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Yoshida N, Hornsby WG, Sole CJ, Sato K, Stone MH. Fatigue on the Countermovement Jump Characteristics: Basketball-Related High-Intensity Exercises: Erratum. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:637-638. [PMID: 38513173 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Yoshida
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christopher J Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | | | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Yoshida N, Hornsby WG, Sole CJ, Sato K, Stone MH. Effect of Neuromuscular Fatigue on the Countermovement Jump Characteristics: Basketball-Related High-Intensity Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:164-173. [PMID: 37889855 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yoshida, N, Hornsby, WG, Sole, CJ, Sato, K, and Stone, MH. Effect of neuromuscular fatigue on the countermovement jump characteristics: basketball related high-intensity exercises. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 164-173, 2024-The purpose of this study was to investigate basketball specific neuromuscular (NM) fatigue effect on countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time (F-T) curve characteristics. Eleven male college-level basketball athletes performed 6 CMJ trials at 3 baseline (pre) and 6 postexercise time points. The fatiguing protocol consisted of high-intensity basketball related exercises commensurate with basketball game or practice. Typical CMJ (CMJ-TYP) and phase-specific CMJ variables were derived from the F-T curve. Meaningful differences in CMJ performance were examined using effect size (ES) compared with baseline and previous postexercise time point. Baseline with 3 separated measurements demonstrated suitable CMJ variables reproducibility (CV, coefficient of variation). Most CMJ-TYP output and performance variables displayed substantial alterations immediately postexercise (0 hour) and returned to baseline at 24 hours postexercise, whereas the time and rate-related CMJ-TYP and CMJ-phase variables tended to display delayed decline peaked at 2 hours and delayed recovery to baseline at 48 hours postexercise. In conjunction with the return of the time and rate-related variables, CMJ performance displayed supercompensation at 72 hours postexercise. The results indicate altered NM functions with desired CMJ performance, such as jump height, which imply an altered movement strategy at early stage of recovery process. Full recovery may take 48-72 hours. Practitioners are, therefore, advised to monitor variables reflecting NM functions for precise manipulation of the intensity and volume of exercise to avoid prolonging the recovery from NM fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Yoshida
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christopher J Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | | | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Comfort P, Haff GG, Suchomel TJ, Soriano MA, Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Haff EE, Sommerfield LM, Chavda S, Morris SJ, Fry AC, Stone MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Weightlifting for Sports Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1163-1190. [PMID: 36952649 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Comfort, P, Haff, GG, Suchomel, TJ, Soriano, MA, Pierce, KC, Hornsby, WG, Haff, EE, Sommerfield, LM, Chavda, S, Morris, SJ, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on weightlifting for sports performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The origins of weightlifting and feats of strength span back to ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, with the introduction of weightlifting into the Olympic Games in 1896. However, it was not until the 1950s that training based on weightlifting was adopted by strength coaches working with team sports and athletics, with weightlifting research in peer-reviewed journals becoming prominent since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on the use of weightlifting-based training to enhance performance in nonweightlifters because of the biomechanical similarities (e.g., rapid forceful extension of the hips, knees, and ankles) associated with the second pull phase of the clean and snatch, the drive/thrust phase of the jerk and athletic tasks such as jumping and sprinting. The highest force, rate of force development, and power outputs have been reported during such movements, highlighting the potential for such tasks to enhance these key physical qualities in athletes. In addition, the ability to manipulate barbell load across the extensive range of weightlifting exercises and their derivatives permits the strength and conditioning coach the opportunity to emphasize the development of strength-speed and speed-strength, as required for the individual athlete. As such, the results of numerous longitudinal studies and subsequent meta-analyses demonstrate the inclusion of weightlifting exercises into strength and conditioning programs results in greater improvements in force-production characteristics and performance in athletic tasks than general resistance training or plyometric training alone. However, it is essential that such exercises are appropriately programmed adopting a sequential approach across training blocks (including exercise variation, loads, and volumes) to ensure the desired adaptations, whereas strength and conditioning coaches emphasize appropriate technique and skill development of athletes performing such exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | - Erin E Haff
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Australian Weightlifting Federation, Chandler, Australia
