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Scanlon S, Norton C. Investigating Nutrition and Hydration Knowledge and Practice among a Cohort of Age-Grade Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:533. [PMID: 38398857 PMCID: PMC10891571 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimal athletic performance relies on meeting specific nutritional requirements, encompassing adequate calorie intake, macronutrient intake, and hydration. Misinformation or misconceptions about these necessities are prevalent among young athletes. This study investigated nutrition and hydration knowledge and practices among 28 male rugby union players aged 16 to 17, participating in Munster Rugby's 2023 Summer Age-Grade Development Programme, specifically the U18's Schools Squad. The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire assessed nutrition knowledge, while the Hydration Assessment Questionnaire evaluated hydration knowledge. Urinalysis for hydration status utilised urine specific gravity measurements pre-exercise on five separate days (1.018 ± 0.008 Usg). Dietary intake was recorded using a 3-day estimated food intake record on the Libro App, analysed with Nutritics software(Version 9.50). Suboptimal nutrition knowledge (49.6 ± 8.2%) and dietary practices were observed, with incongruent nutrient intakes compared to recommendations for adolescent athletes. While superior hydration knowledge (79.0 (77.3, 83.6) %) was evident, pre-exercise urine specific gravity readings indicated significant variation (p < 0.001) and signs of dehydration (USG > 1.020 Usg). No statistically significant correlations were found between knowledge and practices. The study highlights suboptimal nutrition and hydration knowledge and practices in youth athletes, suggesting the need for tailored support and educational interventions to enhance their overall health and performance. Further investigation into barriers and facilitators to dietary adherence is recommended for more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Scanlon
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Sport & Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Kumazaki A, Fujimoto T, Matsuura Y. Longitudinal Development of Physical Characteristics and Function in Japanese Junior Rugby Union Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1038-1046. [PMID: 37500081 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To longitudinally investigate the development of physical characteristics and function during 3 years of high school among Japanese junior rugby players and examine the differences in these parameters between the positions. METHODS In 83 junior rugby players (forwards: n = 46, backs: n = 37) from one Japanese high school team who had participated in national high school competitions, anthropometric variables (height, body mass, fat and lean body mass, and body mass index), upper- and lower-body strength (eg, 1-repetition-maximum [1RM] bench press, isokinetic knee muscle strength at 60°/s and 180°/s), and sprint and jump performance were measured. Upper- and lower-body strength relative to body mass and lean body mass were also calculated. RESULTS All anthropometric indices improved with increasing age, and the values were higher in forwards than in backs (all P < .05). The 1-repetition maximum bench press (forwards: 40.8%, backs: 52.5%) and isokinetic knee strength (eg, extension at 60°/s, forwards: 15.4%, backs: 10.0%) improved with age (from 16 to 18 y), and they were higher in forwards than in backs (all P < .05). Meanwhile, the 1RM bench press relative to lean body mass did not differ between the positions. Isokinetic knee muscle strength at 60°/s and 180°/s relative to lean body mass and sprint and jump performance did not improve with age. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Japanese junior rugby players need to develop larger physiques and continuously increase their lower-body strength to improve sprint and jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kumazaki
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
| | - Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
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Body Composition Asymmetry in University Rugby Players: Influence of Sex, Position, and Injury. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:385-394. [PMID: 36724794 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Measures of side-to-side asymmetry in body composition may help identify players who are predisposed to lower limb injuries (LLI) or lower back pain (LBP). This study aimed to examine (1) side-to-side asymmetry in college rugby players according to sex and position and (2) whether side-to-side asymmetry is associated with LBP or LLI. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty-six rugby players (61% female) underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment for total and regional (appendicular, truncal) outcomes of fat mass, lean mass, and bone mass. A subsample (n = 23) of players had a second dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment 2 months postbaseline. Two-way analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of position (forward and backs) and sex on body composition asymmetry. Student paired t tests were used to assess side-to-side difference in body composition and compare baseline and follow-up measures. Logistic regression was used to assess possible associations between LLI, LBP, and the degree of side-to-side asymmetry in body composition. RESULTS Male players had greater asymmetry in arm bone mass compared with female players (P = .026), and trunk fat mass asymmetry was greater in forwards as compared with backs (P = .017). Forwards had significantly greater fat mass (P = .004) and percentage of fat (P = .048) on the right leg compared with the left. Backs had significantly greater bone mass in the right arm compared with the left (P = .015). From baseline to postseason, forwards had a significant increase in side-to-side asymmetry in arm lean mass (P = .006) and a significant decrease in side-to-side asymmetry in leg fat mass (P = .032). In backs, side-to-side asymmetry at baseline compared with postseason was significantly different (P = .011) for trunk fat mass. There were no significant associations between body composition asymmetry, LLI, or LBP by sex or position. CONCLUSION Our results revealed the presence of side-to-side asymmetries in body composition in university rugby players between sex and position. The amount of asymmetry, however, was not associated with LBP and LLI.
