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Richardson MC, Chesterton P, Taylor A, Evans W. The effect of surface on knee landing mechanics and muscle activity during a single-leg landing task in recreationally active females. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 69:22-32. [PMID: 38996759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of surface on frontal plane knee angle, knee moment and muscle activity. DESIGN Randomised cross over. SETTING University Laboratory. METHODS Twenty females performed single-leg hop-landings onto sand, grass and firm surfaces. Kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity data were obtained. Compatibility curves were used to visualise parameter estimates alongside P- values, and S-value transforms. RESULTS Knee angle for firm-sand (mean difference (d)‾ = -2.2°; 95% compatibility interval (CI): -4.6 to 0.28, p = 0.083, s = 3.6) and firm-grass (d‾ = -1.9; 95% CI: -4.3 to 0.5, p = 0.125, S = 3) yielded <4 bits of reputational information against the null hypothesis (H). 5 bits (p = 0.025) of information against H were observed for knee moment between firm-sand (d‾ = 0.17 N m/kg-1. m-1; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.31) with similar effects for firm-grass (d‾ = 0.14 N m/kg-1. m-1; 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.29, p = 0.055, S = 4). Muscle activity across surfaces ranged from almost no (S = 1) reputational evidence against H (Quadriceps and Hamstrings) to 10-13 'bits' against H for lateral gastrocnemius (lower on sand). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides valuable information for practitioners of the observed effect sizes for lower-limb landing mechanics across surfaces in asymptomatic females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Richardson
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Chesterton
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
| | - Abigail Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, Sunderland University, Sunderland, United Kingdom.
| | - William Evans
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, Sunderland University, Sunderland, United Kingdom.
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Fernandez-Fernandez J, Nakamura FY, Boullosa D, Santos-Rosa FJ, Herrero-Molleda A, Granacher U, Sanz-Rivas D. The Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Sand Versus Hard Surfaces on Physical Fitness in Young Male Tennis Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:71-79. [PMID: 37978986 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of a neuromuscular training program combining plyometric exercises with acceleration, deceleration, and change-of-direction drills conducted on sand or hard surfaces on the fitness qualities of young male tennis players. METHODS Thirty-one young male players were allocated to a training group performing 12 training sessions on sand or hard surfaces, during a 6-week period. Tests included linear sprint (10-m acceleration with 5-m split times), change of direction (modified 5-0-5 test), vertical jumps (countermovement jump and the 10/5 repeated-jump test), isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, and dynamic balance (Y-balance test). Perceived training loads and muscle soreness were assessed during the intervention. RESULTS Both training strategies were similarly effective in improving the analyzed fitness components. Group × time interaction effects were noticed, with countermovement jump (P = .032), repeated-jump test (P = .029), and reactive strength index (P = .008) favoring hard surfaces and 5-m sprint (P = .009), dynamic balance (P < .05), adduction strength (P < .05), and abduction strength (P < .001) indices favoring sand. Furthermore, the sand group promoted greater perceived training loads and muscle soreness (P < .05) than the hard group across the intervention period. CONCLUSION Neuromuscular training strategies characterized by a relatively low volume (∼35 min), conducted on sand or hard surfaces, promoted similar improvements in the fitness qualities of young tennis players, with selected surface-interaction effects. Training on sand can cause transiently higher training loads and persistently higher muscle soreness, suggesting the need for an adequate familiarization period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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de Villarreal ES, Rascón PB, Becerra MO, Calleja-González J, Alcaraz PE, Feito-Blanco J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Sand Surface Plyometric and Sprint Training on Physical and Technical Skill Performance in Beach Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:227-237. [PMID: 38380300 PMCID: PMC10875686 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a 6-week combined plyometric and sprint-training program on the sand to regular preseason training, on the athletic performance and technical actions of beach handball (BH) players. Athletes were randomly assigned either to the control (CG, n = 12; BH training only) or the experimental group (EG, n = 12; plyometric + sprint + BH training). Assessments conducted before and after the training period included a squat jump, a countermovement jump, the Abalakov jump, a 15-m sprint, a modified Course-Navette endurance test, and four sport-specific BH throwing speed tests: a standing penalty throw, a 3-step running throw, a jump throw, and a 360º jump throw. The training intervention enhanced all athletic performance measures (all, p < 0.05). In contrast, the only improvement in the CG included endurance performance (p< 0.05). Significant time-group differences were noted in favor of the EG compared to the CG (p< 0.05) in the squat jump, the countermovement jump, the Abalakov jump, the jump throw velocity and 360º jump throw velocity. In conclusion, compared to BH regular training, 6 weeks of sand surface preseason plyometric and sprint training combined with regular BH training induced greater improvements in athletic performance and specific skills in BH players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Bago Rascón
