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Kryściak J, Podgórski T, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Brazaitis M, Modric T, Andrzejewski M. Effects of short bout small-sided game training on acid-based balance markers in youth male soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3510. [PMID: 36864165 PMCID: PMC9981584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) with different bout durations on external (ETL) and internal training loads (ITL) in youth soccer players. Twenty U18 players were divided into two groups performing six 1 × 1 SSGs with 30 and 45 s bout durations on a playing field of 10 by 15 m. ITL indices, including the percentage of maximum heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa) level, pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) level, and base excess (BE) level, were measured at rest, after each SSG bout, and 15 and 30 min after the entire exercise protocol. ETL (Global Positioning System metrics) was recorded during all six SSG bouts. The analysis showed that the 45 s SSGs had a greater volume (large effect) but a lower training intensity (small to large effect) than the 30 s SSGs. A significant time effect (p < 0.05) was observed in all ITL indices and a significant group effect (F1, 18 = 8.84, p = 0.0082, ƞ2 = 0.33) in the HCO3- level only. Finally, the changes in the HR and HCO3- level were smaller in the 45 s SSGs than in the 30 s SSGs. In conclusion, 30-s games, characterized by a higher intensity of training effort, are more physiologically demanding than 45-s games. Secondly during short-bout SSG training the HR and BLa level have limited diagnostic value for ITL. Extending ITL monitoring using other indicators, such as the HCO3- and BE levels, appears reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryściak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- grid.8505.80000 0001 1010 5103Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Toni Modric
- grid.38603.3e0000 0004 0644 1675Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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Field A, Naughton RJ, Haines M, Lui S, Corr LD, Russell M, Page RM, Harper LD. The demands of the extra-time period of soccer: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:403-414. [PMID: 32445903 PMCID: PMC9189694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min; however, in some cup and tournament scenarios, when matches are tied, they proceed to an additional 30 min, which is termed "extra-time" (ET). This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise, with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities. METHODS The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in May 2019, with the following keywords entered in various combinations: "soccer", "football", "extra-time", "extra time", "extratime", "120 minutes", "120 min", "additional 30 minutes", and "additional 30 min". RESULTS The search yielded an initial 73 articles. Following the screening process, 11 articles were accepted for analyses. Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories: movement demands of ET, performance responses to ET, physiological and neuromuscular response during ET, nutritional interventions, and recovery and ET. The results highlighted that during competitive match-play, players cover 5%-12% less distance relative to match duration (i.e., meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min. Reductions in technical performance (i.e., shot speed, number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET. Additionally, carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET. Moreover, objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min. CONCLUSION Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Robert Joseph Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Matthew Haines
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Steve Lui
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Liam David Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Liam David Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
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Rago V, Abreu R, Vasconcellos F, Teixeira VH, Rebelo A, Figueiredo P, Brito J. Physical and technical demands of the extra time: a multiple FIFA World Cups’ analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1752930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Soccer Studies, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio De Janeiro State, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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Working Overtime: The Effects of Overtime Periods on Game Demands in Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1331-1337. [PMID: 30958049 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify and compare internal and external workloads in regular and overtime games and examine changes in relative workloads during overtime compared with other periods in overtime games in male basketball players. METHODS Starting players for a semiprofessional male basketball team were monitored during 2 overtime games and 2 regular games (nonovertime) with similar contextual factors. Internal (rating of perceived exertion and heart-rate variables) and external (PlayerLoad and inertial movement analysis variables) workloads were quantified across games. Separate linear mixed-models and effect-size analyses were used to quantify differences in variables between regular and overtime games and between game periods in overtime games. RESULTS Session rating-of-perceived-exertion workload (P = .002, effect size 2.36, very large), heart-rate workload (P = .12, 1.13, moderate), low-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .19, 0.95, moderate), medium-intensity accelerations (P = .12, 1.01, moderate), and medium-intensity change-of-direction events to the left (P = .10, 1.06, moderate) were higher during overtime games than during regular games. Overtime periods also exhibited reductions in relative PlayerLoad (first quarter P = .03, -1.46, large), low-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .01, -1.45, large; second quarter P = .15, -1.22, large), and medium-intensity accelerations (first quarter P = .09, -1.32, large) compared with earlier periods. CONCLUSIONS Overtime games disproportionately elevate perceptual, physiological, and acceleration workloads compared with regular games in starting basketball players. Players also perform at lower external intensities during overtime periods than earlier quarters during basketball games.
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Williams JH, Hoffman S, Jaskowak DJ, Tegarden D. Physical demands and physiological responses of extra time matches in collegiate women’s soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1609694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay H. Williams
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Hoffman
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Jaskowak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David Tegarden
- Departments of Accounting and Information Systems, Business Information Technology, Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Berend K, Duits AJ. The role of the clinical laboratory in diagnosing acid-base disorders. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:147-169. [PMID: 30917291 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1568965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acid-base homeostasis is fundamental for life. The body is exceptionally sensitive to changes in pH, and as a result, potent mechanisms exist to regulate the body's acid-base balance to maintain it in a very narrow range. Accurate and timely interpretation of an acid-base disorder can be lifesaving but establishing a correct diagnosis may be challenging. The underlying cause of the acid-base disorder is generally responsible for a patient's signs and symptoms, but laboratory results and their integration into the clinical picture is crucial. Important acid-base parameters are often available within minutes in the acute hospital care setting, and with basic knowledge it should be easy to establish the diagnosis with a stepwise approach. Unfortunately, many caveats exist, beginning in the pre-analytical phase. In the post-analytical phase, studies on the arterial reference pH are scarce and therefore many different reference values are used in the literature without any solid evidence. The prediction models that are currently used to assess the acid-base status are approximations that are mostly based on older studies with several limitations. The two most commonly used methods are the physiological method and the base excess method, both easy to use. The secondary response equations in the base excess method are the most convenient. Evaluation of acid-base disorders should always include the assessment of electrolytes and the anion gap. A major limitation of the current acid-base laboratory tests available is the lack of rapid point-of-care laboratory tests to diagnose intoxications with toxic alcohols. These intoxications can be fatal if not recognized and treated within minutes to hours. The surrogate use of the osmolal gap is often an inadequate substitute in this respect. This article reviews the role of the clinical laboratory to evaluate acid-base disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berend
- a St. Elisabeth Hospital , Willemstad , Curaçao
| | - A J Duits
- b Red Cross Blood Bank Foundation , Willemstad , Curaçao
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The assessment of neuromuscular fatigue during 120 min of simulated soccer exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:687-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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