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Song Y, Sheykhlouvand M. A Comparative Analysis of High-Intensity Technique-Specific Intervals and Short Sprint Interval Training in Taekwondo Athletes: Effects on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Anaerobic Power. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:672-683. [PMID: 39228785 PMCID: PMC11366851 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIITTS) has been proven to be an effective method to enhance the sport-specific bio-motor abilities of taekwondo athletes. However, studies regarding its effects on comprehensive measures of cardiorespiratory fitness are limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of clarity regarding the extent of individual adaptations to this method compared to HIIT in the form of repeated sprints (HIITRS). This study compared the individual adaptations to HIITRS and HIITTS on cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power in trained taekwondo athletes (age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 75.4 ± 9.1 kg; height = 1.73 ± 0.0 .m). All participants completed three sessions per week of a 60-minute regular taekwondo training. Following the 60-minute training, participants completed 3 sets of 10 × 4 s all-out HIITRS or same sets of repeated kicks with both legs (HIITTS) over a 6-week training period. In both groups, rest intervals were set at 15 seconds between efforts and one minute between sets. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a series of lab- and field-based tests to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), O2 pulse (V̇O2/HR), first ventilatory threshold (VT1), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), cardiac output (Q̇max), stroke volume (SV), peak power output (PPO), average power output (APO), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ). However, linear speed (20-m speed time) and taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT) only responded to HIITRS. HIITRS resulted in greater changes in V̇O2max, V̇O2/HR, VT2, and Q̇max, and higher percentage of responders in measured parameters than HIITTS. In addition, HIITRS elicited lower inter-individual variability (CV) in percent changes from pre- to post-training in all measured variables. These results suggest that incorporating 3 sessions per week of HIITRS into regular taekwondo training results in significantly greater and more homogenized adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities than HIITTS among trained taekwondo athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- Department of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohsen Sheykhlouvand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Zheng AC, He CS, Lu CC, Hung BL, Chou KM, Fang SH. The Cognitive Function and Taekwondo-Specific Kick Performance of Taekwondo Athletes at Different Hydration Statuses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:637-644. [PMID: 38702046 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful participation in taekwondo (TKD) requires athletes to possess quick decision-making abilities and demonstrate technical proficiency during competition. Dehydration, occurring during both training and competition, is widely recognized to have various negative effects. METHODS This study investigated the impact of different levels of dehydration on cognitive function, as measured by the Vienna Test System, and the specific performance of kicking techniques among TKD athletes. Using a randomized crossover design, 12 participants were involved in the study. Before and after 1 hour of training at 80% of maximal heart rate, participants were weighed and provided urine samples. All participants were randomly assigned to 3 different hydration conditions: the euhydrated (EUH) group had unrestricted access to fluid consumption, while the hypohydrated (HYP) and severely HYP (S-HYP) groups experienced reductions of 2.0% and 4.0% of their initial body weight, respectively. RESULTS The EUH group exhibited better reaction speed in reaction-time test-form S1 than the HYP and S-HYP groups. Notably, the EUH group demonstrated a significantly higher success rate in the front-side kick (EUH 98%, HYP 90%, S-HYP 88%; P < .05). However, the success rates of back roundhouse kick and free head kick were similar among the 3 statuses. Furthermore, postexercise heart rates were found to be significantly higher in the HYP and S-HYP groups compared with the EUH group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the negative effects of dehydration on cognitive function and TKD-specific performance. It is recommended that TKD athletes maintain optimal hydration levels during training and competition to ensure optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Chi Zheng
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Lien Hung
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Chou
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
