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Madruga-Parera M, Esteves PT, Fernandes JFT, Beltrán-Garrido V, Bird S, Leite N, Romero-Rodriguez D, Arede J. Inclusion of Game-Based Stimulus During Flywheel Resistance Training Positively Influences Physical Performance in Handball Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38980761 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2359603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Handball is a body-contact Olympic ball sport that is characterized by fast-paced defensive and offensive actions. Players must coordinate explosive movements (e.g. changing of direction) and handball-specific skills (e.g. passing). Maximizing performance requires a systematic approach to training that includes physical, psychological, technical, and tactical preparation. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of movement-based (MOV; unspecific sport stimulus) or game-based (GAM; sport-specific stimulus) flywheel resistance training intervention in highly trained youth handball players. Method:Twenty-five highly trained youth male handball players completed two sessions per week of flywheel resistance training (MOV, n = 12; GAM, n = 13) over the 7-week intervention period. Change-of-direction tests (180º change-of-direction speed test of both legs and test) and handball-throwing test were conducted before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups significantly improved V-cut, and 180º Change-of-direction speed test performance (p < .05; d = 0.79-2.05). Notwithstanding, the GAM group demonstrated greater improvements in V-cut and COD180ASY compared with the MOV group (p < .05) with small effect. Handball throwing speed performance remained unchanged independently of training condition (p > .05). Conclusions: These findings provide further support for the training principle of "specificity" and highlight the importance of including a game-based training stimulus during resistance training. This is a key consideration for coaches wanting to enhance physical performance in youth handball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Madruga-Parera
- International University of Catalonia
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center
- INNOVITY
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuno Leite
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD
| | | | - Jorge Arede
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD
- Polytechnic Institute of Viseu
- Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro
- Universidad Europea de Madrid
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2
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Tyshchenko V, Tyshchenko D, Andronov V, Ivanenko S, Adamchuk V, Hlukhov I, Drobot K. Comprehensive evaluation of efficiency to identify deficiencies in muscle activity in different modes in team sports. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:194-200. [PMID: 38592978 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202402102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To concern the scientific substantiation of a complex ergometer tests of aerobic and anaerobic character and quantitative criteria for assessing the condition of female handball players` respiratory and power supply systems in the maximum. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis. In order to solve those tasks within the framework there were measured the indicators of two hundred young female handball players at the pre-basic training stage. RESULTS Results: The outcomes of the research allow us to recommend the program for handball players` potential capabilities assessment that will help to characterize the state of power supply systems of the body under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. At the same time, the results of the testing can be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in the structure of handball players` special readiness indicators and to individualize the process of players' preparation at the subsequent stages. CONCLUSION Conclusions: As a result of experimental data, the quantitative criteria and the scale for the assessment of handball players' working capacity in ergometer maximum tests of aerobic-anaerobic character have been developed. On the basis of these tests, it is possible to analyze objectively the individual characteristics of children before making a final decision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vadym Adamchuk
- INNYTSIA MYKHAILO KOTSIUBYNSKYI STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY, VINNYTSIA, UKRAINE
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Dos'Santos T, Bishop C. Assessing Limb Dominance and Interlimb Asymmetries Over Multiple Angles During Change of Direction Speed Tests in Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2423-2430. [PMID: 38015731 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gonzalo-Skok, O, Dos' Santos, T, and Bishop, C. Assessing limb dominance and interlimb asymmetries over multiple angles during change of direction speed tests in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2423-2430, 2023-The aims of this study were to establish whether directional dominance is displayed during change of direction (COD) tasks across various angles, to determine the angle-variation data for the asymmetry magnitude and direction, and to analyze the relationships in COD performance (completion time and COD deficit) across tasks. Twenty-four young (U-16 to U-20), highly trained male basketball players performed a 10-m linear sprint test and four 10-m COD tests (45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°) in left and right directions. Change of direction performance was determined via total times and COD deficit, and asymmetry comparisons were made between faster and slower directions and dominant leg (DL) (i.e., first step leg in lay-up) and nondominant leg (NDL). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between DL and NDL for any task excluding 45° COD (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 0.44-0.78), but significant differences were established between faster and slower sides for all angles (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-1.28). Levels of the agreement in directional dominance during COD tasks were generally poor to slight (k = -0.14 to 0.14), excluding a fair agreement between COD45 and COD90 (k = 0.34). Correlations between COD total times and COD deficits between angles were moderate to very large (r = 0.32 to 0.81) and moderate to large (r = -0.30 to 0.55), respectively. Players displayed superior COD performance in a particular direction across various angles. This directional dominance is not necessarily consistent between angles, thus highlighting the angle-dependent nature of COD performance. Consequently, practitioners should investigate multiple angles and directions to create a COD angle profile for their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Center, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Carrasco-Fernández L, García-Sillero M, Jurado-Castro JM, Borroto-Escuela DO, García-Romero J, Benítez-Porres J. Influence of limb dominance on body and jump asymmetries in elite female handball. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19280. [PMID: 37935963 PMCID: PMC10630346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Handball is a team sport subjected to asymmetric actions that require high physical capacity demands on players. The development of large asymmetries could negatively affect sports performance. However, few studies have analyzed body composition and the force asymmetries in elite female handball players. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of asymmetries based on limb dominance in body composition parameters and lower limb power in jumping performances in an elite women's handball team. An entire elite women's handball team, comprised by of 14 players, was analyzed. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and bioimpedance were used to analyze body composition. Force plates were used to evaluate jump performance. Results show the presence of differences between all the players in the different parameters of the CMJ jump. In addition, an asymmetry between the power of the dominant and non-dominant lower limb was observed between the players. The results show differences in muscle mass between the upper limbs, but not in the lower limbs in terms of both muscle and fat mass. However, there were no crossed asymmetries or significant differences between members based on dominance. The results suggest that the presence of asymmetries does not have to be one of the main parameters to be taken into account by coaches in elite athletes and to highlight the importance of including specific analyzes of body composition and sports performance in an individualized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrasco-Fernández
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Manuel García-Sillero
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Universitaria de Osuna, Teaching Center Attached to the University of Seville, 41640, Seville, Spain
| | - Dasiel Oscar Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerónimo García-Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 25, 29010, Malaga, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cadens M, Planas-Anzano A, Peirau-Terés X, Bishop C, Romero-Rodríguez D, Madruga-Parera M. Relationship between Asymmetry Profiles and Jump Performance in Youth Female Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:5-16. [PMID: 37559760 PMCID: PMC10407328 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/163432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationships between asymmetries and performance or the identification of the asymmetry profile that has been routinely studied during jumping tests are largely derived from male-only and small sample size studies. Therefore, the aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the magnitude and the direction of jump asymmetries (vertical and lateral) in three different age groups of adolescent female handball players, and 2) to identify the effect of asymmetry between limbs on jump performance in the three age groups. One hundred and eighty-five adolescent female handball players (age: 14.88 ± 1.49 years) were distributed in three groups: U14, U16 and U18 and performed two tests to assess jumping ability which were the single leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) and the single leg hop lateral (SL-HL). The magnitude of asymmetry in the SL-CMJ test (10.80%) was higher compared to that of the SL-LH test (6.47%), and there were no significant differences between particular categories. The direction of asymmetry represented by the Kappa values showed "poor" and "fair" levels of agreement in U14 and U16 categories, which means that asymmetries rarely favored the same side during each jumping test, but in contrast, in the U18 category the Kappa value result was "slight". There were significant correlations between SL-CMJ jumping asymmetries and jumping performance in the U18 category (r = 0.31 to 0.49). These data indicate that in order to identify the player's asymmetry profile, we need to consider the magnitude and the direction of different tests which will help better understand the natural deficits, contextualize them and consider appropriate training interventions for the reduction of inter-limb asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cadens
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas-Anzano
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau-Terés
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Daniel Romero-Rodríguez
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- INNOVITY, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Madruga-Parera
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- FC Barcelona Second Team, Sport Performance Area, Barcelona, Spain
