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Protzen G, Matoso B, Doma K, de Oliveira S, Boullosa D. Does the Repeated-Bout Effect Influence Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Recreational Runners? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38959957 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2353719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined how a low dose of an eccentric-oriented lunge exercise could induce the repeated-bout effect (RBE) and affect the subsequent post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in recreational runners. Methods: Twenty male recreational runners (32.1 ± 2.8 years; 173.4 ± 6.1 cm; 73.3 ± 11.5 kg; 57.8 ± 7.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into control (N = 10) and experimental (N = 10) groups. In the first and fourth weeks, the groups were assessed for jump capacity, dynamic balance, and submaximal running kinematics before and after an incremental shuttle-run test until exhaustion. The experimental group was also submitted to two sessions of the eccentric-oriented lunge exercise (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 2 min of passive recovery) in the second and third weeks. Results: We observed that the first session promoted muscle damage, which was significantly (p < .05) reduced after the second training session, thus indicating an RBE. Meanwhile, there was no effect of the RBE on dynamic balance and submaximal running kinematics in the post-intervention. However, there was a significant increase in countermovement jump height (p = .008) for the experimental group when compared to the control group, although no PAPE was observed. Conclusions: The current results demonstrate that a simple, low-dose eccentric-oriented exercise may induce an RBE, leading to reduced muscle damage and a possibly improved lower limbs' muscle power in recreational runners. However, the absence of PAPE effects suggests that the RBE may not directly influence the potentiation/fatigue balance after fatiguing running exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- University of León
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul
- James Cook University
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2
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Jimenez-Perez I, Priego-Quesada JI, Camacho-García A, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM, Pérez-Soriano P. Impact accelerations during a prolonged run using a microwavable self-customised foot orthosis. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:935-948. [PMID: 34126852 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1902553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of custom-made foot orthoses has been associated with numerous benefits, such as decreased impact accelerations. However, it is not known whether this effect could be due to better customisation. The present study analysed the effects of the first generation of a microwavable prefabricated self-customised foot orthosis vs. a prefabricated standard one on impact accelerations throughout a prolonged run. Thirty runners performed two tests of 30-min running on a treadmill, each one with an orthosis condition. Impact acceleration variables of tibia and head were recorded every 5 min. Microwavable self-customised foot orthosis increased the following variables in the first instants compared to the prefabricated standard one: tibial peak (min1: 6.5 (1.8) vs. 6.0 (1.7) g, P = .009, min5: 6.6 (1.7) vs. 6.2 (1.7) g, P = .035), tibial magnitude (min1: 8.3 (2.6) vs. 7.7 (2.4) g, P = .030, min5: 8.5 (2.6) vs. 7.9 (2.5) g, P = .026) and shock attenuation (min1: 61.4 (16.8) vs. 56.3 (16.3)%, P = .014, min5: 62.0 (15.5) vs. 57.2 (15.3)%, P = .040), and tibial rate throughout the entire run (504.3 (229.7) vs. 422.7 (212.9) g/s, P = .006). However, it was more stable throughout 30-min running (P < .05). These results show that the shape customisation entailed by the thermoformable material does not provide impact acceleration improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Camacho-García
- Department of Communications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Pareja-Cano Á, Arjona JM, Caulfield B, Cuesta-Vargas A. Parameterization of Biomechanical Variables through Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) in Occasional Healthy Runners. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2191. [PMID: 38610402 PMCID: PMC11014260 DOI: 10.3390/s24072191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Running is one of the most popular sports practiced today and biomechanical variables are fundamental to understanding it. The main objectives of this study are to describe kinetic, kinematic, and spatiotemporal variables measured using four inertial measurement units (IMUs) in runners during treadmill running, investigate the relationships between these variables, and describe differences associated with different data sampling and averaging strategies. A total of 22 healthy recreational runners (M age = 28 ± 5.57 yrs) participated in treadmill measurements, running at their preferred speed (M = 10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) with a set-up of four IMUs placed on tibias and the lumbar area. Raw data was processed and analysed over selections spanning 30 s, 30 steps and 1 step. Very strong positive associations were obtained between the same family variables in all selections. The temporal variables were inversely associated with the step rate variable in the selection of 30 s and 30 steps of data. There were moderate associations between kinetic (forces) and kinematic (displacement) variables. There were no significant differences between the biomechanics variables in any selection. Our results suggest that a 4-IMU set-up, as presented in this study, is a viable approach for parameterization of the biomechanical variables in running, and also that there are no significant differences in the biomechanical variables studied independently, if we select data from 30 s, 30 steps or 1 step for processing and analysis. These results can assist in the methodological aspects of protocol design in future running research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pareja-Cano
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - José María Arjona
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Insight Centre, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
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4
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Lunardi M, Sakugawa RL, Furtado FE, Sampaio LT, Diefenthaeler F. Morphological characteristics of the patellar tendon in runners, cyclists, triathletes, and physically active individuals. J Ultrasound 2024:10.1007/s40477-023-00865-6. [PMID: 38393454 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-023-00865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare measurements of length, thickness, and cross-section area (CSA) of the patellar tendon (PT) among cyclists, runners, triathletes, and physically active individuals (control group). Forty healthy individuals (10 cyclists, 10 runners, 10 triathletes, and 10 physically active individuals) aged between 18 and 45 years (30.3 ± 8.6 years) participated in the study. PT was measured by a B-mode ultrasound system. To measure the length and thickness (in 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm of the PT length) the probe was positioned parallel to the tendon and to measure the CSA the probe was positioned perpendicularly in 25, 50, and 75% of the PT length. PT length data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to compare between groups and PT CSA and thickness were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (group vs. position) to compare the variables among the groups with the post-hoc Tukey test. All statistical analyses were performed considering p < 0.05. We observed a significant difference, where cyclists had smaller PT thickness (regardless of the location measured) compared to the group of triathletes (p = 0.001) and the physically active group (p = 0.043). All other variables (length, thickness, and CSA) and interactions (local and position) were not significant. We concluded that regardless of the position where PT thickness is measured, cyclists have smaller PT thickness compared to triathletes and physically active individuals but similar when compared to runners. And no differences in the length and CSA of the PT between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Lunardi
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Luiz Sakugawa
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Franklin Everaldo Furtado
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tavares Sampaio
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil.
