1
|
Tan WZN, Lum D. Predicting 1 Repetition Maximum Squat With Peak Force Obtained From Isometric Squat at Multiple Positions. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00495. [PMID: 39074205 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tan, WZN and Lum, D. Predicting 1 repetition maximum squat with peak force obtained from isometric squat at multiple positions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study investigated whether the use of peak force (PF) obtained from multiple joint positions during isometric squat (IsoSqt) can predict of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) squat with high precision. Twenty-nine male and female resistance-trained athletes (age = 23.0 ± 3.7 years, height = 1.57 ± 0.06 m, body mass = 56.6 ± 9.1 kg, 1RM squat = 104.6 ± 24.2) performed the 1RM squat, and IsoSqt at 60°, 90°, and 120° knee angles on 3 separate occasions. Peak force obtained from IsoSqt at all positions significantly correlated with 1RM squat (r = 0.684-0.940, p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis based on group data showed r2 = 0.903, based on male data only, r2 = 0.826, and based on female data only, r2 = 0.855. Predicted 1RM squat using linear regression equations based on group, male-only, and female-only data showed nonsignificant differences of 0.02-0.6% from actual 1RM squat (p = 0.812-0.947, 95% CI = -8.00 to 10.08), with error of estimate of 1.5-2.3%. In addition, Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias of -1.04 to 0.35 kg, 95% CI = -10.08 to 8.00 kg. The results showed that using PF obtained from IsoSqt at multiple positions was able to predict 1RM squat with low difference from actual 1RM squat. Furthermore, using linear regression equation derived from gender-specific data was able to predict 1RM squat with higher precision than that based on group data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhi Nicholas Tan
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore; and
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Larsen S, de Zee M, Kristiansen EL, van den Tillaar R. A Biomechanical Comparison Between a High and Low Barbell Placement on Net Joint Moments, Kinematics, Muscle Forces, and Muscle-Specific Moments in 3 Repetition Maximum Back Squats. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1221-1230. [PMID: 38900172 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Larsen, S, de Zee, M, Kristiansen, EL, and van den Tillaar, R. A biomechanical comparison between a high and low barbell placement on net joint moments, kinematics, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in 3 repetition maximum back squats. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1221-1230, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the impact of a high barbell vs. low barbell placement on net joint moments, muscle forces, and muscle-specific moments in the lower extremity joints and muscles during maximum back squats. Twelve recreationally trained men (age = 25.3 ± 2.9 years, height = 1.79 ± 7.7 m, and body mass = 82.8 ± 6.9 kg) volunteered for the study. A marker-based motion capture system and force plate data were used to calculate the net joint moments, and individual muscle forces were estimated using static optimization. Muscle forces were multiplied by their corresponding internal moment arms to determine muscle-specific moments. Statistical parametric mapping was used to analyze the effect of barbell placement as time-series data during the concentric phase. The 3 repetition maximum barbell load lifted by the subjects was 129.1 ± 13.4 kg and 130.2 ± 12.7 kg in the high bar and low bar, which were not significantly different from each other. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in net joint moments, muscle forces, or muscle-specific moments for the hip, knee, or ankle joint between the low- and high bar placements. The findings of this study suggest that barbell placement plays a minor role in lower extremity muscle forces and moment-specific moments when stance width is standardized, and barbell load lifted does not differ between barbell placements among recreationally resistance-trained men during maximal back squats. Therefore, the choice of barbell placement should be based on individual preference and comfort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway; and
| | - Mark de Zee
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway; and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moura RE, Bezerra da Silva RF, Gomes LMDS, Ramos da Silva JL, Henrique RDS, Sousa FADB, Fonseca FDS. Monitoring Bar Velocity to Quantify Fatigue in Resistance Training. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:624-632. [PMID: 38684188 DOI: 10.1055/a-2316-7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of load magnitude and bar velocity variables on sensitivity to fatigue. Seventeen resistance-trained men (age=25.7±4.9 years; height=177.0±7.2 cm; body mass=77.7±12.3 kg; back-squat 1RM=145.0±33.9 kg; 1RM/body mass=1.86) participated in the study. Pre- and post-exercise changes in the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV) in the back-squat at different intensities were compared with variations in the countermovement jump (CMJ). CMJ height decreased significantly from pre- to post-exercise (∆%=-7.5 to -10.4; p<0.01; ES=0.37 to 0.60). Bar velocity (MPV and PV) decreased across all loads (∆%=-4.0 to -12.5; p<0.01; ES=0.32 to 0.66). The decrease in performance was similar between the CMJ, MPV (40% and 80% 1RM; p=1.00), and PV (80% 1RM; p=1.00). The magnitude of reduction in CMJ performance was greater than MPV (60% 1RM; p=0.05) and PV (40% and 60% 1RM; p<0.01) at the post-exercise moment. Low systematic bias and acceptable levels of agreement were only found between CMJ and MPV at 40% and 80% 1RM (bias=0.35 to 1.59; ICC=0.51 to 0.71; CV=5.1% to 8.5%). These findings suggest that the back-squat at 40% or 80% 1RM using MPV provides optimal sensitivity to monitor fatigue through changes in bar velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Fabio Bezerra da Silva
- Graduate Program in Physical Education Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabiano de Souza Fonseca
