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Wang X, Lai B, Yan R, Li Y, Ning B, Wang Q. Enhancing physiological recovery and subsequent exercise performance in the heat using a phase-change material cooling blanket. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103810. [PMID: 38350267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of a phase-change material (PCM) cooling blanket for cooling between exercise bouts on recovery of physiological parameters and subsequent exercise performance in the heat. Eighteen male volunteers were recruited to participate in human trials involving two exhaustive treadmill running bouts (Bout1 for 3 km and Bout2 for 1.5 km) in a climate chamber (temperature = 33 °C; relative humidity = 40%). Participants were randomly subjected to one of two cooling conditions for a 10-min period between exercise bouts: CON: natural cooling; 10-min PCM: with a PCM cooling blanket for 10 min. Several physiological parameters including mean skin temperature (Tskin), oral temperature (Toral), core temperature (Tcore), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), average running speed and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale score were analyzed. The results showed that compared to the CON group, participants in the 10-min PCM group had a significant lower Tskin, Tcore, HR and RR at post-cooling, as well as greater reductions in mean skin temperature (ΔTskin) and core temperature (ΔTcore) from post-Bout1 to post-cooling. Additionally, the 10-min PCM group exhibited significantly lower peak Tcore, peak HR and RPE scale score during Bout2, while the average running speed during Bout2 was significantly higher. The present study suggests that cooling with a PCM cooling blanket can enhance physiological recovery and subsequent exercise performance in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.8 of East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.8 of East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Air Force Medical Center of China, No.30 of Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Reed EL, Chapman CL, Whittman EK, Park TE, Larson EA, Kaiser BW, Comrada LN, Wiedenfeld Needham K, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Cardiovascular and mood responses to an acute bout of cold water immersion. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103727. [PMID: 37866096 PMCID: PMC10842018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cold water immersion (CWI) may provide benefits for physical and mental health. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of CWI on vascular shear stress and affect (positive and negative). Sixteen healthy adults (age: 23 ± 4 y; (9 self-reported men and 7 self-reported women) completed one 15-min bout of CWI (10 °C). Self-reported affect (positive and negative) was assessed at pre-CWI (Pre), 30-min post-immersion, and 180-min post-immersion in all participants. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were measured (Doppler ultrasound) at Pre, after 1-min and 15-min of CWI, and 30-min post-immersion (n = 8). Total, antegrade, and retrograde shear stress, oscillatory shear index (OSI), and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were calculated. Venous blood samples were collected at Pre, after 1-min and 15-min of CWI, 30-min post-immersion, and 180-min post-immersion (n = 8) to quantify serum β-endorphins and cortisol. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Fisher's least significance difference and compared to Pre. Positive affect did not change (ANOVA p = 0.450) but negative affect was lower at 180-min post-immersion (p < 0.001). FVC was reduced at 15-min of CWI and 30-min post-immersion (p < 0.020). Total and antegrade shear and OSI were reduced at 30-min post-immersion (p < 0.040) but there were no differences in retrograde shear (ANOVA p = 0.134). β-endorphins did not change throughout the trial (ANOVA p = 0.321). Cortisol was lower at 180-min post-immersion (p = 0.014). An acute bout of CWI minimally affects shear stress patterns but may benefit mental health by reducing negative feelings and cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Reed
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Emma K Whittman
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Talia E Park
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Emily A Larson
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Brendan W Kaiser
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Lindan N Comrada
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Karen Wiedenfeld Needham
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - John R Halliwill
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Christopher T Minson
- Bowerman Sports Science Center, Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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Efficacy of two intermittent cooling strategies during prolonged work-rest intervals in the heat with personal protective gear compared with a control condition. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1125-1134. [PMID: 36651993 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personal protective equipment (PPE) inhibits heat dissipation and elevates heat strain. Impaired cooling with PPE warrants investigation into practical strategies to improve work capacity and mitigate exertional heat illness. PURPOSE Examine physiological and subjective effects of forearm immersion (FC), fan mist (MC), and passive cooling (PC) following three intermittent treadmill bouts while wearing PPE. METHODS Twelve males (27 ± 6 years; 57.6 ± 6.2 ml/kg/min; 78.3 ± 8.1 kg; 183.1 ± 7.2 cm) performed three 50-min (10 min of 40%, 70%, 40%, 60%, 50% vVO2max) treadmill bouts in the heat (36 °C, 30% relative humidity). Thirty minutes of cooling followed each bout, using one of the three strategies per trial. Rectal temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst, thermal sensation (TS), and fatigue were obtained. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (condition x time) detected differences between interventions. RESULTS Final Tcore was similar between trials (P > .05). Cooling rates were larger in FC and MC vs PC following bout one (P < .05). HRR was greatest in FC following bouts two (P = .013) and three (P < .001). Tsk, fluid consumption, and sweat rate were similar between all trials (P > .05). TS and fatigue during bout three were lower in MC, despite similar Tcore and HR. CONCLUSION Utilizing FC and MC during intermittent work in the heat with PPE yields some thermoregulatory and cardiovascular benefit, but military health and safety personnel should explore new and novel strategies to mitigate risk and maximize performance under hot conditions while wearing PPE.