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5
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Dimmick HL, van Rassel CR, MacInnis MJ, Ferber R. Use of subject-specific models to detect fatigue-related changes in running biomechanics: a random forest approach. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1283316. [PMID: 38186400 PMCID: PMC10768007 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1283316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Running biomechanics are affected by fatiguing or prolonged runs. However, no evidence to date has conclusively linked this effect to running-related injury (RRI) development or performance implications. Previous investigations using subject-specific models in running have demonstrated higher accuracy than group-based models, however, this has been infrequently applied to fatigue. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine whether subject-specific models outperformed group-based models to classify running biomechanics during non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. In the first experiment, 16 participants performed four treadmill runs at or around the maximal lactate steady state. In the second experiment, nine participants performed five prolonged runs using commercial wearable devices. For each experiment, two segments were extracted from each trial from early and late in the run. For each participant, a random forest model was applied with a leave-one-run-out cross-validation to classify between the early (non-fatigued) and late (fatigued) segments. Additionally, group-based classifiers with a leave-one-subject-out cross validation were constructed. For experiment 1, mean classification accuracies for the single-subject and group-based classifiers were 68.2 ± 8.2% and 57.0 ± 8.9%, respectively. For experiment 2, mean classification accuracies for the single-subject and group-based classifiers were 68.9 ± 17.1% and 61.5 ± 11.7%, respectively. Variable importance rankings were consistent within participants, but these rankings differed from each participant to those of the group. Although the classification accuracies were relatively low, these findings highlight the advantage of subject-specific classifiers to detect changes in running biomechanics with fatigue and indicate the potential of using big data and wearable technology approaches in future research to determine possible connections between biomechanics and RRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dimmick
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cody R. van Rassel
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Hazzaa WA, Hottenrott L, Kamal MA, Mattes K. The Influence of General and Local Muscle Fatigue on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:241. [PMID: 38133108 PMCID: PMC10747919 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has the potential to alter how impact forces are absorbed during running, heightening the risk of injury. Conflicting findings exist regarding alterations in both kinematics and plantar pressure. Thus, this systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the impact of general and localized muscle fatigue on kinematics and plantar pressure distribution during running. Initial searches were executed on 30 November 2021 and updated on 29 April 2023, encompassing PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without imposing any restrictions on publication dates or employing additional filters. Our PECOS criteria included cross-sectional studies on healthy adults during their treadmill running to mainly evaluate local muscle fatigue, plantar pressure distribution, biomechanics of running (kinematics, kinetics, and EMG results), and temporospatial parameters. The literature search identified 6626 records, with 4626 studies removed for titles and abstract screening. Two hundred and one articles were selected for full-text screening, and 20 studies were included in qualitative data synthesis. The pooled analysis showed a non-significant decrease in maximum pressure under the right forefoot's metatarsus, which was more than the left rearfoot after local muscle fatigue at a velocity of 15 km/h (p-values = 0.48 and 0.62). The results were homogeneous and showed that local muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the right forefoot's stride frequency and length (p-values = 0.75 and 0.38). Strength training for the foot muscles, mainly focusing on the dorsiflexors, is recommended to prevent running-related injuries. Utilizing a standardized knee and ankle joint muscle fatigue assessment protocol is advised. Future experiments should focus on various shoes for running and varying foot strike patterns for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaaeldin Aly Hazzaa
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Training Science, Helwan University, Giza 11795, Egypt
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Mattes
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
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Rodríguez-Barbero S, González-Mohíno F, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Santos-Garcia DJ, Boullosa D, González-Ravé JM. Acute effects of interval training on running kinematics in runners: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2023; 103:19-26. [PMID: 37075554 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training (IT) is influenced by several variables and its design. However, there is no consensus about the acute effects of this type of training on running kinematics and gait patterns due to the variety of session designs. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this systematic review was to determine the acute effects of IT on gait patterns and running kinematics in endurance runners depending on the characteristics of the training sessions. METHODS A systematic search on four databases (Pubmed, WOS, Medline, and Scopus) was conducted on February 22, 2022. After analyzing 655 articles, studies were included if they met the inclusion criteria developed according to the PICO model. Nine studies were finally included. RESULTS Only two of these studies measured kinematics changes during IT bouts while seven measured pre-post changes of these parameters. The quality scores of the included studies in the review averaged 5.44 (good quality) points using the modified PEDro scale. The observed changes in running kinematics during IT sessions were an increase in stride frequency, contact time and vertical displacement of center of mass. SIGNIFICANCE Regarding the type of IT, anaerobic and short aerobic interval sessions (200-1000 m) should include long recovery periods (2-3 min) to avoid the increase of stride frequency, contact time and vertical oscillation of the center of mass as a results of muscle fatigue. For long aerobic interval sessions (>1000 m), a short recovery (1-2 min) between bouts do not induce a high level of muscle fatigue nor modifications in gait patterns. Coaches and athletes must consider the relative intensity and recovery periods of IT, and the type of IT, to prevent excessive fatigue which can negatively affect running kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab. University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Zandbergen MA, Marotta L, Bulthuis R, Buurke JH, Veltink PH, Reenalda J. Effects of level running-induced fatigue on running kinematics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 99:60-75. [PMID: 36332318 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runners have a high risk of acquiring a running-related injury. Understanding the mechanisms of impact force attenuation into the body when a runner fatigues might give insight into the role of running kinematics on the aetiology of overuse injuries. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How do running kinematics change due to running-induced fatigue? And what is the influence of experience level on changes in running kinematics due to fatigue? METHODS Three electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. This resulted in 33 articles and 19 kinematic quantities being included in this review. A quality assessment was performed on all included articles and meta-analyses were performed for 18 kinematic quantities. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE Main findings included an increase in peak acceleration at the tibia and a decrease in leg stiffness after a fatiguing protocol. Additionally, level running-induced fatigue increased knee flexion at initial contact and maximum knee flexion during swing. An increase in vertical centre of mass displacement was found in novice but not in experienced runners with fatigue. Overall, runners changed their gait pattern due to fatigue by moving to a smoother gait pattern (i.e. more knee flexion at initial contact and during swing, decreased leg stiffness). However, these changes were not sufficient to prevent an increase in peak accelerations at the tibia after a fatigue protocol. Large inter-individual differences in responses to fatigue were reported. Hence, it is recommended to investigate changes in running kinematics as a result of fatigue on a subject-specific level since group-level analysis might mask individual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A Zandbergen
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Luca Marotta
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Bulthuis
- Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap H Buurke
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H Veltink
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Lloria-Varella J, Besson T, Varesco G, Espeit L, Kennouche D, Delattre N, Millet GY, Morio C, Rossi J. Running pattern changes after a 38-km trail running race: does shoe fatigue play a role? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2086302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Lloria-Varella
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thibault Besson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giorgio Varesco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Djahid Kennouche
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Cedric Morio
- Movement Sciences Department, SportsLab, Lille, France
| | - Jeremy Rossi
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Möhler F, Fadillioglu C, Scheffler L, Müller H, Stein T. Running-Induced Fatigue Changes the Structure of Motor Variability in Novice Runners. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060942. [PMID: 35741462 PMCID: PMC9220051 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of fatigue is a central issue in the context of endurance sports. Given the popularity of running, there are numerous novices among runners. Therefore, understanding the effects of fatigue in novice runners is an important issue. Various studies have drawn conclusions about the control of certain variables by analyzing motor variability. One variable that plays a crucial role during running is the center of mass (CoM), as it reflects the movement of the whole body in a simplified way. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of fatigue on the motor variability structure that stabilizes the CoM trajectory in novice runners. To do so, the uncontrolled manifold approach was applied to a 3D whole-body model using the CoM as the result variable. It was found that motor variability increased with fatigue (UCMꓕ). However, the UCMRatio did not change. This indicates that the control of the CoM decreased, whereas the stability was not affected. The decreases in control were correlated with the degree of exhaustion, as indicated by the Borg scale (during breaking and flight phase). It can be summarized that running-induced fatigue increases the step-to-step variability in novice runners and affects the control of their CoM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.F.); (L.S.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cagla Fadillioglu
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.F.); (L.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Lucia Scheffler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.F.); (L.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Hermann Müller
- Training Science, Department of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.F.); (L.S.); (T.S.)