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Knihs DA, Bishop C, Zimmermann HB, Dal Pupo J. Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Wakabayashi K, Ogasawara I, Suzuki Y, Nakata K, Nomura T. Exploring pre-impact landing kinematics associated with increase and decrease in the anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. J Biomech 2022; 145:111382. [PMID: 36446310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the single-legged landing kinematics that could lead to increase or decrease in the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Immediate pre-impact kinematics at the single-legged landing from 33 healthy young female handball players were evaluated. Thereafter, two-year follow-up for ACL injury incidence was conducted, in which six new ACL injuries in non-dominant leg were registered. The evaluation of pre-impact kinematics across participants was performed first by the principal component analysis to decompose them into the kinematic components (KCs), and then by the linear discrimination analysis (LDA) for a set of KC-scores to obtain important KCs for discriminating injured and non-injured legs. The result of LDA showed that the combination of second major KC (knee flexion/extension angle and angular velocity) and some minor KCs such as torso medial/lateral leaning accurately discriminated the injured and non-injured legs with the error rate of 12.5%. To examine the mechanisms of this discriminative ability, we generated hypothetical pre-impact kinematics in the subspaces spanned by eigenvectors of multiple KCs, and examined relationships between pre-impact kinematics and the corresponding knee valgus torque predicted by the motion-equation-based model. The result showed that the second major KC and the minor KCs representing torso medial/lateral leaning and/or hip adduction/abduction angle, which contributed in LDA to discriminating injured legs, also significantly affected the frontal-plane knee loading patterns. These findings suggested that KC-based postural characterization of the pre-impact landing kinematics and the motion-equation-based knee stress quantification possibly explain the future ACL injury risks of female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Issei Ogasawara
- Health and Sports Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Nakata
- Health and Sports Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taishin Nomura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Bishop C, Loturco I. Percentage-Based Change of Direction Deficit: A New Approach to Standardize Time- and Velocity-Derived Calculations. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3521-3526. [PMID: 34446644 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freitas, TT, Pereira, LA, Alcaraz, PE, Azevedo, PHSM, Bishop, C, and Loturco, I. Percentage-based change of direction deficit: a new approach to standardize time- and velocity-derived calculations. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3521-3526, 2022-Change of direction (COD) efforts are crucial in team sports, and an extensive body of research has been devoted to investigating this complex and multifaceted skill. Most studies have assessed players' ability to change direction by reporting completion time or average velocity in different COD tasks. However, it has been argued that these variables may not accurately portray an athlete's true capability to quickly change direction. In this context, new metrics such as the COD Deficit (CODD) have been proposed to provide complementary information on the efficiency to change direction. The current literature presents 2 different CODD computations: time-derived and velocity-derived calculations. Despite both being consistent and representing the same phenomenon, the decision of using one or the other may produce different outcomes, thus influencing coaches' decisions and training strategies. To overcome this issue, we propose a new approach to the computation of the CODD, based on the difference in percentage between linear sprint and COD abilities, in an attempt to standardize the estimation of this variable and simplify the evaluation of COD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom.,UK Strength and Conditioning Association, Lytham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Sport and Exercise, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales
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9
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Why Sports Should Embrace Bilateral Asymmetry: A Narrative Review. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Asymmetry is ubiquitous in nature and humans have well-established bilateral asymmetries in their structures and functions. However, there are (mostly unsubstantiated) claims that bilateral asymmetries may impair sports performance or increase injury risk. (2) Objective: To critically review the evidence of the occurrence and effects of asymmetry and sports performance. (3) Development: Asymmetry is prevalent across several sports regardless of age, gender, or competitive level, and can be verified even in apparently symmetric actions (e.g., running and rowing). Assessments of bilateral asymmetries are highly task-, metric-, individual-, and sport-specific; fluctuate significantly in time (in magnitude and, more importantly, in direction); and tend to be poorly correlated among themselves, as well as with general performance measures. Assessments of sports-specific performance is mostly lacking. Most studies assessing bilateral asymmetries do not actually assess the occurrence of injuries. While injuries tend to accentuate bilateral asymmetries, there is no evidence that pre-existing asymmetries increase injury risk. While training programs reduce certain bilateral asymmetries, there is no evidence that such reductions result in increased sport-specific performance or reduced injury risk. (4) Conclusions: Bilateral asymmetries are prevalent in sports, do not seem to impair performance, and there is no evidence that suggests that they increase injury risk.
