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Multhuaptff W, Fernández-Peña E, Moreno-Villanueva A, Soler-López A, Rico-González M, Manuel Clemente F, Bravo-Cucci S, Pino-Ortega J. Concurrent-Validity and Reliability of Photocells in Sport: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:53-71. [PMID: 38736609 PMCID: PMC11079923 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific physical qualities such as sprint running, change-of-direction or jump height are determinants of sports performance. Photocell systems are practical and easy to use systems to assess the time from point A to point B. In addition, these photoelectric systems are also used to obtain the time of vertically displaced movements. Knowing the accuracy and precision of photocell timing can be a determinant of ensuring a higher quality interpretation of results and of selecting the most appropriate devices for specific objectives. This systematic review aimed to identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity and reliability of photocells in sport sciences. A systematic review of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 164 studies initially identified, 16 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Photocells appear to have a strong agreement with force plates (gold standard), but are not interchangeable to measure the vertical jump. For monitoring horizontal displacement, double beam systems, compared to single beam systems, are more valid and reliable when it comes to avoiding false triggers caused by swinging arms or legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilhelmn Multhuaptff
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas – UPC, Lima, Perú
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Eneko Fernández-Peña
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler-López
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sergio Bravo-Cucci
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas – UPC, Lima, Perú
- School of Rehabilitation Therapies, Faculty of Medical Technology, Federico Villarreal National University, Lima, Peru
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Pino-Ortega J, Bastida-Castillo A, Gómez-Carmona CD, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of an eight antennae ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure performance in an indoor environment. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:145-155. [PMID: 33208034 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1830162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Validity and reliability have become crucial factors in tracking player load and positioning. One of the most important parameters to guarantee accurate measurements with radiofrequency systems is the number of reference nodes used to calculate player position. However, the accuracy of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has only been analysed with 6 antennae. So, the purpose of the present study was to analyse the accuracy and inter-unit reliability of an UWB system with eight antennae. Three well-trained males covered 18 trajectories for the analysis of x- and y- coordinate accuracy assessment related to the positional variation among eight antennae UWB data and lines on a basketball court. This was achieved using geographical information system mapping software that calculated, for each interval and participant, the distance from the main axis of locomotion and the opposite side of the field every 0.5 s. The results showed that this is a valid system (Mean = 0.03 m; magnitude differences = 0.21% with real measures as reference; %CV <1% in all cases) for measuring locomotion and positioning. Besides, the inter-unit, test-retest and inter-subject analysis did not influence the reliability results. So, an eight antennae UWB system can be considered suitable for locomotion and positioning in an indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- Department of Music, Plastic, and Body Expression, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Goh GL, Goh GD, Pan JW, Teng PSP, Kong PW. Automated Service Height Fault Detection Using Computer Vision and Machine Learning for Badminton Matches. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9759. [PMID: 38139605 PMCID: PMC10747833 DOI: 10.3390/s23249759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In badminton, accurate service height detection is critical for ensuring fairness. We developed an automated service fault detection system that employed computer vision and machine learning, specifically utilizing the YOLOv5 object detection model. Comprising two cameras and a workstation, our system identifies elements, such as shuttlecocks, rackets, players, and players' shoes. We developed an algorithm that can pinpoint the shuttlecock hitting event to capture its height information. To assess the accuracy of the new system, we benchmarked the results against a high sample-rate motion capture system and conducted a comparative analysis with eight human judges that used a fixed height service tool in a backhand low service situation. Our findings revealed a substantial enhancement in accuracy compared with human judgement; the system outperformed human judges by 3.5 times, achieving a 58% accuracy rate for detecting service heights between 1.150 and 1.155 m, as opposed to a 16% accuracy rate for humans. The system we have developed offers a highly reliable solution, substantially enhancing the consistency and accuracy of service judgement calls in badminton matches and ensuring fairness in the sport. The system's development signifies a meaningful step towards leveraging technology for precision and integrity in sports officiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liang Goh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Guo Dong Goh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Jing Wen Pan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (J.W.P.); (P.S.P.T.)
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Phillis Soek Po Teng
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (J.W.P.); (P.S.P.T.)
| | - Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (J.W.P.); (P.S.P.T.)