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11
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Darch L, Chalmers S, Wiltshire J, Causby R, Arnold J. Running-induced fatigue and impact loading in runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1512-1531. [PMID: 35723671 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2089803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise and clarify the effect of running-induced fatigue on impact loading during running. Eight electronic databases were systematically searched until April 2021. Studies that analysed impact loading over the course of a run, in adult runners free of medical conditions were included. Changes in leg stiffness, vertical stiffness, shock attenuation, peak tibial accelerations, peak ground reaction forces (GRF) and loading rates were extracted. Subgroup analyses were conducted depending on whether participants were required to run to exhaustion. Thirty-six studies were included in the review, 25 were included in the meta-analysis. Leg stiffness decreased with running-induced fatigue (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.52, -0.08, moderate evidence). Exhaustive and non-exhaustive subgroups were different for peak tibial acceleration (Chi2 = 3.79, p = 0.05), with limited evidence from exhaustive subgroups showing an increase in peak tibial acceleration with fatigue. Findings for vertical GRF impact peak and peak braking force were conflicting based on exhaustive and non-exhaustive protocols (Chi2 = 3.83, p = 0.05 and Chi2 = 5.10, p = 0.02, respectively). Moderate evidence suggests leg stiffness during running decreases with fatigue. Given the non-linear relationship between leg stiffness and running economy, this may have implications for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Darch
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Wiltshire
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ryan Causby
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Pérez-Soriano P. Effects of Central and Peripheral Fatigue on Impact Characteristics during Running. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103786. [PMID: 35632194 PMCID: PMC9147320 DOI: 10.3390/s22103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue and impact can represent an injury risk factor during running. The objective of this study was to compare the impact transmission along the locomotor system between the central and peripheral fatigued states during running. Tibial and head acceleration as well as shock attenuation in the time- and frequency-domain were analyzed during 2-min of treadmill running in the pre- and post-fatigue state in eighteen male popular runners (N = 18). The impact transmission was measured before and after a 30-min central fatigue protocol on the treadmill or a peripheral fatigue protocol in the quadricep and hamstring muscles using an isokinetic dynamometer. The time-domain acceleration variables were not modified either by peripheral or central fatigue (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, central fatigue increased the maximum (p = 0.006) and total (p = 0.007) signal power magnitude in the high-frequency range in the tibia, and the attenuation variable in the low- (p = 0.048) and high-frequency area (p = 0.000), while peripheral fatigue did not cause any modifications in the frequency-domain variables (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the attenuation in the low (p = 0.000)- and high-frequency area was higher with central fatigue than peripheral fatigue (p = 0.003). The results demonstrate that central fatigue increases the severity of impact during running as well as the attenuation of low and high components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia UCAM, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio García-Gallart
- The Civil Guard, Secretary of State for Security, Ministry of the Interior, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
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13
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Marotta L, Scheltinga BL, van Middelaar R, Bramer WM, van Beijnum BJF, Reenalda J, Buurke JH. Accelerometer-Based Identification of Fatigue in the Lower Limbs during Cyclical Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22083008. [PMID: 35458993 PMCID: PMC9025833 DOI: 10.3390/s22083008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) is beneficial for both physical and psychological health aspects. However, excessive training can lead to physical fatigue and an increased risk of lower limb injuries. In order to tailor training loads and durations to the needs and capacities of an individual, physical fatigue must be estimated. Different measurement devices and techniques (i.e., ergospirometers, electromyography, and motion capture systems) can be used to identify physical fatigue. The field of biomechanics has succeeded in capturing changes in human movement with optical systems, as well as with accelerometers or inertial measurement units (IMUs), the latter being more user-friendly and adaptable to real-world scenarios due to its wearable nature. There is, however, still a lack of consensus regarding the possibility of using biomechanical parameters measured with accelerometers to identify physical fatigue states in PE. Nowadays, the field of biomechanics is beginning to open towards the possibility of identifying fatigue state using machine learning algorithms. Here, we selected and summarized accelerometer-based articles that either (a) performed analyses of biomechanical parameters that change due to fatigue in the lower limbs or (b) performed fatigue identification based on features including biomechanical parameters. We performed a systematic literature search and analysed 39 articles on running, jumping, walking, stair climbing, and other gym exercises. Peak tibial and sacral acceleration were the most common measured variables and were found to significantly increase with fatigue (respectively, in 6/13 running articles and 2/4 jumping articles). Fatigue classification was performed with an accuracy between 78% and 96% and Pearson’s correlation with an RPE (rate of perceived exertion) between r = 0.79 and r = 0.95. We recommend future effort toward the standardization of fatigue protocols and methods across articles in order to generalize fatigue identification results and increase the use of accelerometers to quantify physical fatigue in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marotta
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bouke L. Scheltinga
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Robbert van Middelaar
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Wichor M. Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bert-Jan F. van Beijnum
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
| | - Jaap H. Buurke
- Roessingh Research and Development, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands; (B.L.S.); (J.R.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (R.v.M.); (B.-J.F.v.B.)
- Roessingh Rehabilitation Centre, 7522 AH Enschede, The Netherlands
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14
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Differences in Knee Extensors’ Muscle–Tendon Unit Passive Stiffness, Architecture, and Force Production in Competitive Cyclists Versus Runners. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:412-423. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To describe the possible effects of chronic specific exercise training, the present study compared the anthropometric variables, muscle–tendon unit (MTU) architecture, passive stiffness, and force production capacity between a group of competitive cyclists and runners. Twenty-seven competitive male cyclists (n = 16) and runners (n = 11) participated. B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the vastus lateralis muscle and patellar tendon as well as passive stiffness of the knee extensors MTU were assessed. The athletes then performed a test of knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Cyclists displayed greater thigh girths, vastus lateralis pennation angle and muscle thickness, patellar tendon cross-sectional area, and MTU passive stiffness than runners (P < .05). Knee extensor force production capacity also differed significantly, with cyclists showing greater values compared with runners (P < .05). Overall, the direct comparison of these 2 populations revealed specific differences in the MTU, conceivably related to the chronic requirements imposed through the training for the different disciplines.
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15
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Provot T, Nadjem A, Valdes-Tamayo L, Bourgain M, Chiementin X. Does exhaustion modify acceleration running signature? Sports Biomech 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34730472 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1974930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the acceleration signal presents a typical running signature, which allows for the extraction of reliable information. However, few studies have focused on the exhaustion-induced variability of the acceleration signature during running. The present study included 10 participants who ran at a constant speed on a treadmill until exhaustion. The participants were equipped with three accelerometers, located at the lumbar spine, tibia, and foot. The results showed that all the participants kept a constant pace throughout the test (coefficient of variation <5%). Similarities between acceleration signatures were observed using the coefficient of multiple correlation. For the longitudinal axis of the lumbar spine, the longitudinal axis of the tibia, and the anteroposterior axis of the tibia, running signatures were not affected by exhaustion (coefficient of multiple correlation >0.8). For all the other axes, the signature was impacted within and between the states of exhaustion. Signatures were particularly different for the foot sensors, which makes it difficult to use to extract reliable information. The results showed that the coefficient of multiple correlation allowed the quantification of the variability of the running signature, and that each axis and measuring point varied in how they were influenced by exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Provot
- EPF, Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, UR 4494, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Laura Valdes-Tamayo
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, UR 4494, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Bourgain
- EPF, Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, UR 4494, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Chiementin
- The MM Institut de Thermique, M´ecanique, Mat´eriaux, Universit´e de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
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16
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Roller Massage Prior to Running Does Not Affect Gait Mechanics in Well-Trained Runners. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 30:1178-1186. [PMID: 34525452 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding if roller massage prior to a run can mitigate fatigue-related decrements in muscle force production during prolonged running is important because of the association between fatigue and running-related injury. OBJECTIVE The authors investigated whether a bout of roller massage prior to running would (1) mitigate fatigue-related increases in vertical average load rate and free moment of the ground reaction force of running and (2) mitigate decreases in maximal countermovement jump height. DESIGN Repeated-measures study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 14 recreational endurance athletes (11 men and 3 women) volunteered for the study. INTERVENTIONS A 12.5-minute foam roller protocol for the lower extremities and a fatiguing 30-minute treadmill run. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vertical average load rate, free moment, and maximal jump height before (PRE) and after (POST) the fatiguing treadmill run on separate experimental days: once where participants sat quietly prior to the fatiguing run (REST) and another where the foam roller protocol was performed prior to the run (ROLL). RESULTS A 2-way multiple analysis of variance found no significant differences in vertical average load rate, free moment, and jump height between PRE/POST times in both REST/ROLL conditions. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that recreational endurance athletes maintain running mechanics and jump performance after a fatiguing run regardless of prerun roller massage and may not rely on prerun roller massage as a form of injury prevention.