| | | | - Shyam Chavda
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- British Weightlifting, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Stone JD, Merrigan JJ, Ramadan J, Brown RS, Cheng GT, Hornsby WG, Smith H, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Simplifying External Load Data in NCAA Division-I Men's Basketball Competitions: A Principal Component Analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:795897. [PMID: 35252854 PMCID: PMC8888863 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.795897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose was to simplify external load data obtained during Division-I (DI) basketball competitions via principal component analysis (PCA). A secondary purpose was to determine if the PCA results were sensitive to load demands of different positional groups (POS). Data comprised 229 observations obtained from 10 men's basketball athletes participating in NCAA DI competitions. Each athlete donned an inertial measurement unit that was affixed to the same location on their shorts prior to competition. The PCA revealed two factors that possessed eigenvalues >1.0 and explained 81.42% of the total variance. The first factor comprised total decelerations (totDEC, 0.94), average speed (avgSPD, 0.90), total accelerations (totACC, 0.85), total mechanical load (totMECH, 0.84), and total jump load (totJUMP, 0.78). Maximum speed (maxSPD, 0.94) was the lone contributor to the second factor. Based on the PCA, external load variables were included in a multinomial logistic regression that predicted POS (Overall model, p < 0.0001; AUCcenters = 0.93, AUCguards = 0.88, AUCforwards = 0.80), but only maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were significant contributors to the model's success (p < 0.0001 for each). Even with the high significance, the model still had some issues differentiating between guards and forwards, as in-game demands often overlap between the two positions. Nevertheless, the PCA was effective at simplifying a large external load dataset collected on NCAA DI men's basketball athletes. These data revealed that maxSPD, totDEC, totJUMP, and totMECH were the most sensitive to positional differences during competitions. To best characterize competition demands, such variables may be used to individualize training and recovery regimens most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason D. Stone
| | - Justin J. Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert Shaun Brown
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gerald T. Cheng
- Men's Basketball, Athletics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Holden Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, School of Medicine, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Wagle JP, Hornsby WG, Ramadan J, Joseph M, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Using Random Forest Regression to Determine Influential Force-Time Metrics for Countermovement Jump Height: A Technical Report. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:277-283. [PMID: 34941613 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Stone, JD, Wagle, JP, Hornsby, WG, Ramadan, J, Joseph, M, and Hagen, JA. Using random forest regression to determine influential force-time metrics for countermovement jump height: a technical report. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 277-283, 2022-The purpose of this study was to indicate the most influential force-time metrics on countermovement jump (CMJ) height using multiple statistical procedures. Eighty-two National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football players performed 2 maximal-effort, no arm-swing, CMJs on force plates. The average absolute and relative (i.e., power/body mass) metrics were included as predictor variables, whereas jump height was the dependent variable within regression models (p < 0.05). Best subsets regression (8 metrics, R2 = 0.95) included less metrics compared with stepwise regression (18 metrics, R2 = 0.96), while explaining similar overall variance in jump height (p = 0.083). Random forest regression (RFR) models included 8 metrics, explained ∼93% of jump height variance, and were not significantly different than best subsets regression models (p > 0.05). Players achieved higher CMJs by attaining a deeper, faster, and more forceful countermovement with lower eccentric-to-concentric force ratios. An additional RFR was conducted on metrics scaled to body mass and revealed relative mean and peak concentric power to be the most influential. For exploratory purposes, additional RFR were run for each positional group and suggested that the most influential variables may differ across positions. Thus, developing power output capabilities and providing coaching to improve technique during the countermovement may maximize jump height capabilities. Scientists and practitioners may use best subsets or RFR analyses to help identify which force-time metrics are of interest to reduce the selectable number of multicollinear force-time metrics to monitor. These results may inform their training programs to maximize individual performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - W G Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Abstract