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Ortega Becerra
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High-Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Richardson MC, English B, Chesterton P. The use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation in English professional football and barriers to implementation: a cross-sectional survey of medical staff. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:413-421. [PMID: 36107139 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2125566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation interventions in English professional football. A Secondary aim was to explore the potential barriers to implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS All 92 teams from the male English professional football pyramid during the 2021-22 season were eligible to take part. A cross-sectional survey of the medical personnel (one per club) was conducted between June 2021 and December 2021 based on the RE-AIM framework. A total of 58 respondents (63% of all clubs) completed the survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Only 18 (31%) of the clubs surveyed used sand-based interventions across the last 3 seasons. Respondents felt sand-based interventions would be effective at improving physiological gains (median 4, interquartile range [IQR] 4-5) and as part of injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies (4, IQR 3-4) but were indifferent in relation to its potential to improve sporting performance (3, IQR 3-4). Barriers to implementation of sand-based interventions within wider football were a lack of facilities, lack of awareness of its potential benefits, lack of high-quality evidence and the surface not being specific to the sport. Medical staff also did not perceive that coaches' positively viewed sand interventions as a training or injury management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Richardson
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Bryan English
- Head of Medicine, Leicester City Football Club Training Ground, Seagrave, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Ferreira RCA, Silva ML, Azevedo PHSM, Loturco I. Sprint and Jump Training on Sand vs. Grass Surfaces: Effects on the Physical Performance of Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1828-1833. [PMID: 36723059 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pereira, LA, Freitas, TT, Zabaloy, S, Ferreira, RCA, Silva, ML, Azevedo, PHSM, and Loturco, I. Sprint and jump training on sand versus grass surfaces: effects on the physical performance of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1828-1833, 2023-The aims of this study were to (a) examine the effects of a 6-week sand training program including both sprint and jump exercises on the speed-related and vertical jump performance of elite young soccer players and (b) compare the changes induced by a sand training scheme with those induced by a similar training program (in volume, intensity, and exercise types) performed on grass. Twenty-four under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to 2 training groups, as follows: "sand" ( n = 12) or "grass" ( n = 12) groups. Athletes performed squat and countermovement jumps, linear sprints, and Zigzag change-of-direction speed tests at pre-, mid- (after 6 training sessions), and postintervention (after 12 training sessions). Both groups exhibited similar increases in the vertical jump and Zigzag performance after the 6-week training period ( p values ranging from 0.0001 to 0.025; effect size ranging from 1.05 to 3.78, for main effect of time). No significant changes were detected for the linear sprint velocity for both the groups ( p values ranging from 0.079 to 1.00; effect size ranging from 0.07 to 0.65, for main effect of time). In summary, training on sand or grass surfaces resulted in similar improvements in the physical performance of elite young soccer players. This study confirms the current evidence on the effectiveness of both soft and harder training surfaces in improving the sprint and jump performance of team-sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo C A Ferreira
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Silva
- Secretaria de Esportes e Qualidade de Vida, Prefeitura Municipal de São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, Brazil; and
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Afonso J, Moran J, Behm DG, Granacher U. Comment on: "Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review". SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:73. [PMID: 37574512 PMCID: PMC10423709 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), The University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO43SQ, UK