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Fernandez-Fernandez J, Granacher U, Martinez-Martin I, Garcia-Tormo V, Herrero-Molleda A, Barbado D, Garcia-Lopez J. Physical fitness and throwing speed in U13 versus U15 male handball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:113. [PMID: 35725495 PMCID: PMC9210574 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the shoulder functional profile (rotation range of motion [ROM] and strength), upper and lower body performance, and throwing speed of U13 versus U15 male handball players, and to establish the relationship between these measures of physical fitness and throwing speed. Methods One-hundred and nineteen young male handball players (under (U)-13 (U13) [n = 85]) and U15 [n = 34]) volunteered to participate in this study. The participating athletes had a mean background of sytematic handball training of 5.5 ± 2.8 years and they exercised on average 540 ± 10.1 min per week including sport-specific team handball training and strength and conditioning programs. Players were tested for passive shoulder range-of-motion (ROM) for both internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) and isometric strength (i.e., IR and ER) of the dominant/non-dominant shoulders, overhead medicine ball throw (OMB), hip isometric abductor (ABD) and adductor (ADD) strength, hip ROM, jumps (countermovement jump [CMJ] and triple leg-hop [3H] for distance), linear sprint test, modified 505 change-of-direction (COD) test and handball throwing speed (7 m [HT7] and 9 m [HT9]). Results U15 players outperformed U13 in upper (i.e., HT7 and HT9 speed, OMB, absolute IR and ER strength of the dominant and non-dominant sides; Cohen’s d: 0.76–2.13) and lower body (i.e., CMJ, 3H, 20-m sprint and COD, hip ABD and ADD; d: 0.70–2.33) performance measures. Regarding shoulder ROM outcomes, a lower IR ROM was found of the dominant side in the U15 group compared to the U13 and a higher ER ROM on both sides in U15 (d: 0.76–1.04). It seems that primarily anthropometric characteristics (i.e., body height, body mass) and upper body strength/power (OMB distance) are the most important factors that explain the throw speed variance in male handball players, particularly in U13. Conclusions Findings from this study imply that regular performance monitoring is important for performance development and for minimizing injury risk of the shoulder in both age categories of young male handball players. Besides measures of physical fitness, anthropometric data should be recorded because handball throwing performance is related to these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Isidoro Martinez-Martin
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Vicente Garcia-Tormo
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - David Barbado
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Garcia-Lopez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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11
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Relationship between Performance and Inter-Limb Asymmetries Using Flywheel Resistance Device in Elite Youth Female Basketball Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060812. [PMID: 35741333 PMCID: PMC9220670 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to quantify inter-limb asymmetries from unilateral jumps, change of direction (COD) speed, and flywheel resistance skill tests and to examine their relationship with physical performance in a sample of elite youth female basketball players. Eleven female basketball players (age = 17.56 ± 0.60 year; body mass = 75.13 ± 12.37 kg; height = 1.83 ± 0.08 m; BMI = 22.42 ± 2.28; sports experience = 6.31 ± 1.73 year; years post-peak height velocity = 4.79 ± 0.68 year) performed a battery of fitness tests in the post-season consisting of the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, 135° and 90° COD tests, and four skills (acceleration step, deceleration step, sidestep, and crossover step) with an flywheel resistance device. The results showed significant differences between the higher performing and lower performing limbs across all tasks (p < 0.05). The mean asymmetry index values ranged from 1.26% (COD 135°) to 11.75% (SLC-V). Inter-limb asymmetries were greatest during the flywheel resistance skills. Spearman’s correlations (ρ) for all tests were only significant for inter-limb asymmetries during the sidestep test and reduced performance in SLCJ-L (ρ = −0.61; p = 0.046) and all COD deficits (ρ range = −0.72 to −0.81). The findings of the present study showed that inter-limb asymmetries are task-specific in female youth basketball players and suggest that the use of flywheel devices can be included in the battery of tests to detect inter-limb asymmetry.
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12
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On-Court Change of Direction Test: An Effective Approach to Assess COD Performance in Badminton Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:155-164. [PMID: 36196345 PMCID: PMC9465731 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the reliability of a specific change of direction test (i.e., “On-Court COD test”) in youth badminton players, evaluate the effect of age on On-Court COD performance, and examine its correlations with linear speed, change of direction speed, and vertical jump tests. Forty-two young badminton players (27 males and 15 females; age: 17.3±1.6 years, body height: 170.3±7.5 cm, body mass: 59.0±9.7 kg) were divided into two age groups (Under 17 years and under 19 years). Tests included: linear sprints (5, 10, and 20-m), bilateral/unilateral countermovement jumps, a hexagon test, traditional and modified 505 change of direction tests; and On-court COD. Results showed an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient score (0.90) and a very low coefficient of variation values (1.6%) for the On-Court COD test. Comparing age groups, under 19 players were significantly faster in linear sprints (i.e., 5, 15 and 20-m; small to moderate effect sizes) and in all change of direction tests (moderate to large effect sizes). Moreover, the On-Court COD test showed moderate to large (r=.513-.779) relationships with both acceleration and COD abilities in under 17 players, and with linear sprints, COD, and jump performances in under 19 players. These data indicate that the On-Court COD test is a useful and reliable means to assess COD performance in youth badminton players and it is associated with acceleration, sprint and jump performance.