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Albuquerque MR, Flôr CAG, Ribeiro AIS, Mesquita PHC, Franchini E, Laurentino GC. Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Sport-Specific Performance in Highly Trained Taekwondo Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:179. [PMID: 39058070 PMCID: PMC11280546 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves episodes of blood flow restriction followed by reperfusion, has uncertain effects on athletes. Additionally, employing sports-specific tests that are highly familiar to athletes can enhance methodological rigor in determining IPC's effects on taekwondo performance. This study aimed to investigate IPC's influence on taekwondo athletes' performance through two studies. To induce occlusion in both studies, the cuff was inflated to an individualized occlusion pressure established for each athlete's lower limb, with four cycles of occlusion lasting five minutes each, alternated with five-minute reperfusion intervals. Both traditional frequentist statistics and Bayesian analysis were employed. In the first study, eleven high-level athletes were subjected to either IPC or a placebo (SHAM) procedure on both legs, followed by performing countermovement jumps (CMJs) and a specific taekwondo endurance test. However, no significant differences were observed in taekwondo endurance performance or CMJ between the IPC and SHAM conditions. The second study involved fourteen elite athletes who underwent the same IPC or SHAM conditions, performing CMJ and three bouts of the Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick test (FSKTmult) in three blocks, each separated by approximately thirty minutes. Again, the results indicated no significant differences in FSKTmult measures or CMJ performance between the two conditions. In conclusion, IPC did not significantly affect neuromuscular (in both studies), endurance (in the first study), or anaerobic (in the second study) performance in these taekwondo athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo—CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Isadora Santos Ribeiro
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo—CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-030, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Gilberto Candido Laurentino
- Physical Activity Science Program, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Delleli S, Ouergui I, Messaoudi H, Bridge C, Ardigò LP, Chtourou H. Warm-up music and low-dose caffeine enhance the activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat in female taekwondo athletes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14302. [PMID: 38906894 PMCID: PMC11192912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the effects of warm-up music and low dose (3 mg·kg-1) of caffeine (CAF) on female taekwondo athlete's activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat. In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study, 16 female athletes participated in simulated combats under one control and 5 experimental conditions [i.e., CAF alone (CAF), placebo alone (PL), CAF with music (CAF + M), PL with music (PL + M), and no supplement with music (M)]. After warming-up, athletes rated their felt arousal (FAS). Mean (HRmean) and peak (HRpeak) heart rate values were determined for each combat. After fighting, athletes rated their perceived exertion (RPE), feeling scale (FS), FAS, and physical enjoyment (PACES). Time-motion and technical-tactical variables were analyzed. CAF + M induced shorter skip and pause time, while attack time increased compared to other conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, CAF + M increased single attacks, combined attacks, counter-attacks (p < 0.001), and defensive actions (p < 0.05) than other conditions. HRmean and HRpeak were lower under CAF + M than other conditions (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher FAS post-combat, FS, and PACES were observed under CAF + M, while RPE was lower (except CAF condition) compared to the other conditions (p < 0.05.Using CAF with warm-up music may increase combat cadence and improve the psychological state in female athletes more effectively than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaheddine Delleli
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, 1003, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 7100, El Kef, Tunisia.
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, UR22JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, El Kef, Tunisia.
| | - Hamdi Messaoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, 1003, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Craig Bridge
- Sports Performance Research Group, Edge Hill University, Wilson Centre, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Linstows Gate 3, 0166, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, 1003, Tunis, Tunisia