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland,, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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Krzysztofik M, Spieszny M, Trybulski R, Wilk M, Pisz A, Kolinger D, Filip-Stachnik A, Stastny P. Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity on the Viscoelastic Properties of Muscles and Sprint and Jumping Performance in Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1486-1494. [PMID: 36752742 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzysztofik, M, Spieszny, M, Trybulski, R, Wilk, M, Pisz, A, Kolinger, D, Filip-Stachnik, A, and Stastny, P. Acute effects of isometric conditioning activity on the viscoelastic properties of muscles and sprint and jumping performance in handball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1486-1494, 2023-The effects of conditioning activity (CA) on muscle stiffness are currently unknown, suggesting that maximum CA effort can increase or decrease the stiffness of involved muscle groups. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of maximal isometric half-squats on the viscoelastic properties of muscles and postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) in sprints and jumps. Twelve handball players underwent a standard warm-up and baseline assessment of muscle stiffness and tone of vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis muscle, followed by 20-m sprint with intermediate measures at 5 and 10 m and countermovement jump. The PAPE was assessed by repeating the tests (at 4th, 8th, and 12th minute post-CA) after a CA protocol consisting of 3 sets of 3-second maximal isometric half-squats (EXP) or a control condition (CTRL) without any CA. The vastus lateralis stiffness in the 4th and 12th minute and muscle tone in the 4th minute post-CA significantly decreased compared with baseline ( p = 0.041, ES = 0.57; p = 0.013, ES = 0.52; p = 0.004, ES = 0.81, respectively) in the EXP condition. The 20-m sprint time significantly decreased at all post-CA time points compared with the baseline for the EXP condition ( p < 0.033) and the after values in the CTRL condition ( p < 0.036). In comparison to baseline, the 10-m sprint time decreased in the eighth minute post-CA ( p = 0.021; ES = 0.82) in the EXP condition. Moreover, it was significantly lower at the 8th and 12th minute post-CA ( p = 0.038; ES = 0.71 and p = 0.005; ES = 1.26) compared with that time points in the CTRL condition. The maximal isometric half-squats effectively improved sprint performance and significantly decreased vastus lateralis tone and stiffness. These findings offer new insights into the assessment of viscoelastic properties for evaluating the fatigue or potentiation state, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Spieszny
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Michał Wilk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Games, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pisz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Games, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Games, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Games, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Villarejo-García DH, Moreno-Villanueva A, Soler-López A, Reche-Soto P, Pino-Ortega J. Use, Validity and Reliability of Inertial Movement Units in Volleyball: Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3960. [PMID: 37112300 PMCID: PMC10142445 DOI: 10.3390/s23083960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of inertial devices in sport has become increasingly common. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of multiple devices for measuring jump height in volleyball. The search was carried out in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and SPORTDiscus) using keywords and Boolean operators. Twenty-one studies were selected that met the established selection criteria. The studies focused on determining the validity and reliability of IMUs (52.38%), on controlling and quantifying external load (28.57%) and on describing differences between playing positions (19.05%). Indoor volleyball was the modality in which IMUs have been used the most. The most evaluated population was elite, adult and senior athletes. The IMUs were used both in training and in competition, evaluating mainly the amount of jump, the height of the jumps and some biomechanical aspects. Criteria and good validity values for jump counting are established. The reliability of the devices and the evidence is contradictory. IMUs are devices used in volleyball to count and measure vertical displacements and/or compare these measurements with the playing position, training or to determine the external load of the athletes. It has good validity measures, although inter-measurement reliability needs to be improved. Further studies are suggested to position IMUs as measuring instruments to analyze jumping and sport performance of players and teams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler-López
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Reche-Soto