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Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Modification of Angular Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters during Running after Central and Peripheral Fatigue. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue causes kinematics modifications during running, and it could be related to injuries. The aim was to identify and compare the effects of central and peripheral fatigue on angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters during running. Angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters were evaluated using an infrared motion capture system and were registered during 2 min treadmill running in pre- and post-fatigue states in eighteen male recreational runners. Central fatigue was induced by a 30 min running fatigue protocol on a treadmill, while peripheral fatigue in quadriceps and hamstrings muscles was induced by an isokinetic dynamometer fatigue protocol. Central fatigue increased the anterior shank oscillation during the initial contact, knee flexion during the maximum absorption, posterior shank oscillation during propulsion, and stance time (p < 0.05). Peripheral fatigue decreased ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and increased knee flexion and posterior shank oscillation during propulsion (p < 0.05). Moreover, central fatigue increased to a greater extent the hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and maximum absorption as well as stance time and propulsion time (p < 0.05). These results suggested that central fatigue causes greater increases in the range of movements during the midstance than peripheral fatigue.
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19
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Encarnación-Martínez A, Catalá-Vilaplana I, Berenguer-Vidal R, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Ochoa-Puig B, Pérez-Soriano P. Treadmill and Running Speed Effects on Acceleration Impacts: Curved Non-Motorized Treadmill vs. Conventional Motorized Treadmill. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5475. [PMID: 34065387 PMCID: PMC8160945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the popularity of running can be seen over the last decades, with a large number of injuries on it. Most of the running injuries are related to impact accelerations and are due to overuse. In order to reduce the risk of injury or to improve performance and health new treadmill designs have been created, as it can be the curved non-motorized treadmill. The aim of this study was to analyse impact accelerations, spatio-temporal parameters and perceptual differences while running on curved non-motorized treadmill (cNMT) compared to motorized treadmill (MT) at different speeds. Therefore, 27 recreational runners completed two tests consisting of 10 min warm-up and three bouts of 8 min running at 2.77 m/s, 3.33 m/s and self-selected speed on cNMT and MT, previously randomised. Although the surface did not influence spatio-temporal parameters, a reduction in impact accelerations, head acceleration rate (mean effect size [ES] = 0.86), tibia peak (mean ES = 0.45) and tibia magnitude (mean ES = 0.55), was observed while running on cNMT in comparison with running on MT. Moreover, higher heart rate (HR) (mean ES = 0.51) and rating of perceived effort (RPE) (mean ES = 0.34) were found while running on cNMT. These findings demonstrated that higher intensity training and lower impact accelerations are experimented on cNMT, what can be used by trainers and athletes while planning training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.C.-V.); (R.S.-S.); (B.O.-P.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.C.-V.); (R.S.-S.); (B.O.-P.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Rafael Berenguer-Vidal
- Grupo de Investigación en Telecomunicaciones Avanzadas (GRITA), Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain;
| | - Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.C.-V.); (R.S.-S.); (B.O.-P.); (P.P.-S.)
- Physical Education and Sport, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Borja Ochoa-Puig
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.C.-V.); (R.S.-S.); (B.O.-P.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.C.-V.); (R.S.-S.); (B.O.-P.); (P.P.-S.)
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20
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Garcia MC, Gust G, Bazett-Jones DM. Tibial acceleration and shock attenuation while running over different surfaces in a trail environment. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1161-1165. [PMID: 33766445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased tibial axial acceleration and reduced shock attenuation are associated with running injuries and are believed to be influenced by surface type. Trail running has increased in popularity and is thought to have softer surface properties than paved surface, but it is unclear if trail surfaces influence tibial acceleration and shock attenuation. The purpose of this study was to investigate peak triaxial and resultant tibial acceleration as well as axial and resultant shock attenuation among dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces. DESIGN Fifteen recreational runners (12 females, 3 males, age=27.7±9.1 years) ran over dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces in a trail environment while instrumented with triaxial tibial and head accelerometers. METHODS Differences between tri-planar peak tibial accelerations (braking, propulsion, axial, medial, lateral, and resultant) and shock attenuations (axial and resultant) among surface types were assessed with one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests. RESULTS No significant differences were found for tibial accelerations or shock attenuations among surface types (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dirt and gravel trail running surfaces do not have lower tibial accelerations or greater shock attenuation than paved surfaces. While runners are encouraged to enjoy the psychological benefits of trail running, trail surfaces do not appear to reduce loading forces associated with running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah C Garcia
- College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, USA.
| | - Gianna Gust
- Movement Sciences Laboratory, Carroll University, USA.
| | - David M Bazett-Jones
- College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, USA; Movement Sciences Laboratory, Carroll University, USA.