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Brustio PR, Kelly AL, Lupo C, Ungureanu AN. The Influence of Contextual Factors on the Relative Age Effect in Male International Rugby Union: The Impact of Sociocultural Influences and Playing Position. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121941. [PMID: 36553385 PMCID: PMC9777006 DOI: 10.3390/children9121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is not only to establish whether the relative age effect (RAE) exists in male international rugby union players, but also to investigate the impact of sociocultural influences (i.e., northern and southern hemispheres) and playing position (i.e., backs, forwards, and scrum-halves). The birth date and the playing position of 7144 senior male professional rugby players included in the rosters of the season 2020−2021 were collected from the top 10 nations of the World Rugby rankings (i.e., Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, and Wales). Data were analyzed using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test to compare the observed and expected birth quarter (Q) distributions. Results showed that relatively older players were overrepresented in all the sample (p < 0.001; Q1 = 28.8% vs. Q4 = 20.3%). In players competing in both hemispheres, the RAE was weak despite a more pronounced RAE emerging for southern players. In addition, the RAE was present in backs and forwards, but inconsistent for scrum-halves. In general, the data suggest that relatively older players may be more likely to reach expertise at senior levels than their later-born peers, and that the effect was consistent in different sociocultural contexts as well as in backs and forwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- NeuroMuscularFunction, Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Adam Leigh Kelly
- Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Faculty of Health, Education, and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, West Midlands, UK
| | - Corrado Lupo
- NeuroMuscularFunction, Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru Nicolae Ungureanu
- NeuroMuscularFunction, Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Zabaloy S, Giráldez J, Fink B, Alcaraz PE, Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Loturco I. Strength Deficit in Elite Young Rugby Players: Differences Between Playing Positions and Associations With Sprint and Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:920-926. [PMID: 35318999 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zabaloy, S, Giráldez, J, Fink, B, Alcaraz, PE, Pereira, LA, Freitas, TT, and Loturco, I. Strength deficit in elite young rugby players: Differences between playing positions and associations with sprint and jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 920-926, 2022-The aims of this study were twofold: to compare the strength-related performance between young forwards and backs rugby players and to examine the correlations between strength deficit (SDef), strength parameters, and sprint and jump performance. Fifty-seven male rugby players (mean ± SD: age, 17.4 ± 1.3 years) performed anthropometric and body composition assessments, vertical jumps, 30-m sprint, and squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) 1-repetition maximum tests (1RM SQ and BP). The differences in the tested variables between positions were analyzed through an independent t-test. A Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationships among the variables. Significant differences were observed for anthropometric and body composition measures and jump and sprint performance between positions (p < 0.05; effect size [ES]: 0.60-1.34), except for 5-m velocity (p = 0.080; ES: 0.57). Backs demonstrated higher relative 1RM than forwards in both exercises (p = 0.009 and p = 0.008; ES = 0.88 and 0.91, for SQ and BP, respectively). In addition, backs demonstrated lower SDef from 70 to 90% 1RM (p < 0.048) but small-to-moderate nonsignificant lower SDef against lighter loads compared with forwards (50-60% 1RM). Overall, SDef across all loads (r: -0.378 to -0.529) and 1RM SQ (r: 0.504 to -0.590) were significantly related to sprint performance. Therefore, young rugby players who present lower magnitudes of SDef and superior 1RM SQ performance tend to be faster in linear sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Julián Giráldez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Braian Fink
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
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Baba T, Joyce M, Boibluche S, Hu X, McGrath D, Dubois R, Nicolas G, Prioux J. Aerobic fitness and isokinetic knee strength of semi-professional rugby union players: a comparison between backs and forwards. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:636-644. [PMID: 33472345 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the physical fitness characteristics of semi-professional rugby union (RU) players using VO<inf>2max</inf> (mL. min-1. kg-1), knee peak torque (PT), mean power (MP), hamstring: quadriceps (H:Q) ratio and basic anthropometrics characteristics and to compare backs and forwards across these same characteristics. METHODS VO<inf>2max</inf> and ventilatory threshold (VT) as a percentage of VO<inf>2max</inf> were measured using the Bruce protocol maximal graded test. Knee strength test PT, MP and H:Q were analyzed using the isokinetic dynamometer test. Basic anthropometrics measures were obtained by measures of body mass, height (from Tanita Body Composition Analysis; Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). While fat mass was measured using skinfold thicknesses taking from different body parts. Twenty-five semi-professional players aged (26.3±0.9 years) from the same team were recruited for the study. Mean experimental values from maximal graded test and isokinetic dynamometer test were analyzed using t-tests from the SigmaStat 3.11 program (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). RESULTS The results showed that forwards were significant taller (P=0.036), heavier (P=0.01), with greater fat mass (P=0.001) than backs. Backs had a greater VO<inf>2max</inf> (P=0.02) than forwards. With forwards having a greater (P=0.01) eccentric H PT. CONCLUSIONS This study presents important information for players and athletic coordinators as to the differences between backs and forwards across physiological and strength measures. This information can greatly inform the individualized training protocol and preparation of current and future players across different positions and different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Baba
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland -
| | - Micheál Joyce
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Simon Boibluche
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, Rugby club de Vannes, Vannes, France
| | - Xiaopan Hu
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (ENS), Rennes, France
| | - David McGrath
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Romain Dubois
- Laboratory of Physical Activity, Performance and Health, University of Pau and the Adour Region, Tarbes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (ENS), Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (ENS), Rennes, France
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Geeson-Brown T, Jones B, Till K, Chantler S, Deighton K. Body composition differences by age and playing standard in male rugby union and rugby league: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2161-2176. [PMID: 32546054 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1775990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine differences in body compositionn between playing standard and age in male rugby union and rugby league athletes. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting were followed. Studies were required to be in male rugby union or league and have body composition as the primary or secondary outcome. Data was required to be presented separately for positional groups and body composition presented as whole-body. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAHL via EBSCOhost. 57 studies were included for meta-analysis. Results highlighted significantly higher fat-free mass in senior elite than senior sub-elite or junior elite athletes for all RU and RL forwards. Small and non-significant differences were found in fat mass between rugby union playing standards and age categories. Rugby league senior elite forwards had less fat mass than junior elite forwards. Practitioners should prioritise training and nutritional strategies that maximise fat-free mass development, especially in junior elite cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Geeson-Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League , Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England , Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club , Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
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Owen C, Till K, Weakley J, Jones B. Testing methods and physical qualities of male age grade rugby union players: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233796. [PMID: 32497130 PMCID: PMC7272054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby union match demands are complex, requiring the development of multiple physical qualities concurrently. Quantifying the physical qualities of age grade rugby union players is vital for practitioners to support athlete preparation and long-term development. AIM This systematic review aimed to identify the methods used to quantify the physical qualities of male age grade (≤ Under-20) rugby union players, present the normative values for physical qualities, and compare physical qualities between age grades and positions. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically reviewed from the earliest record to November 2019 using key words relating to sex, age, sport and physical testing. RESULTS Forty-two studies evaluated the physical qualities of age grade rugby union players. Seventy-five tests were used to quantify body composition, muscular strength, muscular power, linear speed, change of direction ability, aerobic capacity and anaerobic endurance. Thirty-one studies met the eligibility criteria to present the physical qualities. Physical qualities differentiate between age groups below Under-16, while differences in older age groups (Under-16 to Under-20) are not clear. Positional differences are present with forwards possessing greater height, body mass, body fat percentage and strength while backs are faster and have greater aerobic capacities. CONCLUSIONS A wide variety of tests are used to assess physical qualities limiting between study comparisons. Although differences in older age grades are unclear, older age groups (Under-19-20) generally performed better in physical tests. Positional differences are associated with match demands where forwards are exposed to less running but a greater number of collisions. Practitioners can use the results from this review to evaluate the physical qualities of age grade rugby union players to enhance training prescription, goal setting and player development. Future research should consider the use of national standardised testing batteries due to the inconsistency in testing methods and small samples limiting the reporting of positional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Owen