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Wang H. A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSCLE STRENGTH GAIN TRAINING IN RUNNING ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle strength training can increase the strength of the phasic muscles, aiding in balance and body stability. Running is a physical-dominant speed sport where strength-speed is two crucial quality in the athletic training of its practitioners. It is believed that training muscle strength at high-intensity intervals can increase athletic speed performance. However, there is no determinant point to determine the peak of this relationship. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of high-intensity interval muscular strength training on the physical conditioning of athletes. This paper also examines the relationship between muscular strength training and performance training in sprinters. Methods: Twenty sprinter volunteers were randomly selected as research subjects, divided without discrepancies into control and experimental groups, with ten people each. Mathematical statistics were used to analyze the physiological indicators of the subjects before and after muscle strength training. At the same time, the statistical correlation method was applied to analyze the performance changes of athletes before and after the exercise cycle. Results: After muscle strength training, the athletes in the experimental group were better than those before the training. The data were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Muscle strength training can promote the physical conditioning of sprinters. At the same time, the training mode can also improve the athlete’s performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Effects of Four Weeks of Plyometric Training Performed in Different Training Surfaces on Physical Performances in School Children: Age and Sex Comparisons. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121914. [PMID: 36553357 PMCID: PMC9776758 DOI: 10.3390/children9121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short- to middle-term plyometric training has been shown to be an effective method to promote youth fitness and health. However, there is no knowledge of previous studies that investigated the sex and age effects on physical fitness following different PT surfaces (i.e., firm vs. sand) in schoolchildren. This study examined the effects of age and sex on explosive and high-intensity responses following plyometric training (4 weeks, twice/week) performed on firm vs. sand surfaces in untrained schoolchildren. Ninety girls and ninety boys (under 8: age = 7.1 ± 0.5 and 7.1 ± 0.4 years; under 10: age = 9.0 ± 0.4 and 9.0 ± 0.5 years; under 12: age = 11.0 ± 0.5 and 11.0 ± 0.5 years, respectively) participated in a randomized and parallel training design with pre-to-post testing. Participants were allocated (i.e., 30 boys and 30 girls for each group) into either two experimental groups (firm group: performing plyometrics on a clay surface and sand group: performing plyometrics on a dry surface of 20 cm deep sand) or a control group (CG, habitual physical education classes) within their corresponding age groups. Children were tested for sprint, jumping and change of direction speed performances before and after 4 weeks of plyometric training. Both experimental groups induced more significant improvements in all assessed variables than CG (p < 0.0001; effect size > 0.80), whereas both surfaces induced similar improvements (p > 0.05). Older boys achieved better performances than their younger counterparts (p < 0.05) and older girls (p < 0.0001), respectively. This finding showed that age and sex could affect explosive and high-intensity performances during childhood after a short-term plyometric training. In contrast, the training-induced fitness changes were not influenced by the type of surface.
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11
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Training in Hypoxia at Alternating High Altitudes Is a Factor Favoring the Increase in Sports Performance. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112296. [PMID: 36421619 PMCID: PMC9691031 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Training above 1800 m causes increases in hemoglobin, erythropoietin and VO2max values in the bodies of athletes. The purpose of this study is to prove that living at an altitude of 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+) is more effective than living and training at 2000 m (LHTH). Ten endurance athletes (age 21.2 ± 1.5 years, body mass 55.8 ± 4.3 kg, height 169 ± 6 cm, performance 3000 m 8:35 ± 0:30 min) performed three training sessions of 30 days, in three different situations: [1] living and training at 2000 m altitude (LHTH), [2] living at 1850 m and training at 2200 m (LHTH+), and [3] living and training at 300 m (LLTL). The differences in erythropoietin (EPO), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and VO2max values were compared before and at the end of each training session. Data analysis indicated that LHTH training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.0 ± 0.8 mU/mL, p = 0.002 < 0.05.); Hb (by 1.1 ± 0.3 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 0.9 ± 0.23 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). LHTH+ training caused an increase in EPO values (by 1.9 ± 0.5 mU/ML, p < 0.001); Hb (by 1.4 ± 0.5 g/dL, p < 0.001); VO2max (by 1.7 ± 0.3 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). At the LLTL training, EPO values do not have a significant increase (p = 0.678 > 0.050; 1 ± 0.1 mU/mL, 0.1 ± 0.9%.), Hb (0.1 ± 0.0 g/dL, 0.3 ± 0.3%), VO2max (0.1 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.013 < 0.05). Living and training at altitudes of 2000 m (LHTH) and living at 1850 m training at 2200 m (LHTH+) resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, and VO2max that exceeded the changes in these parameters, following traditional training at 300 m (LLTL). LHTH+ training has significantly greater changes than LHTH training, favorable to increasing sports performance. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for athletic trainers in their future work, in the complete structure of multi-year planning and programming, and thus improve the process of development and performance training.
