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Agudo-Ortega A, Sandbakk Ø, Salinero JJ, Johansen B, González-Rave JM. Optimization of Sprint Training Among European Coaches: Quality Over Quantity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:905-913. [PMID: 39048090 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe how high-level European sprint coaches (from 100 to 400 m) work to improve important factors associated with the quality of the holistic training process and the quality of the specific training session. METHODS A descriptive analysis was conducted using questionnaires from 31 European elite sprint coaches (ie, training athletes defined as tiers 3, 4, and 5) who participated voluntarily. RESULTS The coaches used traditional periodization (45%) with a 10- to 15-day tapering phase (48%) that includes a reduction in volume, maintenance of intensity, and focus on correct technical execution. In the 3 mesophases, coaches prioritized the basic development of strength and sprint work in the first phases of the season and emphasized more sprint-specific work in the competitive phase. Before sessions, adjustments were made based on factors such as psychological (77%), technical (48%), and physical (39%) parameters. In-session load management relies on a combination of objective and subjective measures (55%), in which the dialogue with athletes (65%) was regarded as the main resource. Feedback during and after sessions covers technical (54%), psychological (48%), and physical (35%) aspects. Recovery protocols after sessions mainly involve rest and professional guidance (42%). For performance assessment and testing, coaches utilize countermovement jump (52%), force-velocity profile (45%), and 30-m flying (61%) as main tools. CONCLUSIONS European sprint coaches demonstrated a comprehensive approach to planning and management, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of their training methodologies and the diverse tools employed for athlete testing and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Agudo-Ortega
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Juan J Salinero
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Bjørn Johansen
- Department of Sports Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - José M González-Rave
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Ferreira ABDM, Ribeiro BLL, Medeiros da Silva I, Fontenele-Araújo J, Luis Mortatti A. Effect of Training Load Intensification on the Sleep Pattern of Young Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38959982 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2359608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how intensifying training loads over a week affects the sleep patterns of young soccer players on the nights immediately following the intensified training sessions. Methods: Quasi-experimental study. Fifteen young athletes participants of a team engaged in national level competition, underwent two weeks of training with varying load magnitudes-Week 1: low accumulated training load and Week 2: intensified training loads [40% increase in external training load(ETL)]. To characterize the intensification of the workload, the methods PlayerLoad and RPE-Session were employed to measure ETL and internal training load(ITL), respectively. Total sleep time(TST), total time in bed(TTB), sleep efficiency(SE), sleep latency(SL), and wake after sleep onset(WASO) were obtained using actigraphy and daily sleep log. The variables were compared among the days of week (e.g. Monday of week 1 with Monday of week 2, and so forth). Results: Acute training intensification in week 2 led to significant increases in ETL and ITL on Monday and on Wednesday(p < .05), and ETL(p < .05) on Friday on the second week. Improvements in sleep were observed (Tuesday-TST:+80 min, WASO:-29.3 min, SL:-8 min, SE:+9%; Thursday-TST:+86 min, SL:-4 min, SE:+4%; Saturday-TST:+40 min, SL:+1 min) compared to the same day of the previous week. Correlations between ETL and ITL(r = 0.637), ITL and TST(r = 0.572), ITL and SE(r = 0.548) were found. Conclusion: Intensification of training loads results in alterations in sleep variables, notably an elevated TST and SE in the days subsequent to the acute load increment.
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Carneiro MAS, Nunes PRP, Souza MVC, Assumpção CO, Orsatti FL. Full-body resistance training promotes greater fat mass loss than a split-body routine in well-trained males: A randomized trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:846-854. [PMID: 38874955 PMCID: PMC11236007 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in understanding the resistance training (RT) strategy for muscle hypertrophy increase, there remains limited knowledge about its impact on fat mass loss. This study aimed to investigate whether full-body is superior to split-body routine in promoting fat mass loss among well-trained males. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: full-body (n = 11, training muscle groups 5 days per week) and split-body (n = 12, training muscle groups 1 day per week). Both groups performed a weekly set volume-matched condition (75 sets/week, 8-12 repetition maximum at 70%-80 % of 1RM) for 8 weeks, 5 days per week with differences only in the routine. Whole-body and regional fat were assessed using DXA at the beginning and at the end of the study. Full-body RT elicited greater losses compared to split-body in whole-body fat mass (-0.775 ± 1.120 kg vs. +0.317 ± 1.260 kg; p = 0.040), upper-limb fat mass (-0.085 ± 0.118 kg vs. +0.066 ± 0.162 kg; p = 0.019), gynoid fat mass (-0.142 ± 0.230 kg vs. +0.123 ± 0.230 kg; p = 0.012), lower-limb fat mass (-0.197 ± 0.204 kg vs. +0.055 ± 0.328 kg; p = 0.040), and a trend in interaction in android fat mass (-0.116 ± 0.153 kg vs. +0.026 ± 0.174 kg; p = 0.051), with large effects sizes (η2 p ≥ 0.17). This study provides evidence that full-body is more effective in reducing whole-body and regional fat mass compared to split-body routine in well-trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. S. Carneiro
- Applied PhysiologyNutrition and Exercise Research Group (PhyNEr)Federal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Exercise LaboratoryPhysical Education and Sport CenterLondrina State UniversityLondrinaParanáBrazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo P. Nunes
- Applied PhysiologyNutrition and Exercise Research Group (PhyNEr)Federal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Body and Human MovementMinas Gerais State University (UEMG)PassosMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Markus V. C. Souza
- Applied PhysiologyNutrition and Exercise Research Group (PhyNEr)Federal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Cláudio O. Assumpção
- Applied PhysiologyNutrition and Exercise Research Group (PhyNEr)Federal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Fábio L. Orsatti
- Applied PhysiologyNutrition and Exercise Research Group (PhyNEr)Federal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
- Department of Sport SciencesHealth Science InstituteFederal University of Triangulo MineiroUberabaMinas GeraisBrazil
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4
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D'Alleva M, Giovanelli N, Graniero F, Billat VL, Fiori F, Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Lazzer S. Effects of 24-week Polarized Training vs. Threshold Training in Obese Male Adults. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:282-291. [PMID: 37402392 DOI: 10.1055/a-2123-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of high volume of moderate-intensity continuous training with a low volume of high-intensity interval training improved body composition and physical capacities in individuals with obesity. However, polarized training (POL) has never been used in adult men with obesity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate changes in body composition and physical capacities induced by a 24-week POL or threshold (THR) program in obese male adults. Twenty male patients (mean age 39.8±6.3 yrs; mean body mass index [BMI] 31.6±2.7 kg∙m-2) participated in this study (n: 10 POL, n: 10 THR). After 24-week, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased by -3.20±3.10 kg (P<0.05) and -3.80±2.80 kg (P<0.05), respectively, similarly in both groups. Maximal oxygen uptake ( ̇VO2max) and ̇VO2 at respiratory compensation point (RCP) increased in the POL group (+8.5±12.2 and+9.0±17.0%, P<0.05) and in the THR group (+4.24±8.64 and+4.0±6.70%, P<0.05), as well ̇VO2 at gas exchange threshold (GET) increased similarly in both groups (+12.8±12.0%, P<0.05). POL and THR were equally effective in improving body composition and physical capacities in obese subjects. Future studies are needed to determine whether adherence to the training program can be improved by adding a running competition compared with a group without competition at the end of the training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D'Alleva