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Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9090129. [PMID: 34564334 PMCID: PMC8473080 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the present study examined the isokinetic peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors, anterior–posterior imbalance and the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetry in professional and academy soccer players. (2) Methods: one hundred soccer players (professional = 50, elite academy = 50) volunteered to take part in this investigation. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexors muscle (hamstrings) torques of the limbs as well as inter-limb asymmetries—using a standard percentage difference equation. (3) Results: professional players exhibited significantly greater (effect size [ES] = large) strength levels in the quadriceps and hamstrings under both testing conditions, significantly higher (small to moderate) intra-limb ratio values for 60°·s−1 but not for the 300°·s−1 test condition, significantly (small to moderate) lower inter-limb asymmetry values for all test conditions, with the exception of the hamstrings at 60°·s−1 and the direction of asymmetry was poor to slight, indicating that limb dominance was rarely the same between groups. (4) Conclusions: this study shows that isokinetic assessments, i.e., peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors and intra-limb ratio, and the subsequent inter-limb asymmetry, i.e., magnitude and direction, can differentiate between professional and academy soccer players.
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Assessing the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in Unilateral Jump and Change of Direction Speed Tasks in Youth Female Team-Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:15-27. [PMID: 34400983 PMCID: PMC8336540 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction of inter-limb asymmetries and the change of direction (COD) deficit are two aspects that have increased in recent years. The main objective of the present study was to assess the magnitude of neuromuscular asymmetries in an elite youth female team-sports sample and determine its directionality. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the relationship between COD deficit, linear speed and COD time performance. Elite female youth basketball and handball players (n = 33, age = 16 ± 1.17 y) performed the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, the COD and the 10-m sprint. Results showed statistical differences between limbs in all the neuromuscular tests (p < 0.001). The Kappa coefficient showed poor to fair levels of agreement between tasks (K range = -0.087 to 0.233), indicating that asymmetries rarely favoured the same limb between skills. Additionally, small and non-significant correlations were found between the linear sprint capacity and the COD ability. The findings of the present study highlight the independent directionality of asymmetries across tests. The COD deficit does not appear to be much more advantageous than COD total time to measure asymmetry. Practitioners are encouraged to use a fitness testing battery to detect existing side differences and each ability should be specifically trained with functional tasks.
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The Relationship Between Performance and Asymmetries in Different Multidirectional Sprint Tests in Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:155-164. [PMID: 34400995 PMCID: PMC8336547 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Practitioners usually include change of direction (COD) and linear speed measurements in the testing batteries of soccer players; however, despite being a commonly occurring action, curve sprint (CS) ability is rarely assessed in soccer. The aims of this study were to analyze the association between linear sprint, CS, and COD speed performances, and compare the association and direction of asymmetries between these skills. Thirty-three male soccer players performed linear sprint (17 m), CS (17 m), and COD-90⍛ speed tests (COD [8.5 + 8.5 m]). Our main findings were (a) a large relationship between linear and multidirectional tasks (COD-90⍛ and CS tests) (r = from 0.6 to 0.64, p < 0.05), (b) a moderate relationship between CS and COD-90⍛ tests (r = from 0.33 to 0.41, p < 0.05), with a certain opposite tendency (higher relationships between opposing directions [CurveLEFT - CODRIGHT; r = 0.41] than between equal directions [CurveLEFT - CODLEFT; r = 0.33]), and (c) no relationship (p > 0.05) between COD and CS asymmetries, with opposing directional dominance in ~70% of players (e.g., curve left and COD right dominance). These results indicate that performance in linear sprints is strongly related to performance in multidirectional trajectories, whereas CS and COD-90⍛ seem to be more independent actions. Additionally, the direction of asymmetry or dominance is generally opposite between the non-linear tasks measured.