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Wen M, Liu G, Li W, Xie T, Zhang Y, Qin F, Zhao J. Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008710. [PMID: 36388113 PMCID: PMC9663926 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of mixed-cooling strategies, which combines external (cooling vest + neck cooled collar) and internal cooling (cold sports drink ingestion) on measures of executive function during simulated tennis in hot/humid conditions. In a counterbalanced design (randomised order), eight males undertook two trials [one with the mixed-cooling strategy, (MCOOL condition) and another without (CON condition)] in a climate chamber (36.5°C, 50% relative humidity). All subjects completed an intermittent treadmill protocol simulating a three-set tennis match with a 90-second break during odd-numbered games and 120-second breaks between sets, in accordance with the activity profile and International Tennis Federation rules. The mixed-cooling strategies were adopted before test and break time during the simulated tennis match. Stroop task, 2-back task, More-odd shifting task, gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), skin temperature, blood lactic acid (BLA), heart rate, urine specific gravity (USG), sweat rate (SR), thermal sensation (TS) and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Results showed that the mean exercise time was longer in the MCOOL condition than in the CON condition. The SR was greater in CON trial compared with that in MCOOL trial. Results of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that time×condition interactions were significant in BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. There were main effects of condition for Tgi, HR, TS, RPE, BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. In a hot/wet environment, pre- and intermittent mixed-cooling strategies can significantly improve exercise time and measures of executive function of tennis players in a simulated tennis match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglang Wen
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozheng Liu
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencan Li
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xie
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Qin
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- Su Bingtian Center for Speed Research and Training, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Qin, ; Jiexiu Zhao,
| | - Jiexiu Zhao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Qin, ; Jiexiu Zhao,
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Direct Effect of Local Cryotherapy on Muscle Stimulation, Pain and Strength in Male Office Workers with Lateral Epicondylitis, Non-Randomized Clinical Trial Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050879. [PMID: 35628016 PMCID: PMC9140546 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Local cryotherapy (LC) is one of the physiotherapeutic methods used in the conservative treatment of lateral epicondylitis (LE). The aim of the study was to verify the direct effect of a single LC procedure on the clinical symptoms of lateral epicondylitis enthesopathy (pain, pain free grip, PFG) and its effect on the bioelectrical properties of the wrist extensor muscles at rest, on maximal contraction and isometric contraction during fatigue. Methods: The study group was 28 men (35.4 ± 6.13 years) with confirmed unilateral epicondylitis. The performed procedures included the assessment of pain (visual analogue scale, VAS), PFG and ARMS (root-mean-square amplitude) and mean frequencies (MNF) of the sEMG signal before (T0) and after (T1) LC on the side with enthesopathy (ECRE) and without enthesopathy (ECRN/E). Results: There was an increase in the ARMS values of the signals recorded during rest and MVC from the ECR muscles both with and without enthesopathy (p = 0.0001, p = 0.006), an increased PFG after LC only on the side with LE (p < 0.0001) and decreased pain (p < 0.0001). During isometric fatigue contraction, a higher ARMS on both the ECRE side (p < 0.0001) and the ECRN/E side (p < 0.0001) was observed after LC treatment, and a lower MNF was observed on both the ECRN/E side (p < 0.0001) and the ECRE side (p < 0.0001) after LC. Conclusions: LC reduces the pain and increases PFG and muscle excitation expressed by ARMS and seems to delay muscle fatigue.