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Giovanelli
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Graniero
- Physical Exercise Prescription Center, Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale, Gemona del Friuli, Italy
| | | | - Federica Fiori
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Maria Parpinel
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Deparment of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Chae S, Long SA, Lis RP, McDowell KW, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Mizuguchi S, Stone MH. Combined Accentuated Eccentric Loading and Rest Redistribution in High-Volume Back Squat: Acute Stimulus and Fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:648-655. [PMID: 38241478 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chae, S, Long, SA, Lis, RP, McDowell, KW, Wagle, JP, Carroll, KM, Mizuguchi, S, and Stone, MH. Combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution in high-volume back squat: Acute stimulus and fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 648-655, 2024-The purpose of this study was to examine acute stimulus and fatigue responses to combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution (AEL + RR). Resistance-trained men ( n = 12, 25.6 ± 4.4 years, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 81.7 ± 11.4 kg) completed a back squat (BS) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and weight releaser familiarization session. Three BS exercise conditions (sets × repetitions × eccentric-concentric loading) consisted of (a) 3 × (5 × 2) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 5), (b) 3 × (2 × 5) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 2), and (c) 3 × 10 × 60/60% 1RM (traditional sets [TS]). Weight releasers (50% 1RM) were attached to every first repetition of each cluster set (every first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth repetition in AEL + RR 5 and every first and sixth repetition in AEL + RR 2). The AEL + RR 5 resulted in greater total volume load (sets × repetitions × eccentric + concentric loading) (6,630 ± 1,210 kg) when compared with AEL + RR 2 (5,944 ± 1,085 kg) and TS (5,487 ± 1,002 kg). In addition, AEL + RR 5 led to significantly ( p < 0.05) greater rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after set 2 and set 3 and lower blood lactate (BL) after set 3 and 5, 15, and 25 minutes postexercise than AEL + RR 2 and TS. There was a main effect of condition for BL between AEL + RR 5 (5.11 ± 2.90 mmol·L -1 ), AEL + RR 2 (6.23 ± 3.22 mmol·L -1 ), and TS (6.15 ± 3.17 mmol·L -1 ). In summary, AEL + RR 5 results in unique stimulus and fatigue responses. Although it may increase perceived exertion, coaches could use AEL + RR 5 to achieve greater back squat total volume load while reducing BL accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Chae
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
| | - S Alexander Long
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Ryan P Lis
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kurt W McDowell
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - John P Wagle
- University of Notre Dame, Athletics, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Chae S, Long SA, Lis RP, McDowell KW, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Mizuguchi S, Stone MH. Combined Accentuated Eccentric Loading and Rest Redistribution in High-Volume Back Squat: Acute Kinetics and Kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:640-647. [PMID: 38090980 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chae, S, Long, SA, Lis, RP, McDowell, KW, Wagle, JP, Carroll, KM, Mizuguchi, S, and Stone, MH. Combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution in high-volume back squat: Acute kinetics and kinematics. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 640-647, 2024-The purpose of this study was to explore acute kinetic and kinematic responses to combined accentuated eccentric loading and rest redistribution (AEL + RR). Resistance-trained men ( n = 12, 25.6 ± 4.4 years, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 81.7 ± 11.4 kg) completed a back squat (BS) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and weight releaser familiarization session. Three BS exercise conditions (sets × repetitions × eccentric/concentric loading) consisted of (a) 3 × (5 × 2) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 5), (b) 3 × (2 × 5) × 110/60% (AEL + RR 2), and (c) 3 × 10 × 60/60% 1RM (traditional sets [TS]). Weight releasers (50% 1RM) were attached to every first repetition of each cluster set (every first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth repetition in AEL + RR 5 and every first and sixth repetition in AEL + RR 2). The AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly ( p < 0.05) greater concentric peak velocity (PV) (1.18 ± 0.17 m·s -1 ) and peak power (PP) (2,304 ± 499 W) compared with AEL + RR 2 (1.11 ± 0.19 m·s -1 and 2,148 ± 512 W) and TS (1.10 ± 0.14 m·s -1 and 2,079 ± 388 W). Furthermore, AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly greater PV and PP across all 10 repetitions compared with TS. Although AEL + RR 5 resulted in significantly greater concentric mean force (MF) (1,706 ± 224 N) compared with AEL + RR 2 (1,697 ± 209 N) and TS (1,685 ± 211 N), no condition by set or repetition interactions existed. In conclusion, AEL + RR 5 increases PV and PP but has little effect on MF. Coaches might consider prescribing AEL + RR 5 to increase especially peak aspects of velocity and power outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Chae
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina; and
| | - S Alexander Long
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Ryan P Lis
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kurt W McDowell
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - John P Wagle
- University of Notre Dame, Athletics, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Satoshi Mizuguchi
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Rogerson D, Nolan D, Korakakis PA, Immonen V, Wolf M, Bell L. Deloading Practices in Strength and Physique Sports: A Cross-sectional Survey. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38499934 PMCID: PMC10948666 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the deloading practices of competitive strength and physique athletes. A 55-item anonymised web-based survey was distributed to a convenience-based, cross-sectional sample of competitive strength and physique athletes (n = 246; males = 181 [73.6%], females = 65 [26.4%]; age = 29.5 ± 8.6 years) who had 8.2 ± 6.2 years of resistance training and 3.8 ± 3.1 years of competition experience. RESULTS All athletes deloaded within training with energy and fatigue management being the main reasons to do so. The typical duration of a deload was 6.4 ± 1.7 days, integrated into the training programme every 5.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Deloading was undertaken using a proactive, pre-planned strategy (or in combination with an autoregulated approach) and undertaken when performance stalled or during periods of increased muscle soreness or joint aches. Athletes reported that training volume would decrease (through a reduction in both repetitions per set and sets per week), but training frequency would remain unchanged during deloads. Additionally, athletes reported that training intensity (load lifted) would decrease, and effort would be reduced (facilitated through an increase in repetitions in reserve). Athletes would generally maintain the same exercise selection during deloading. For athletes that supplemented deloading with additional recovery modalities (n = 118; 48%), the most reported strategies were massage, static stretching and foam rolling. CONCLUSION Results from this research might assist strength and physique athletes and coaches to plan their deloading. Future research should empirically investigate the findings from this study to further evaluate the potential utility of deloading in strength and physique sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rogerson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Velu Immonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Vierumäki, 19120, Finland