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stahl CA, Regni G, Tanguay J, McElfresh M, Trihy E, Diggin D, King DL. A Biomechanical Comparison of the Back Squat and Hexagonal Barbell Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:815-824. [PMID: 38662880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stahl, CA, Regni, G, Tanguay, J, McElfresh, M, Trihy, E, Diggin, D, and King, DL. A biomechanical comparison of the back squat and hexagonal barbell deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 815-824, 2024-Coaches often use different exercises to encourage similar strength adaptations and limit monotony. Anecdotally, the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) exhibits similarities to the back squat (BS). To date, research has not examined the empirical differences between these exercises. This study examined kinematic and kinetic differences between the BS and the HBD across different loads. Sixteen resistance-trained individuals (6 men and 10 women) volunteered to participate. Subjects performed 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing under BS and HBD conditions. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during performance of both exercises at submaximal (warm-up sets) and maximal (1RM) loads using a 3D motion capture and force-plate system. Results showed that subjects lifted greater 1RM loads in the HBD relative to the BS (p < 0.05; d = -1.75). Kinematic data indicated that subjects exhibited greater maximum forward lean of the trunk and decreased maximum knee flexion while performing the HBD compared with the BS. The BS resulted in higher maximum extension moments at the hip joint than the HBD. Maximum extension moments at the knee joint showed no difference between the exercises. Data suggest that bar design and position facilitate balanced moment arm length at hip and knee joints during performance of the HBD. By contrast, bar position during performance of the BS increases moment arm length at the hip joint, making it a hip-dominant exercise. The present data have implications for the programming of both exercises. Future research should examine differences in muscle-activation strategies between the 2 exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Stahl
- School of Kinesiology Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Giancarlo Regni
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jonathan Tanguay
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| | - Maddie McElfresh
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| | - Eoghan Trihy
- University of Western Australia, Parkway, Crawley, Australia; and
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
| | - David Diggin
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| | - Deborah L King
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics Laboratory, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanji F, Ohnuma H, Ando R, Yamanaka R, Ikeda T, Suzuki Y. Longer Ground Contact Time Is Related to a Superior Running Economy in Highly Trained Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:985-990. [PMID: 38349337 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tanji, F, Ohnuma, H, Ando, R, Yamanaka, R, Ikeda, T, and Suzuki, Y. Longer ground contact time is related to a superior running economy in highly trained distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 985-990, 2024-Running economy is a key component of distance running performance and is associated with gait parameters. However, there is no consensus of the link between the running economy (RE), ground contact time, and footstrike patterns. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between RE, ground contact time, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in highly trained distance runners and to compare these parameters between 2 habitual footstrike patterns (midfoot vs. rearfoot). Seventeen male distance runners ran on a treadmill to measure RE and gait parameters. We collected the CSAs of the right thigh muscle using a magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The RE had a significant negative relationship with distance running performance ( r = -0.50) and ground contact time ( r = -0.51). The ground contact time had a significant negative relationship with the normalized CSAs of the vastus lateralis muscle ( r = -0.60) and hamstrings ( r = -0.54). No significant differences were found in RE, ground contact time, or normalized CSAs of muscles between midfoot ( n = 10) and rearfoot ( n = 7) strikers. These results suggest that large CSAs of knee extensor muscles results in short ground contact time and worse RE. The effects of the footstrike pattern on the RE appear insignificant, and the preferred footstrike pattern can be recommended for running in highly trained runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Tanji
- Department of Competitive Sports, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohnuma
- Faculty of Education, Kansai University of Social Welfare, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamanaka
- Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Niigata, Japan; and
| | - Tatsuaki Ikeda
- Tochigi Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johansson DG, Marchetti PH, Stecyk SD, Flanagan SP. A Biomechanical Comparison Between the Safety-Squat Bar and Traditional Barbell Back Squat. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:825-834. [PMID: 38595263 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Johansson, DG, Marchetti, PH, Stecyk, SD, and Flanagan, SP. A biomechanical comparison between the safety-squat bar and traditional barbell back squat. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 825-834, 2024-The primary objectives for this investigation were to compare the kinematic and kinetic differences between performing a parallel back squat using a traditional barbell (TB) or a safety-squat bar (SSB). Fifteen healthy, recreationally trained male subjects (23 + 4 years of age) performed the back squat with a TB and an SSB at 85% of their respective 1 repetition maximum with each barbell while instrumented for biomechanical analysis. Standard inverse dynamics techniques were used to determine joint kinematic and kinetic measures. A 2 × 3 (exercise × joint) factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to determine the kinetic and kinematic differences between the squats while using the different barbells. Fisher's least significant difference post hoc comparisons showed that the TB resulted in significantly greater maximum hip flexion angle (129.33 ± 11.8° vs. 122.11 ± 12.1°; p < 0.001; d = 1.80), peak hip net joint extensor torque (2.54 ± 0.4 Nm·kg -1 vs. 2.40 ± 0.4 Nm·kg -1 ; p = 0.001; d = 1.10), hip net extensor torque mechanical energy expenditure (MEE; 2.81 ± 0.5 Nm·kg -1 vs. 2.58 ± 0.6 Nm·kg -1 ; p = 0.002; d = 0.97), and ankle net joint plantar flexor torque MEE (0.32 ± 0.09 J·kg -1 vs. 0.28 ± 0.06 J·kg -1 ; p = 0.029; d = 0.63), while also lifting significantly (123.17 ± 20.8 kg vs. 117.17 ± 20.8 kg; p = 0.005; d = 0.858) more weight than the SSB. The SSB resulted in significantly higher maximum knee flexion angles (116.82 ± 5.8° vs. 115.65 ± 5.6°; p = 0.011; d = 0.75) than the TB, with no significant difference in kinetics at the knee. The TB may be preferred to the SSB for developing the hip extensors and lifting higher maximum loads. The SSB may be advantageous in situations where a more upright posture or a lower load is preferred while creating a similar demand for the knee joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Johansson