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Madruga-Parera M, Dos’Santos T, Bishop C, Turner A, Blanco D, Beltran-Garrido V, Moreno-Pérez V, Romero-Rodríguez D. Assessing Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Soccer Players: Magnitude, Direction and Association with Performance. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:41-53. [PMID: 34400985 PMCID: PMC8336558 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to analyze the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetries in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), power (using iso-inertial devices), and a neuromuscular skill (change of direction). Secondarily, we aimed to determine the relationship between inter-limb asymmetry scores for each test and also between these scores and the scores for the different performance tests. Sixteen semiprofessional male soccer players (age: 25.38 ± 6.08 years; body height: 1.78 ± 0.64 m; body mass: 79.5 ± 14.9 kg) participated in this study. We calculated inter-limb asymmetries using five tests: ankle dorsiflexion ROM, change of direction (COD 180º), and iso-inertial resistance tasks in the open (leg extension strength (LE), leg curl strength (LC)) and closed (crossover step (CRO)) kinetic chain. Our results showed that asymmetry magnitudes differed between all tests with highest inter-limb asymmetries displayed during iso-inertial overloading. In addition, we observed that the direction of asymmetries varied depending on the test-specificity, and that the CRO asymmetries had a negative association with LE and CRO performance. These findings highlight the independent nature of asymmetries and that CRO could be an appropriate test to detect asymmetries related with the performance of soccer-specific actions (such as changes of direction). Practitioners are encouraged to use multiple tests to detect existing inter-limb differences according to the specific characteristics of each sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Madruga-Parera
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- FC Barcelona Second Team, Sport Performance Area, Barcelona, Spain
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center. Barcelona. Spain
| | - Thomas Dos’Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - David Blanco
- Physical Therapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniel Romero-Rodríguez
- Physical Therapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- FC Barcelona First Team, Sport Performance Area, Barcelona, Spain
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Age differences in selected measures of physical fitness in young handball players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242385. [PMID: 33180872 PMCID: PMC7660491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aims of the present study were: 1) to calculate the change of direction (COD) deficit (using a modified version of the 505 test and 10 m sprint time), and (2) to examine the differences in linear sprint, jump and COD performances, as well as COD deficit, between under-13 (U13) and under-15 (U15) male handball players. Methods One hundred and nineteen young male handball players (under-13 [U13; n = 82] and under-15 [U15; n = 37]). Tests included anthropometric measurements, countermovement jump (CMJ), triple leg-hop for distance, linear sprint test (5, 10 and 20 m), and a modified version of the 505 COD test. Results Results showed moderate to very large differences (P < 0.05) in age, predicted age at peak height velocity (APHV), distance from PHV (DPHV), height, and body mass between the age categories. Moreover, U15 players demonstrated higher performances in all jump tests and lower sprint times in 10- (ES = 0.84) and 20-m (ES = 0.51) and a higher 505 deficit (ES = 0.38) than the U13 players (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for the 505 COD test between groups (ES = 0.12; P > 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest that during the transition from pre- to post-puberty, young handball players should focus on transferring their progressive improvements in strength, speed, and power capacities to COD performance.
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Comyns TM, Azevedo PH, Loturco I. Change-of-Direction Ability, Linear Sprint Speed, and Sprint Momentum in Elite Female Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:262-267. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Milà-Villarroel R, Pujol-Marzo M, Arboix-Alió J, Bishop C. Higher Vertical Jumping Asymmetries and Lower Physical Performance are Indicators of Increased Injury Incidence in Youth Team-Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2204-2211. [PMID: 33009354 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A, Milà-Villarroel, R, Pujol-Marzo, M, Arboix-Alió, J, and Bishop, C. Higher vertical jumping asymmetries and lower physical performance are indicators of increased injury incidence in youth team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-To date, the literature about the association between injury-risk factors and actual injury incidence in young elite team-sports athletes is scarce. The main objective of this study was to examine how modifiable factors may affect injury incidence. Eighty-one young elite team-sports athletes (age: under-14 to under-18) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ), a single leg CMJ (SLCMJ), the one-legged hop test (OLHT), a 30-m sprint test, the V-cut test, a repeated sprint ability, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT) during the pre-season period. Interlimb asymmetries were calculated for SLCMJ and OLHT. Injuries were recorded prospectively for the entirety of the 2017-2018 season. Comparison of injury and noninjury data was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of the ANOVA according to injury showed significant differences in CMJ (p = 0.01), SLCMJ on the lowest performing limb (p = 0.03), and SLCMJ asymmetry (<0.001). Sex × injury interaction was significant from CMJ (p = 0.018) and 30-15 IFT (p = <0.001). In conclusion, this study indicated that athletes with greater interlimb asymmetries, less vertical jump capacity, and lower intermittent aerobic fitness had a greater predisposition to injury. Therefore, monitoring CMJ, aerobic performance, and interlimb asymmetries is recommended given their sensitivity to detect significant differences between injured and healthy youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.,Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Montse Pujol-Marzo