| | - Milo Wolf
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Solent University, E Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Lee Bell
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
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8
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Cabarkapa DV, Cabarkapa D, Philipp NM, Fry AC. Competitive Season-Long Changes in Countermovement Vertical Jump Force-Time Metrics in Female Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e72-e77. [PMID: 38258833 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cabarkapa, DV, Cabarkapa, D, Philipp, NM, and Fry, AC. Competitive season-long changes in countermovement vertical jump force-time metrics in female volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): e72-e77, 2024-Although force plates remain one of the most widely used tools for neuromuscular performance assessment in applied sports-specific settings, there is still a lack of scientific literature focused on studying changes in countermovement vertical jump (CVJ) performance in team sports such as volleyball, especially within the female athlete population. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine season-long neuromuscular performance changes in volleyball players. Eighteen National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division-I collegiate female athletes performed 3 maximal-effort CVJs while standing on a uniaxial force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz at 5 different testing timepoints throughout a competitive season span (∼11 weeks). The testing sessions were separated 2-3 weeks apart and performed at the approximately same time of the day (12:00 hours). Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that both concentric and eccentric force-time metrics remain relatively unchanged throughout a regular season span (e.g., concentric peak force and power, eccentric impulse and duration). However, the eccentric metrics such as peak and mean power and peak velocity displayed a slight improvement after a brief tapering period purposely implemented before the post-season competition to optimize the athlete's recovery (∼15, 18, and 14% increase, respectively). In addition, the outcome metrics such as vertical jump height and reactive strength index-modified did not display notable fluctuations across the competitive season span. These findings can help coaches, sports scientists, and strength and conditioning practitioners to obtain a deeper insight into collegiate female athletes' force-time characteristics that may aid with developing adequate training regimens targeted toward optimizing on-court performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana V Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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9
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Yoshida N, Hornsby WG, Sole CJ, Sato K, Stone MH. Effect of Neuromuscular Fatigue on the Countermovement Jump Characteristics: Basketball-Related High-Intensity Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:164-173. [PMID: 37889855 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yoshida, N, Hornsby, WG, Sole, CJ, Sato, K, and Stone, MH. Effect of neuromuscular fatigue on the countermovement jump characteristics: basketball related high-intensity exercises. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 164-173, 2024-The purpose of this study was to investigate basketball specific neuromuscular (NM) fatigue effect on countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time (F-T) curve characteristics. Eleven male college-level basketball athletes performed 6 CMJ trials at 3 baseline (pre) and 6 postexercise time points. The fatiguing protocol consisted of high-intensity basketball related exercises commensurate with basketball game or practice. Typical CMJ (CMJ-TYP) and phase-specific CMJ variables were derived from the F-T curve. Meaningful differences in CMJ performance were examined using effect size (ES) compared with baseline and previous postexercise time point. Baseline with 3 separated measurements demonstrated suitable CMJ variables reproducibility (CV, coefficient of variation). Most CMJ-TYP output and performance variables displayed substantial alterations immediately postexercise (0 hour) and returned to baseline at 24 hours postexercise, whereas the time and rate-related CMJ-TYP and CMJ-phase variables tended to display delayed decline peaked at 2 hours and delayed recovery to baseline at 48 hours postexercise. In conjunction with the return of the time and rate-related variables, CMJ performance displayed supercompensation at 72 hours postexercise. The results indicate altered NM functions with desired CMJ performance, such as jump height, which imply an altered movement strategy at early stage of recovery process. Full recovery may take 48-72 hours. Practitioners are, therefore, advised to monitor variables reflecting NM functions for precise manipulation of the intensity and volume of exercise to avoid prolonging the recovery from NM fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Yoshida
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christopher J Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | | | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Stergiou M, Robles-Pérez JJ, Rey-Mota J, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Responses in Soldiers during Close Combat: Implications for Occupational Health and Fitness in Tactical Populations. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:82. [PMID: 38200988 PMCID: PMC10779181 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the psychophysiological responses and subjective exertion experiences of soldiers in simulated hand-to-hand combat, aligning these findings with established physiological benchmarks. Active military personnel were monitored for heart rate, blood lactate levels, subjective exertion, cortical arousal, and muscle strength during combat scenarios. The results showed significant increases in heart rate and blood lactate, indicating intense cardiovascular demands and a reliance on anaerobic energy systems. Contrary to these physiological changes, soldiers reported lower levels of exertion, suggesting a possible underestimation of physical effort or individual differences in perception and mental resilience to stress. Notably, a decrease in cortical arousal post-combat was observed, potentially signaling cognitive function deficits in decision-making and information processing in high-stress environments. This decline was more pronounced than typically seen in other high-stress situations, highlighting the unique cognitive demands of hand-to-hand combat. Additionally, an increase in muscle strength was noted, underscoring the physiological adaptations arising from intensive combat training. These findings provide valuable insights into the psychophysiological effects of hand-to-hand combat, emphasizing the complex interplay between physical exertion, cognitive function, and stress response in military contexts. The study underscores the need for comprehensive training strategies that address both physical and psychological aspects to enhance combat readiness and decision-making under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stergiou
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Applied Combat Studies (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain; (J.J.R.-P.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - José Juan Robles-Pérez
- Center for Applied Combat Studies (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain; (J.J.R.-P.); (J.R.-M.)