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Till K, Weakley J, Read DB, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Chantler S, Mellalieu S, Hislop M, Stokes K, Rock A, Jones B. Applied Sport Science for Male Age-Grade Rugby Union in England. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32086645 PMCID: PMC7035403 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union (RU) is a skill-collision team sport played at junior and senior levels worldwide. Within England, age-grade rugby governs the participation and talent development of youth players. The RU player development pathway has recently been questioned, regarding player performance and well-being, which sport science research can address. The purpose of this review was to summarise and critically appraise the literature in relation to the applied sport science of male age-grade RU players in England focussing upon (1) match-play characteristics, (2) training exposures, (3) physical qualities, (4) fatigue and recovery, (5) nutrition, (6) psychological challenges and development, and (7) injury. Current research evidence suggests that age, playing level and position influence the match-play characteristics of age-grade RU. Training exposures of players are described as 'organised chaos' due to the multiple environments and stakeholders involved in coordinating training schedules. Fatigue is apparent up to 72 h post match-play. Well-developed physical qualities are important for player development and injury risk reduction. The nutritional requirements are high due to the energetic costs of collisions. Concerns around the psychological characteristics have also been identified (e.g. perfectionism). Injury risk is an important consideration with prevention strategies available. This review highlights the important multi-disciplinary aspects of sport science for developing age-grade RU players for continued participation and player development. The review describes where some current practices may not be optimal, provides a framework to assist practitioners to effectively prepare age-grade players for the holistic demands of youth RU and considers areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dale B Read
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leinster Rugby, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Greg Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bath RUFC, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Keith Stokes
- University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Rugby Football Union, London, UK
| | | | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Injury Patterns, Physiological Profile, and Performance in University Rugby Union. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:69-74. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context: Rugby union is a physically demanding collision sport with high injury rates. There is a common perception that higher training loads result in greater injury risk in field-based sports. Objectives: To determine injury, anthropometric, and physical-performance characteristics in junior rugby union players and investigate the interaction between training load and injury across a competitive season. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Fifty-one players (age 19.2 ± 0.7 y) from an under-20 university rugby union team (forwards, n = 27; backs, n = 24) participated in a study conducted over a competition season. Training load, injury characteristics, anthropometry, physiological performance, and match time-loss injury incidence were observed. Results: Backs had significantly lower body mass (ES [95% CI] = 1.6 [0.9, 2.2]), skinfold thickness (ES = 1.1 [0.5, 1.7]), strength (squat ES = 0.6 [0.0, 1.2], deadlift ES = 0.6 [0.0, 1.1], bench press ES = 0.9 [0.4, 1.5]), lower-body power (ES = 0.4 [−0.2, 1.0]), and higher maximal aerobic capacity (ES = −0.3 [−0.8, 0.3]) than forwards. Match injury incidence was 107.3 injuries/1000 player hours (forwards 91.4/1000, backs 125.5/1000) during preseason and 110.7 injuries/1000 player hours (forwards 124.1/1000, backs 95.2/1000) during in-season. Forwards showed higher incidence of joint and ligament (P = .049) and upper-limb (P = .011) injuries than backs. No significant relationship between overall training load and match injury incidence was found. However, lower match injury incidence was associated with higher weekly training volume in backs (P = .007). Conclusions: Positional differences in body composition, performance, injury characteristics, and match injury patterns were identified in junior university rugby union players, indicating the need for position-specific training programs to reduce risk of injury.