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da Silva RAD, Szmuchrowski LA, Rosa JPP, Santos MAPD, de Mello MT, Savoi L, Porto YF, de Assis Dias Martins Júnior F, Drummond MDM. Intermittent Fasting Promotes Weight Loss without Decreasing Performance in Taekwondo. Nutrients 2023; 15:3131. [PMID: 37513549 PMCID: PMC10384508 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is commonly used by combat sports athletes for weight loss. However, IF can decrease performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IF on total body mass (TBM) and Taekwondo performance. Nine athletes (seven male, two female; 18.4 ± 3.3 years) underwent 4 weeks of 12 h IF. TBM, countermovement jump (CMJ), mean kicks (MK), and total number of kicks (TNK) were compared weekly. Performance was measured in the fed state (FED) and fast state (FAST). Results showed decreased TBM in week 1 (62.20 ± 6.56 kg; p = 0.001) and week 2 (62.38 ± 6.83 kg; p = 0.022) compared to pre-intervention (63.58 ± 6.57 kg), stabilizing in week 3 (62.42 ± 6.12 kg), and no significant change in week 4 (63.36 ± 6.20 kg). CMJ performance in week 1 was lower in FED (35.26 ± 7.15 cm) than FAST (37.36 ± 6.77 cm; p = 0.003), but in week 3, FED (38.24 ± 6.45 cm) was higher than FAST (35.96 ± 5.05 cm; p = 0.047). No significant differences were found in MK and TNK in FSKTmult. RPE, KDI, and HR were similar between FED and FAST (p < 0.05). [LAC] was higher post-test compared to pre-test (p = 0.001), with higher concentrations in FED than FAST (p = 0.020). BG was higher in FED than FAST (p < 0.05) before physical tests. Therefore, IF promotes decreased TBM without decreasing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Angelo Dias da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leszek Antoni Szmuchrowski
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Pereira Rosa
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Pereira Dos Santos
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Savoi
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Yves Ferreira Porto
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Franchini E. Energy System Contributions during Olympic Combat Sports: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020297. [PMID: 36837916 PMCID: PMC9961508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the studies that estimate the energy systems' contributions during match simulations of striking (boxing, karate, and taekwondo), grappling (judo), and weapon-based (fencing) Olympic combat sports. The purpose is to provide insights into the metabolism of these athletes. In striking Olympic combat sports, the oxidative contribution varied from 62% (in karate and taekwondo) to 86% (in boxing), the ATP-PCr system contribution varied from 10% (in boxing) to 31% (in taekwondo), and the glycolytic contribution was between 3% (in the third round of taekwondo) and 21% (in karate). In grappling combat sports, only judo was studied, and for a 4 min match, the oxidative contribution was 79%, followed by 14% ATP-PCr system contribution and 7% contribution from the glycolytic system. In fencing, the only weapon-based Olympic combat sport, the oxidative contribution varied from 81% (in the first bout) to 90% (in the second bout), followed by 9% (bout 2) to 12% (bout 1) contribution from the ATP-PCr system, and 0.6% to 7% contribution from the glycolytic system during 3 × 3 min bouts of épée match simulation. Hence, Olympic combat sports are primarily powered by the oxidative system, but the key scoring actions are likely fueled by anaerobic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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Silva Junior J, Penteado dos Santos R, Kons R, Gillis J, Caputo F, Detanico D. Relationship between a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu specific test performance and physical capacities in experience athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A new taekwondo-specific field test for estimating aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264910. [PMID: 35294451 PMCID: PMC8926267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose a new multidimensional taekwondo-specific test to estimate aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility. Out of sixty-five male volunteers, forty-six, forty-eight, and fifty athletes (18–35 years; black- and red-belt level) were included in the final analysis for aerobic, anaerobic, and agility assessments, respectively. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, using a graded exercise test on a treadmill), anaerobic power (using the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test, WAnT), and agility performance (using the agility T-Test) were measured via non-specific laboratory and field tests across a two-week period. The taekwondo-specific aerobic-anaerobic-agility (TAAA) test comprised six 20-s intervals of shuttle sprints over a 4-m distance, and the execution of roundhouse kicks alternating the legs at the end of each distance, with 10-s rest intervals between the sets. The multiple linear regression revealed that the difference between heart rate (HR) after and 1 minute after the TAAA test (p < 0.001), and body mass index (BMI; p = 0.006) were significant to estimate VO2max. Likewise, there was a very large (R = 0.79) and large (R = 0.55) correlation between the average and maximum number of kicks performed in the TAAA test and the WAnT mean and peak power, respectively (p < 0.001). Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the T-Test and agility performance acquired in the TAAA test (R = 0.74; p < 0.001). The TAAA test can be considered a valid simple tool for monitoring VO2max, anaerobic fitness, and agility in male taekwondo athletes.