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21
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Möhler F, Fadillioglu C, Stein T. Fatigue-Related Changes in Spatiotemporal Parameters, Joint Kinematics and Leg Stiffness in Expert Runners During a Middle-Distance Run. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:634258. [PMID: 33681761 PMCID: PMC7926175 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.634258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue with its underlying mechanisms and effects is a broadly discussed topic and an important phenomenon, particularly in endurance sports. Although several studies have already shown a variety of changes in running kinematics with fatigue, few of them have analyzed competitive runners and even fewer have focused on middle-distance running. Furthermore, the studies investigating fatigue-related changes have mostly reported the results in terms of discrete parameters [e.g., range of motion (RoM)] in the frontal or sagittal plane, and therefore potentially overlooked effects occurring in subphases of the gait cycle or in the transverse plane. On this basis, the goal of the present study was to analyze the effects of exhaustive middle-distance running on expert runners by means of both discrete parameters and time series analysis in 3D. In this study, 13 runners ran on a treadmill to voluntary exhaustion at their individually determined fatigue speeds which was held constant during the measurements. Kinematic data were collected by means of a 3D motion capture system. Spatiotemporal and stiffness parameters as well as the RoM of joints and of center of mass (CoM) within the stance and flight phases were calculated. Independent t-tests were performed to investigate any changes in means and coefficients of variation (CV) of these parameters between the rested (PRE) and fatigued (POST) state. Statistical parametric mapping method was applied on the time series data of the joints and the CoM. Results from this exploratory study revealed that during a middle-distance run, expert runners change their stance time, rather than their step frequency or step length in order to maintain the constant running speed as long as possible. Increased upper body movements occurred to counteract the increased angular moment of the lower body possibly due to longer stance times. These findings provide insights into adaptation strategies of expert runners during a fatiguing middle-distance run and may serve a valuable information particularly for comparisons with other group of runners (e.g., females or non-athletes) as well with other conditions (e.g., non-constant speed or interval training), and might be useful for the definition of training goals (e.g., functional core training).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cagla Fadillioglu
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Izquierdo-Renau M, Queralt A, Encarnación-Martínez A, Perez-Soriano P. Impact Acceleration During Prolonged Running While Wearing Conventional Versus Minimalist Shoes. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:182-188. [PMID: 32097102 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1726271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In recent years a sub-group of minimalist runners have emerged who aim to perform physical exercise more naturally in an attempt to reduce running-related injuries. Here we aimed to determine the effect that running with minimalist footwear in a prolonged run has on foot-impact accelerations. Method: Seventeen runners ran with minimalist and conventional shoes (MS and CS, respectively) in two separate sessions; the participants had experience with both footwear types. We measured the length and frequency of each stride, as well as the tibial and head impact acceleration every 5 minutes during a prolonged run (30 minutes at 80% of each individual's maximum aerobic speed). Results: There were significant differences in the acceleration rate in the tibia (CS: 516.1 ± 238.47 G/s and MS: 786.6 ± 238.45 G/s; p = .009) and head (CS: 73.3 ± 23.65 G/s and MS: 120.7 ± 44.13 G/s; p = .000). Our data indicate that the type of footwear increased the stride frequency and decreased length and that the impact acceleration is increased with MS compared to CS (p < .05 in both cases). However, the effect of prolonged run was not significantly different between CS and MS (p < .05). Conclusions: The peak tibia acceleration and headtibia acceleration rate indicate that the use of MS may be related to a higher risk of injury. These differences remained independently of the runners' fatigue state.
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23
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Pirscoveanu CI, Dam P, Brandi A, Bilgram M, Oliveira AS. Fatigue-related changes in vertical impact properties during normal and silent running. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:421-429. [PMID: 32951516 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1824340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Running while minimizing sound volume can reduce vertical impact loading, potentially reducing injury risks. Fatigue can increase the vertical loading rate during running, but it is unknown whether fatigue influences silent running similarly. This study aimed to explore the differences in vertical impact properties during normal and silent running following a fatiguing task. Seventeen participants performed overground running (normal and silent) before and after a fatiguing running protocol. Running footfall sounds were collected using four microphones surrounding a force platform on the track. Peak impact sound, vertical impact peak force (IPF), instantaneous (VILR), and average vertical loading rate (VALR) were compared from Pre- to Post-fatigue. Peak impact sounds were significantly greater for fatigued runners during normal running when compared to silent running (p < 0.005), without changes in force parameters. Moreover, peak impact sounds, IPF, VILR, and VALR from normal running were greater when compared to silent running (p < 0.001), both fresh or fatigued. Our results suggest that fatigue may not compromise silent running technique, which may be relevant to reduce early vertical impact loading. Therefore, runners seeking to modify running style towards the reduction of impact loading may benefit from including silent running drills in their training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Dam
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - August Brandi
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malthe Bilgram
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
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Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Priego-Quesada JI, Aparicio I, Pérez-Soriano P, Ortiz de Anda RMC. Effect of prefabricated thermoformable foot orthoses on plantar surface temperature after running: A gender comparison. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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MILNER CLAREE, HAWKINS JILLIANL, AUBOL KEVING. Tibial Acceleration during Running Is Higher in Field Testing Than Indoor Testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1361-1366. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior–posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θROM) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a “soft landing” strategy, achieved by an increased θROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.
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Hanley B, Tucker CB. Reliability of the OptoJump Next System for Measuring Temporal Values in Elite Racewalking. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3438-3443. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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García-Pinillos F, García-Ramos A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Latorre-Román PÁ, Roche-Seruendo LE. How Do Spatiotemporal Parameters and Lower-Body Stiffness Change with Increased Running Velocity? A Comparison Between Novice and Elite Level Runners. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:25-38. [PMID: 31915473 PMCID: PMC6942482 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness of endurance runners, and the influence of the performance level on those adaptations. Twenty-two male runners (novice [NR], n = 12, and elite runners [ER], n = 10) performed an incremental running test with a total of 5 different running velocities (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 km/h). Each condition lasted 1 min (30 s acclimatization period, and 30 s recording period). Spatiotemporal parameters were measured using the OptoGait system. Vertical (Kvert) and leg (Kleg) stiffness were calculated according to the sine-wave method. A repeated measures ANOVA (2 x 5, group x velocities) revealed significant adaptations (p < 0.05) to increased velocity in all spatiotemporal parameters and Kvert in both NR and ER. ER showed a greater flight time (FT) and step angle (at 18 km/h) (p < 0.05), longer step length (SL) and lower step frequency (SF) (p < 0.05), whereas no between-group differences were found in contact time (CT) nor in the sub-phases during CT at any speed (p ≥ 0.05). ER also showed lower Kvert values at every running velocity (p < 0.05), and no differences in Kleg (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, lower SF and Kvert and, thereby, longer FT and SL, seem to be the main spatiotemporal characteristics of high-level runners compared to their low-level counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada (Granada, Spain)
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Faculty of Education (Concepción, Chile)
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Los Lagos (Osorno, Chile)
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- University of Jaen, Department of Corporal Expression. Campus de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142. 23071Jaen (Spain)
| | - Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge. Campus Universitario, A23 km 299, 50830. Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza, Spain)
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García-Pinillos F, Molina-Molina A, Párraga-Montilla JA, Latorre-Román PA. Kinematic alterations after two high-intensity intermittent training protocols in endurance runners. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:442-449. [PMID: 31534818 PMCID: PMC6742619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate running kinematic characteristics during the early and late stages of 2 high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) protocols with similar external load but different average running pace, as well as to compare the fatigue-induced changes during both HIIT protocols at a kinematic level. METHODS Eighteen endurance runners were tested on a track on 2 occasions: 10 runs of 400 m with 90-120 s recovery between running bouts (10 × 400 m), and 40 runs of 100 m with 25-30 s recovery between running bouts (40 × 100 m). Heart rate was monitored during both protocols; blood lactate accumulation and rate of perceived exertion were recorded after both exercises. A high-speed camera was used to measure sagittal-plane kinematics at the first and last runs during both HIIT protocols. The dependent variables were spatial-temporal parameters (step length and contact and flight time), joint angles during support (relative angles of the hip, knee, and ankle), and foot strike pattern. RESULTS High levels of exhaustion were reached by the athletes during both workouts (blood lactate accumulation >12 mmol/L, rate of perceived exertion >15; peak heart rate (HRpeak) > 176 bpm). A within-protocol paired t test (first vs. last run) revealed no significant changes (p ≥ 0.05) in kinematic variables during any of the HIIT sessions. A between-protocol comparison with the first run of each protocol revealed the effect of running speed on kinematics: +2.44 km/h during the 40 × 100 m: shorter contact and flight time (p ≤ 0.01) and longer step length (p = 0.001); greater hip flexion (p = 0.031) and ankle extension (p = 0.001) at initial contact; smaller knee and ankle flexion (p < 0.001) at midstance; and greater hip extension at toe-off (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION HIIT sessions including runs for 15-90 s and performed at intensity above the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake did not consistently perturb the running kinematics of trained endurance runners.