- USAC ‘San Cristobal-Villaverde’—Ejército de Tierra, Av. de Andalucía, Km. 10, Villaverde, 28021 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rey-Mota
- Center for Applied Combat Studies (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain; (J.J.R.-P.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Applied Combat Studies (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain; (J.J.R.-P.); (J.R.-M.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Center for Applied Combat Studies (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain; (J.J.R.-P.); (J.R.-M.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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11
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Anyadike-Danes K, Donath L, Kiely J. Coaches' Perceptions of Factors Driving Training Adaptation: An International Survey. Sports Med 2023; 53:2505-2512. [PMID: 37552460 PMCID: PMC10687123 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We surveyed coaches' views on topics related to the training process to elucidate whether their opinions are aligned with the current literature. Here the results for a sub-set of questions regarding factors affecting the training adaptation process are presented and discussed. METHODS 106 coaches [age range 18-65 + years, 31% 15 + years coaching, 58% individual-events/sports and 32% international level] from a number of countries completed a novel cross-sectional online survey about the planning of training and the training process. RESULTS Only 28% of participants indicated that physical training was the most important factor in determining sport performance; whereas 99% indicated non-physical factors influence physical training response. The top five factors in modifying an athlete's ability to physically adapt to a training plan, as rated 'absolutely essential', were 'coach-athlete relationship' (56%), 'life stress' (41%), 'athletes' belief in the plan' (37%), 'psychological and emotional stress' (35%) and 'physical training' (33%). CONCLUSIONS Amongst coaches surveyed less than a third rated physical training as the most important factor in determining sports performance. Non-physical factors were acknowledged by the majority to exert an influence on physical training response and adaptation, despite the lack of discussion in training research, though there was no consensus on the relative importance of each individual factor. We echo previous sentiments that coaches need to be engaged in the research process. If training research continues as present the field runs the risk of not only becoming detached but increasingly irrelevant to those it is trying to help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechi Anyadike-Danes
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John Kiely
- Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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12
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Anyadike-Danes K, Donath L, Kiely J. Coaches' Perceptions of Common Planning Concepts Within Training Theory: An International Survey. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:109. [PMID: 37989900 PMCID: PMC10663426 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The planning of training is a popular yet controversial topic among coaches and sports scientists. Periodisation is often presented in the literature as the most efficacious approach to planning training. While historically surveys of coaches appeared to support this a key failing was that no unified definition of periodisation exists. Recent surveys offering a periodisation definition and an alternative planning methodology found many choosing the alternative therefore questioning periodisation's wide acceptance. The current survey looked to explore how coaches perceived specific concepts, drawn from the literature, that relate to the planning of training. METHODS 106 coaches [age range: 18-65+ years, 31% 15+ years coaching, 58% individual-events/sports and 32% international level] from across the world completed a novel cross-sectional online survey on the planning of training and the training process. Topics included use of periodisation, division of time into discrete periods, assignment of goals and training to pre-determined periods and the adaptability of pre-established plans. RESULTS The majority described their planning approach as training periodisation (71%). Similarly, there was strong agreement with the necessity to determining a goal for the season (85%) and divide the season into distinct manageable periods of time (73%). When examining whether physical adaptations are achievable within specific and fixed timeframes only a minority (33%) agreed, a similar result was found for training physical capacities in a sequential order (37%). Finally, there was limited support for training targets remaining fixed over a training period (10%). CONCLUSIONS As a tool for the planning of athlete's training, periodisation is often presented as the best and most popular approach. Recent research however has highlighted possible discrepancies in its usage among practitioners. The results of this survey echo this and question the acceptance of periodisation concepts even among periodisation users. In part this may be due to key tenets of periodisation no longer being supported by research or practice. A lingering question then is whether the beliefs of coaches, developed through experience and supported by research, will continue to be marginalized. If sports scientists wish to aid coaches then they need to be engaged in future research initiatives as co-collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechi Anyadike-Danes
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John Kiely
- Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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13
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Michalak RE. Comment on: "Power Training Prescription in Older Individuals: Is it Safe and Effective to Promote Neuromuscular Functional Improvements?". Sports Med 2023; 53:2281-2282. [PMID: 37707694 PMCID: PMC10587297 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
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14
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Bell L, Strafford BW, Coleman M, Androulakis Korakakis P, Nolan D. Integrating Deloading into Strength and Physique Sports Training Programmes: An International Delphi Consensus Approach. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:87. [PMID: 37730925 PMCID: PMC10511399 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deloading is a ubiquitous yet under-researched strategy within strength and physique training. How deloading should be integrated into the training programme to elicit optimal training outcomes is unknown. To aid its potential integration, this study established consensus around design principles for integrating deloading in strength and physique training programmes using expert opinion and practical experience. METHODS Expert strength and physique coaches were invited to an online Delphi consisting of 3 rounds. Thirty-four coaches completed the first round, 29 completed the second round, and 21 completed the third round of a Delphi questionnaire. In the first round, coaches answered 15 open-ended questions from four categories: 1: General Perceptions of Deloading; 2: Potential Applications of Deloading; 3: Designing and Implementing Deloading; and 4: Creating an Inclusive Deloading Training Environment. First-round responses were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, resulting in 138 statements organized into four domains. In the second and third rounds, coaches rated each statement using a four-point Likert scale, and collective agreement or disagreement was calculated. RESULTS Stability of consensus was achieved across specific aspects of the four categories. Findings from the final round were used to develop the design principles, which reflect the consensus achieved. CONCLUSIONS This study develops consensus on design principles for integrating deloading into strength and physique sports training programmes. A consensus definition is proposed: "Deloading is a period of reduced training stress designed to mitigate physiological and psychological fatigue, promote recovery, and enhance preparedness for subsequent training." These findings contribute novel knowledge that might advance the current understanding of deloading in strength and physique sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Bell