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goodman W, Flores V, Cotter JA, Graham D, Becker J. Support moment distribution during the back squat at different depths and loads in recreationally trained females. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:119-124. [PMID: 38036316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The squat is used in athletic and clinical settings. However, the coordination of the lower extremity during the lift is not well understood. The purpose was to compare the peak moments of the lower extremity joints at three squat depths (above parallel, parallel and full) and three squat loads (unloaded, 50 % 1 repetition maximum, and 85 % of depth specific 1 repetition maximum) and find their contribution to support (Ms). DESIGN Nineteen females performed squats in a randomized order. METHODS Inverse dynamics and Winter's Ms equation were used to calculate peak moments of the hip, knee and ankle and calculate their contribution to Ms (α < 0.05). RESULTS Peak hip and ankle extensor moments varied with load but not depth and were greatest when using 85 % 1 repetition maximum. Peak knee extensor moments demonstrated a depth by load interaction. Within each depth as load increased so too did peak knee extensor moments and were highest squatting below parallel when loaded. The hip and knee contribution to Ms demonstrated a depth by load interaction while the ankle was only influenced by load. Within each depth as load increased hip contribution increased whereas the knee decreased contribution. When squatting with load the contribution of the hip decreased at below parallel while the knee increased. CONCLUSIONS To maximize peak hip moments squat with high load and to maximize peak knee moments squat deep with high load; however, depth and load dosages should be taken into consideration based on the status and goals of the individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Goodman
- Department of Food Systems, Nutrition, & Kinesiology, Montana State University, USA.
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, USA
| | - Joshua A Cotter
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, USA
| | - David Graham
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University Gold Coast, AU
| | - James Becker
- Department of Food Systems, Nutrition, & Kinesiology, Montana State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lindsay RS, Komar J, Chow JY, Larkin P, Spittle M. Is Prescription of Specific Movement Form Necessary for Optimal Skill Development? A Nonlinear Pedagogy Approach. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:793-801. [PMID: 35499570 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2054925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Nonlinear Pedagogy (NLP) proposes that skill development is a nonlinear process, advocating the integration of variability into practice to facilitate individualized movement patterns. However, the influence of a NLP for skills that emphasize a specific movement form is relatively unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a NLP approach when learning a movement form based skill. Method: Sixteen beginners in the power clean (PC), were randomly assigned into a linear pedagogy (LP) condition receiving instructions that prescribed explicit movement form, and a NLP condition presented with analogy-based instructions and two task constraints. Both conditions completed seven lessons across 4-weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in the quantity of exploration, with both conditions demonstrating a similar range of movement patterns. These findings were coupled with a significant improvement in performance accuracy (reduced forward movement of the barbell; F × D) for both conditions. No significant differences were detected in the distribution of barbell trajectory types, with type one, three and four trajectories being exhibited to a similar degree in both conditions. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggests both NLP and LP pedagogies can successfully develop movement form based skills. Overall, both NLP and LP approaches appear to positively influence skill development. These findings have important implications for practitioners suggesting that deviations from instructed technique in learners (i.e., LP approach) do not negatively impact performance. However, further research is needed to determine whether these approaches can more effectively facilitate learners' search for movement solutions that "fit" their individual abilities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Illmeier G, Rechberger JS. The Limitations of Anterior Knee Displacement during Different Barbell Squat Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082955. [PMID: 37109294 PMCID: PMC10143703 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on seminal research from the 1970s and 1980s, the myth that the knees should only move as far anterior during the barbell squat until they vertically align with the tips of the feet in the sagittal plane still exists today. However, the role of both the hip joint and the lumbar spine, which are exposed to high peak torques during this deliberate restriction in range of motion, has remained largely unnoticed in the traditional literature. More recent anthropometric and biomechanical studies have found disparate results regarding anterior knee displacement during barbell squatting. For a large number of athletes, it may be favorable or even necessary to allow a certain degree of anterior knee displacement in order to achieve optimal training outcomes and minimize the biomechanical stress imparted on the lumbar spine and hip. Overall, restricting this natural movement is likely not an effective strategy for healthy trained individuals. With the exception of knee rehabilitation patients, the contemporary literature suggests it should not be practiced on a general basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Illmeier
- Department of Strength & Conditioning, Nachwuchsleistungssportzentrum Steiermark, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julian S Rechberger
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kojic F, Ranisavljev I, Obradovic M, Mandic D, Pelemis V, Paloc M, Duric S. Does Back Squat Exercise Lead to Regional Hypertrophy among Quadriceps Femoris Muscles? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16226. [PMID: 36498298 PMCID: PMC9737272 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated effects of squat resistance training on intermuscular hypertrophy of quadriceps femoris muscles (i.e., rectus femoris, RF; vastus intermedius, VI; vastus medialis, VM; and vastus lateralis, VL). Eighteen university students (age: 24.1 ± 1.7 years, 9 females) underwent 7 weeks of parallel squat training (2 days/week) preceded by a 2-week familiarization period. Squat strength (1RM) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of four quadriceps muscles were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. At posttest, 1RM and CSA of quadriceps muscles significantly increased (p < 0.01), with moderate-to-large effect (ES = 1.25−2.11) for 1RM (8.33 ± 6.64 kg), VM CSA (0.12 ± 0.08 cm2), and VL CSA (0.19 ± 0.09 cm2) and small effect (ES = 0.89−1.13) for RF CSA (0.17 ± 0.15 cm2) and VI CSA (0.16 ± 0.18 cm2). No significant differences were found in the changes of CSA between muscles (F = 0.638, p = 0.593). However, the squat 1RM gain was significantly associated only with the changes in CSA of the VL muscle (r = 0.717, p < 0.001). The parallel squat resulted in significant growth of all quadriceps muscles. However, the novelty of this study is that the increase in strength is associated only with hypertrophy of the VL muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kojic