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Morris NB, Jay O, Flouris AD, Casanueva A, Gao C, Foster J, Havenith G, Nybo L. Sustainable solutions to mitigate occupational heat strain - an umbrella review of physiological effects and global health perspectives. Environ Health 2020; 19:95. [PMID: 32887627 PMCID: PMC7487490 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change is set to exacerbate occupational heat strain, the combined effect of environmental and internal heat stress on the body, threatening human health and wellbeing. Therefore, identifying effective, affordable, feasible and sustainable solutions to mitigate the negative effects on worker health and productivity, is an increasingly urgent need. OBJECTIVES To systematically identify and evaluate methods that mitigate occupational heat strain in order to provide scientific-based guidance for practitioners. METHODS An umbrella review was conducted in biomedical databases employing the following eligibility criteria: 1) ambient temperatures > 28 °C or hypohydrated participants, 2) healthy adults, 3) reported psychophysiological (thermal comfort, heart rate or core temperature) and/or performance (physical or cognitive) outcomes, 4) written in English, and 5) published before November 6, 2019. A second search for original research articles was performed to identify interventions of relevance but lacking systematic reviews. All identified interventions were independently evaluated by all co-authors on four point scales for effectiveness, cost, feasibility and environmental impact. RESULTS Following screening, 36 systematic reviews fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most effective solutions at mitigating occupational heat strain were wearing specialized cooling garments, (physiological) heat acclimation, improving aerobic fitness, cold water immersion, and applying ventilation. Although air-conditioning and cooling garments in ideal settings provide best scores for effectiveness, the limited applicability in certain industrial settings, high economic cost and high environmental impact are drawbacks for these solutions. However, (physiological) acclimatization, planned breaks, shading and optimized clothing properties are attractive alternative solutions when economic and ecological sustainability aspects are included in the overall evaluation. DISCUSSION Choosing the most effective solution or combinations of methods to mitigate occupational heat strain will be scenario-specific. However, this paper provides a framework for integrating effectiveness, cost, feasibility (indoors and outdoor) and ecologic sustainability to provide occupational health and safety professionals with evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Morris
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Ana Casanueva
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zurich Airport, Zurich, Switzerland
- Meteorology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Chuansi Gao
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Josh Foster
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Rodríguez MÁ, Piedra JV, Sánchez-Fernández M, del Valle M, Crespo I, Olmedillas H. A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2952. [PMID: 32344616 PMCID: PMC7215649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic review evaluated the effects of different pre-cooling techniques on sports performance in highly-trained athletes under high temperature conditions. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies performing pre-cooling interventions in non-acclimatized highly-trained athletes (>55 mL/kg/min of maximal oxygen consumption) under heat conditions (≥30 °C) were included. The searched reported 26 articles. Pre-cooling techniques can be external (exposure to ice water, cold packs, or cooling clothes), internal (intake of cold water or ice), or mixed. Cooling prior to exercise concluded increases in distance covered (1.5-13.1%), mean power output (0.9-6.9%), time to exhaustion (19-31.9%), work (0.1-8.5%), and mean peak torque (10.4-22.6%), as well as reductions in completion time (0.6-6.5%). Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques, being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocols. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments. This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility, as well as the time of application, obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - José Víctor Piedra
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Miguel del Valle
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Irene Crespo
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Douzi W, Dugué B, Vinches L, Al Sayed C, Hallé S, Bosquet L, Dupuy O. Cooling during exercise enhances performances, but the cooled body areas matter: A systematic review with meta‐analyses. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1660-1676. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Douzi
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)‐EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Poitiers Poitiers France
| | - Benoit Dugué
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)‐EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Poitiers Poitiers France
| | - Ludwig Vinches
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ‐ Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montréal QC Canada
| | - Chady Al Sayed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ‐ Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montréal QC Canada
| | - Stéphane Hallé
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ‐ Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montréal QC Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)‐EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Poitiers Poitiers France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)‐EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Poitiers Poitiers France
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Lynch GP, Périard JD, Pluim BM, Brotherhood JR, Jay O. Optimal cooling strategies for players in Australian Tennis Open conditions. J Sci Med Sport 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maroni T, Dawson B, Barnett K, Guelfi K, Brade C, Naylor L, Brydges C, Wallman K. Effectiveness of hand cooling and a cooling jacket on post-exercise cooling rates in hyperthermic athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:441-449. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1425484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Maroni
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kimberley Barnett
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kym Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Carly Brade
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Louise Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Chris Brydges
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Karen Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Neck Cooling Improves Table Tennis Performance amongst Young National Level Players. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010019. [PMID: 29910379 PMCID: PMC5969003 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of neck cooling on table tennis performance. Eight young, National level, male table tennis players (age 16 ± 2 years, height 1.77 ± 0.08 m, body mass 67.54 ± 10.66 kg) were recruited. Participants attended four testing sessions separated by a week. Session one determined fitness levels, and session two was a familiarisation trial. The final two sessions involved completing the table tennis-specific protocol either with (ICE) or without (CON) neck cooling for 1 min before each exercise period (bout: 80⁻90 shots), which represented an individual game. The exercise protocol required completing three bouts to represent a match, each simulating a different skill (forehand, backhand, alternate forehand and backhand), against a mechanical ball thrower. Performance was measured by the number of balls hitting two pre-determined targets. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) were measured. Total performance scores (shots on target) were significantly greater during ICE (136 ± 26), compared to CON (120 ± 25; p = 0.006) with a 15 (±12)% improvement. Effects for time (p < 0.05) but not condition (p > 0.05) were found for RPE and all other physiological variables. TS significantly decreased with cooling throughout the protocol (p = 0.03). Neck cooling appears to be beneficial for table tennis performance by lowering thermal sensation.