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - Ben William Strafford
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - David Nolan
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Gillingham B, Bishop A, Higa GK, Adams KJ, DeBeliso M. The Relationship Between Partial and Full Range of Motion Deadlift 1-Repetition Maximum: A Technical Note. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:909-914. [PMID: 36730557 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gillingham, B, Bishop, A, Higa, GK, Adams, KJ, and DeBeliso, M. The relationship between partial and full range of motion deadlift 1-repetition maximum: a technical note. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 909-914, 2023-The full range of motion (FROM) or partial range of motion (PROM) deadlift (DL) are often included in resistance training (RT) programs and are performed by strength athletes in competition. This study examined the relationship between the FROM and PROM 1-repetition maximum (1RM) DL and if the PROM 1RM DL can be estimated by the FROM 1RM DL. Eighteen National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestlers (20.8 ± 1.2 years, 176.0 ± 5.2 cm, 78.9 ± 10.6 kg) performed a warm-up followed by the assessment of the FROM and PROM 1RM DLs. The FROM DLs were executed with a starting position of the bar resting on the lifting platform. Partial range of motion DLs were executed in a power rack with the bar starting position at ≈2.54 cm above the patella. Regression analysis was employed to estimate PROM 1RM DL based on FROM 1RM DL, body height, and mass. A Pearson's correlation coefficient ( r ) was used to compare the PROM 1RM DL with FROM 1RM DL. A dependent t test was used to compare the PROM 1RM DL and FROM 1RM DL scores (α < 0.05). The PROM 1RM DL scores (226.0 ± 40.6 kg) were significantly greater than the FROM 1RM DL scores (191.7 ± 37.2 kg) ( p < 0.05: effect size = 0.92). The PCC between the PROM and FROM 1RM DL was r = 0.85 ( p < 0.05). The regression coefficient for the FROM 1RM DL was significant ( p < 0.05; R = 0.85, R2 = 0.73). The regression coefficients for body mass and height were not significant ( p > 0.05). The PROM and FROM DL may be interchangeable modalities within an RT program, and the PROM 1RM DL can be accurately predicted by the FROM 1RM DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gillingham
- Athletics Department, Southwest Minnesota State University, Marshall, Minnesota
| | - Alan Bishop
- Athletics Department, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Grant K Higa
- PicoBoy Strength Company LLC, Maple Valley, Washington
| | - Kent J Adams
- Kinesiology Department, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, California; and
| | - Mark DeBeliso
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah
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16
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Comfort P, Haff GG, Suchomel TJ, Soriano MA, Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Haff EE, Sommerfield LM, Chavda S, Morris SJ, Fry AC, Stone MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Weightlifting for Sports Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1163-1190. [PMID: 36952649 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Comfort, P, Haff, GG, Suchomel, TJ, Soriano, MA, Pierce, KC, Hornsby, WG, Haff, EE, Sommerfield, LM, Chavda, S, Morris, SJ, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on weightlifting for sports performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The origins of weightlifting and feats of strength span back to ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, with the introduction of weightlifting into the Olympic Games in 1896. However, it was not until the 1950s that training based on weightlifting was adopted by strength coaches working with team sports and athletics, with weightlifting research in peer-reviewed journals becoming prominent since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on the use of weightlifting-based training to enhance performance in nonweightlifters because of the biomechanical similarities (e.g., rapid forceful extension of the hips, knees, and ankles) associated with the second pull phase of the clean and snatch, the drive/thrust phase of the jerk and athletic tasks such as jumping and sprinting. The highest force, rate of force development, and power outputs have been reported during such movements, highlighting the potential for such tasks to enhance these key physical qualities in athletes. In addition, the ability to manipulate barbell load across the extensive range of weightlifting exercises and their derivatives permits the strength and conditioning coach the opportunity to emphasize the development of strength-speed and speed-strength, as required for the individual athlete. As such, the results of numerous longitudinal studies and subsequent meta-analyses demonstrate the inclusion of weightlifting exercises into strength and conditioning programs results in greater improvements in force-production characteristics and performance in athletic tasks than general resistance training or plyometric training alone. However, it is essential that such exercises are appropriately programmed adopting a sequential approach across training blocks (including exercise variation, loads, and volumes) to ensure the desired adaptations, whereas strength and conditioning coaches emphasize appropriate technique and skill development of athletes performing such exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Erin E Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Australian Weightlifting Federation, Chandler, Australia
| | | | - Shyam Chavda
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- British Weightlifting, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Training Periodization, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Trained Cyclists: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:112-122. [PMID: 36640771 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A well-planned periodized approach endeavors to allow road cyclists to achieve peak performance when their most important competitions are held. PURPOSE To identify the main characteristics of periodization models and physiological parameters of trained road cyclists as described by discernable training intensity distribution (TID), volume, and periodization models. METHODS The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Studies that investigated the effect of the periodization of training in cyclists and described training load (volume, TID) and periodization details were included in the systematic review. RESULTS Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Block periodization (characterized by employment of highly concentrated training workload phases) ranged between 1- and 8-week blocks of high-, medium-, or low-intensity training. Training volume ranged from 8.75 to 11.68 h·wk-1 and both pyramidal and polarized TID were used. Traditional periodization (characterized by a first period of high-volume/low-intensity training, before reducing volume and increasing the proportion of high-intensity training) was characterized by a cyclic progressive increase in training load, the training volume ranged from 7.5 to 10.76 h·wk-1, and pyramidal TID was used. Block periodization improved maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak aerobic power, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds, while traditional periodization improved VO2max, peak aerobic power, and lactate thresholds. In addition, a day-by-day programming approach improved VO2max and ventilatory thresholds. CONCLUSIONS No evidence is currently available favoring a specific periodization model during 8 to 12 weeks in trained road cyclists. However, few studies have examined seasonal impact of different periodization models in a systematic way.