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Dann E, Quinn S, Russell M, Kilduff LP, Turner AN, Hills SP. Alternate Leg Bounding Acutely Improves Change of Direction Performance in Women's Team Sports Players Irrespective of Ground Type. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1199-1203. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Optimizing the transition from the indoor to the beach season improves motor performance in elite beach handball players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBeach handball athletes experience an overlap during their preparation phase for the beach and the indoor season for several weeks. This transition phase from playing on an indoor surface to a sand surface is crucial for players’ performance levels both on the sand and indoor surfaces, but coaches and athletes alike are concerned about possible performance impairments when training on a sand surface while still playing indoors. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a specific transition phase from the indoor to the beach season in elite beach handball athletes. With 29 elite athletes participating in the study, we evaluated their jumping (countermovement and drop jump) and sprinting (5–10–20 m) performances and conducted a handball-specific agility test on both rigid and sand surfaces. In addition, we evaluated a drop long jump on a sand surface. Vertical jumping performance was analyzed using a 3D marker-based system on both rigid and sand surfaces under standardized laboratory conditions. All tests took place directly before and after a 6-week intervention program. The results showed that athletes in the intervention group significantly improved their performance in jumping (countermovement and drop long jump) compared to the control group. Furthermore, performance on a rigid surface was not only maintained for all tests but also significantly increased for the countermovement jump. Therefore, the intervention program is effective at improving performance during the transition from indoor to beach seasons without impairing indoor performance.
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Azócar-Gallardo J, Campos-Uribe V, Báez-San Martín E, Aedo-Muñoz EA, Herrera-Valenzuela T. Effects of plyometric training on softer vs. Harder surfaces on jump-related performance in rugby sevens players. Front Physiol 2022; 13:941675. [PMID: 36117710 PMCID: PMC9473314 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.941675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare jump-related performance after plyometric training on harder vs. softer surfaces in rugby sevens players. Fourteen players were randomly assigned to the harder surface group (H-G, n = 7) and softer surface group (S-G, n = 7). Three times per week, in the morning, the players performed plyometric training on different surfaces and strength training. Before and after the 4-week intervention period, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and CMJ with arms (CMJA) tests were performed to measure vertical jump displacement (d), rate of force development (r), and power (p). The main results indicated a significant improvement in S-G for CMJd (∆% = +8.2%; p = 0.029; ES = 0.59) and for CMJAp (∆% = +8.7%; p = 0.035; ES = 0.44). These improvements were significant compared to H-G for CMJAd (F1,12 = 8.50; p = 0.013; ηp2 = 0.41; ES = 0.83) and CMJAp (F1,12 = 7.69; p = 0.017; ηp2 = 0.39; ES = 0.79). This study reveals that performance related to the counter movement jump with arms on softer surfaces after 4-week plyometric training improved vertical jump displacement and lower body power in rugby sevens players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alex Ojeda-Aravena,
| | - Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Programa de Investigación en Deporte, Sociedad y Buen Vivir (DSBv), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Toledo, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Uribe
- Programa de Vida Saludable, Actividad Física y Deporte, Undergraduate Studies, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Esteban Ariel Aedo-Muñoz
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica, el Deporte y la Salud, Santiago, Chile
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Effects of Surface-Type Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren of Both Sexes: A Randomized Controlled Intervention. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071035. [PMID: 36101416 PMCID: PMC9312845 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) has been found to be effective for children’s fitness. However, no study has examined the effects of sex on physical fitness adaptations from surface-type PT in children. This study compared the effects of short-term surface-type PT (firm vs. sand) on the physical fitness of schoolchildren of both sexes. Sixty girls (age = 10.00 ± 1.15 years) and sixty boys (age = 10.02 ± 1.12 years) participated in a short-term (4 weeks), randomized and parallel PT design with pre-to-post measurements. Children were divided into two experimental groups (firm group: PT performed on a clay surface, 20 boys and 20 girls; sand group: PT performed on a dry surface of 20 cm deep sand, 20 boys and 20 girls) and a control group (CG, 20 boys and 20 girls). Squat jump, standing long jump, 20 m sprint, 5-10-5 shuttle, dynamic balance, and maximal aerobic velocity were measured at baseline and after intervention. Both experimental groups showed greater pre-post changes in all assessed variables than the CG (p < 0.0001). No significant differences in pre-post changes were observed relative to surface type or sex (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a twice-weekly PT program induced physical fitness improvements, which may have transfer to health status during childhood. Additionally, surface type and sex did not affect the training-induced changes in physical fitness.