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Hohenauer E, Cescon C, Deliens T, Clarys P, Clijsen R. The effect of local skin cooling before a sustained, submaximal isometric contraction on fatigue and isometric quadriceps femoris performance: A randomized controlled trial. J Therm Biol 2017; 65:88-94. [PMID: 28343582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The central- and peripheral mechanisms by which heat strain limits physical performance are not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, pre-cooling is often used in an attempt to improve subsequent performance. This study compared the effects of pre-cooling vs. a pre-thermoneutral application on central- and peripheral fatigue during 60% of isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the right quadriceps femoris muscle. Furthermore, the effects between a pre-cooling and a pre-thermoneutral application on isometric MVC of the right quadriceps femoris muscle and subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were investigated. In this randomized controlled trial, 18 healthy adults voluntarily participated. The participants received either a cold (experimental) application (+8°C) or a thermoneutral (control) application (+32°C) for 20min on their right thigh (one cuff). After the application, central (fractal dimension - FD) and peripheral (muscle fiber conduction velocity - CV) fatigue was estimated using sEMG parameters during 60% of isometric MVC. Surface EMG signals were detected from the vastus medialis and lateralis using bidimensional arrays. Immediately after the submaximal contraction, isometric MVC and RPE were assessed. Participants receiving the cold application were able to maintain a 60% isometric MVC significantly longer when compared to the thermoneutral group (mean time: 78 vs. 46s; p=0.04). The thermoneutral application had no significant impact on central fatigue (p>0.05) compared to the cold application (p=0.03). However, signs of peripheral fatigue were significantly higher in the cold group compared to the thermoneutral group (p=0.008). Pre-cooling had no effect on isometric MVC of the right quadriceps muscle and ratings of perceived exertion. Pre-cooling attenuated central fatigue and led to significantly longer submaximal contraction times compared to the pre-thermoneutral application. These findings support the use of pre-cooling procedures prior to submaximal exercises of the quadriceps muscle compared to pre-thermoneutral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland; University College Physiotherapy, Thim van der Laan, Landquart, Switzerland; Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Corrado Cescon
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Tom Deliens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Peter Clarys
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland; University College Physiotherapy, Thim van der Laan, Landquart, Switzerland; Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Demartini JK, Casa DJ, Stearns R, Belval L, Crago A, Davis R, Jardine J. Effectiveness of cold water immersion in the treatment of exertional heat stroke at the Falmouth Road Race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:240-5. [PMID: 24983342 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness (speed of cooling and survival rates) of cold water immersion (CWI) in the treatment of patients with exertional heat stroke (EHS). Secondly, this study aimed to compare cooling rates on the basis of gender, age, and initial rectal temperature (Tr). METHODS Eighteen years of finish line medical tent patient records were obtained from the exertional heat illness treatment area at the Falmouth Road Race. Study participants included patients with EHS who were treated with CWI in the medical tent. The number of EHS cases was recorded for each year, and incidence was established on the basis of the number of finishers. Overall cooling rate and differences between initial Tr, age, and sex were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 274 cases of EHS was observed over the 18 yr of collected data. A mean of 15.2 ± 13.0 EHS cases per year was recorded, with an overall incidence of 2.13 ± 1.62 EHS cases per 1000 finishers. The average initial Tr was 41.44°C ± 0.63°C, and the average cooling rate for patients with EHS was 0.22°C·min ± 0.11°C·min. CWI resulted in a 100% survival rate for all patients with EHS. No significant interactions between cooling rate and initial Tr (P = 0.778), sex (P = 0.89), or age (P = 0.70) were observed. CONCLUSIONS CWI was found to effectively treat all cases of EHS observed in this study. CWI provided similar treatment outcomes in all patients, with no significant differences noted on the basis of initial Tr, age, or sex. On the basis of the 100% survival rate from EHS in this large cohort, it is recommended that immediate (on site) CWI be implemented for the treatment of EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Demartini
- 1Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; and 2Falmouth Hospital, Falmouth, MA
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14
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Randall CA, Ross EZ, Maxwell NS. Effect of Practical Precooling on Neuromuscular Function and 5-km Time-Trial Performance in Hot, Humid Conditions Among Well-Trained Male Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1925-36. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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James CA, Richardson AJ, Watt PW, Gibson OR, Maxwell NS. Physiological responses to incremental exercise in the heat following internal and external precooling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:190-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. James