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González-Ravé JM, Castillo JA, González-Mohino F, Pyne DB. Periodization of altitude training: A collective case study of high-level swimmers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1140077. [PMID: 36891142 PMCID: PMC9986624 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1140077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to quantify parallel changes in performance and physiological measures in relation to periodization of sequential altitude training over a season in elite swimmers. The altitude training of four female and two male international swimmers in selected seasons was examined using a collective case study approach. All swimmers were a medalist in World (WC) and/or European Championships (EC) 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 in short or long course competition. A traditional periodization model was employed using three macrocycles with 3-4 altitude camps (duration 21-24 days each) scheduled over the season, following a polarized training intensity distribution (TID) with a volume ranged between 729 km and 862 km. The timing of return from altitude prior to competition was between 20-32 days, with 28 days the most common period. Competition performance was assessed with major (international) and minor (regional or national) competitions. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, anthropometric characteristics, were measured before and after each camp. Competition performance following the altitude training camps improved by 0.6% ± 0.8% (personal best time; mean ± SD) (95% confidence limits (CL) 0.1%-1.1%), 1.6% ± 0.7% (95% CL 1.2% to 2.0%) (season best time) and 1.6% ± 0.5% (95% CL 1.3%-1.9%) (previous season time). Hemoglobin concentration increased 4.9% from pre-to post-altitude training camps, while hematocrit increased by 4.5%. The sum of six skinfolds reduced by 14.4% (95% CL 18.8%-9.9%) and 4.2% (95% CL 2.4%-9.2%) for the two males (EC), and by 15.8% (95% CL 19.5%-12.0%) for two females (WC). Three to four altitude training camps in a competitive season, around 21-24 days of duration, scheduling the last return between 20-32 days before the main competition, integrated in a traditional periodized sequence, can induce worthwhile improvements in international swimming performance, hematological parameters, and anthropometric characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - J A Castillo
- National Institute of Physical Education in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F González-Mohino
- Sports Training Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - D B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Bell L, Nolan D, Immonen V, Helms E, Dallamore J, Wolf M, Androulakis Korakakis P. "You can't shoot another bullet until you've reloaded the gun": Coaches' perceptions, practices and experiences of deloading in strength and physique sports. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1073223. [PMID: 36619355 PMCID: PMC9811819 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1073223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deloading refers to a purposeful reduction in training demand with the intention of enhancing preparedness for successive training cycles. Whilst deloading is a common training practice in strength and physique sports, little is known about how the necessary reduction in training demand should be accomplished. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine current deloading practices in competitive strength and physique sports. Eighteen strength and physique coaches from a range of sports (weightlifting, powerlifting, and bodybuilding) participated in semi-structured interviews to discuss their experiences of deloading. The mean duration of coaching experience at ≥ national standard was 10.9 (SD = 3.9) years. Qualitative content analysis identified Three categories: definitions, rationale, and application. Participants conceptualised deloading as a periodic, intentional cycle of reduced training demand designed to facilitate fatigue management, improve recovery, and assist in overall training progression and readiness. There was no single method of deloading; instead, a reduction in training volume (achieved through a reduction in repetitions per set and number of sets per training session) and intensity of effort (increased proximity to failure and/or reduction in relative load) were the most adapted training variables, along with alterations in exercise selection and configuration. Deloading was typically prescribed for a duration of 5 to 7 days and programmed every 4 to 6 weeks, although periodicity was highly variable. Additional findings highlight the underrepresentation of deloading in the published literature, including a lack of a clear operational definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Bell
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Lee Bell
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Velu Immonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Vierumäki, Finland, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jake Dallamore
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Milo Wolf
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Chae S, Bailey CA, Hill DW, McMullen SM, Moses SA, Vingren JL. Acute Kinetic and Kinematic Responses to Rest Redistribution With Heavier Loads in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:987-993. [PMID: 36542851 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Chae
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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21
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González-Ravé JM, González-Mohino F, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Pyne DB. Reverse Periodization for Improving Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:56. [PMID: 35445953 PMCID: PMC9023617 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Reverse periodization is commonly touted as a salient planning strategy to improve sport performance in athletes, but benefits have not been clearly described.
Objectives We sought to identify the main characteristics of reverse periodization, and the influence of training volume and periodization models on enhancing physiological measures and sports performance. Design Systematic review. Methods The electronic databases Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. Results A total of 925 studies were identified, and after removal of duplicates and studies based on title and abstract screening, 17 studies remained, and 11 finally included in the systematic review. There was a total of 200 athletes in the included studies. Reverse periodization does not provide superior performance improvements in swimming, running, muscular endurance, maximum strength, or maximal oxygen uptake, compared to traditional or block periodization. The quality of evidence levels for the reverse periodization studies was 1b (individual randomized controlled trial) for two investigations, 2b (individual cohort study) for the remaining studies and a mean of 4.9 points in the PEDro scale (range 0–7). Conclusions It appears that reverse periodization is no more effective than other forms of periodization in improving sports performance. More comparative studies on this alternative version of periodization are required to verify its effectiveness and utility across a range of endurance sports.