The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Sports, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Training for Muscular Strength: Methods for Monitoring and Adjusting Training Intensity. Sports Med 2021; 51:2051-2066. [PMID: 34101157 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Linear loading, the two-for-two rule, percent of one repetition maximum (1RM), RM zones, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), repetitions in reserve, set-repetition best, autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE), and velocity-based training (VBT) are all methods of adjusting resistance training intensity. Each method has advantages and disadvantages that strength and conditioning practitioners should be aware of when measuring and monitoring strength characteristics. The linear loading and 2-for-2 methods may be beneficial for novice athletes; however, they may be limited in their capacity to provide athletes with variation and detrimental if used exclusively for long periods of time. The percent of 1RM and RM zone methods may provide athletes with more variation and greater potential for strength-power adaptations; however, they fail to account for daily changes in athlete's performance capabilities. An athlete's daily readiness can be addressed to various extents by both subjective (e.g., RPE, repetitions in reserve, set-repetition best, and APRE) and objective (e.g., VBT) load adjustment methods. Future resistance training monitoring may aim to include a combination of measures that quantify outcome (e.g., velocity, load, time, etc.) with process (e.g., variability, coordination, efficiency, etc.) relevant to the stage of learning or the task being performed. Load adjustment and monitoring methods should be used to supplement and guide the practitioner, quantify what the practitioner 'sees', and provide longitudinal data to assist in reviewing athlete development and providing baselines for the rate of expected development in resistance training when an athlete returns to sport from injury or large training load reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Christopher R Bellon
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel-The Military College of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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Hornsby WG, Tice AL, Stone JD, Merrigan JJ, Hagen J, Wagle JP, Cunanan AJ, Stone MH. Changes in Maximal Strength and Home Run Performance in NCAA Division I Baseball Players Across 3 Competitive Seasons: A Descriptive Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:E4. [PMID: 33462166 PMCID: PMC7838908 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this longitudinal, descriptive study was to observe changes in maximal strength measured via isometric clean grip mid-thigh pull and home runs (total and home runs per game) across three years of training and three competitive seasons for four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 baseball players. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, revealing significant univariate effects of time for peak force (PF) (p = 0.003) and peak force allometrically scaled (PFa) (p = 0.002). Increases in PF were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.031) and season 3 (p = 0.004), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.232). Additionally, increases in PFa were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.010) and season 3 (p < 0.001), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.052). Home runs per game rose from the 2009 (0.32) to 2010 season (1.35) and dropped during the 2011 season (1.07). A unique aspect of the study involves 2010 being the season in which ball-bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) bats were introduced to the NCAA competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Abigail L. Tice
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Justin J. Merrigan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Joshua Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (J.J.M.); (J.H.)
| | | | | | - Michael H. Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, East Tennessee University, Johnson City, TN 37604, USA;
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Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Thompson AG, Hornsby WG, Hagen JA. Monitoring Neuromuscular Performance in Military Personnel. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9147. [PMID: 33297554 PMCID: PMC7730580 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A necessarily high standard for physical readiness in tactical environments is often accompanied by high incidences of injury due to overaccumulations of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). To account for instances of overtraining stimulated by NMF, close monitoring of neuromuscular performance is warranted. Previously validated tests, such as the countermovement jump, are useful means for monitoring performance adaptations, resiliency to fatigue, and risk for injury. Performing such tests on force plates provides an understanding of the movement strategy used to obtain the resulting outcome (e.g., jump height). Further, force plates afford numerous objective tests that are valid and reliable for monitoring upper and lower extremity muscular strength and power (thus sensitive to NMF) with less fatiguing and safer methods than traditional one-repetition maximum assessments. Force plates provide numerous software and testing application options that can be applied to military's training but, to be effective, requires the practitioners to have sufficient knowledge of their functions. Therefore, this review aims to explain the functions of force plate testing as well as current best practices for utilizing force plates in military settings and disseminate protocols for valid and reliable testing to collect key variables that translate to physical performance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Merrigan
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Andrew G. Thompson
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (A.G.T.); (W.G.H.); (J.A.H.)