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - A. J. Richardson
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - P. W. Watt
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - O. R. Gibson
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
| | - N. S. Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME); University of Brighton; Eastbourne UK
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Chan AP, Song W, Yang Y. Meta-analysis of the effects of microclimate cooling systems on human performance under thermal stressful environments: Potential applications to occupational workers. J Therm Biol 2015; 49-50:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Competitive tennis in the heat can prompt substantial sweat losses and extensive consequent body water and electrolyte deficits, as well as a level of thermal strain that considerably challenges a player's physiology, perception of effort, and on-court well-being and performance. Adequate hydration and optimal performance can be notably difficult to maintain when multiple same-day matches are played on successive days in hot weather. Despite the recognised effects of the heat, much more research needs to be carried out to better appreciate the broader scope and full extent of the physiological demands and hydration and thermal strain challenges facing junior and adult players in various environments, venues and competition scenarios. However, certain recommendations of best practices should be emphasised to minimise exertional heat illness risk and improve player safety, well-being and on-court performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford USD School of Medicine, National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute, , Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Ellenbecker
- ATP World Tour, Physiotherapy Associates Scottsdale Sports Clinic, , Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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19
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Abstract
Exertional heat-related illness (EHRI) is comprised of several states that afflict physically active persons when exercising during conditions of high environmental heat stress. Certain forms of EHRI may become life threatening if not treated. Exertional heat stroke (EHS), characterized by a core body temperature of >40 ° C and mental status changes, is the most severe form of EHRI. EHS must be treated immediately with rapid body cooling to reduce morbidity and mortality. Many EHRI cases are preventable by following heat acclimatization guidelines, modifying sports and exercise sessions during conditions of high environmental heat stress, maintaining adequate hydration, avoiding exertion in the heat when ill, and by educating sports medicine personnel, coaches, parents, and athletes on the early recognition and prevention of EHRI. Heat exhaustion, exercise-associated collapse, exercise-associated muscle cramps, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and exertional rhabdomyolysis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Nichols
- Family Medicine and Community Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, University Health Services Mānoa, 1710 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA,
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Taylor L, Mauger AR, Watkins SL, Fitch N, Brewer J, Maxwell NS, Webborn N, Castle PC. Precooling Does Not Improve 2,000-m Rowing Performance of Females in Hot, Humid Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3416-24. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Cleary MA, Toy MG, Lopez RM. Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses to intermittent cooling during exercise in a hot, humid outdoor environment. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:792-806. [PMID: 23897015 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a20f57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing core body temperature during exercise may improve exercise tolerance, facilitate acclimatization, and prevent heat illness during summer training. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent superficial cooling on thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses during exercise in a hot humid environment. We used a randomized, counterbalanced, repeated measures investigation with 2 conditions (control and cooling) during exercise and recovery outdoors on artificial turf in a hot, humid tropical climate in the sun (wet bulb globe temperature outdoors [WBGTo], 27.0 ± 0.8° C; range, 25.8-28.1° C) and in the shade (WBGTo, 25.4 ± 0.9° C; range, 24.3-26.8° C). Participants were 10 healthy males (age, 22.6 ± 1.6 years; height, 176.0 ± 6.9 cm; mass, 76.5 ± 7.8 kg; body fat, 15.6 ± 5.4%) who wore shorts and T-shirt (control) or "phase change cooling" vest (cooling) during 5-minute rest breaks during 60 minutes of intense American football training and conditioning exercises in the heat and 30 minutes of recovery in the shade. Throughout, we measured core (Tgi) and skin (Tchest) temperature, heart rate (HR), thermal and thirst sensations, and rating of perceived exertion. We found significant (p ≤ 0.001) hypohydration (-2.1%); for Tgi, we found no significant differences