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Kuhn M, Clarenbach CF, Kläy A, Kohler M, Mayer LC, Lüchinger M, Andrist B, Radtke T, Haile SR, Sievi NA, Kohlbrenner D. Exploring immediate cardiorespiratory responses: low-intensity blood flow restricted cycling vs. moderate-intensity traditional exercise in a randomized crossover trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 39148127 PMCID: PMC11325739 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood-flow restriction (BFR) endurance training may increase endurance performance and muscle strength similar to traditional endurance training while requiring a lower training intensity. We aimed to compare acute cardiorespiratory responses to low-intensity interval exercise under BFR with moderate-intensity traditional interval exercise (TRA). METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover study. The protocol involved three cycling intervals interspersed with 1 min resting periods. With a 48-h washout period, individuals performed the protocol twice in random order: once as BFR-50 (i.e., 50% incremental peak power output [IPPO] and 50% limb occlusion pressure [LOP]) and once as TRA-65 (65% IPPO without occlusion). TRA-65 intervals lasted 2 min, and time-matched BFR-50 lasted 2 min and 18 s. Respiratory parameters were collected by breath-by-breath analysis. The ratings of perceived breathing and leg exertion (RPE, 0 to 10) were assessed. Linear mixed models were used for analysis. RESULTS Out of the 28 participants initially enrolled in the study, 24 healthy individuals (18 males and 6 females) completed both measurements. Compared with TRA-65, BFR-50 elicited lower minute ventilation (VE, primary outcome) (-3.1 l/min [-4.4 to -1.7]), oxygen consumption (-0.22 l/min [-0.28 to -0.16]), carbon dioxide production (-0.25 l/min [-0.29 to -0.20]) and RPE breathing (-0.9 [-1.2 to -0.6]). RPE leg was significantly greater in the BFR-50 group (1.3 [1.0 to 1.7]). CONCLUSION BFR endurance exercise at 50% IPPO and 50% LOP resulted in lower cardiorespiratory work and perceived breathing effort compared to TRA at 65% IPPO. BFR-50 could be an attractive alternative for TRA-65, eliciting less respiratory work and perceived breathing effort while augmenting perceived leg muscle effort. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05163600; December 20, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kuhn
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian F Clarenbach
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Kläy
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura C Mayer
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lüchinger
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Belinda Andrist
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noriane A Sievi
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Kohlbrenner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cui X, Anatolevna ST, Wang Y. Deciphering Blood Flow Restriction Training to Aid Lipid Lowering in Obese College Students through Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2024; 14:433. [PMID: 39195529 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the lipid-lowering effects of blood flow restriction training (BFR) combined with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in obese college students by observing lipid-lowering hormones and untargeted metabolomics. (2) Methods: In this study, 14 obese college students were convened into three groups-MICT, MICT+BFR, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)-for a crossover experiment. Blood was drawn before and after exercise for the analysis of lipolytic agents and untargeted metabolomics. The study used a paired t-test and ANOVA for statistical analyses. (3) Results: The lipolytic agent results showed that MICT+BFR was superior to the other two groups in terms of two agents (p = 0.000 and p = 0.003), namely, GH and IL-6 (difference between before and after testing: 10,986.51 ± 5601.84 and 2.42 ± 2.49, respectively), and HIIT was superior to the other two groups in terms of one agent (p = 0.000), i.e., EPI (22.81 ± 16.12). No advantage was observed for MICT. The metabolomics results showed that, compared to MICT, MICT+BFR was associated with the upregulated expression of xanthine, succinate, lactate, N-lactoylphenylalanine, citrate, ureido acid, and myristic acid after exercise, with the possibility of the involvement of the citric acid cycle, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamate metabolism, butyric acid metabolism, and the histidylate metabolism pathway. (4) Conclusions: The superior lipid-lowering effect of MICT+BFR over MICT in a group of obese college students may be due to the stronger activation of GH and IL-6 agents, with the citric acid cycle and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways being associated with this type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyou Cui