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Hagen J, Stone JD, Hornsby WG, Stephenson M, Mangine R, Joseph M, Galster S. COVID-19 Surveillance and Competition in Sport: Utilizing Sport Science to Protect Athletes and Staff during and after the Pandemic. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030069. [PMID: 33467284 PMCID: PMC7739263 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic abruptly halted athletic competition and standard training practices, consequently generating great confusion surrounding when and how to safely reintroduce sports. Therefore, tangible solutions disseminated to performance staff, coaches, and athletes are warranted to ensure optimal levels of health and physical performance for all personnel during both the current social distancing standards as well as the impending return of competition despite continued risks. In this commentary, we offer strategies for utilizing technology and data tools as components of longitudinal COVID-19 surveillance based on ongoing research efforts as well as current guidance from governing bodies, while also serving the performance needs of the athletes and staff. Recommended data sources include digital symptom and well-being surveys, standardized and routine physical performance testing, sleep and sleep physiology monitoring, cognitive applications, and temperature. This system is flexible to numerous commercially available products and is designed for easy implementation that permits instant feedback provided directly to the athlete as well as their support staff for early intervention, ultimately mitigating COVID-19 risks. We will discuss multiple options, including examples of data, data visualizations and recommendations for data interpretation and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hagen
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jason D. Stone
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
| | - W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | | | - Robert Mangine
- Athletic Department, University of Cincinnati, NovaCare Rehabilitation, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA;
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Scott Galster
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (J.D.S.); (S.G.)
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Hornsby WG, Fry AC, Haff GG, Stone MH. Addressing the Confusion within Periodization Research. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030068. [PMID: 33467283 PMCID: PMC7739353 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we focus on recent problematic developments in sport science, and more specifically, problems related to periodization research. Primary areas discussed are (1) appreciation of history, (2) considerations for training studies, (3) the development of concepts, and (4) programming-driven training models.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Osness Human Performance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia;
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, SERK, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
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Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Suarez DG, Ramsey MW, Triplett NT, Hardee JP, Stone ME, Stone MH. Alterations in Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, Testosterone, and Cortisol across Eleven Weeks of Training among Division One Collegiate Throwers: A Preliminary Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5020044. [PMID: 33467260 PMCID: PMC7739239 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytokine and hormone concentrations can be linked to the manipulation of training variables and to subsequent alterations in performance. SUBJECTS Nine D-1 collegiate throwers and 4 control subjects participated in this preliminary and exploratory report. METHODS Hormone (testosterone (T) and cortisol (C)) and adipokine (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) measurements were taken at weeks 1, 7, and 11 for the throwers and weeks 1 and 11 for the control group. The throwers participated in an 11-week periodized resistance training and throws program during the fall preparatory period. Volume load was recorded throughout the study. RESULTS Hormone values did not exhibit statistically significant changes across time; however, there were notable changes for C, the testosterone to cortisol ratio (T:C), and adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS T:C was increased as volume load decreased, and adiponectin increased in concert with decreases in C and increases in the T:C, possibly suggesting a lesser degree of obesity-related inflammation and a higher degree of "fitness" and preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-0851
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia;
| | - Dylan G. Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.W.R.); (M.E.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Michael W. Ramsey
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.W.R.); (M.E.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - N. Travis Triplett
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University Boone, NC 28607, USA;
| | - Justin P. Hardee
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Margaret E. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.W.R.); (M.E.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.W.R.); (M.E.S.); (M.H.S.)