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Singh G, Kushwah GS, Singh T, Thapa RK, Granacher U, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Sand-Based Plyometric-Jump Training in Combination with Endurance Running on Outdoor or Treadmill Surface on Physical Fitness in Young Adult Males. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:277-286. [PMID: 35719236 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the effects of nine weeks of sand-based plyometric-jump training (PJT) combined with endurance running on either outdoor or treadmill surface on measures of physical fitness. Male participants (age, 20.1 ± 1.7 years) were randomly assigned to a sand-based PJT combined with endurance running on outdoor surface (OT, n = 25) or treadmill surface (TT, n = 25). The endurance running intervention comprised a mixed training method, i.e., long slow distance, tempo, and interval running drills. A control group was additionally included in this study (CG, n = 25). Participants in CG followed their regular physical activity as OT and TT but did not receive any specific intervention. Individuals were assessed for their 50-m linear sprint time, standing long jump (SLJ) distance, cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., Cooper test), forced vital capacity (FVC), calf girth, and resting heart rate (RHR). A three (groups: OT, TT, CG) by two (time: pre, post) ANOVA for repeated measures was used to analyze the exercise-specific effects. In case of significant group-by-time interactions, Bonferroni adjusted paired (within-group) and independent (between-group comparisons at post) t-tests were used for post-hoc analyses. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for all dependent variables (p < 0.001 - 0.002, ɳp 2 = 0.16 - 0.78). Group-specific post-hoc tests showed improvements for all variables after OT (p < 0.001, Hedges'g effect size [g] = 0.05 - 1.94) and TT (p < 0.001, g = 0.04 - 2.73), but not in the CG (p = 0.058 - 1.000, g = 0.00 - 0.34). Compared to CG, OT showed larger SLJ (p = 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.004), FVC (p = 0.008), and RHR (p < 0.001) improvements. TT showed larger improvements in SLJ (p = 0.036), cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001), and RHR (p < 0.001) compared with CG. Compared to OT, TT showed larger improvements for SLJ (p = 0.018). In conclusion, sand-based PJT combined with either OT or TT similarly improved most measures of physical fitness, with greater SLJ improvement after TT. Coaches may use both concurrent exercise regimes based on preferences and logistical constrains (e.g., weather; access to treadmill equipment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singh
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gaurav Singh Kushwah
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Tanvi Singh
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Thapa
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Urs Granacher
- University of Potsdam, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
This study aimed to compare the post-activation performance enhancement induced by successive drop-jumps performed on hard and sand surfaces in sprint and jump performance of top-level sprinters. Athletes were tested on two occasions. On each visit they were allocated to one of the experimental protocols, which consisted of performing 2x5 drop-jumps from a box with the height of 60-cm on hard or sand surfaces in randomized order, seven days apart. Prior to and 7 and 15-min after executing drop-jumps, sprinters performed countermovement jumps and 60-m sprint tests. Differences between sprinting splits and surfaces were assessed using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. No significant differences in jump height or sprint time were observed (p>0.05), regardless of the surface used (i.e., hard or sand) during the conditioning activity (effect sizes [95% confidence intervals] ranging from 0.01 [-0.84;0.84] to 0.44 [-0.42;1.27]). Performing drop-jumps on sand or hard surfaces immediately before maximum sprinting bouts does not provide any advantage or disadvantage to top-level sprinters. Sprint coaches may prescribe short-plyometric training activities on sand surfaces even close to competitions, bearing in mind that this strategy will not compromise sprint-specific performance.