- Zhejiang Guang Sha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, No.1 Guangfu East Street, Dongyang 322103, China
- Moscow State Academy of Physical Education, Liubertsy District, Malakhovka, Shosseynaya St. 33, 140030 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sidorenko Tatiana Anatolevna
- Moscow State Academy of Physical Education, Liubertsy District, Malakhovka, Shosseynaya St. 33, 140030 Moscow, Russia
- Ryazan State University Named for S. A. Yesenin, St. Svobody, 46, 390000 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Yu Wang
- Moscow State University of Sport and Tourism, Kirovogradskaya Street, 21, Building 1 (South Campus), 117519 Moscow, Russia
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Yang K, Chee CS, Abdul Kahar J, Tengku Kamalden TF, Li R, Qian S. Effects of blood flow restriction training on physical fitness among athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16615. [PMID: 39025894 PMCID: PMC11258269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective, scientific and safe training method, but its effect on the overall quality of athletes remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to clarify the effects of BFRT on the physical fitness among athletes. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and SCOUPS, the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to assess methodological quality, and RevMan 5.4 and STATA 15.0 software were used to analyze the data. A meta-analysis of 28 studies with a total sample size of 542 athletes aged 14-26 years and assessed as low risk for quality was performed. Our results revealed that the BFRT intervention had small to large improvements in the athletes' strength (ES = 0.74-1.03), power (ES = 0.46), speed (ES = 0.54), endurance (ES = 1.39-1.40), body composition (ES = 0.28-1.23), while there was no significant effect on body mass (p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed that moderator variables (training duration, frequency, load, cuff pressure, and pressurization time) also had varying degrees of effect on athletes' physical fitness parameters. In conclusion, BFRT had a positive effect on the physical fitness parameters of the athletes, with significantly improved strength, power, speed, endurance and body composition, but not body mass parameters. When the training frequency ≥ 3 times/week, cuff pressure ≥ 160 mmHg, and pressurization time ≥ 10 min, the BFRT group was more favorable for the improvement of physical fitness parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Soon Chee
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Johan Abdul Kahar
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rui Li
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shaowen Qian
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Cockfield BA, Wedig IJ, Vinckier AL, McDaniel J, Elmer SJ. Physiological and perceptual responses to acute arm cranking with blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1509-1521. [PMID: 38142449 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower-body aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) offers a unique approach for stimulating improvements in muscular function and aerobic capacity. While there are more than 40 reports documenting acute and chronic responses to lower-body aerobic exercise with BFR, responses to upper-body aerobic exercise with BFR are not clearly established. PURPOSE We evaluated acute physiological and perceptual responses to arm cranking with and without BFR. METHODS Participants (N = 10) completed 4 arm cranking (6 × 2 min exercise, 1 min recovery) conditions: low-intensity at 40%VO2peak (LI), low-intensity at 40%VO2peak with BFR at 50% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR50), low-intensity at 40%VO2peak with BFR at 70% of arterial occlusion pressure (BFR70), and high-intensity at 80%VO2peak (HI) while tissue oxygenation, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses were assessed. RESULTS During exercise, tissue saturation for BFR50 (54 ± 6%), BFR70 (55 ± 6%), and HI (54 ± 8%) decreased compared to LI (61 ± 5%, all P < 0.01) and changes in deoxyhemoglobin for BFR50 (11 ± 4), BFR70 (15 ± 6), and HI (16 ± 10) increased compared to LI (4 ± 2, all P < 0.01). During recovery intervals, tissue saturation for BFR50 and BFR70 decreased further and deoxyhemoglobin for BFR50 and BFR70 increased further (all P < 0.04). Heart rate for BFR70 and HI increased by 9 ± 9 and 50 ± 15b/min, respectively, compared to LI (both P < 0.02). BFR50 (8 ± 2, 1.0 ± 1.0) and BFR70 (10 ± 2, 2.1 ± 1.4) elicited greater arm-specific perceived exertion (6-20 scale) and pain (0-10 scale) compared to LI (7 ± 1, 0.2 ± 0.5, all P < 0.05) and pain for BFR70 did not differ from HI (1.7 ± 1.9). CONCLUSION Arm cranking with BFR decreased tissue saturation and increased deoxyhemoglobin without causing excessive cardiorespiratory strain and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Cockfield