between conditions (p = 0.674) during exercise and progressive decreases during recovery (p < 0.001). For [INCREMENT]Tg,i we found no significant (p = 0.090) differences. For Tchest, we found significantly (p < 0.001) decreased skin temperature in the cooling condition (Tchest, 31.85 ± 0.43° C) compared with the control condition (Tchest, 34.38 ± 0.43° C) during exercise and significantly (p < 0.001) lower skin temperature in the cooling condition (Tchest, 31.24 ± 0.47° C) compared with the control condition (Tchest, 33.48 ± 0.47° C) during recovery. For HR, we found no significant difference (p = 0.586) between the conditions during exercise; however, we did find significantly (p < 0.001) lower HR during recovery. Thermal sensations were significantly (p = 0.026) decreased in the cooling (4.4 ± 0.2 points) compared with the control (5.0 ± 0.2 points) condition but not for other perceptual responses. The cooling effects of "phase change cooling" material were effective in reducing skin temperature but did not sufficiently reduce core body temperature or cardiovascular strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Cleary
- 1Athletic Training Education Program, College of Educational Studies, Chapman University, Orange, California; 2Dellarmine College Preparatory, San Jose, California; and 3Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Abstract
Running well and safely in the heat is challenging for all runners, from recreational to elite. As environmental heat stress (heat stress modulated or augmented by air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) and the intensity and duration of a training run or race increase, so are metabolic heat production, the parallel need for heat transfer from the body to maintain thermal equilibrium, the consequent increase in blood flow to the skin, and the concomitant sweating response progressively and proportionally amplified. An accumulating total body-water deficit from extensive sweating and escalating level of cardiovascular and thermal strain will, in due course, considerably challenge a runner's physiology, perception of effort, and on-course well-being and performance. However, with the appropriate preparation and modifications to planned running intensity and distance, runners can safely tolerate and effectively train and compete in a wide range of challenging environmental conditions. Clinicians play a key role in this regard as an effective resource for providing the most effective guidelines and making the best overall individual recommendations regarding training and competing in the heat.
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Versey NG, Halson SL, Dawson BT. Water immersion recovery for athletes: effect on exercise performance and practical recommendations. Sports Med 2014; 43:1101-30. [PMID: 23743793 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Water immersion is increasingly being used by elite athletes seeking to minimize fatigue and accelerate post-exercise recovery. Accelerated short-term (hours to days) recovery may improve competition performance, allow greater training loads or enhance the effect of a given training load. However, the optimal water immersion protocols to assist short-term recovery of performance still remain unclear. This article will review the water immersion recovery protocols investigated in the literature, their effects on performance recovery, briefly outline the potential mechanisms involved and provide practical recommendations for their use by athletes. For the purposes of this review, water immersion has been divided into four techniques according to water temperature: cold water immersion (CWI; ≤20 °C), hot water immersion (HWI; ≥36 °C), contrast water therapy (CWT; alternating CWI and HWI) and thermoneutral water immersion (TWI; >20 to <36 °C). Numerous articles have reported that CWI can enhance recovery of performance in a variety of sports, with immersion in 10-15 °C water for 5-15 min duration appearing to be most effective at accelerating performance recovery. However, the optimal CWI duration may depend on the water temperature, and the time between CWI and the subsequent exercise bout appears to influence the effect on performance. The few studies examining the effect of post-exercise HWI on subsequent performance have reported conflicting findings; therefore the effect of HWI on performance recovery is unclear. CWT is most likely to enhance performance recovery when equal time is spent in hot and cold water, individual immersion durations are short (~1 min) and the total immersion duration is up to approximately 15 min. A dose-response relationship between CWT duration and recovery of exercise performance is unlikely to exist. Some articles that have reported CWT to not enhance performance recovery have had methodological issues, such as failing to detect a decrease in performance in control trials, not performing full-body immersion, or using hot showers instead of pools. TWI has been investigated as both a control to determine the effect of water temperature on performance recovery, and as an intervention itself. However, due to conflicting findings it is uncertain whether TWI improves recovery of subsequent exercise performance. Both CWI and CWT appear likely to assist recovery of exercise performance more than HWI and TWI; however, it is unclear which technique is most effective. While the literature on the use of water immersion for recovery of exercise performance is increasing, further research is required to obtain a more complete understanding of the effects on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Versey