- Department for Physical Education, Teacher Education Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Ranisavljev
- Department for Strength and Conditioning Training, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Obradovic
- Sports Center, Department for University Sport, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danimir Mandic
- Department for Physical Education, Teacher Education Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan Pelemis
- Department for Physical Education, Teacher Education Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Paloc
- Department for Strength and Conditioning Training, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Sports Center, Department for University Sport, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Duric
- Liberal Arts Department, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park JH, Lee SJ, Shin HJ, Cho HY. Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013480. [PMID: 36294056 PMCID: PMC9602963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the load and bar position on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squat exercise. High bar back squats (HBBS) and low bar back squats (LBBS) were performed in random order at 50%, 60%, and 70% loads of one repetition maximum by 28 experienced healthy adult men who had been performing squats for at least one year. Before the experiment, the maximal voluntary contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles was measured by means of surface electromyography. In addition, eccentric and concentric exercises were performed for 3 s each to measure the muscle activity. There was a significant difference in muscle activity according to the load for all muscles in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.05), indicating that muscle activity increased as the load increased. In addition, in the comparison between HBBS and LBBS, significant differences were shown in all lower extremity muscles and all trunk muscles except for the external oblique in the concentric phase according to the bar position (p < 0.05). HBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the lower extremity in the eccentric and concentric phases than in LBBS, while LBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the trunk muscle in the eccentric and concentric phases than in HBBS (p < 0.05). HBBS requires more force in the lower extremity than LBBS and is particularly advantageous in strengthening the muscular strength of the quadriceps. In contrast, LBBS requires more muscle activity in the trunk than HBBS and is more effective in carrying heavier loads because of the advantage of body stability. This study suggests that rehabilitation experts apply the bar position and load as important variables affecting the intensity and method of training for target muscle strengthening of the lower extremities and trunk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Park
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.S.); (H.-Y.C.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4420 (H.-J.S.); +82-32-820-4560 (H.-Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soriano MA, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Haff GG, Comfort P. How Does Lower-Body and Upper-Body Strength Relate to Maximum Split Jerk Performance? J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2102-2107. [PMID: 35916745 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Soriano, MA, Jiménez-Ormeño, E, Amaro-Gahete, FJ, Haff, GG, and Comfort, P. How does lower-body and upper-body strength relate to maximum split jerk performance? J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2102-2107, 2022-The aims of this study were to (I) determine the relationships between the maximum dynamic strength of the upper and lower body, measured by overhead press and back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM) performances, and the split jerk (SJ) performance in trained weightlifters and (II) explore the magnitude of these relationships for men and women to establish sex-specific prediction equations. Twenty men (age: 28.9 ± 6.6 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass [BM]: 82.5 ± 10.2 kg; weightlifting training experience: 4.2 ± 2.4 years) and 13 women (age: 27.7 ± 4.4 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; BM: 61.8 ± 5.2 kg; weightlifting training experience: 2.7 ± 1.7 years) competitive weightlifters participated. The 1RM performances of the overhead press, back squat, and SJ were assessed for all subjects. A very strong correlation exists between the back squat and overhead press, with maximum SJ performance for all subjects (r = 0.97; p < 0.001). Similarly, very strong correlations were found for men (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) and women (r = 0.90, p = 0.0002), separately. The coefficient of determination indicates that the prediction equation for the maximum SJ performance is quite accurate (R2 = 0.94) for all subjects and men (R2 = 0.83) and women (R2 = 0.81), separately. These results provide evidence that the maximum strength of the upper and lower body are major contributors to SJ performance. In addition, SJ performance can accurately be predicted from the back squat and overhead press performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia ; and
- University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia ; and