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Isaac J Wedig
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- School of Health and Human Performance, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Alyssa L Vinckier
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - John McDaniel
- Exercise Physiology Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, College of Science and Arts, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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de Queiros VS, Rolnick N, Sabag A, Wilde P, Peçanha T, Aniceto RR, Rocha RFC, Delgado DZ, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG, Dantas PMS. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Exercise versus Continuous Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on Psychophysiological Responses: A Randomized Crossover Study. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:114-125. [PMID: 38455431 PMCID: PMC10915608 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the effect of continuous low-intensity aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction (LI-AE-BFR) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matching total external mechanical work between conditions, on perceptual (exertion, pain, affective and pleasure) and physiological responses (heart rate [HR], blood lactate [BL] and muscle fatigue). Ten healthy untrained men (25.6 ± 3.78 years old; 75.02 ± 12.02 kg; 172.2 ± 6.76 cm; 24.95 ± 3.16 kg/m²) completed three visits to the laboratory. In visit 1, anthropometry, blood pressure and peak running velocity on the treadmill were measured. In visits 2 and 3, participants were randomly assigned to HIIE or LI-AE-BFR, both in treadmill. HIIE consisted of 10 one-minute stimuli at 80% of peak running velocity interspersed with one-minute of passive recovery. LI-AE-BFR consisted of 20-minutes of continuous walking at 40% of peak running velocity with bilateral cuffs inflated to 50% of arterial occlusion pressure. BL and maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC - fatigue measure) were measured pre- and immediately post-exercise. HR, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and rating of perceived pain (RPP) were recorded after each stimulus in HIIE and every two minutes in LI-AE-BFR. Affective response to the session, pleasure, and future intention to exercise (FIE) were assessed 10 minutes after the intervention ended. Increases in BL concentrations were greater in HIIE (p = 0.028; r = 0.51). No effects time or condition were reported for MIVC. HR was higher in HIIE at all analyzed time points (p < 0.001; d = 3.1 to 5.2). RPE did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05), while average session RPP was higher in LI-AE-BFR (p = 0.036; r = 0.46). Affective positive response (p = 0.019; d = 0.9) and FIE (p = 0.013; d = 0.97) were significantly higher in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE elicited higher physiological stress, positive affective response, and intention to engage in future exercise bouts compared to LI-AE-BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, New York, USA
| | - Angelo Sabag
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phelipe Wilde
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Thiago Peçanha
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Z Delgado
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
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Hasegawa ME, Delos Reyes CD, Rimm JB, Radi JK, Singh DS, Obana KK, Weldon EJ, Thorne TJ, Tamate TM, Alferos SR, Min KS. Update on Current Concepts of Blood Flow Restriction in the Perioperative Period of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthopedics 2023; 46:e333-e340. [PMID: 37561100 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20230804-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament tears or ruptures are common orthopedic injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is an orthopedic procedure allowing for earlier return to sports, improved maintenance of lifestyle demands, and restored knee stability and kinematics. A perioperative rehabilitative adjunct recently gaining interest is blood flow restriction (BFR), a method in which temporary restriction of blood flow to a chosen extremity is introduced and can be used as early as a few days postoperative. There has been increasing investigation and recent literature regarding BFR. This review synthesizes current concepts of BFR use in the ACLR perioperative period. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(6):e333-e340.].