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Cancino-López J, Zapata-Bastias J, García-García JM. Inter-Individual Variability of a High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques vs. Repeated Sprints Program in Sport-Related Fitness of Taekwondo Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:766153. [PMID: 34867471 PMCID: PMC8637814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques (TS-G) vs. repeated sprints (RS-G) and analyzed the inter-individual variability [classified into responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on sport-related fitness in taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Athletes of both genders (n = 12) were randomly assigned into TS-G and RS-G groups. Both groups trained 3 days/week for 4 weeks [two blocks of three rounds of 2 min of activity (4-s of all-out efforts with 28-s dynamical pauses) with 1 min of recovery in between and 5 min between blocks] during their regular training. The related sport fitness assessments included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), specifically total kicks and Kick Decrement Index (KDI), and 20-m shuttle run (20MSR). Relevant results indicate a significant effect of the time factor in both groups for SJ performance and a significant decrease for KDI in RS-G. In addition, an improvement in performance according to the effect size analysis in the TS-G in total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR. Complementarily, a higher proportion of athlete Rs was reported in TS-G vs. RS-G for SJ (50% vs. 30.3%, respectively), CMJ, and total kicks (16.6% vs. 0%). In conclusion, the addition to the regular training of a HIIT with specific-techniques and repeated-sprints associated with intervals and similar structure of the combat during 4 weeks of training can improve the concentric characteristics of lower limb performance, although they were not the sufficient stimuli in the other components of TKD-related fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás (UST), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino-López
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Zapata-Bastias
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Martín EBS, Zapata-Bastías J, Aedo-Muñoz E, García-García JM. Interrelationship between specific high-intensity intermittent efforts ability with aerobic capacity and slow stretch-shortening cycle utilization in taekwondo athletes. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Repeat high-intensity intermittent efforts is a taekwondo-specific ability but the influence of aerobic capacity and dynamic strength characteristics on this ability has received relatively little attention in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between specific high-intensity intermittent efforts with aerobic capacity and slow stretch-shortening cycle utilization in taekwondo athletes. METHODS: Nineteen taekwondo male athletes were assessed by squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-meter shuttle run (20MSR), and frequency speed of kick test multiple (FSKTMULT). From the FSKTMULT, total kicks and kick decrement index [KDI] were calculated. Additionally, from both jump tests, the slow stretch-shortening cycle utilization (Slow SSC Utilization) was determined from the eccentric utilization ratio [EUR], pre-stretch augmentation [PSA], and reactive strength index [RSI]. RESULTS: There were positive and significant correlations between total kicks with 20MSR (r= 0.85; p= 0.00) and SJ (r= 0.66; p< 0.05). The multiple regression model demonstrated that total kicks where significantly influenced by 20MSR (R2= 71%; p= 0.00). Additionally, only EUR and RSI explained total kicks performance to a greater proportion (R2= 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The FSKTMULT total kicks performance is positively correlated and influenced by aerobic capacity and slow SSC utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, España
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás (UST), Chile
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Eduardo Baez-San Martín
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Zapata-Bastías
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile
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Acute Effects of Vibration Foam Rolling Warm-Up on Jump and Flexibility Asymmetry, Agility and Frequency Speed of Kick Test Performance in Taekwondo Athletes. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of asymmetry on flexibility and jump in taekwondo athletes and the influence of vibration foam rolling on asymmetry and frequency speed of kick test has not been examined. This study examined the effects of three warm-up protocols on subsequent sports performance in elite male taekwondo athletes. Fifteen elite male taekwondo athletes (20.63 ± 1.18 years) completed three warm-up protocols in a randomized order: general warm-up [GW], GW with vibration foam rolling [GW + VR], and GW with double VR for the weaker leg [GW + double VR]), was delivered before the subsequent tests: flexibility, single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), 505 agility, hexagon test, and multiple frequency speed of kick tests (FSKTs). Relative to GW, the GW + VR significantly improved the hexagon test (GW + VR = 11.60 ± 1.01 s; GW = 12.80 ± 1.58 s). In addition, the GW + VR and GW + double VR yielded greater kick numbers in FSKT 5 (GW + VR = 21.13 ± 1.96 reps; GW + double VR = 20.93 ± 1.67 reps; GW = 19.27 ± 1.62 reps) and a higher kick decrement index (GW + VR = 5.45 ± 2.57%; GW + double VR = 5.88 ± 3.22%; GW = 9.54 ± 5.00%). However, the GW + VR and GW + double VR did not significantly improve the flexibility and CMJ asymmetry performance. The GW + VR is more beneficial for warming up than the GW is among male collegiate taekwondo athletes.