- University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Borrelli M, Doria C, Esposito F, Cè E. The Effects of Verbal Instructions on Lower Limb Muscles' Excitation in Back-Squat. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:429-435. [PMID: 33170116 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1840496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether or not verbal instruction affects the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of back-squat prime movers. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed back-squat at 50%1-RM and 80%1-RM and received external (EF) or internal focus (IF) on lower-limb posterior muscles. EMG amplitude of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior was recorded during both concentric and eccentric phases. During the concentric phase, the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF at 50% [effect size (ES): 0.63 (95%CI 0.09/1.17) and 0.49 (0.10/0.78), respectively] and 80% [ES: 1.30 (0.29/2.21) and 0.59 (0.08/1.10)]. The gastrocnemius medialis EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF during the eccentric phase at 50% [ES: 0.73 (0.13/1.33)] and at 80% [ES: 0.72 (0.10/1.34)]. Concomitantly, vastus lateralis EMG amplitude was lower at 50% [ES: -0.71 (-1.38/-0.04)] and 80% [ES: -0.68 (-1.33/-0.03)]. During the eccentric phase, the tibialis anterior EMG amplitude was greater in IF vs EF at 50% [ES: 0.90 (0.12 to 1.68)] and 80% [ES: 0.74 (0.13/1.45)]. Irrespective of the load, in the thigh muscles the internal focus promoted a different motor pattern, increasing the hip extensors and reducing the knee extensor excitation during the concentric phase. Concomitantly, both ankle muscles were more excited during the eccentric phase, possibly to increase the anterior-posterior balance control. The internal focus in back-squat seems to have phase-dependent effects, and it is visible at both moderate and high loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Esposito
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lincoln MA, Wheeler SG, Knous JL. Safety Squat Bar Squat Technique and Biomechanics-Driven Programming. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Lynch AE, Davies RW, Jakeman PM, Locke T, Allardyce JM, Carson BP. The Influence of Maximal Strength and Knee Angle on the Reliability of Peak Force in the Isometric Squat. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100140. [PMID: 34678921 PMCID: PMC8539608 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability of peak force in the isometric squat across the strength spectrum using coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). On two separate days, 59 healthy men (mean (SD) age 23.0 (4.1) years; height 1.79 (0.7) m; body mass 84.0 (15.2) kg) performed three maximal effort isometric squats in two positions (at a 120° and a 90° knee angle). Acceptable reliability was observed at both the 120° (CV = 7.5 (6.7), ICC = 0.960 [0.933, 0.977]) and 90° positions (CV = 9.2 (8.8), ICC = 0.920 [0.865, 0.953]). There was no relationship between peak force in the isometric squat and the test-retest reliability at either the 120° (r = 0.052, p = 0.327) or 90° (r = 0.014, p = 0.613) positions. A subgroup of subjects (n = 17) also completed the isometric squat test at a 65° knee angle. Acceptable reliability was observed in this position (CV = 9.6 (9.3), ICC = 0.916 [0.766, 0.970]) and reliability was comparable to the 120° and 90° positions. Therefore, we deem isometric squat peak force output to be a valid and reliable measure across the strength spectrum and in different isometric squat positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E. Lynch
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Robert W. Davies
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Philip M. Jakeman
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Tim Locke
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Joanna M. Allardyce
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (A.E.L.); (R.W.D.); (P.M.J.); (T.L.); (J.M.A.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)61-234943
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Larsen S, Kristiansen E, Helms E, van den Tillaar R. Effects of Stance Width and Barbell Placement on Kinematics, Kinetics, and Myoelectric Activity in Back Squats. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:719013. [PMID: 34541522 PMCID: PMC8440835 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.719013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Barbell placement and stance width both affect lifting performance in the back squat around the sticking region. However, little is known about how these squat conditions separately could affect the lifting performance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of stance width and barbell placement upon kinematics, kinetics, and myoelectric activity around the sticking region during a three-repetition maximum back squat. Nine men and nine women (body mass: 76.2 ±11.1, age: 24.9 ± 2.6) performed back squats with four different techniques, such as: high-bar narrow stance (HBNS), high-bar wide stance, low-bar narrow stance, and low-bar wide stance where they lifted 99.2 ± 23.6, 92.9 ± 23.6, 102.5 ± 24.7, and 97.1 ± 25.6 kg, respectively. The main findings were that squatting with a low-bar wide stance condition resulted in larger hip contributions to the total moment than the other squat conditions, whereas squatting with an HBNS resulted in greater knee contributions to the total moment together with higher vastus lateralis and less gluteus maximus myoelectric activity. Our findings suggest that training with an HBNS could be beneficial when targeting the knee extensors and plantar flexors, whereas a low-bar wide stance could be beneficial when targeting the hip extensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eirik Kristiansen
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eric Helms
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Biomechanical Comparison of the Safety-Bar, High-Bar and Low-Bar Squat around the Sticking Region among Recreationally Resistance-Trained Men and Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168351. [PMID: 34444101 PMCID: PMC8392107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Barbell placement can affect squat performance around the sticking region. This study compared kinematics, kinetics, and myoelectric activity of the safety-bar squat with the high-bar, and low-bar squat around the sticking region. Six recreationally resistance-trained men (26.3 ± 3.1 years, body mass: 81 ± 7.7 kg) and eight women (22.1 ± 2.2 years, body mass: 65.7 ± 10.5 kg) performed three repetition maximums in all three squat conditions. The participants lifted the least load with the safety bar followed by the high-bar and then the low-bar squat. Greater myoelectric activity of the gluteus maximus was observed during safety-bar squats than high-bar squats. Also, larger knee extension moments were observed for the safety bar compared with low-bar squat. Men had higher myoelectric activity in the safety-bar condition for the gluteus maximus during all regions in comparison with women, and greater knee valgus at the second occurrence of peak barbell velocity. Our findings suggest that the more upright torso inclination during the safety-bar could allow greater gluteus maximus contribution to the hip extensor moment. Moreover, low-bar squats allowed the greatest loads to be lifted, followed by the high-bar and safety-bar squats, possibly due to the larger hip moments and similar knee moments compared to the other squat conditions. Therefore, when the goal is to lift the greatest load possible among recreationally trained men and women, they should first attempt squatting with a low-bar technique, and if the goal is to increase myoelectric activity in the gluteus maximus, a safety-bar squat may be the more effective than the high- bar squat.