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Patton DA, McIntosh AS, Denny G. A Review of the Anthropometric Characteristics, Grading and Dispensation of Junior and Youth Rugby Union Players in Australia. Sports Med 2017; 46:1067-81. [PMID: 26886476 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The grading of Australian junior and youth rugby union players has received substantial media attention in recent years. Media reports have focussed on size mismatches observed between players, especially players with Polynesian heritage, and the concerned parents who fear for the safety of their child owing to perceived mismatches. Although such concerns are well meaning, few media reports recognise the need for substantial evidence to determine the best grading system for junior and youth rugby union players. The current study reviewed relevant literature pertinent to the grading and dispensation of junior and youth rugby union players. Using primary and secondary search strategies, a total of 33 articles reporting the anthropometric characteristics of junior and youth rugby players were identified. Anthropometric data from the literature were compared with normative population data and currently used dispensation criteria. Junior and youth rugby players were found to be taller and heavier than normative population data. Current dispensation criteria, in terms of body mass, were found to vary and it is suggested that criteria be revised and standardised across rugby unions throughout Australia. Although it is acknowledged that other factors are important for grading players, anthropometric characteristics should be considered as potential dispensation criteria to supplement current age-based grading for junior and youth rugby union players. Measuring the body mass and stature of each junior player upon pre-season registration is suggested, which would provide data to establish valid dispensation criteria for the following season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Alexander Patton
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Lydiard Street, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia. .,Australian Rugby Union, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrew Stuart McIntosh
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Lydiard Street, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia
| | - Greg Denny
- Australian Rugby Union, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Ntai A, Zahou F, Paradisis G, Smirniotou A, Tsolakis C. Anthropometric parameters and leg power performance in fencing. Age, sex and discipline related differences. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Durandt J, Green M, Masimla H, Lambert M. Changes in body mass, stature and BMI in South African elite U18 Rugby players from different racial groups from 2002-2012. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:477-484. [PMID: 28423991 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences between racial groups for body mass, stature and body mass index (BMI) in South African elite U18 rugby players and whether there were significant changes in these measurements between 2002 and 2012. Self-reported body mass and stature were obtained from U18 players (n = 4007) who attended the national tournament during this period. BMI was calculated for each player.White players were 9.8 kg heavier than black players, who were 2.3 kg heavier than coloured players (P < 0.0001). The body mass of all groups increased from 2002 to 2012 (P < 0.0001). White players were 7.0 cm taller than black players who were 0.5 cm taller than coloured players (P < 0.0001). Players' stature measurements did not change significantly during the study period. The average BMI of white players was 0.9 kg·m-2 greater than black players who were on average 0.7 kg·m-2 greater than coloured players (P < 0.0001). The BMI of all groups changed similarly over the study period. The body mass, stature and BMI of elite under-18 rugby players in South Africa were significantly different between racial groups. This has implications for transforming the game to make it representative of the South African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Durandt
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b Sport Performance Centre , Sports Science Institute of South Africa , Newlands , South Africa
| | - Mervin Green
- c Elite Player Department Operations , South African Rugby Union , Plattekloof , South Africa
| | - Herman Masimla
- c Elite Player Department Operations , South African Rugby Union , Plattekloof , South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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Wood DJ, Coughlan GF, Delahunt E. Fitness Profiles of Elite Adolescent Irish Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 32:105-112. [PMID: 27806003 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wood, DJ, Coughlan, GF, and Delahunt, E. Fitness profiles of elite adolescent Irish rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 105-112, 2018-Rugby unions throughout the world are implementing player development models to prepare young players to meet the demands of professional rugby union. An example of this is the Irish Rugby Football Union Long Term Player Development model. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data relating to the physical fitness of elite adolescent Irish rugby union players and determine the differences in the physical capacities between players in the forward and back units as well as to provide descriptive data for the position categorizations within these units for this unique population. Players in the forward unit were significantly taller and heavier than players in the back unit (1.85 ± 0.06 m and 96.88 ± 9.00 kg vs. 1.79 ± 0.05 m and 81.97 ± 7.09 kg, respectively). Forwards (38.37 ± 4.00 cm) had a significantly lower countermovement jump height than backs (41.31 ± 4.44 cm). Forwards had a significantly lower triple hop for the distance score on their right (5.78 ± 0.52 m) and left (5.78 ± 0.55 m) legs compared with backs (6.26 ± 0.42 m and 6.33 ± 0.45 m, respectively). Forwards (1.85 ± 0.07 seconds) had a significantly higher 10-m sprint time than backs (1.77 ± 0.06 seconds). Furthermore, forwards (675.90 ± 82.46 m) had a significantly lower 150-m shuttle test score than backs (711.71 ± 27.46 m). The results of this study provide normative data for players who currently possess underage international potential and could be used by strength and conditioning coaches to guide the selection of players through talent identification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wood
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Garrett F Coughlan
- Medical Department, Ireland Rugby Football Union Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Fontana FY, Colosio AL, Da Lozzo G, Pogliaghi S. Player's success prediction in rugby union: From youth performance to senior level placing. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:409-414. [PMID: 27614405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study questioned if and to what extent specific anthropometric and functional characteristics measured in youth draft camps, can accurately predict subsequent career progression in rugby union. DESIGN Original research. METHODS Anthropometric and functional characteristics of 531 male players (U16) were retrospectively analysed in relation to senior level team representation at age 21-24. Players were classified as International (Int: National team and international clubs) or National (Nat: 1st, 2nd and other divisions and dropout). Multivariate analysis of variance (one-way MANOVA) tested differences between Int and Nat, along a combination of anthropometric (body mass, height, body fat, fat-free mass) and functional variables (SJ, CMJ, t15m, t30m, VO2max). A discriminant function (DF) was determined to predict group assignment based on the linear combination of variables that best discriminate groups. Correct level assignment was expressed as % hit rate. RESULTS A combination of anthropometric and functional characteristics reflects future level assignment (Int vs. Nat). Players' success can be accurately predicted (hit rate=81% and 77% for Int and Nat respectively) by a DF that combines anthropometric and functional variables as measured at ∼15 years of age, percent body fat and speed being the most influential predictors of group stratification. CONCLUSIONS Within a group of 15 year-olds with exceptional physical characteristics, future players' success can be predicted using a linear combination of anthropometric and functional variables, among which a lower percent body fat and higher speed over a 15m sprint provide the most important predictors of the highest career success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Y Fontana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Rugby Research Centre, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro L Colosio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Rugby Research Centre, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Da Lozzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Rugby Research Centre, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Rugby Research Centre, University of Verona, Italy.
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Archbold HAP, Rankin AT, Webb M, Nicholas R, Eames NWA, Wilson RK, Henderson LA, Heyes GJ, Bleakley CM. RISUS study: Rugby Injury Surveillance in Ulster Schools. Br J Sports Med 2015; 51:600-606. [PMID: 26701931 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine injury patterns in adolescent rugby players and determine factors associated with injury risk. DESIGN Prospective injury surveillance study. SETTING N=28 Grammar Schools in Ulster, Ireland (2014-2015 playing season). PARTICIPANTS 825 adolescent rugby players, across in 28 school first XV rugby squads; mean age 16.9 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injuries were classified by body part and diagnosis, and injury incidence using injuries per 1000 match hours of exposure. HRs for injury were calculated through Cox proportional hazard regression after correction for influential covariates. RESULTS A total of n=426 injuries were reported across the playing season. Over 50% of injuries occurred in the tackle situation or during collisions (270/426), with few reported during set plays. The 3 most common injury sites were head/face (n=102, 23.9%), clavicle/shoulder (n=65, 15.3%) and the knee (n=56, 13.1%). Sprain (n=133, 31.2%), concussion (n=81, 19%) and muscle injury (n=65, 15.3%) were the most common diagnoses. Injury incidence is calculated at 29.06 injuries per 1000 match hours. There were no catastrophic injuries. A large percentage of injuries (208/424) resulted in absence from play for more than 28 days. Concussion carried the most significant time out from play (n=33; 15.9%), followed by dislocations of the shoulder (n=22; 10.6%), knee sprains (n=19, 9.1%), ankle sprains (n=14, 6.7%), hand/finger/thumb (n=11; 5.3%). 