- Consell Català de l'Esport, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Blagrove RC, Bishop C, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Inter-limb strength asymmetry in adolescent distance runners: Test-retest reliability and relationships with performance and running economy. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:312-321. [PMID: 32924824 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1820183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was, firstly, to quantify the test-retest reliability of strength measures in adolescent distance runners; and secondly, to explore the relationships between inter-limb strength asymmetry and performance and running economy (RE) in a similar cohort of young runners. For the reliability study, twelve (n = 6 female) post-pubertal adolescent distance runners performed an isometric quarter-squat on a dual force plate and unilateral isometric hip extension and hip abduction tests on two occasions. For the correlation study, participants (n = 31) performed the strength tests plus a submaximal incremental running assessment and a maximal running test. Running economy was expressed as the average energy cost of running for all speeds below lactate turnpoint and was scaled for body mass using a previously calculated power exponent. Allometrically scaled peak force during the quarter-squat and peak torque in the hip strength tasks showed acceptable levels of reproducibility (typical error ≤6.3%). Relationships between strength asymmetry and performance and RE were low or negligible (r < 0.47, p > 0.05), except for hip abduction strength asymmetry and RE in the female participants (r = 0.85, p < 0.001, n = 16). Practitioners should consider inter-limb hip abduction strength asymmetry on an individual level, and attempting to reduce this asymmetry in females may positively impact RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University , Loughborough, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University , London, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Division of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, Northwest University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Division of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Curve sprinting in soccer: relationship with linear sprints and vertical jump performance. Biol Sport 2020; 37:277-283. [PMID: 32879550 PMCID: PMC7433323 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationships among linear speed, vertical jumping ability and curve sprint (CS) performance. Moreover, the correlations between linear and curvilinear sprint velocities and CS deficit were tested. Twenty-eight under-20 soccer players performed squat and countermovement jumps, 17-m linear sprint (with split times at 5 and 10 m), and a CS test for both sides. For the first time, the new proposed CS deficit was calculated as the difference between 17-m velocity and CS test velocity. Pearson’s product moment of correlation was performed to determine the relationships among the distinct variables tested. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. Large to very large relationships between linear sprint speed and CS performance were observed, on both the “good” and “weak” sides. In addition, moderate to large correlations between linear and curve sprint abilities and vertical jumps were found. Finally, the CS deficit was negatively associated with the CS good side performance. Linear sprint and CS velocities for both good and weak sides were closely related. The CS deficit was only related to the CS weak side performance, and the vertical jumping ability was significantly associated with both linear and curvilinear sprint velocities. The present results suggest that training methods capable of improving linear sprint and vertical jumping abilities may also improve CS performance.
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Gardiner B, Devereux G, Beato M. Injury risk and injury incidence rates in CrossFit. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1005-1013. [PMID: 32343082 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite completing complex movements under cardiovascular and muscular fatigued conditions, CrossFit suggested safety of participants is one of the most important factors to consider. Therefore, the aim of this brief review was to provide an overview of the injury incidence and incidence rates reported in the current literature as well as to assess the injury risks associated with CrossFit. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Research papers were searched using the following databases: Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PubMed, and MEDLINE. The search identified 718 potential articles across all databases. After the application of inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were included in this review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The shoulder, spine, and knee are the most commonly injured areas in CrossFit. Injury incidence of each study ranges from 12.8-73.5% and reported injury rates ranging from 0.27-3.3/1000 training hours. CONCLUSIONS Reported findings in the current literature would suggest CrossFit has a relatively low injury risk. The current review highlights three important factors associated with injury incidence and incidence rates in CrossFit: 1) training frequency; 2) duration of CrossFit experience; 3) individuals that compete in CrossFit competitions. Due to recall bias and selection bias further research is warranted over a longitudinal prospective study. Additionally, further research is needed to investigate mechanisms of injury and the relationship between training load and injury risk in CrossFit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gardiner
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Gavin Devereux
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK -
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