Collapse
|
18
|
Larsen S, Kristiansen E, van den Tillaar R. New Insights About the Sticking Region in Back Squats: An Analysis of Kinematics, Kinetics, and Myoelectric Activity. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:691459. [PMID: 34169277 PMCID: PMC8217455 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.691459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate barbell, joint kinematics, joint kinetics of hip, knee, and ankle in tandem with myoelectric activity around the sticking region in three-repetition maximum (3-RM) back squats among recreationally trained lifters. Unlike previous literature, this study also investigated the event of first-peak deacceleration, which was expected to be the event with the lowest force output. Twenty-five recreationally trained lifters (body mass: 70.8 ± 10.5, age: 24.6 ± 3.4, height: 172 ± 8.5) were tested in 3-RM back squats. A repeated one-way analysis of variance showed that ground reaction force output decreased at first peak deacceleration compared with the other events. Moreover, torso forward lean, hip moment arm, and hip contribution to total moment increased, whereas the knee moment arms and moment contribution to total moment decreased in the sticking region. Also, stable moment arms and moment contributions to total moment were observed for the ankle in the sticking region. Furthermore, the knee extensors together with the soleus muscle decreased myoelectric activity in the post-sticking region, while the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris increased myoelectric activity in the post-sticking region. Our findings suggest that the large hip moment arms and hip contributions to total moment together with a lower myoelectric activity for the hip extensors contribute to a poor biomechanical region for force output and, thereby, to the sticking region among recreationally trained lifters in 3-RM back squats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eirik Kristiansen
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Trunk Inclination During Squatting is a Better Predictor of the Knee-Extensor Moment Than Shank Inclination. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:899-904. [PMID: 33596542 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A limitation of previous studies on squatting mechanics is that the influence of trunk and shank inclination on the knee-extensor moment (KEM) has been studied in isolation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to determine the influence of segment orientation on the KEM during freestanding barbell squatting. DESIGN Repeated-measures cross sectional. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy individuals (8 males and 8 females). INTERVENTION Each participant performed 8 squat conditions in which shank and trunk inclinations were manipulated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 3D kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 250 and 1500 Hz, respectively. Regression analysis was conducted to identify the individual relationships between the KEM and the trunk and shank inclination at 60° and 90° of knee flexion. To identify the best predictor(s) of the KEM, stepwise regression was implemented. RESULTS Increased shank inclination increased the KEM (P < .001, R2 = .21-.25). Conversely, increased trunk inclination decreased the KEM (P < .001, R2 = .49-.50). For the stepwise regression, trunk inclination entered first and explained the greatest variance in the KEM (all P < .001, R2 = .49-.50). Shank inclination entered second (all P < .010, R2 = .53-.54) and explained an additional 3% to 5% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that inclination of the trunk and shank have an opposing relationship with the KEM. Increased forward shank posture increases the KEM, while increased forward trunk posture decreases the KEM. However, when viewed in combination, the trunk was the superior predictor of the KEM, highlighting the fact that increased quadriceps demand created by a forward shank can be offset by trunk inclination.
Collapse
|
20
|
Coratella G, Tornatore G, Caccavale F, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020772. [PMID: 33477561 PMCID: PMC7831128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the activation of gluteal, thigh, and lower back muscles in different squat variations. Ten male competitive bodybuilders perform back-squat at full (full-BS) or parallel (parallel-BS) depth, using large feet-stance (sumo-BS), and enhancing the feet external rotation (external-rotated-sumo-BS) and front-squat (FS) at 80% 1-RM. The normalized surface electromyographic root-mean-square (sEMG RMS) amplitude of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, adductor longus, longissimus, and iliocostalis was recorded during both the ascending and descending phase of each exercise. During the descending phase, greater sEMG RMS amplitude of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius was found in FS vs. all other exercises (p < 0.05). Additionally, FS elicited iliocostalis more than all other exercises. During the ascending phase, both sumo-BS and external-rotated-sumo-BS showed greater vastus lateralis and adductor longus activation compared to all other exercises (p < 0.05). Moreover, rectus femoris activation was greater in FS compared to full-BS (p < 0.05). No between-exercise difference was found in vastus medialis and longissimus showed no between-exercise difference. FS needs more backward stabilization during the descending phase. Larger feet-stance increases thigh muscles activity, possibly because of their longer length. These findings show how bodybuilders uniquely recruit muscles when performing different squat variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Francesca Caccavale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20122 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparison of Muscle Activation and Kinematics in 6-RM Squatting with Low and High Barbell Placement. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:131-142. [PMID: 33312282 PMCID: PMC7706642 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare 6-RM muscle activation and kinematics in back squats with low and high barbell placements. Twelve resistance-trained males (23.5 ± 2.6 years, 86.8 ± 21.3 kg, 1.81 ± 0.08 m) with a minimum of 2 years of squatting experience performed a 6-RM using high and low barbell placements while muscle activation of eight muscles and joint kinematics were measured. During high barbell placement squats, lifting time was longer, with lower average velocity than low barbell placement. This was accompanied by a lesser knee flexion angle at the lowest point of the squat, and larger hip flexion angles during high, compared to low barbell squats. Furthermore, peak angular ankle, knee and hip velocities in the descending phase developed differently between conditions. No significant differences in muscle activation were found between conditions. Thus, our data suggests gross muscular adaptations between barbell placements may be similar over time, and therefore, from a muscular development standpoint, both squat styles are valid. Furthermore, unlike the low barbell placement, fatigue may manifest earlier itself in the high barbell squats during 6-RMs as sets progress toward a lifter’s maximal capacity, altering kinematics, especially in the last repetition.