36.8% of participants in the study (304/825) suffered at least one injury during the playing season. Multivariate models found higher risk of injury (adjusted HR (AHR); 95% CI) with: higher age (AHR 1.45; 1.14 to 1.83), heavier weight (AHR 1.32; 1.04 to 1.69), playing representative rugby (AHR 1.42; 1.06 to 1.90) and undertaking regular strength training (AHR 1.65; 1.11 to 2.46). Playing for a lower ranked team (AHR 0.67; 0.49 to 0.90) and wearing a mouthguard (AHR 0.70; 0.54 to 0.92) were associated with lower risk of injury. CONCLUSIONS There was a high incidence of severe injuries, with concussion, ankle and knee ligament injuries and upper limb fractures/dislocations causing greatest time loss. Players were compliant with current graduated return-to-play regulations following concussion. Physical stature and levels of competition were important risk factors and there was limited evidence for protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Webb
- Kingspan Stadium, Ulster Rugby, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - G J Heyes
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - C M Bleakley
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Newtownabbey, UK
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Barlow MJ, Oldroyd B, Smith D, Lees MJ, Brightmore A, Till K, Jones B, Hind K. Precision Error in Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Measurements in Elite Male Rugby League Players. J Clin Densitom 2015; 18:546-50. [PMID: 26072358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Body composition analysis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is becoming increasingly popular in both clinical and sports science settings. Obesity, characterized by high fat mass (FM), is associated with larger precision errors; however, precision error for athletic groups with high levels of lean mass (LM) are unclear. Total (TB) and regional (limbs and trunk) body composition were determined from 2 consecutive total body scans (GE Lunar iDXA) with re-positioning in 45 elite male rugby league players (age: 21.8 ± 5.4 yr; body mass index: 27.8 ± 2.5 kg m(-1)). The root mean squared standard deviation (percentage co-efficient of variation) were TB bone mineral content: 24g (1.7%), TB LM: 321 g (1.6%), and TB FM: 280 g (2.3%). Regional precision values were superior for measurements of bone mineral content: 4.7-16.3 g (1.7-2.1%) and LM: 137-402 g (2.0-2.4%), than for FM: 63-299 g (3.1-4.1%). Precision error of DXA body composition measurements in elite male rugby players is higher than those reported elsewhere for normal adult populations and similar to those reported in those who are obese. It is advised that caution is applied when interpreting longitudinal DXA-derived body composition measurements in male rugby players and population-specific least significant change should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barlow
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian Oldroyd
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Smith
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Lees
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Brightmore
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Hind
- Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Faculty, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Jones B, Till K, Barlow M, Lees M, O’Hara JP, Hind K. Anthropometric and Three-Compartment Body Composition Differences between Super League and Championship Rugby League Players: Considerations for the 2015 Season and Beyond. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26221720 PMCID: PMC4519266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Super League (SL) and Championship (RLC) rugby league players will compete against each other in 2015 and beyond. To identify possible discrepancies, this study compared the anthropometric profile and body composition of current SL (full-time professional) and RLC (part-time semi-professional) players using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A cross-sectional design involved DXA scans on 67 SL (n=29 backs, n=38 forwards) and 46 RLC (n=20 backs, n=26 forwards) players during preseason. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare age, stature, body mass, soft tissue fat percentage, bone mineral content (BMC), total and regional (i.e., arms, legs and trunk) fat and lean mass between SL forwards, SL backs, RLC forwards and RLC backs. No significant differences in age, stature or body mass were observed. SL forwards and backs had relatively less soft tissue fat (17.5 ± 3.7 and 14.8 ± 3.6 vs. 21.4 ± 4.3 and 20.8 ± 3.8%), greater BMC (4,528 ± 443 and 4,230 ± 447 vs. 4,302 ± 393 and 3,971 ± 280 g), greater trunk lean mass (37.3 ± 3.0 and 35.3 ± 3.8 vs. 34.9 ± 32.3 and 32.3 ± 2.6 kg) and less trunk fat mass (8.5 ± 2.7 and 6.2 ± 2.1 vs. 10.7 ± 2.8 and 9.5 ± 2.9 kg) than RLC forwards and backs. Observed differences may reflect selection based on favourable physical attributes, or training adaptations. To reduce this discrepancy, some RLC players should reduce fat mass and increase lean mass, which may be of benefit for the 2015 season and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin Till
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Barlow
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Lees
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - John Paul O’Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Hind
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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