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Sheerin KR, Reid D, Besier TF. The measurement of tibial acceleration in runners-A review of the factors that can affect tibial acceleration during running and evidence-based guidelines for its use. Gait Posture 2019; 67:12-24. [PMID: 30248663 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impact loading in runners, assessed by the measurement of tibial acceleration, has attracted substantial research attention. Due to potential injury links, particularly tibial fatigue fractures, tibial acceleration is also used as a clinical monitoring metric. There are contributing factors and potential limitations that must be considered before widespread implementation. AIM The objective of this review is to update current knowledge of the measurement of tibial acceleration in runners and to provide recommendations for those intending on using this measurement device in research or clinical practice. METHODS Literature relating to the measurement of tibial acceleration in steady-state running was searched. A narrative approach synthesised the information from papers written in English. A range of literature was identified documenting the selection and placement of accelerometers, the analysis of data, and the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tibial acceleration is a proxy measurement for the impact forces experienced at the tibia commonly used by clinicians and researchers. There is an assumption that this measure is related to bone stress and strain, however this is yet to be proven. Multi-axis devices should be secured firmly to the tibia to limit movement relative to the underlying bone and enable quantification of all components of acceleration. Additional frequency analyses could be useful to provide a more thorough characterisation of the signal. CONCLUSIONS Tibial accelerations are clearly affected by running technique, running velocity, lower extremity stiffness, as well as surface and footwear compliance. The interrelationships between muscle pre-activation and fatigue, stiffness, effective mass and tibial acceleration still require further investigation, as well as how changes in these variables impact on injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Sheerin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Duncan Reid
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Thor F Besier
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Bioengineering Institute and Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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31
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Lorimer AV, Keogh JWL, Hume PA. Using stiffness to assess injury risk: comparison of methods for quantifying stiffness and their reliability in triathletes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5845. [PMID: 30397548 PMCID: PMC6214235 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A review of the literature has indicated that lower body stiffness, defined as the extent to which the lower extremity joints resists deformation upon contact with the ground, may be a useful measure for assessing Achilles injury risk in triathletes. The nature of overuse injuries suggests that a variety of different movement patterns could conceivably contribute to the final injury outcome, any number and combination of which might be observed in a single individual. Measurements which incorporate both kinetics and kinematics (such as stiffness) of a movement may be better able to shed light on individuals at risk of injury, with further analysis then providing the exact mechanism of injury for the individual. Stiffness can be measured as vertical, leg or joint stiffness to model how the individual interacts with the environment upon landing. However, several issues with stiffness assessments limit the effectiveness of these measures to monitor athletes’ performance and/or injury risk. This may reflect the variety of common biomechanical stiffness calculations (dynamic, time, true leg and joint) that have been used to examine these three stiffness levels (vertical, leg and joint) across a variety of human movements (i.e. running or hopping) as well as potential issues with the reliability of these measures, especially joint stiffness. Therefore, the aims of this study were to provide a comparison of the various methods for measuring stiffness during two forms of human bouncing locomotion (running and hopping) along with the measurement reliability to determine the best methods to assess links with injury risk in triathletes. Methods Vertical, leg and joint stiffness were estimated in 12 healthy male competitive triathletes on two occasions, 7 days apart, using both running at 5.0 ms−1 and hopping (2.2 Hz) tasks. Results Inter-day reliability was good for vertical (ICC = 0.85) and leg (ICC = 0.98) stiffness using the time method. Joint stiffness reliability was poor when assessed individually. Reliability was improved when taken as the sum of the hip, knee and ankle (ICC = 0.86). The knee and ankle combination provided the best correlation with leg stiffness during running (Pearson’s Correlation = 0.82). Discussion The dynamic and time methods of calculating leg stiffness had better reliability than the “true” method. The time and dynamic methods had the best correlation with the different combinations of joint stiffness, which suggests that they should be considered for biomechanical screening of triathletes. The knee and ankle combination had the best correlation with leg stiffness and is therefore proposed to provide the most information regarding lower limb mechanics during gait in triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Lorimer
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin W L Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patria A Hume
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Martens G, Deflandre D, Schwartz C, Dardenne N, Bury T. Reproducibility of the Evolution of Stride Biomechanics During Exhaustive Runs. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:57-69. [PMID: 30429899 PMCID: PMC6231343 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Running biomechanics and its evolution that occurs over intensive trials are widely studied, but few studies have focused on the reproducibility of stride evolution in these runs. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of changes in eight biomechanical variables during exhaustive runs, using three-dimensional analysis. Ten male athletes (age: 23 ± 4 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 57.5 ± 4.4 ml02·min-1·kg-1; maximal aerobic speed: 19.3 ± 0.8 km·h-1) performed a maximal treadmill test. Between 3 to 10 days later, they started a series of three time-to-exhaustion trials at 90% of the individual maximal aerobic speed, seven days apart. During these trials eight biomechanical variables were recorded over a 20-s period every 4 min until exhaustion. The evolution of a variable over a trial was represented as the slope of the linear regression of these variables over time. Reproducibility was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients and variability was quantified as standard error of measurement. Changes in five variables (swing duration, stride frequency, step length, centre of gravity vertical and lateral amplitude) showed moderate to good reproducibility (0.48 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.72), while changes in stance duration, reactivity and foot orientation showed poor reproducibility (-0.71 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.04). Fatigue-induced changes in stride biomechanics do not follow a reproducible course across the board; however, several variables do show satisfactory stability: swing duration, stride frequency, step length and centre of gravity shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Research & Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorian Deflandre
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Schwartz
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis - LAMH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadia Dardenne
- Public Health Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bury
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Maas E, De Bie J, Vanfleteren R, Hoogkamer W, Vanwanseele B. Novice runners show greater changes in kinematics with fatigue compared with competitive runners. Sports Biomech 2017; 17:350-360. [PMID: 28730917 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1347193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue, developed over the course of a run, may cause changes in running kinematics. Training status may influence the effect of fatigue on running kinematics, since well trained, competitive runners are used to running until exhaustion, whereas novice runners are not. This study aimed to determine changes in running kinematics during an exhaustive run in both novice (NOVICE) and competitive (COMP) long-distance runners. About 15 NOVICE and 15 COMP runners performed a treadmill run, until voluntary exhaustion at 3,200 m time trial pace. Joint angles and global trunk and pelvis angles were recorded at the beginning and at the end of the run. In both groups, peak pelvic anterior tilt, pelvic rotation range of motion (both during stance phase) and ankle plantar flexion during swing phase increased after the exhaustive run. There was a significant interaction effect between group and exhaustion for peak forward trunk lean, which increased only in the NOVICE group, and for hip abduction during mid-swing, which increased in NOVICE and decreased in COMP runners. In conclusion, NOVICE runners showed larger kinematic adjustments when exhausted than COMP runners. This may affect their running performance and should be taken into account when assessing a runner's injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Maas
- a Department of Kinesiology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jorien De Bie
- a Department of Kinesiology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- b Department of Integrative Physiology , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
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Sinclair C, Svantesson U, Sjöström R, Alricsson M. Differences in Pes Planus and Pes Cavus subtalar eversion/inversion before and after prolonged running, using a two-dimensional digital analysis. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:232-239. [PMID: 28503539 PMCID: PMC5412500 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734902.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports, there is a constant discussion about the hyper-pronation and supination of the foot during loading and its relation to injuries or discomfort. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible differences in the subtalar joint in the midstance phase of running, between individuals with Pes Planus and Pes Cavus, after 5 min and 45 min of running. Thirty-four subjects, meeting the requirements for Pes Planus (30 feet) and Pes Cavus (35 feet), according to the criteria for Medial Longitudinal Arch-angle, were included in the study. The calcaneal vertical angle, representing the eversion/inversion of the subtalar joint, was measured using with two-dimensional digital analysis and Dartfish Software with the subjects running barefoot on a treadmill, before and after 45 min of outside running wearing shoes. Both individuals with Pes Cavus and Pes Planus showed a significant increase in the calcaneal eversion (P<0.05) after 45 min of running. Between the groups, there was a significantly greater eversion of the Pes Planus, on the right foot, after 45 min of running (P<0.05) compared to the Pes Cavus. The effect of fatigue evident in the present study suggests that further biomechanical research should be considered when exposing the foot to the repetitive nature of running, conditions most likely responsible for the overrepresented overuse injuries among runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla Svantesson
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sport Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Rita Sjöström
- Region Jämtland Härjedalen, Unit of Research Education & Development, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Marie Alricsson
- Department of Sports Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Swedish Winter Sport Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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García-Pinillos F, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román PA. How does high-intensity intermittent training affect recreational endurance runners? Acute and chronic adaptations: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:54-67. [PMID: 30356547 PMCID: PMC6188912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short- and long-term. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (for cross-sectional studies). RESULTS Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional (n = 15) and intervention studies (n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run (CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively. CONCLUSION HIIT-based running plans (2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.