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Albuquerque MR, Tavares LD, Longo AR, Caldeira Mesquita PH, Franchini E. Relationship between Indirect Measures of Aerobic and Muscle Power with Frequency Speed of Kick Test Multiple Performance in Taekwondo Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:254-261. [PMID: 34388844 DOI: 10.1055/a-1546-9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between indirect measures of aerobic power and muscular power with Frequency Speed of Kick Test performance using multiple sets (FSKTmult) in high-level taekwondo athletes. We used a known-group method to test differences in FSKTmult performance between two groups designated as lower and higher performance in both aerobic power and muscular power. In total, 42 international or national taekwondo athletes of both sexes performed the FSKTmult, Progressive Specific Taekwondo Test (PSTT), and countermovement jump (CMJ). Our results showed that average of the three CMJ was moderately correlated with FSKTmult performance (r=0.44); whereas PSTT and FSKTmult were highly correlated (r=0.83). Moreover, the groups formed by lower and higher performance of time to exhaustion in PSTT, as well as the average of CMJ were able to discriminate performance in the FSKTmult (p ≤0.05). The present study thus suggests that aerobic and muscle power are important for FSKTmult performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Centro de Treinamento Esportivo - CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Duarte Tavares
- Neuromuscular adaptations to Strength Training Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Roberth Longo
- Neuromuscular adaptations to Strength Training Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Boutios S, Fiorilli G, Buonsenso A, Daniilidis P, Centorbi M, Intrieri M, di Cagno A. The Impact of Age, Gender and Technical Experience on Three Motor Coordination Skills in Children Practicing Taekwondo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115998. [PMID: 34204965 PMCID: PMC8199911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to investigate the age, gender and technical level on motor coordination abilities of Taekwondo children. One hundred and fifteen children (83 male, 32 female), aged 7.76 ± 1.71 years, divided in three different groups, under 8 (5–7 years), under 10 (8–9 years) and under 12 (10–11 years), underwent three coordination skills tests: the ruler drop test (RDT), assessing visual reaction time, the hexagonal test (HT), assessing agility, and the target kick test (TKT), assessing kicking ability. MANOVA showed significant gender differences for TKT, in which females showed higher scores than males (p = 0.033). Significant differences were found in HT and TKT, where the under 12 group showed higher scores than younger athletes (p < 0.001). No differences amongst different age groups were found in RDT, showing that this could be a good predictor of Taekwondo performance, assessed at an early stage. High-level athletes showed better scores in all the tests than the low levels, as it was expected. Coordinative performance improves with age and is positively influenced by practicing a sports activity. The predisposition to a particular sport with a well-planned training may lead to a motor proficiency comparable to that reached by older athletes and better than same-age athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Boutios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-694-577-9755
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Panagiotis Daniilidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.F.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square 15, 00197 Rome, Italy;
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Effects of 4 Weeks of a Technique-Specific Protocol with High-Intensity Intervals on General and Specific Physical Fitness in Taekwondo Athletes: An Inter-Individual Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073643. [PMID: 33807435 PMCID: PMC8037394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled design, sixteen male and female athletes (five females and 11 males) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) that participated in the technique-specific HIIT and a control group (CG) that participated in traditional taekwondo training. Both groups trained three days/week for four weeks. Squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-metre sprint (5M), 20-metre shuttle run (20MSR), taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), total kicks, and kick decrement index (KDI), as well as body composition were evaluated. Results indicate that there are no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the factors group and time factor and group by time interaction (p > 0.05). Although percentage and effect size increases were documented for post-intervention fitness components in TSAT, total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR, responders and non-responders were also documented. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol based on taekwondo-specific technical movements does not report significant differences in fitness and body composition compared to traditional taekwondo training, nor inter-individual differences between athletes.
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Ulupinar S, Özbay S, Gençoğlu C. Counter movement jump and sport specific frequency speed of kick test to discriminate between elite and sub-elite kickboxers. ACTA GYMNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2020.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Chacón Torrealba T, Aranda Araya J, Benoit N, Deldicque L. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in Hypoxia on Taekwondo Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1125-1131. [PMID: 32781435 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a 6-week taekwondo-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in simulated normobaric hypoxia on physical fitness and performance in taekwondoists. METHODS Eighteen male and female black-belt taekwondoists trained twice a week for 6 weeks in normoxia or in hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.143 O2). The HIIT was composed of specific taekwondo movements and simulated fights. Body composition analyses and a frequency speed of kick test during 10 seconds (FSKT10s) and 5 × 10 seconds (FSKTmult), countermovement jump (CMJ) test, Wingate test, and an incremental treadmill test were performed before and after training. Blood lactate concentrations were measured after the FSKTmult and Wingate tests, and a fatigue index during the tests was calculated. RESULTS A training effect was found for FSKT10s (+35%, P < .001), FSKTmult (+32%, P < .001), and fatigue index (-48%, P = .002). A training effect was found for CMJ height (+5%, P = .003) during the CMJ test. After training, CMJ height increased in hypoxia only (+7%, P = .005). No effect was found for the parameters measured during Wingate test. For the incremental treadmill test, a training effect was found for peak oxygen consumption (P = .002), the latter being 10% lower after than before training in normoxia only (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS In black-belt taekwondoists, hypoxic HIIT twice a week for 6 weeks provides tiny additional gains on key performance parameters compared with normoxic HIIT. Whether the trivial effects reported here might be of physiological relevance to improve performance remains debatable and should be tested individually.