Collapse
|
22
|
van den Tillaar R, Knutli TR, Larsen S. The Effects of Barbell Placement on Kinematics and Muscle Activation Around the Sticking Region in Squats. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:604177. [PMID: 33345183 PMCID: PMC7739732 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.604177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of barbell placement on kinematics and muscle activity during the sticking region of back squats. Ten healthy medium- to well-trained male powerlifters [age 26.1 ± 11.2 years, body mass 90.2 ± 18.3 kg, height 1.83 ± 0.09 m, five repetition maximum (5RM) 158 ± 29 kg] with at least 3 years of resistance-training experience were recruited. In a single session, participants performed 5RM movements using high bar and low bar squats, where absolute load, descent depth, and stance width were matched between squat conditions. The final repetition was analyzed using 3D kinematics and electromyography (EMG) around the sticking region. No differences in barbell and joint kinematics were observed in any phase, between both barbell modalities. Increased muscle activity in the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and lower part of the erector spinae with the high bar, when compared with low bar conditions, was recorded. Furthermore, the gluteus maximus and medius had increased muscle activity over the three regions (pre-sticking > sticking > post-sticking), while the erector spinae, soleus, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris experienced decreased muscle activity during the ascending phase. When depth and stance width were matched, the low bar technique was associated with lower erector spinae and quadriceps activity than the high bar technique. Thus, when the goal is to maximally activate knee extensors and the external load is matched, high bar placement would appear preferable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Roar Knutli
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Emanuel A, Rozen Smukas II, Halperin I. An analysis of the perceived causes leading to task-failure in resistance-exercises. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9611. [PMID: 33194334 PMCID: PMC7391967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While reaching task-failure in resistance-exercises is a topic that attracts scientific and applied interest, the underlying perceived reasons leading to task-failure remain underexplored. Here, we examined the reasons subjects attribute to task-failure as they performed resistance-exercises using different loads. Methods Twenty-two resistance-trained subjects (11-females) completed one Repetition-Maximum (RM) tests in the barbell squat and bench-press. Then, in the next two counterbalanced sessions, subjects performed two sets to task-failure in both exercises, using either 70% or 83% of 1RM. Approximately 30 seconds after set-completion, subjects verbally reported the reasons they perceived to have caused them to reach task-failure. Their answers were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. The differences between the frequencies of the identified categories were then tested using a mixed logistic regression model. Results The most commonly reported reason was muscle fatigue (54%, p < 0.001), mostly of the target muscles involved in each exercise. However, remote muscles involved to a lesser extent in each exercise were also reported. Approximately half of the remaining reasons included general fatigue (26%), pain (12%), cardiovascular strain (11%), and negative affect (10%), with the latter three reported more often in the squat (p = 0.022). Conclusions In contrast to our expectations, task-failure was perceived to be caused by a range of limiting factors other than fatigue of the target muscles. It now remains to be established whether different perceived limiting factors of resistance-exercises lead to different adaptations, such as muscular strength and hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Emanuel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac Isur Rozen Smukas
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sayers MGL, Hosseini Nasab SH, Bachem C, Taylor WR, List R, Lorenzetti S. The effect of increasing heel height on lower limb symmetry during the back squat in trained and novice lifters. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:42. [PMID: 32728445 PMCID: PMC7382835 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Symmetry during lifting is considered critical for allowing balanced power production and avoidance of injury. This investigation assessed the influence of elevating the heels on bilateral lower limb symmetry during loaded (50% of body weight) high-bar back squats. Methods Ten novice (mass 67.6 ± 12.4 kg, height 1.73 ± 0.10 m) and ten regular weight trainers (mass 66.0 ± 10.7 kg, height 1.71 ± 0.09 m) were assessed while standing on both the flat level floor and on an inclined board. Data collection used infra-red motion capture procedures and two force platforms to record bilateral vertical ground reaction force (GRFvert) and ankle, knee and hip joint kinematic and kinetic data. Paired t-tests and statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) procedures were used to assess differences in discrete and continuous bilateral symmetry data across conditions. Results Although discrete joint kinematic and joint moment symmetry data were largely unaffected by raising the heels, the regular weight trainers presented greater bilateral asymmetry in these data than the novices. The one significant finding in these discrete data showed that raising the heels significantly reduced maximum knee extension moment asymmetry (P = 0.02), but in the novice group only. Time-series analyses indicated significant bilateral asymmetries in both GRFvert and knee extension moments mid-way though the eccentric phase for the novice group, with the latter unaffected by heel lift condition. There were no significant bilateral asymmetries in time series data within the regular weight training group. Conclusions This investigation highlights that although a degree of bilateral lower limb asymmetry is common in individuals performing back squats, the degree of this symmetry is largely unaffected by raising the heels. Differences in results for discrete and time-series symmetry analyses also highlight a key issue associated with relying solely on discrete data techniques to assess bilateral symmetry during tasks such as the back squat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G L Sayers
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Renate List
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Lorenzetti