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Drop Jumping on Sand Is Characterized by Lower Power, Higher Rate of Force Development and Larger Knee Joint Range of Motion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7010017. [PMID: 35225903 PMCID: PMC8883941 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training on sand is suggested to result in advanced performance in vertical jumping. However, limited information exists concerning the biomechanics of drop jumps (DJ) on sand. The purpose of the study was to compare the biomechanical parameters of DJs executed on rigid (RIGID) and sand (SAND) surface. Sixteen high level male beach-volleyball players executed DJ from 40 cm on RIGID and SAND. Force- and video-recordings were analyzed to extract the kinetic and kinematic parameters of the DJ. Results of paired-samples t-tests revealed that DJ on SAND had significantly (p < 0.05) lower jumping height, peak vertical ground reaction force, power, peak leg stiffness and peak ankle flexion angular velocity than RIGID. In addition, DJ on SAND was characterized by significantly (p < 0.05) larger rate of force development and knee joint flexion in the downward phase. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed for the temporal parameters. The compliance of SAND decreases the efficiency of the mechanisms involved in the optimization of DJ performance. Nevertheless, SAND comprises an exercise surface with less loading during the eccentric phase of the DJ, thus it can be considered as a surface that can offer injury prevention under demands for large energy expenditure.
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Ahmadi M, Nobari H, Ramirez-Campillo R, Pérez-Gómez J, Ribeiro ALDA, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training in Sand or Rigid Surface on Jump-Related Biomechanical Variables and Physical Fitness in Female Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413093. [PMID: 34948702 PMCID: PMC8701300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aims to assess the effects of 8 weeks of plyometric jump training (PJT) conducted on sand or a rigid court surface on jump-related biomechanical variables and physical fitness in female indoor volleyball players. Methods: Seventeen participants were randomly divided into a sand surface group (SsG, n = 8) and rigid surface group (RsG, n = 9). Both groups completed equal indoor volleyball training routines. Participants were assessed pre and post the 8-week PJT for jump-related biomechanical variables (countermovement jump (CMJ) RSI; drop jump (DJ) reactive strength index (RSI); spike jump (SJ) height; CMJ height; CMJ rate of force development (RFD); CMJ velocity at take-off; DJ height and CMJ peak force), 20 m linear sprint time, t test for change-of-direction sprint (CODs) time, Wingate test peak power (PP), cardiorespiratory endurance, and leg-press one-repetition maximum (1RM). Results: A two-way mixed analysis of variance (group × time) revealed that there was a significant group × time interaction between DJ height (p = 0.035) and CMJ peak force (p = 0.032) in favour of RsG and SsG, respectively. A significant interaction was also observed for cardiorespiratory endurance (p = 0.01) and 1RM (p = 0.002), both favouring the SsG. No other group × time interaction was observed. Conclusions: The type of surface used during PJT induced specific adaptations in terms of jump-related biomechanical variables and physical fitness in female indoor volleyball players. Based on the individual needs of the athletes, practitioners may prescribe one type of surface preferentially over another to maximize the benefits derived from PJT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ahmadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran;
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran;