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Franchini E. High-Intensity Interval Training Prescription for Combat-Sport Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:767-776. [PMID: 32502972 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Combat sports are composed of high-intensity actions (eg, attacks, defensive actions, and counterattacks in both grappling and striking situations depending on the specific sport) interspersed with low-intensity actions (eg, displacement without contact, stepping) or pauses (eg, referee stoppages), characterizing an intermittent activity. Therefore, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is at the essence of combat-sport-specific training and is used as complementary training, as well. HIIT prescription can be improved by using intensity parameters derived from combat-sport-specific tests. Specifically, the assessment of physiological indexes (intensity associated with the maximal blood lactate steady state, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal sprint) or of time-motion variables (high-intensity actions, low-intensity actions, and effort:pause ratio) is a key element for a better HIIT prescription because these parameters provide an individualization of the training loads imposed on these athletes. PURPOSE To present a proposal for HIIT prescription for combat-sport athletes, exemplifying with different HIIT protocols (HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training) using combat-sport-specific actions and the parameters for the individualization of these protocols. CONCLUSIONS The use of combat-sport-specific tests is likely to improve HIIT prescription, allowing coaches and strength and conditioning professionals to elaborate HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training protocols using combat-sport actions, providing more specificity and individualization for the training sessions.
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Formalioni A, Antunez BF, Vecchio FBD, Cabistany LD, Coswig VS, Letieri RV, Fukuda DH. Anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of taekwondo athletes. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e55697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to measure anthropometric and physical performance variables of TKD athletes from the city of Pelotas - RS. Forty-five athletes aged 16.4 ± 5.2 years and time of practice of 3.25 ± 3.6 years were evaluated. Athletes performed anthropometric evaluation and physical, general and specific performance tests. In the sum of seven skin folds, men presented lower values ??(106.1 ± 49.5 mm versus 143.4 ± 43.2 mm, p <0.002). Male seniors presented better performance in the vertical jump compared to beginners (42.3 ± 8.5cm versus 24.8 ± 10.1cm, p <0.03) and to women (22.1 ± 4.3cm, p <0.03). Graduated individuals perform higher number of arm pushups than beginners and women and more repetitions in the abdominal test. Male junior and senior athletes had higher isometric handgrip strength than females (48.3 ± 3.9 kgf and 38.1 ± 12.6 kgf versus 29 ± 5.6 kgf, p <0.001). Men covered longer distance in the yo-yo test than women (606.6 ± 233.8m versus 200 ± 113.1m, p <0.001). In the Wingate test, men produced greater peak and average relative power. No differences in flexibility were observed. In the single kick test, seniors kicked faster than less experienced athletes (200.6 ± 12.3m / s versus 258 ± 5.6m / s, p <0.001) and performed greater number of kicks in the 21s, 6 ± 2.1 reps versus 15.5 ± 0.7 reps, p <0.001). It was concluded that there are differences between male and female TKD athletes regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics, and that more experienced athletes exhibit greater general and specific physical fitness.
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Mesquita PHC, Lage GM, Franchini E, Romano-Silva MA, Albuquerque MR. Bi-hemispheric anodal transcranial direct current stimulation worsens taekwondo-related performance. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:578-586. [PMID: 31254810 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that has been used as an ergogenic aid in exercise/sports performance. However, little is known about its effects on highly-trained subjects, as athletes. The present study aimed to verify the effects of bi-hemispheric anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) on the performance of taekwondo athletes. Additionally, we investigated the persistence of the effects of the a-tDCS one hour after it. Nineteen Taekwondo athletes received active or sham bi-hemispheric a-tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1). a-tDCS was delivered at 1.5 mA for 15 min. Athletes performed Countermovement Jumps (CMJ) and the Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKT) immediately (Mo1) and one hour after stimulation (Mo2). The athletes also reported their session-rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE). The total number of kicks (TK) was higher in sham than in the active a-tDCS condition (p < 0.01). In addition, TK was higher at Mo2 than at Mo1 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the session-RPE was higher in the a-tDCS condition (p < 0.05) and was greater one-hour post-stimulation (p < 0.01). No differences were found for CMJ performance (p > 0.05). Thus, bi-hemispheric a-tDCS worsens performance of taekwondo athletes, and the effect remains present even 1 h after the stimulation.
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