- Performance Recovery, Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, Canberra, ACT, 2616, Australia,
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Pryor RR, Casa DJ, Adams WM, Belval LN, DeMartini JK, Huggins RA, Stearns RL, Vandermark LW. Maximizing Athletic Performance in the Heat. Strength Cond J 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Jones PR, Barton C, Morrissey D, Maffulli N, Hemmings S. Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review. BMC Med 2012; 10:166. [PMID: 23249542 PMCID: PMC3568721 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance exercise capacity diminishes under hot environmental conditions. Time to exhaustion can be increased by lowering body temperature prior to exercise (pre-cooling). This systematic literature review synthesizes the current findings of the effects of pre-cooling on endurance exercise performance, providing guidance for clinical practice and further research. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases were searched in May 2012 for studies evaluating the effectiveness of pre-cooling to enhance endurance exercise performance in hot environmental conditions (≥ 28°C). Studies involving participants with increased susceptibility to heat strain, cooling during or between bouts of exercise, and protocols where aerobic endurance was not the principle performance outcome were excluded. Potential publications were assessed by two independent reviewers for inclusion and quality. Means and standard deviations of exercise performance variables were extracted or sought from original authors to enable effect size calculations. RESULTS In all, 13 studies were identified. The majority of studies contained low participant numbers and/or absence of sample size calculations. Six studies used cold water immersion, four crushed ice ingestion and three cooling garments. The remaining study utilized mixed methods. Large heterogeneity in methodological design and exercise protocols was identified. Effect size calculations indicated moderate evidence that cold water immersion effectively improved endurance performance, and limited evidence that ice slurry ingestion improved performance. Cooling garments were ineffective. Most studies failed to document or report adverse events. Low participant numbers in each study limited the statistical power of certain reported trends and lack of blinding could potentially have introduced either participant or researcher bias in some studies. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence indicates cold water immersion may be the most effective method of pre-cooling to improve endurance performance in hot conditions, although practicality must be considered. Ice slurry ingestion appears to be the most promising practical alternative. Interestingly, cooling garments appear of limited efficacy, despite their frequent use. Mechanisms behind effective pre-cooling remain uncertain, and optimal protocols have yet to be established. Future research should focus on standardizing exercise performance protocols, recruiting larger participant numbers to enable direct comparisons of effectiveness and practicality for each method, and ensuring potential adverse events are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Jones
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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26
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Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 94:149-63. [PMID: 22885279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of thermal agents on the range of movement (ROM) and mechanical properties in soft tissue and to discuss their clinical relevance. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE) were searched from their earliest available record up to May 2011 using Medical Subjects Headings and key words. We also undertook related articles searches and read reference lists of all incoming articles. STUDY SELECTION Studies involving human participants describing the effects of thermal interventions on ROM and/or mechanical properties in soft tissue. Two reviewers independently screened studies against eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted independently by 2 review authors using a customized form. Methodologic quality was also assessed by 2 authors independently, using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirty-six studies, comprising a total of 1301 healthy participants, satisfied the inclusion criteria. There was a high risk of bias across all studies. Meta-analyses were not undertaken because of clinical heterogeneity; however, effect sizes were calculated. There were conflicting data on the effect of cold on joint ROM, accessory joint movement, and passive stiffness. There was limited evidence to determine whether acute cold applications enhance the effects of stretching, and further evidence is required. There was evidence that heat increases ROM, and a combination of heat and stretching is more effective than stretching alone. CONCLUSIONS Heat is an effective adjunct to developmental and therapeutic stretching techniques and should be the treatment of choice for enhancing ROM in a clinical or sporting setting. The effects of heat or ice on other important mechanical properties (eg, passive stiffness) remain equivocal and should be the focus of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Co Antrim, Ireland.