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22
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Training Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040102. [PMID: 36412764 PMCID: PMC9680266 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition scheme at one end (strength stimulus) and high volume (HIEE stimulus) at the other. Furthermore, some evidence also indicates that the continuum as a repetition paradigm with high-load, low repetition at one end (strength stimulus) and a high repetition, low load at the other end. The second paradigm is most apparent under three conditions: (1) ecological validity-in the real world, work is not equated, (2) use of absolute loads in testing and (3) a substantial difference in the repetitions used in training (for example 2-5 repetitions versus ≥10 repetitions). Additionally, adherence to the principles and criteria of dynamic correspondence allows for greater "transfer of training" to performance measures. Typically, and logically, in order to optimize transfer, training athletes requires a reasonable development of capacities (i.e., structure, metabolism, neural aspects, etc.) before more specific training takes place.
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23
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Ehiogu UD, Krawczyk M, Tallent J. Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Speed Climbing. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chae S, Hill DW, Bailey CA, Moses SA, McMullen SM, Vingren JL. Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Rest Redistribution With Heavier Loads in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:994-1000. [PMID: 36227234 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chae, S, Hill, DW, Bailey, CA, Moses, SA, McMullen, SM, and Vingren, JL. Acute physiological and perceptual responses to rest redistribution with heavier loads in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of rest redistribution with heavier loads (RR + L) on physiological and perceptual responses in resistance-trained men. Eight men who had back squat (BS) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) to body mass ratio; 1.8 ± 0.2 completed 2 BS exercise sessions in a counterbalanced and a randomized order; RR + L: 4 sets of (2 × 5) repetitions with 90-second interset rest and 30-second intraset rest using 75% BS 1RM and traditional sets (TS): 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 120-second interset rest using 70% BS 1RM. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately post exercise, and 5, 15, and 30 minutes post exercise for the analysis of growth hormone (GH), total testosterone (TT), cortisol (C), and blood lactate (BL), whereas rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were measured immediately after each set of the BS exercise. While neither main effect of condition nor interaction existed, there was a significant (p < 0.05) main effect of time point (and set) for GH, TT, C, BL, RPE, and HR. Volume load was greater for RR + L compared with TS (4,074.9 ± 786.7 kg vs. 3,796.3 ± 714.8 kg). In conclusion, RR + L increases volume load by approximately 7% but does not seem to influence GH (g = -0.15), TT (g = -0.09), BL (g = -0.22), RPE (g = 0.14), and HR (g = -0.08) responses. Practitioners may consider using RR + L to increase volume load without increasing acute fatigue responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Chae
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Loureiro M, Nakamura FY, Ramos A, Coutinho P, Ribeiro J, Clemente FM, Mesquita I, Afonso J. Ongoing Bidirectional Feedback between Planning and Assessment in Educational Contexts: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12068. [PMID: 36231369 PMCID: PMC9564391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quality in education is one of the 17 goals in the United Nations' sustainable agenda for 2030, presupposing careful planning and assessment of learning. Traditional planning in sports education (either in training or school settings) largely adopts pre-determined learning sequences and temporal milestones that, in theory, enhance the learning process. However, learning is a context-dependent, non-linear process with considerable intra- and interindividual variability, whereby planning and assessment should also be non-linear. In this narrative review, the main findings suggest that the specific teaching or training contents and their relative (i.e., ordering or sequencing) and absolute timing (i.e., the specific time point where certain learning or adaptations are expected) should vary depending on the learners and the context. In a process-oriented perspective, this requires flexible planning and the establishment of ongoing bidirectional links between planning and assessment. In this framework, assessment should be a flexible, evolving, and daily pedagogical tool instead of a set of formal checkpoints. We further explored how planning and assessment could be linked to provide an ongoing feedback loop that respects the individuality of each learner and its context, and therefore hope this review helps bring about a change in current planning and assessment paradigms in sports education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Loureiro
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Av. Carlos de Oliveira Campos, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Ana Ramos
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Coutinho
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Football Department, Lusophone University of Porto, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mesquita
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto (FADEUP), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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González-Badillo JJ, Sánchez-Medina L, Ribas-Serna J, Rodríguez-Rosell D. Toward a New Paradigm in Resistance Training by Means of Velocity Monitoring: A Critical and Challenging Narrative. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:118. [PMID: 36114395 PMCID: PMC9481798 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, many concepts and several theories and principles pertaining to the goals, organization, methodology and evaluation of the effects of resistance training (RT) have been developed and discussed between coaches and scientists. This cumulative body of knowledge and practices has contributed substantially to the evolution of RT methodology. However, a detailed and rigorous examination of the existing literature reveals many inconsistencies that, unless resolved, could seriously hinder further progress in our field. The purpose of this review is to constructively expose, analyze and discuss a set of anomalies present in the current RT methodology, including: (a) the often inappropriate and misleading terminology used, (b) the need to clarify the aims of RT, (c) the very concept of maximal strength, (d) the control and monitoring of the resistance exercise dose, (e) the existing programming models and (f) the evaluation of training effects. A thorough and unbiased examination of these deficiencies could well lead to the adoption of a revised paradigm for RT. This new paradigm must guarantee a precise knowledge of the loads being applied, the effort they involve and their effects. To the best of our knowledge, currently this can only be achieved by monitoring repetition velocity during training. The main contribution of a velocity-based RT approach is that it provides the necessary information to know the actual training loads that induce a specific effect in each athlete. The correct adoption of this revised paradigm will provide coaches and strength and conditioning professionals with accurate and objective information concerning the applied load (relative load, level of effort and training effect). This knowledge is essential to make rational and informed decisions and to improve the training methodology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José González-Badillo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez-Medina
- Center for Studies, Research and Sports Medicine, Instituto Navarro del Deporte (IND), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Ribas-Serna
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Bell L, Ruddock A, Maden-Wilkinson T, Rogerson D. “I Want to Create So Much Stimulus That Adaptation Goes Through the Roof”: High-Performance Strength Coaches' Perceptions of Planned Overreaching. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:893581. [PMID: 35585963 PMCID: PMC9108365 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.893581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional overreaching (FOR) occurs when athletes experience improved athletic capabilities in the days and weeks following short-term periods of increased training demand. However, prolonged high training demand with insufficient recovery may also lead to non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or the overtraining syndrome (OTS). The aim of this research was to explore strength coaches' perceptions and experiences of planned overreaching (POR); short-term periods of increased training demand designed to improve athletic performance. Fourteen high-performance strength coaches (weightlifting; n = 5, powerlifting; n = 4, sprinting; n = 2, throws; n = 2, jumps; n = 1) participated in semistructured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis identified 3 themes: creating enough challenge, training prescription, and questioning the risk to reward. POR was implemented for a 7 to 14 day training cycle and facilitated through increased daily/weekly training volume and/or training intensity. Participants implemented POR in the weeks (~5–8 weeks) preceding competition to allow sufficient time for performance restoration and improvement to occur. Short-term decreased performance capacity, both during and in the days to weeks following training, was an anticipated by-product of POR, and at times used as a benchmark to confirm that training demand was sufficiently challenging. Some participants chose not to implement POR due to a lack of knowledge, confidence, and/or perceived increased risk of athlete training maladaptation. Additionally, this research highlights the potential dichotomy between POR protocols used by strength coaches to enhance athletic performance and those used for the purpose of inducing training maladaptation for diagnostic identification.