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Cunanan AJ, DeWeese BH, Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Sausaman R, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Triplett NT, Pierce KC, Stone MH. Authors’ Reply to Buckner et al.: ‘Comment on: “The General Adaptation Syndrome: A Foundation for the Concept of Periodization”. Sports Med 2018; 48:1755-1757. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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South MA, Layne AS, Stuart CA, Triplett NT, Ramsey M, Howell ME, Sands WA, Mizuguchi S, Hornsby WG, Kavanaugh AA, Stone MH. Effects of Short-Term Free-Weight and Semiblock Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2682-96. [PMID: 27465635 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
South, MA, Layne, AS, Stuart, CA, Triplett, NT, Ramsey, MW, Howell, ME, Sands, WA, Mizuguchi, S, Hornsby, WG, Kavanaugh, AA, and Stone, MH. Effects of short-term free-weight and semiblock periodization resistance training on metabolic syndrome. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2682-2696, 2016-The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured using a force plate. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, JH, jump power, and V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and NMS groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the MS and in women, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p ≤ 0.05). Few alterations were noted in the fiber type. Men had larger CSAs compared those of with women, and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary, 8 weeks of semiblock free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A South
- 1Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; Departments of 2Applied Physiology and Kinesiology; 3Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; 4Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen School of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee; 5Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina; and 6Department of Coaching and Teaching Studies, College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Bryner RW, Hornsby WG, Chetlin R, Ullrich IH, Yeater RA. Effect of lactate consumption on exercise performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998; 38:116-23. [PMID: 9763796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of plasma glucose is important in endurance performance. Gluconeogenesis or carbohydrate ingestion maintain glucose after hepatic glycogen depletion. Lactate may also serve as a gluconeogenic precursor as well as a blood buffer. METHODS To determine if an 8% carbohydrate (CHO) sports drink with and without a 2% lactate (L) solution increased endurance performance, peak power, and delayed blood acidosis, seven trained cyclists participated in a double-blind randomized study (6 males and 1 female) performed a bicycle test to determine max VO2max HR and the HR associated with the first respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value greater than 1.0 (target HR). Four bicycle rides to exhaustion, separated by one week, were done at a constant workload at a HR 10 beats below each subject's target HR. After a 12-hour fast, subjects received 100 g CHO 2-3 hrs before each test. Mean exercise heart rate was 86-87% max HR. During the final 30 s of each ride the Wingate power test was performed. Subjects consumed either (placebo, 2% L, 8% CHO or 8% CHO plus 2% L) every 20 min. Blood samples were collected before, every 30 min during and immediately following the test. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in total time (placebo: 95.3 +/- 25.8, 2% lactate: 95.7 +/- 30.0, 8% CHO: 105.2 +/- 37.2, 8% CHO + 2% lactate: 89.0 +/- 28.1 min) or peak power (placebo: 798.2 +/- 241.1, 2% L: 750.1 +/- 279.2, 8% CHO: 789.4 +/- 353.5, 8% CHO + 2% L: 716.3 +/- 331.3 Watts) among drinks. There were no differences in insulin, glucose, pH and HCO3- after the power tests among the drinks. CONCLUSION Exercise performance is unaffected by oral supplementation with lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bryner
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Morgantown, WV 26506-6116, USA
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Yeater R, Ullrich I, Putnam S, Hornsby WG. EXERCISE ADHERENCE AND COMPLIANCE IN A HIGH RISK RURAL POPULATION. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199805001-00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Various parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis were measured in 13 men (aged 54 +/- 3 yr) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) before and after 12-14 wk of exercise training. Subjects exercised for 30 min 3 times/wk at 70% of maximum O2 consumption (VO2max). Training increased VO2max by 12.5% but did not alter body weight, relative body fat, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Slight downward trends were apparent for fasting glucose and insulin, but glycosylated hemoglobin was unchanged. There were no changes in coagulation parameters of plasminogen, hematocrit, or alpha 2-antiplasmin. Plasma fibrinogen (303 +/- 24.2 vs. 256 +/- 12.3 mg/dl) and fibronectin (380 +/- 41.9 vs. 301 +/- 22.2 micrograms/ml) were significantly reduced (P less than 0.02) by exercise conditioning. Three assays of fibrinolytic activity (tissue plasminogen activator, euglobulin lysis time, and an isotopic measure of fibrinolysis) confirmed that neither basal fibrinolysis nor the fibrinolytic responses to venous occlusion and maximal exercise were significantly altered. Exercise conditioning may have antithrombotic effects in NIDDM by reducing plasma fibrinogen and fibronectin. Although the significance of the fall in fibronectin awaits further studies, the reduction in plasma fibrinogen gives a rationale for the use of exercise training in men with NIDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Hornsby
- Charleston Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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