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Minett GM, Duffield R, Kellett A, Portus M. Effects of mixed-method cooling on recovery of medium-fast bowling performance in hot conditions on consecutive days. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1387-96. [PMID: 22867101 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.709267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This investigation examined physiological and performance effects of cooling on recovery of medium-fast bowlers in the heat. Eight, medium-fast bowlers completed two randomised trials, involving two sessions completed on consecutive days (Session 1: 10-overs and Session 2: 4-overs) in 31 ± 3°C and 55 ± 17% relative humidity. Recovery interventions were administered for 20 min (mixed-method cooling vs. control) after Session 1. Measures included bowling performance (ball speed, accuracy, run-up speeds), physical demands (global positioning system, counter-movement jump), physiological (heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, sweat loss), biochemical (creatine kinase, C-reactive protein) and perceptual variables (perceived exertion, thermal sensation, muscle soreness). Mean ball speed was higher after cooling in Session 2 (118.9 ± 8.1 vs. 115.5 ± 8.6 km · h⁻¹; P = 0.001; d = 0.67), reducing declines in ball speed between sessions (0.24 vs. -3.18 km · h⁻¹; P = 0.03; d = 1.80). Large effects indicated higher accuracy in Session 2 after cooling (46.0 ± 11.2 vs. 39.4 ± 8.6 arbitrary units [AU]; P = 0.13; d = 0.93) without affecting total run-up speed (19.0 ± 3.1 vs. 19.0 ± 2.5 km · h⁻¹; P = 0.97; d = 0.01). Cooling reduced core temperature, skin temperature and thermal sensation throughout the intervention (P = 0.001-0.05; d = 1.31-5.78) and attenuated creatine kinase (P = 0.04; d = 0.56) and muscle soreness at 24-h (P = 0.03; d = 2.05). Accordingly, mixed-method cooling can reduce thermal strain after a 10-over spell and improve markers of muscular damage and discomfort alongside maintained medium-fast bowling performance on consecutive days in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Minett
- School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia.
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28
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Bleakley CM, Costello JT, Glasgow PD. Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Med 2012; 42:69-87. [PMID: 22121908 DOI: 10.2165/11595970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Applying ice or other forms of topical cooling is a popular method of treating sports injuries. It is commonplace for athletes to return to competitive activity, shortly or immediately after the application of a cold treatment. In this article, we examine the effect of local tissue cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance and to discuss their relevance to the sporting environment. A computerized literature search, citation tracking and hand search was performed up to April, 2011. Eligible studies were trials involving healthy human participants, describing the effects of cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance. Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of included trials and calculated effect sizes. Thirty five trials met the inclusion criteria; all had a high risk of bias. The mean sample size was 19. Meta-analyses were not undertaken due to clinical heterogeneity. The majority of studies used cooling durations > 20 minutes. Strength (peak torque/force) was reported by 25 studies with approximately 75% recording a decrease in strength immediately following cooling. There was evidence from six studies that cooling adversely affected speed, power and agility-based running tasks; two studies found this was negated with a short rewarming period. There was conflicting evidence on the effect of cooling on isolated muscular endurance. A small number of studies found that cooling decreased upper limb dexterity and accuracy. The current evidence base suggests that athletes will probably be at a performance disadvantage if they return to activity immediately after cooling. This is based on cooling for longer than 20 minutes, which may exceed the durations employed in some sporting environments. In addition, some of the reported changes were clinically small and may only be relevant in elite sport. Until better evidence is available, practitioners should use short cooling applications and/or undertake a progressive warm up prior to returning to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
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Resistance exercise inter-set cooling strategy: effect on performance and muscle damage. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6:580-4. [PMID: 21941011 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.6.4.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of inter-set cooling and no cooling during resistance exercise (RE) on the total repetitions and select muscle damage biomarker responses. METHODS Sixteen healthy men volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to Cooling (n = 8) or Control (n = 8) groups. They performed a RE protocol consisting of four sets of biceps curl at 80% of 1RM. The cooling group received the application of wet bags of ice during each interest rest interval (Cooling), while the Control realized the same protocol without ice application. Exercise was performed to voluntary fatigue and the numbers of repetitions per set were recorded. Subjects provided blood samples before and at 24, 48, and 72 h following RE to evaluate serum CK activity and myoglobin concentration. RESULTS The Cooling group produced a greater number of repetitions (approx. 21%) than did the Control, but there were no differences in serum CK activity and myoglobin responses between the groups. CONCLUSION Incorporating inter-set external cooling augments the number of repetitions per set during RE without inducing an additional muscle damage biomarker response.
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DeMartini JK, Ranalli GF, Casa DJ, Lopez RM, Ganio MS, Stearns RL, McDermott BP, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Comparison of Body Cooling Methods on Physiological and Perceptual Measures of Mildly Hyperthermic Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2065-74. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182259b1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boyles JG, Seebacher F, Smit B, McKechnie AE. Adaptive Thermoregulation in Endotherms May Alter Responses to Climate Change. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:676-90. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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