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Álvarez C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P, Asadi A, Chaabene H, Moran J, Meylan C, García-de-Alcaraz A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Nakamura FY, Granacher U, Kraemer W, Izquierdo M. Methodological Characteristics and Future Directions for Plyometric Jump Training Research: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1059-1081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Influence of the Reactive Strength Index Modified on Force– and Power–Time Curves. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:220-227. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sanz-López F, Berzosa Sánchez C, Hita-Contreras F, Cruz-Diaz D, Martínez-Amat A. Ultrasound Changes in Achilles Tendon and Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscle on Squat Eccentric Overload and Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2010-8. [PMID: 26677829 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sanz-López, F, Berzosa Sánchez, C, Hita-Contreras, F, Cruz-Diaz, D, and Martínez-Amat, A. Ultrasound changes in Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius medialis muscle on squat eccentric overload and running performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2015-Previous studies have proven the adaptation to load in the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle after different types of exercise, such as running, heel drop training, and a variety of sports. These findings have been applied to improve performance and in the treatment and prevention of overuse injuries. However, the effects that squat performance may have on the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle are still unknown. Squats are a widely used training exercise that involves calf-muscle activation. Similarly, no reports have been published regarding the adaptation to load of trained and untrained subjects during several consecutive days of running. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the Achilles tendon and in the pennation angles of the gastrocnemius medialis after eccentric overload training and within 3 days of running. Twenty healthy males who volunteered for this study were divided into 2 groups. Subjects in the eccentric overload training (ECC) group performed 6 weeks of eccentric overload training (twice weekly, 4 sets of 7 repetitions in a Yoyo squat device) before the running intervention. All participants, ECC and control (CONT) groups, ran on 3 consecutive days. After the eccentric training, an increase in the cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon and in the pennation angle was observed. As for the running intervention, the behavior of tissues in both groups was similar. These results suggest that eccentric overload training with squats promotes changes in the Achilles tendon and in the pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. Nevertheless, significant changes in the tissue do not appear between the running performance of trained and untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sanz-López
- 1ValorA Research Group, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain; 2Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain; and 3Research Group CTS-026 "Study Group on Physical Activity, Physiotherapy and Health"
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Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Influence of Muscle Slack on High-Intensity Sport Performance: A Review. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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