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | | | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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The Modifications of Haemoglobin, Erythropoietin Values and Running Performance While Training at Mountain vs. Hilltop vs. Seaside. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189486. [PMID: 34574408 PMCID: PMC8466982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Altitude training increases haemoglobin, erythropoietin values among athletes, but may have negative physiological consequences. An alternative, although less explored, that has the potential to positively influence performance while avoiding some of the negative physiological consequences of hypoxia is sand training. Ten endurance-trained athletes (age: 20.8 ± 1.4, body mass: 57.7 ± 8.2 kg, stature: 176 ± 6 cm; 5000 m 14:55.00 ± 0:30 min) performed three 21-day training camps at different locations: at a high altitude (HIGH), at the sea-level (CTRL), at the sea-level on the sand (SAND). Differences in erythropoietin (EPO) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, body weight, VO2max and maximal aerobic velocity (VMA) before and after each training cycle were compared. Data analysis has indicated that training during HIGH elicited a greater increase in VO2max (2.4 ± 0.2%; p = 0.005 and 1.0 ± 0.2%; p < 0.001) and VMA (2.4 ± 0.2%, p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.2%; p = 0.001) compared with CTRL and SAND. While increases in VO2max and VMA following SAND were greater (1.3 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001) than those observed after CTRL. Moreover, EPO increased to a greater extent following HIGH (25.3 ± 2.7%) compared with SAND (11.7 ± 1.6%, p = 0.008) and CTRL (0.1 ± 0.3%, p < 0.001) with a greater increase (p < 0.01) following SAND compared with CTRL. Furthermore, HIGH and SAND elicited a greater increase (4.9 ± 0.9%; p = 0.001 and 3.3 ± 1.1%; p = 0.035) in Hb compared with CTRL. There was no difference in Hb changes observed between HIGH and SAND (p = 1.0). Finally, athletes lost 2.1 ± 0.4% (p = 0.001) more weight following HIGH vs. CTRL, while there were no differences in weight changes between HIGH vs. SAND (p = 0.742) and SAND vs. CTRL (p = 0.719). High-altitude training and sea-level training on sand resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, VMA, and VO2max that exceeded changes in such parameters following traditional sea-level training. While high-altitude training elicited greater relative increases in EPO, VMA, and VO2max, sand training resulted in comparable increases in Hb and may prevent hypoxia-induced weight loss.
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Cetolin T, Teixeira AS, da Silva JF, Haupenthal A, Nakamura FY, Castagna C, Guglielmo LGA. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performed on the Sand Induces Higher Internal Load Demands in Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:713106. [PMID: 34393953 PMCID: PMC8360849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the acute physiological effect of shuttle-run-based high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) performed at the same relative speed (i. e., 100% PST-CAR) on sand (SAND) and grass (GRASS) in male junior soccer players. Seven Under-23 Brazilian national league ("Série A") soccer players completed four testing sessions in either SAND or GRASS surface condition. The first two testing sessions consisted of performing a maximal progressive shuttle-run field protocol until volitional exhaustion (Carminatti's test, T-CAR), whereas the third and fourth sessions comprised a HIIE session on each ground surface. The HIIE session consisted of three 5-min bouts [12 s shuttle-run (with a direction change every 6 s)/12 s of passive rest] performed at 100% of T-CAR peak speed (PST-CAR) with 3 min of passive recovery between sets. Measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were performed during all conditions. The SAND condition elicited significantly higher %VO2peak (94.58 ± 2.73 vs. 87.45 ± 3.31%, p < 0.001, d = 2.35), %HRpeak (93.89 ± 2.63 vs. 90.31 ± 2.87%, p < 0.001, d = 1.30), RPE (8.00 ± 0.91 vs. 4.95 ± 1.23 a.u., p < 0.001, d = 2.82), and [La] (10.76 ± 2.37 vs. 5.48 ± 1.13 mmol/L, p < 0.010, d = 2.84). This study showed that higher internal workloads are experienced by the players during a single HIIE session performed on a softer surface as SAND, even when the exercise intensity was individualized based on 100%PST-CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Cetolin
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Fernandes da Silva
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Haupenthal
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education University of Pernambuco (UPE)/Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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