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Stone JD, Merrigan JJ, Ramadan J, Brown RS, Cheng GT, Hornsby WG, Smith H, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Simplifying External Load Data in NCAA Division-I Men's Basketball Competitions: A Principal Component Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:795897. [PMID: 35252854 PMCID: PMC8888863 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.795897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose was to simplify external load data obtained during Division-I (DI) basketball competitions via principal component analysis (PCA). A secondary purpose was to determine if the PCA results were sensitive to load demands of different positional groups (POS). Data comprised 229 observations obtained from 10 men's basketball athletes participating in NCAA DI competitions. Each athlete donned an inertial measurement unit that was affixed to the same location on their shorts prior to competition. The PCA revealed two factors that possessed eigenvalues >1.0 and explained 81.42% of the total variance. The first factor comprised total decelerations (totDEC, 0.94), average speed (avgSPD, 0.90), total accelerations (totACC, 0.85), total mechanical load (totMECH, 0.84), and total jump load (totJUMP, 0.78). Maximum speed (maxSPD, 0.94) was the lone contributor to the second factor. Based on the PCA, external load variables were included in a multinomial logistic regression that predicted POS (Overall model, p < 0.0001; AUCcenters = 0.93, AUCguards = 0.88, AUCforwards = 0.80), but only maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were significant contributors to the model's success (p < 0.0001 for each). Even with the high significance, the model still had some issues differentiating between guards and forwards, as in-game demands often overlap between the two positions. Nevertheless, the PCA was effective at simplifying a large external load dataset collected on NCAA DI men's basketball athletes. These data revealed that maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were the most sensitive to positional differences during competitions. To best characterize competition demands, such variables may be used to individualize training and recovery regimens most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason D. Stone
| | - Justin J. Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert Shaun Brown
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gerald T. Cheng
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Holden Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Weightlifting for Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Sports Health 2021; 14:45-56. [PMID: 34781771 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Sports, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Periodization and Block Periodization in Sports: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training-A Provocative and Challenging Narrative: Erratum. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:e290. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Applying Force Plate Technology to Inform Human Performance Programming in Tactical Populations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Force plate assessments, such as countermovement jumps and isometric mid-thigh pulls, examine performances (e.g., jump height, force, power) and movement strategies (e.g., asymmetries, durations), and are best suited to characterize and monitor physical capabilities, not predict injuries. To begin applying force plate technologies, users must first; (1) develop a data management plan to visualize and capture data over time; (2) select appropriate force plates for their scenario; (3) design appropriate testing protocols to ensure valid and reliable data. Force plate assessments may be added to existing testing, serve as separate testing batteries for annual profile testing to compare individuals and understand initial physical capabilities, or for more frequent testing (i.e., monthly or weekly) to monitor training-related adaptations or neuromuscular fatigue. Although these assessments inform evidence-based program designs, human performance practitioners must understand the considerations for conducting appropriate force plate testing, as well as proper visualizations and management of force plate data. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide evidence-based practices for utilizing force plates in tactical populations (e.g., military, firefighters, police). This includes best practices to implement testing for performance profiling, training adaptations, and monitoring neuromuscular fatigue and force asymmetries. Of note, due to the large amount of force-time metrics to choose from, this article provides general examples of important metrics to monitor and training recommendations based on changes to these force-time metrics, followed by specific examples in three case studies.
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Hermosilla F, González-Rave JM, Del Castillo JA, Pyne DB. Periodization and Programming for Individual 400 m Medley Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6474. [PMID: 34203853 PMCID: PMC8296310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge in the scientific domain of individual medley (IM) swimming training over a competitive season is limited. The purpose of this study was to propose a detailed coaching framework incorporating the key elements of a periodized training regimen for a 400 m IM swimmer. This framework was based on the available coaching and scientific literature and the practical experience and expertise of the collaborating authors. The season has been divided in two or three macrocycles, further divided in three mesocycles each (six or nine mesocycles in total), in alignment with the two or three main competitions in each macrocycle. The principal training contents to develop during the season expressed in blood lactate zones are: aerobic training (~2 mmol·L-1), lactate threshold pace (~4 mmol·L-1) and VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake) (~6 mmol·L-1). Strength training should focus on maximum strength, power and speed endurance during the season. Altitude training camps can be placed strategically within the training season to promote physiological adaptation and improvements in performance. A well-constructed technical framework will permit development of training strategies for the 400 m IM swimmer to improve both training and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Hermosilla
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45008 Toledo, Spain;
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, 28248 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Del Castillo
- Catalonian Swimming Federation and High Performance Center, Alcalde Barnils, Av. 3-5, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08174 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - David B. Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 261, Australia;
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