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McGrath JW, Neville J, Stewart T, Lamb M, Alway P, King M, Cronin J. Can an inertial measurement unit, combined with machine learning, accurately measure ground reaction forces in cricket fast bowling? Sports Biomech 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37941397 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2275251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether an inertial measurement unit (IMU) could measure ground reaction force (GRF) during a cricket fast bowling delivery. Eighteen male fast bowlers had IMUs attached to their upper back and bowling wrist. Each participant bowled 36 deliveries, split into three different intensity zones: low = 70% of maximum perceived bowling effort, medium = 85%, and high = 100%. A force plate was embedded into the bowling crease to measure the ground truth GRF. Three machine learning models were used to estimate GRF from the IMU data. The best results from all models showed a mean absolute percentage error of 22.1% body weights (BW) for vertical and horizontal peak force, 24.1% for vertical impulse, 32.6% and 33.6% for vertical and horizontal loading rates, respectively. The linear support vector machine model had the most consistent results. Although results were similar to other papers that have estimated GRF, the error would likely prevent its use in individual monitoring. However, due to the large differences in raw GRFs between participants, researchers may be able to help identify links among GRF, injury, and performance by categorising values into levels (i.e., low and high).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Manukau Institute of Technology School of Sport, Auckland, New Zealand
- Paramedicine and Emergency Management, School of Health Care Practice, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stewart
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Potential Centre, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Lamb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- England & Wales Cricket Board
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sandmæl S, van den Tillaar R, Dalen T. Validity and Reliability of Polar Team Pro and Playermaker for Estimating Running Distance and Speed in Indoor and Outdoor Conditions. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8251. [PMID: 37837081 PMCID: PMC10574827 DOI: 10.3390/s23198251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although global positioning systems and inertial measurement unit systems are often used to quantify physical variables in training, both types of systems need to be compared, considering their frequent use in measuring physical loads. Thus, the purpose of our study was to test the reliability and validity of speed and distance run measurements at different intensities in indoor and outdoor conditions made by Polar Team Pro and Playermaker. Four participants (age = 30.0 ± 5.1 years, body mass = 76.3 ± 5.3 kg, height = 1.79 ± 0.09 m), each wearing three Polar Team Pro and two Playermaker sensors, performed 100 m runs with different prescribed intensities (i.e., criterion measure) varying from 8 to 24 km h-1, in a straight line and/or rectangle under indoor and outdoor conditions. Both systems underestimated total distance; Playermaker underestimated speed, the extent of which increased as speed increased, while Polar Team Pro overestimated mean speed at 8 km h-1 for the straight-line condition. No differences emerged in mean speed estimated by Polar Team Pro at any intensities other than 20 km h-1, which was underestimated by 2%. The reliability of the sensors was good, given a coefficient of variation (CV) of <2% for all conditions except when measuring indoor conditions with Polar Team Pro (CV ≈ 10%). Intraclass correlations (ICCs) for consistency within the sensors varied from 0.47 to 0.99, and significantly lower ICCs were documented at 8, 10, and 12 km h-1. Both systems underestimated distance measured in indoor and outdoor conditions, and distance validity in different intensities seemed to worsen as speeds increased. Although Polar Team Pro demonstrated poor validity and reliability in indoor conditions, both systems exhibited good reliability between their sensors in outdoor conditions, whereas the reliability within their sensors varied with different speeds.
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Villarejo-García DH, Moreno-Villanueva A, Soler-López A, Reche-Soto P, Pino-Ortega J. Use, Validity and Reliability of Inertial Movement Units in Volleyball: Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3960. [PMID: 37112300 PMCID: PMC10142445 DOI: 10.3390/s23083960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of inertial devices in sport has become increasingly common. The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of multiple devices for measuring jump height in volleyball. The search was carried out in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and SPORTDiscus) using keywords and Boolean operators. Twenty-one studies were selected that met the established selection criteria. The studies focused on determining the validity and reliability of IMUs (52.38%), on controlling and quantifying external load (28.57%) and on describing differences between playing positions (19.05%). Indoor volleyball was the modality in which IMUs have been used the most. The most evaluated population was elite, adult and senior athletes. The IMUs were used both in training and in competition, evaluating mainly the amount of jump, the height of the jumps and some biomechanical aspects. Criteria and good validity values for jump counting are established. The reliability of the devices and the evidence is contradictory. IMUs are devices used in volleyball to count and measure vertical displacements and/or compare these measurements with the playing position, training or to determine the external load of the athletes. It has good validity measures, although inter-measurement reliability needs to be improved. Further studies are suggested to position IMUs as measuring instruments to analyze jumping and sport performance of players and teams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrián Moreno-Villanueva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler-López
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Reche-Soto
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.R.-S.)