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Hähni M, Hirschmüller A, Baur H. The effect of foot orthoses with forefoot cushioning or metatarsal pad on forefoot peak plantar pressure in running. J Foot Ankle Res 2016; 9:44. [PMID: 27891180 PMCID: PMC5112690 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-016-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foot orthoses are frequently used in sports for the treatment of overuse complaints with sufficient evidence available for certain foot-related overuse pathologies like plantar fasciitis, rheumatoid arthritis and foot pain (e.g., metatarsalgia). One important aim is to reduce plantar pressure under prominent areas like metatarsal heads. For the forefoot region, mainly two common strategies exist: metatarsal pad (MP) and forefoot cushioning (FC). The aim of this study was to evaluate which of these orthosis concepts is superior in reducing plantar pressure in the forefoot during running. Methods Twenty-three (13 female, 10 male) asymptomatic runners participated in this cross-sectional experimental trial. Participants ran in a randomised order under the two experimental (MP, FC) conditions and a control (C) condition on a treadmill (2.78 ms−1) for 2 min, respectively. Plantar pressure was measured with the in-shoe plantar pressure measurement device pedar-x®-System and mean peak pressure averaged from ten steps in the forefoot (primary outcome) and total foot was analysed. Insole comfort was measured with the Insole Comfort Index (ICI, sum score 0–100) after each running trial. The primary outcome was tested using the Friedman test (α = 0.05). Secondary outcomes were analysed descriptively (mean ± SD, lower & upper 95%-CI, median and interquartile-range (IQR)). Results Peak pressure [kPa] in the forefoot was significantly lower wearing FC (281 ± 80, 95%-CI: 246–315) compared to both C (313 ± 69, 95%-CI: 283–343; p = .003) and MP (315 ± 80, 95%-CI: 280–350; p = .001). No significant difference was found between C and MP (p = .858). Peak pressures under the total foot were: C: 364 ± 82, 95%-CI: 328–399; MP: 357 ± 80, 95%-CI: 326–387; FC: 333 ± 81 95%-CI: 298–368. Median ICI sum scores were: C 50, MP 49, FC 64. Conclusions In contrast to the metatarsal pad orthosis, the forefoot cushioning orthosis achieved a significant reduction of peak pressure in the forefoot of recreational runners. Consequently, the use of a prefabricated forefoot cushioning orthosis should be favoured over a prefabricated orthosis with an incorporated metatarsal pad in recreational runners with normal height arches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13047-016-0176-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hähni
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Health, Physiotherapy, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Hirschmüller
- University Hospital Freiburg, Clinic for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiner Baur
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Health, Physiotherapy, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Tucker CB, Hanley B. Gait variability and symmetry in world-class senior and junior race walkers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1739-1744. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1235793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Tucker
- School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hanley
- School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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38
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Latorre-Román PÁ, García Pinillos F, Bujalance-Moreno P, Soto-Hermoso VM. Acute effects of high-intensity intermittent training on kinematics and foot strike patterns in endurance runners. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1247-1254. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1218038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Giandolini M, Gimenez P, Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Martin V, Rupp T, Morin JB, Samozino P, Millet GY. Effect of the Fatigue Induced by a 110-km Ultramarathon on Tibial Impact Acceleration and Lower Leg Kinematics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151687. [PMID: 27031830 PMCID: PMC4816299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultramarathon runners are exposed to a high number of impact shocks and to severe neuromuscular fatigue. Runners may manage mechanical stress and muscle fatigue by changing their running kinematics. Our purposes were to study (i) the effects of a 110-km mountain ultramarathon (MUM) on tibial shock acceleration and lower limb kinematics, and (ii) whether kinematic changes are modulated according to the severity of neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners participated in the study. Pre- and post-MUM, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) central and peripheral fatigue, and a treadmill running bouts was completed during which step frequency, peak acceleration, median frequency and impact frequency content were measured from tibial acceleration, as well as foot-to-treadmill, tibia-to-treadmill, and ankle flexion angles at initial contact, and ankle range of motion using video analysis. Large neuromuscular fatigue, including peripheral changes and deficits in voluntary activation, was observed in KE and PF. MVC decrements of ~35% for KE and of ~28% for PF were noted. Among biomechanical variables, step frequency increased by ~2.7% and the ankle range of motion decreased by ~4.1% post-MUM. Runners adopting a non rearfoot strike pre-MUM adopted a less plantarflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM while those adopting a rearfoot strike pre-MUM tended to adopt a less dorsiflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM. Positive correlations were observed between percent changes in peripheral PF fatigue and the ankle range of motion. Peripheral PF fatigue was also significantly correlated to both percent changes in step frequency and the ankle angle at contact. This study suggests that in a fatigued state, ultratrail runners use compensatory/protective adjustments leading to a flatter foot landing and this is done in a fatigue dose-dependent manner. This strategy may aim at minimizing the overall load applied to the musculoskeletal system, including impact shock and muscle stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pierrick J. Arnal
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Team, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA3533), Université Blaise Pascal Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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García-Pinillos F, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román PÁ. Do Running Kinematic Characteristics Change over a Typical HIIT for Endurance Runners? J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2907-17. [PMID: 26890973 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
García-Pinillos, F, Soto-Hermoso, VM, and Latorre-Román, PÁ. Do running kinematic characteristics change over a typical HIIT for endurance runners?. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2907-2917, 2016-The purpose of this study was to describe kinematic changes that occur during a common high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) session for endurance runners. Twenty-eight male endurance runners participated in this study. A high-speed camera was used to measure sagittal-plane kinematics at the first and the last run during a HIIT (4 × 3 × 400 m). The dependent variables were spatial-temporal variables, joint angles during support and swing, and foot strike pattern. Physiological variables, rate of perceived exertion, and athletic performance were also recorded. No significant changes (p ≥ 0.05) in kinematic variables were found during the HIIT session. Two cluster analyses were performed, according to the average running pace-faster vs. slower, and according to exhaustion level reached-exhausted group vs. nonexhausted group (NEG). At first run, no significant differences were found between groups. As for the changes induced by the running protocol, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between faster and slower athletes at toe-off in θhip and θknee, whereas some changes were found in NEG in θhip during toe-off (+4.3°) and θknee at toe-off (-5.2°) during swing. The results show that a common HIIT session for endurance runners did not consistently or substantially perturb the running kinematics of trained male runners. Additionally, although some differences between groups have been found, neither athletic performance nor exhaustion level reached seems to be determinant in the kinematic response during a HIIT, at least for this group of moderately trained endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- 1Department of Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain; 2Department of Sport and Physical Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and 3University Institute Sport & Health, iMUDS, Granada, Spain