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Li SN, Ihsan M, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Exercise responses to heart rate clamped cycling with graded blood flow restriction. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:434-439. [PMID: 37394395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the acute effects of graded blood flow restriction on the interaction between changes in mechanical output, muscle oxygenation trends and perceptual responses to heart rate clamped cycling. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS Twenty-five adults (21 men) performed six, 6-min cycling bouts (24 min of recovery) at a clamped heart rate corresponding to their first ventilatory threshold at 0 % (unrestricted), 15 %, 30 %, 45 %, 60 % and 75 % of arterial occlusion pressure with the cuffs inflated bilaterally from the fourth to the sixth minute. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored during the final 3 min of pedalling, whilst perceptual responses (modified Borg CR10 scales) were obtained immediately after exercise. RESULTS Compared to unrestricted cycling, average power output for minutes 4-6 decreased exponentially for cuff pressures ranging 45-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). Peripheral oxygen saturation averaged ∼96 % across all cuff pressures (P = 0.318). Deoxyhemoglobin changes were larger at 45-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05), whereas higher total haemoglobin values occurred at 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05). Sense of effort, ratings of perceived exertion, pain from cuff pressure, and limb discomfort were exaggerated at 60-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Blood flow restriction of at least 45 % of arterial occlusion pressure is required to reduce mechanical output during heart rate clamped cycling at the first ventilatory threshold. Whilst power decreases non-linearly above this pressure threshold, higher occlusion levels ranging 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure also accentuate muscle deoxygenation and exercise-related sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Smith NDW, Abbiss CR, Girard O, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ. Blood-Flow Restriction Is Associated With More Even Pacing During High-Intensity Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:667-673. [PMID: 37130589 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the influence of blood-flow restriction (BFR) on the distribution of pace, physiological demands, and perceptual responses during self-paced cycling. METHODS On separate days, 12 endurance cyclists/triathletes were instructed to produce the greatest average power output during 8-minute self-paced cycling trials with BFR (60% arterial occlusion pressure) or without restriction (CON). Power output and cardiorespiratory variables were measured continuously. Perceived exertion, muscular discomfort, and cuff pain were recorded every 2 minutes. RESULTS Linear regression analysis of the power output slope was statistically significant (ie, deviated from the intercept) for CON (2.7 [3.2] W·30 s-1; P = .009) but not for BFR (-0.1 [3.1] W·30 s-1; P = .952). Absolute power output was ∼24% (12%) lower at all time points (P < .001) during BFR compared with CON. Oxygen consumption (18% [12%]; P < .001), heart rate (7% [9%]; P < .001), and perceived exertion (8% [21%]; P = .008) were reduced during BFR compared with CON, whereas muscular discomfort (25% [35%]; P = .003) was greater. Cuff pain was rated as "strong" (5.3 [1.8] au; 0-10 scale) for BFR. CONCLUSION Trained cyclists adopted a more even distribution of pace when BFR was applied compared with a negative distribution during CON. By presenting a unique combination of physiological and perceptual responses, BFR is a useful tool to understand how the distribution of pace is self-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Exercise Science, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA,Australia
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Held S, Rappelt L, Deutsch JP, Rein R, Wiedenmann T, Schiffer A, Bieder A, Staub I, Donath L. Low-intensity swimming with blood flow restriction over 5 weeks increases VO 2peak: A randomized controlled trial using Bayesian informative prior distribution. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36780333 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2180671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and speed at first (LT1, minimal lactate equivalent) and second lactate threshold (LT2 = LT1 +1.5 mmol·L-1) are crucial swimming performance surrogates. The present randomized controlled study investigated the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-intensity swimming (LiT) on VO2peak, LT1, and LT2. Eighteen male swimmers (22.7 ±3.0 yrs; 69.9 ±8.5 kg; 1.8 ±0.1 m) were either assigned to the BFR or control (noBFR) group. While BFR was applied during LiT, noBFR completed the identical LIT without BFR application. BFR of the upper limb was applied via customized pneumatic cuffs (75% of occlusion pressure: 135 ±10 mmHg; 8 cm cuff width). BFR training took place three times a week over 5 weeks (accumulated weekly net BFR training: 60 min·week-1; occlusion per session: 2-times 10 min·session-1) and was used exclusively at low intensities. VO2peak, LT1, and LT2 diagnostics were employed. Bayesian credible intervals revealed notable VO2peak improvements by +0.29 L·min-1 kg-1 (95% credible interval: -0.26 to +0.85 L·min-1 kg-1) when comparing BFR vs. noBFR. Speed at LT1 -0.01 m·s-1 (-0.04 to +0.02 m·s-1) and LT2 -0.01 m·s-1 (-0.03 to +0.02 m·s-1) did not change meaningfully when BFR was employed. Fifteen sessions of LIT swimming (macrocycle of 5 h over 5 weeks) with a weekly volume of 60 min with BFR application adds additional impact on VO2peak improvement compared to noBFR LIT swimming. Occasional BFR applications should be considered as a promising means to improve relevant performance surrogates in trained swimmers. HighlightsLow-intensity swimming with blood flow restricted (BFR) induced superior peak oxygen consumption adaptations compared to non-restricted swimming training over a 5-week lasting training periodBFR and non-BFR swimming training-induced similar adaptations regarding swimming speed at first and second lactate thresholdIn conclusion, BFR served as a feasible, promising and beneficial complementary training stimuli to traditional swimming training regarding oxygen consumption adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Schiffer
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Bieder
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilka Staub
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction: A Novel Approach to Improve Repeated-Sprint Ability? Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Effect of Low-Intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Vascular Responses in Recreational Runners. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091789. [PMID: 36141401 PMCID: PMC9499162 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity aerobic training combined with blood flow restriction (LABFR) on body composition, physical fitness, and vascular functions in recreational runners. The participants were 30 healthy male recreational runners, randomized between the LABFR (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The LABFR group performed five sets of a repeated pattern of 2 min running at 40% VO2max and 1 min passive rest, while wearing the occlusion cuff belts on the proximal end of the thigh. The frequency was three times a week for the period of eight weeks. The control group performed the identical running protocol without wearing the occlusion cuff belts. At the end of the training, the participants’ body composition (fat mass, body fat, muscle mass, and right and left thigh circumference), physical fitness (power and VO2max), and vascular responses (flow-mediated dilation (FMD), brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), ankle brachial index (ABI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) were measured. The results showed a significant time × group interaction effect on muscle mass (F = 53.242, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.664) and right thigh circumference (F = 4.544, p = 0.042, ηp2 = 0.144), but no significant variation in any other factors, including fat mass, body fat, left thigh circumference, FMD, baPWV, ABI, SBP, and DBP (p > 0.05). Overall, our results suggested that eight-week LABFR exerted a positive effect on the body composition, especially muscle mass and thigh circumference, of recreational runners.
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Self-Paced Cycling at the Highest Sustainable Intensity With Blood Flow Restriction Reduces External but Not Internal Training Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1272-1279. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study compared training loads and internal:external load ratios from an aerobic interval session at the highest perceptually sustainable intensity with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: On separate days, 14 endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4-minute self-paced aerobic cycling intervals at their highest sustainable intensity, with and without BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Internal training load was quantified using 3 training impulses (TRIMP; Banister, Lucia, and Edwards) and sessional ratings of perceived exertion. External load was assessed using total work done (TWD). Training load ratios between all internal loads were calculated relative to TWD. Results: Lucia TRIMP was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (49 [9] vs 53 [8] arbitrary units [au], P = .020, dz = −0.71). No between-conditions differences were observed for Banister TRIMP (P = .068), Edwards TRIMP (P = .072), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion (P = .134). The TWD was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (223 [52] vs 271 [58] kJ, P < .001, dz = −1.27). Ratios were greater for the BFR session compared with non-BFR for Lucia TRIMP:TWD (0.229 [0.056] vs 0.206 [0.056] au, P < .001, dz = 1.21), Edwards TRIMP:TWD (0.396 [0.105] vs 0.370 [0.088] au, P = .031, dz = 0.66), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion:TWD (1.000 [0.266] vs 0.890 [0.275] au, P = .044, dz = 0.60), but not Banister TRIMP:TWD (P = .306). Conclusions: Practitioners should consider both internal and external loads when monitoring BFR exercise to ensure the demands are appropriately captured. These BFR-induced changes were reflected by the Lucia TRIMP:TWD and Edwards TRIMP:TWD ratio, which could be used to monitor aerobic BFR training loads. The Lucia TRIMP:TWD ratio likely represents BFR-induced changes more appropriately compared with ratios involving either Edwards or Banister TRIMP.
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