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Yu C, Huang TY, Ma HP. Motion Analysis of Football Kick Based on an IMU Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22166244. [PMID: 36016005 PMCID: PMC9413305 DOI: 10.3390/s22166244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A greater variety of technologies are being applied in sports and health with the advancement of technology, but most optoelectronic systems have strict environmental restrictions and are usually costly. To visualize and perform quantitative analysis on the football kick, we introduce a 3D motion analysis system based on a six-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) to reconstruct the motion trajectory, in the meantime analyzing the velocity and the highest point of the foot during the backswing. We build a signal processing system in MATLAB and standardize the experimental process, allowing users to reconstruct the foot trajectory and obtain information about the motion within a short time. This paper presents a system that directly analyzes the instep kicking motion rather than recognizing different motions or obtaining biomechanical parameters. For the instep kicking motion of path length around 3.63 m, the root mean square error (RMSE) is about 0.07 m. The RMSE of the foot velocity is 0.034 m/s, which is around 0.45% of the maximum velocity. For the maximum velocity of the foot and the highest point of the backswing, the error is approximately 4% and 2.8%, respectively. With less complex hardware, our experimental results achieve excellent velocity accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Huang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Pin Ma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Center for Sport Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Nobari H, Ramachandran AK, Brito JP, Oliveira R. Quantification of Pre-Season and In-Season Training Intensity across an Entire Competitive Season of Asian Professional Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 35893188 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the training load in two microcycles (Ms) from pre- and another two from in-season and to analyze playing position influences on the load experienced by professional soccer players. Nineteen Asian athletes, including four central defenders, four wide defenders, six central midfielders, three wide midfielders, and two strikers participated in this study. The micro-electromechanical system was used to collect training duration, total distance, and data from Zone 1 (0−3.9 km·h−1), Zone 2 (4−7.1 km·h−1), Zone 3 (7.2−14.3 km·h−1), Zone 4 (14.4−19.7 km·h−1), and Zone 5 (>19.8 km·h−1), heart rate maximum (HRmax), and average (HRavg). The load was reduced on the last day of the Ms, with the exception of Zone 5, in M1, where higher values were found on the last day. Significant differences were observed between central and wide defenders for distance covered in Zone 4 (effect-size: ES = −4.83) in M2 and M4 (ES = 4.96). Throughout all the Ms, a constant HRmax (165−188 bpm) and HRavg (119−145 bpm) were observed. There was a tendency to decrease the load on the last day of the Ms. In general, there were higher external training loads in Ms from the pre-season than in-season. Wide defenders and wide midfielders showed higher distances covered with high-intensity running.
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Linkis JE, Bonne TC, Bejder J, Rasmussen EK, Breenfeldt Andersen A, Nordsborg NB. Reliability and Validity of the SHFT Running Power Meter. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7516. [PMID: 34833596 DOI: 10.3390/s21227516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The SHFT device is a novel running wearable consisting of two pods connected to your smartphone issuing several running metrics based on accelerometer and gyroscope technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the power output (PO) metric produced by the SHFT device. To assess reliability, 12 men ran on an outdoor track at 10.5 km·h-1 and 12 km·h-1 on two consecutive days. To assess validity, oxygen uptake (VO2) and SHFT data from eight men and seven women were collected during incremental submaximal running tests on an indoor treadmill on one to four separate days (34 tests in total). SHFT reliability on the outdoor track was strong with coefficients of variance (CV) of 1.8% and 2.4% for 10.5 and 12 km·h-1, respectively. We observed a very strong linear relationship between PO and VO2 (r2 = 0.54) within subjects, and a very strong linear relationship within each subject within each treadmill test (r2 = 0.80). We conclude that SHFT provides a reliable running power estimate and that a very strong relationship between SHFT-Power and metabolic rate exists, which places SHFT as one of the leading commercially available running power meters.