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Murawa M, Fryzowicz A, Kabacinski J, Jurga J, Gorwa J, Galli M, Zago M. Muscle activation varies between high-bar and low-bar back squat. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9256. [PMID: 32551198 PMCID: PMC7289144 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in the muscular activity between the high-bar back squat (HBBS) and the low-bar back squat (LBBS) on the same representative group of experienced powerlifters are still scarcely investigated. The main purpose of the study was to compare the normalized bioelectrical activity and maximal angles within single homogeneous group between the HBBS and LBBS for 60% one repetition maximum (1RM), 65% 1RM and 70% 1RM. Methods Twelve healthy men (age 24.3 ± 2.8 years, height 178.8 ± 5.6 cm, body mass 88.3 ± 11.5 kg), experienced in powerlifting performed HBBS and LBBS with comparable external loads equal 60% 1RM, 65% 1RM, and 70% 1RM. Electromyography (EMG) signals of muscle groups were synchronously recorded alongside kinematic data (joints angle) by means of a motion capture system. Results EMG activity during eccentric phase of squat motion were significantly higher during LBBS than in HBBS for all selected muscles (60% 1RM and 65% 1RM) (p < 0.05). All examined muscles were more activated during concentric phase of the squat cycle (p < 0.05). In the concentric phase, significant differences between the loads were generally not observed between just 5% 1RM change in load level for LBBS. Conclusions Our results confirmed significant differences in muscles activation between both squat techniques. Muscle activity during eccentric phase of squat motion were significantly higher during LBBS than HBBS. The differences are crucial for posterior muscle chain during eccentric phase of squat cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Murawa
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Fryzowicz
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kabacinski
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Jurga
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Gorwa
- Department of Biomechanics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Manuela Galli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioignegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioignegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pham RD, Machek SB, Lorenz KA. Technical Aspects and Applications of the Low-Bar Back Squat. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Ferland PM, Comtois AS. Classic Powerlifting Performance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S194-S201. [PMID: 30844981 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ferland, PM and Comtois, AS. Classic powerlifting performance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this study was to review all scientific publications related to able-body drug-tested classic powerlifting performance since January 1, 2012, and to regroup them into a brief narrative review. Three electronic databases were systematically searched in August 2018 using the wildcard: powerlift*. A manual search was performed from the reference list of all retained articles. The search and selection strategy permitted to gather a total of 16 scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Results show that practitioners should prioritize a low-bar squat and a wide grip bench press because they generally contribute to moving greater loads, bring more attention to preventing injuries, since a fair amount of powerlifters seem to train injured and prioritize a hypertrophy-power-strength model when prescribing 3 times a week daily undulating periodization on nonconsecutive days for squat and bench. Practitioners could also introduce respiratory muscle training, use daily 1 repetition maximum training combined with down sets on experienced athletes and use a rate of perceived exertion scale based on repetitions in reserve combined with an individual velocity profile when prescribing intensity. Before competition, powerlifters seem to taper in this order: the deadlift, the squat, and lastly the bench press. The Slingshot does help to move more weight because it helps to generate more inertia, but it also deactivates the triceps. Finally, the present work was limited by the present literature but could serve as a reference in the field of powerlifting. Further research should include more details about the circumstances under which they were conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Ferland
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Appleby BB, Newton RU, Cormack SJ. Kinetics and Kinematics of the Squat and Step-up in Well-Trained Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S36-S44. [PMID: 30707142 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Appleby, BB, Newton, RU, and Cormack, SJ. Kinetics and kinematics of the squat and step-up in well-trained rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S36-S44, 2019-The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the kinetics and kinematics of squat and step-up performance in well-trained athletes. Triaxial ground reaction force (GRF) and 3D kinematic data were collected in 4 maximal effort repetitions each at 70, 80, and 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of squat and step-up. The difference in concentric phase kinetics and kinematics between the squat and step-up was compared using effect sizes (ES ± 90% confidence limits [CLs]) classified as: less than 0.2 as trivial; 0.2-0.6 as small; 0.6-1.2 as moderate; and 1.2-2.0 as large. Where the 90% CL crossed negative and positive 0.2 values, the effect was considered "unclear.n Ground reaction force was higher for the step-up than squat at all relative intensities per leg (peak GRF ES: 2.56 ± 0.19 to 2.70 ± 0.37; average GRF ES: 1.45 ± 0.27 to 1.48 ± 0.29). Per leg, the difference in concentric impulse favored the step-up compared with squat at 70% 1RM (ES = 0.71 ± 0.40) and 80% 1RM (ES = 0.30 ± 0.41) but was unclear at 90% 1RM (ES = -0.25 ± 0.47). The squat peak velocity was greater compared with step-up at all intensities (ES = -1.74 ± 0.48 to -1.33 ± 0.48). Despite a lower external load and a single base of support, per leg, the step-up produced comparable GRF because the squat suggesting overload provided by the step-up is sufficient for maximal strength development. Future research may investigate the efficacy of the step-up in a training intervention for the development of lower-body strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendyn B Appleby
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,High Performance Unit, Hockey Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bishop C, Turner A. Be as Upright as Possible When Squatting: Reply. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Bishop C, Turner A. Integrated Approach to Correcting the High-Bar Back Squat From “Excessive Forward Leaning”. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|