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Willson JD, Loss JR, Willy RW, Meardon SA. Sex differences in running mechanics and patellofemoral joint kinetics following an exhaustive run. J Biomech 2015; 48:4155-4159. [PMID: 26525514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Patellofemoral joint pain (PFP) is a common running-related injury that is more prevalent in females and thought to be associated with altered running mechanics. Changes in running mechanics have been observed following an exhaustive run but have not been analyzed relative to the sex bias for PFP. The purpose of this study was to test if females demonstrate unique changes in running mechanics associated with PFP following an exhaustive run. For this study, 18 females and 17 males ran to volitional exhaustion. Peak PFJ contact force and stress, PFJ contact force and stress loading rates, hip adduction excursion, and hip and knee joint frontal plane angular impulse were analyzed between females and males using separate 2 factor ANOVAs (2 (male/female)×2 (before/after exhaustion)). We observed similar changes in running mechanics among males and females over the course of the exhaustive run. Specifically, greater peak PFJ contact force loading rate (5%, P=.01), PFJ stress loading rate (5%, P<.01), hip adduction excursion (1.3°, P<.01), hip abduction angular impulse (4%, P<.01), knee abduction angular impulse (5%, P=.03), average vertical ground reaction force loading rate (10%, P<.01) and step length (2.1cm, P=.001) were observed during exhausted running. These small changes in suspected PFP pathomechanical factors may increase a runner׳s propensity for PFP. However, unique changes in female running mechanics due to exhaustion do not appear to contribute to the sex bias for PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Willson
- East Carolina University, Department of Physical Therapy, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Justin R Loss
- East Carolina University, Department of Physical Therapy, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Proaxis Physical Therapy, 304 W Weaver Street, Suite 103, Carrboro, NC 27510, United States
| | - Richard W Willy
- East Carolina University, Department of Physical Therapy, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Stacey A Meardon
- East Carolina University, Department of Physical Therapy, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Niederer D, Vogt L, Pippig T, Wall R, Banzer W. Local Muscle Fatigue and 3D Kinematics of the Cervical Spine in Healthy Subjects. J Mot Behav 2015; 48:155-63. [PMID: 26180902 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1058241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors aimed to further explore the effects of local muscle fatigue on cervical 3D kinematics and the interrelationship between these kinematic characteristics and local muscle endurance capacity in the unimpaired cervical spine. Twenty healthy subjects (38 ± 10 years; 5 women) performed 2 × 10 maximal cervical flexion-extension movements. Isometric muscle endurance tests (prone/supine lying) were applied between sets to induce local muscle fatigue quantified by Borg scale rates of perceived exertion (RPE) and slope in mean power frequency (MPF; surface electromyography; m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. splenius capitis). Cervical motion characteristics (maximal range of motion [ROM], coefficient of variation of the 10 repetitive movements, mean angular velocity, conjunct movements in transversal and frontal plane) were calculated from raw 3D ultrasonic movement data. Average isometric strength testing duration for flexion and extension correlated to the cervical ROM (r = .49/r = .48; p < .05). However, Student's t test demonstrated no significant alterations in any kinematic parameter following local muscle fatigue (p > .05). Although subjects' cervical muscle endurance capacity and motor output seems to be conjugated, no impact of local cervical muscle fatigue on motor function was shown. These findings underline the importance of complementary measures to address muscular performance and kinematic characteristics in outcome assessment and functional rehabilitation of the cervical spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Niederer
- a Department of Sports Medicine , Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- a Department of Sports Medicine , Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Torsten Pippig
- b Department of Clinical Aviation Medicine , German Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine , Fürstenfeldbruck , Germany
| | - Rudolf Wall
- a Department of Sports Medicine , Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- a Department of Sports Medicine , Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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Giandolini M, Pavailler S, Samozino P, Morin JB, Horvais N. Foot strike pattern and impact continuous measurements during a trail running race: proof of concept in a world-class athlete. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2015.1026944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Sébastien Pavailler
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, Department of Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University of Nice Sofia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
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García-Pérez JA, Pérez-Soriano P, Llana Belloch S, Lucas-Cuevas ÁG, Sánchez-Zuriaga D. Effects of treadmill running and fatigue on impact acceleration in distance running. Sports Biomech 2014; 13:259-66. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2014.909527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Karg M, Venture G, Hoey J, Kulic D. Human Movement Analysis as a Measure for Fatigue: A Hidden Markov-Based Approach. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2014; 22:470-81. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2013.2291327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vähä-Ypyä H, Vasankari T, Husu P, Suni J, Sievänen H. A universal, accurate intensity-based classification of different physical activities using raw data of accelerometer. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:64-70. [PMID: 24393233 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerometers are increasingly used for objective assessment of physical activity. However, because of lack of the proprietary analysis algorithms, direct comparisons between accelerometer brands are difficult. In this study, we propose and evaluate open source methods for commensurate assessment of raw accelerometer data irrespective of the brand. DESIGN Twenty-one participants carried simultaneously three different tri-axial accelerometers on their waist during five different sedentary activities and five different intensity levels of bipedal movement from slow walking to running. Several time and frequency domain traits were calculated from the measured raw data, and their performance in classifying the activities was compared. RESULTS Of the several traits, the mean amplitude deviation (MAD) provided consistently the best performance in separating the sedentary activities and different speeds of bipedal movement from each other. Most importantly, the universal cut-off limits based on MAD classified sedentary activities and different intensity levels of walking and running equally well for all three accelerometer brands and reached at least 97% sensitivity and specificity in each case. CONCLUSION Irrespective of the accelerometer brand, a simply calculable MAD with universal cut-off limits provides a universal method to evaluate physical activity and sedentary behaviour using raw accelerometer data. A broader application of the present approach is expected to render different accelerometer studies directly comparable with each other.
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Giandolini M, Gimenez P, Millet GY, Morin JB, Samozino P. Consequences of an ultra-trail on impact and lower limb kinematics in male and female runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2013.799527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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CLANSEY AC, HANLON MICHAEL, WALLACE ERICS, LAKE MARKJ. Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics Associated with Tibial Stress Fracture Risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1917-23. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318259480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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