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Silva R, Rico-González M, Lima R, Akyildiz Z, Pino-Ortega J, Clemente FM. Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2623. [PMID: 33918020 DOI: 10.3390/s21082623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.
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Clemente FM, Akyildiz Z, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and Reliability of the Inertial Measurement Unit for Barbell Velocity Assessments: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21072511. [PMID: 33916801 PMCID: PMC8038306 DOI: 10.3390/s21072511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) has become popular in sports assessment. In the case of velocity-based training (VBT), there is a need to measure barbell velocity in each repetition. The use of IMUs may make the monitoring process easier; however, its validity and reliability should be established. Thus, this systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of wearable wireless IMUs for measuring barbell velocity and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of IMUs for measuring barbell velocity. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 161 studies initially identified, 22 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Among the eight different IMU models, seven can be considered valid and reliable for measuring barbell velocity. The great majority of IMUs used for measuring barbell velocity in linear trajectories are valid and reliable, and thus can be used by coaches for external load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Muñoz-Villena AJ, Gómez-López M, González-Hernández J. Perfectionism Profiles and Anger Responses: The Relevant Role of Self-Esteem in Athletes of Professional Quarries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17041416. [PMID: 32098354 PMCID: PMC7068536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait characterized by effort and rigidity in setting high personal standards, accompanied by an excessive tendency toward critical assessments, which plays an important role in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning. During adolescence, personality is built on a fundamental pillar—self-esteem—which plays an important role in sports practice when it comes to achieving the best possible performance. Anger has an emotional component that, interpreted in an unadaptive way, interferes with sports performance. The aim of this study is to assess differences according to self-esteem and perfectionism indicators and anger expression and management in young athletes. The sample included 229 male athletes to the quarries of professional sports with ages between 13 and 17 years. They were administered the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Predictive analysis showed that low personal standards and high levels of organization (indicators of adaptive perfectionism) acted as predictors of state anger, while those showing high personal standards predicted high anger management in athletes with high self-esteem. High personal standards predicted lower indicators of trait anger in athletes with low self-esteem. The results revealed the influence of high self-esteem as a protective factor in the predictive relationship among anger traits and personal standards. The study describes the relationship of these variables in the belongings of young male footballers (under high sport pressure), showing the need to take care of the athletes’ self-esteem in sport environments through prevention programs that include psychological and social resources training systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Muñoz-Villena
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Sport Psychology Fútbol Base ElcheCF, Sociedad Anónima Deportiva (SAD), 03208 Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Santiago de la Ribera, Spain
- Campus of International Excellence “Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Santiago de la Ribera, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-888-674
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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Düking P, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. Instant Biofeedback Provided by Wearable Sensor Technology Can Help to Optimize Exercise and Prevent Injury and Overuse. Front Physiol 2017; 8:167. [PMID: 28420998 PMCID: PMC5376581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians UniversityWürzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians UniversityWürzburg, Germany
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Düking P, Hotho A, Holmberg HC, Fuss FK, Sperlich B. Comparison of Non-Invasive Individual Monitoring of the Training and Health of Athletes with Commercially Available Wearable Technologies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:71. [PMID: 27014077 PMCID: PMC4783417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes adapt their training daily to optimize performance, as well as avoid fatigue, overtraining and other undesirable effects on their health. To optimize training load, each athlete must take his/her own personal objective and subjective characteristics into consideration and an increasing number of wearable technologies (wearables) provide convenient monitoring of various parameters. Accordingly, it is important to help athletes decide which parameters are of primary interest and which wearables can monitor these parameters most effectively. Here, we discuss the wearable technologies available for non-invasive monitoring of various parameters concerning an athlete's training and health. On the basis of these considerations, we suggest directions for future development. Furthermore, we propose that a combination of several wearables is most effective for accessing all relevant parameters, disturbing the athlete as little as possible, and optimizing performance and promoting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Department of Sports Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hotho
- Data Mining and Information Retrieval Group, Computer Science VI, Artificial Intelligence and Applied Computer Science, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
| | - Franz Konstantin Fuss
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, Australia
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Department of Sports Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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