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Abstract
Anthropological analysis of fragmentary evidence can be challenging but diverse methods allow substantial information to be gleaned. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy enables determination if bone and/or tooth tissue is present. Protein radioimmunoassay or DNA analysis can establish the species present. Histological analysis can assist in species determination and reveal information about thermal changes. Radiocarbon analysis with special reference to the modern bomb-curve can clarify the postmortem interval. Anthropologists should also be aware that DNA analysis not only can enable positive identification but assist in the evaluation of sex and age at death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Ubelaker
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaohan Wu
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Hasap L, Chotigeat W, Pradutkanchana J, Vongvatcharanon U, Kitpipit T, Thanakiatkrai P. A novel, 4-h DNA extraction method for STR typing of casework bone samples. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:461-471. [PMID: 31897668 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bones are often found in mass grave crime scene. To increase DNA identification success rates, a highly efficient DNA extraction method should be selected. Several DNA extraction methods for human bones have been published yet never been systematically compared, and some are time-consuming or complex. As such, a quick and highly efficient DNA extraction method was developed and compared with three published methods (Hi-Flow silica-based, total demineralization (TD) and PrepFiler BTA) using 70 fresh and 22 casework bones from different body parts. The highest median DNA concentrations were obtained from developed method (135.85 ng/μL and 0.224 ng/μL for fresh and casework bones, respectively). For residual PCR inhibitors, the threshold cycle (Ct) of the internal positive control (IPC) showed that developed method and PrepFiler BTA removed most PCR inhibitors. Similarly, 95.45% of casework STR profiles obtained using the developed protocol meet the standard requirements for Australian National Criminal Investigative DNA Database (NCIDD) entry, followed by 86.35% using TD, 81.82% using PrepFiler BTA, and 45.45% using Hi-Flow. Additionally, DNA extracts from seven different bones revealed that the 1st distal phalange of the hand contained the highest DNA concentration of 338.43 ng/μL, which was three times higher than the tibia and femur. Our findings suggest that developed method was highly efficient for casework bone analysis. It significantly reduced the extraction processing time down to 4 h and is two to four times cheaper compared with other methods. In practice, both the extraction method and the bone sampling must be considered by a forensic DNA analyst to increase the chances of successful identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hasap
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Chotigeat
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Jintana Pradutkanchana
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Uraporn Vongvatcharanon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Thitika Kitpipit
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Phuvadol Thanakiatkrai
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
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Pegg E, Doyle K, Clark EL, Jatau ID, Tomley FM, Blake DP. Application of a new PCR-RFLP panel suggests a restricted population structure for Eimeria tenella in UK and Irish chickens. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:60-67. [PMID: 27809980 PMCID: PMC5108357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella populations differ in genetic diversity between regions. PCR-RFLP provides a robust tool to assess genetic diversity for Eimeria tenella. Cost-effective genotyping can support expansion of population genetics for Eimeria.
Eimeria species cause coccidiosis, most notably in chickens where the global cost exceeds US$3 billion every year. Understanding variation in Eimeria population structure and genetic diversity contributes valuable information that can be used to minimise the impact of drug resistance and develop new, cost-effective anticoccidial vaccines. Little knowledge is currently available on the epidemiology of Eimeria species and strains in different regions, or under different chicken production systems. Recently, 244 Eimeria tenella isolates collected from countries in Africa and Asia were genotyped using a Sequenom single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tool, revealing significant variation in haplotype diversity and population structure, with a marked North/South regional divide. To expand studies on genetic polymorphism to larger numbers of E. tenella populations in other geographic regions a cheaper and more accessible technique, such as polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), is desirable. We have converted a subset of SNP markers for use as PCR-RFLPs and re-analysed the original 244 isolates with the PCR-RFLPs to assess their utility. In addition, application of the PCR-RFLP to E. tenella samples collected from UK and Irish broiler chickens revealed a tightly restricted haplotype diversity. Just two of the PCR-RFLPs accounted for all of the polymorphism detected in the UK and Irish parasite populations, but analysis of the full dataset revealed different informative markers in different regions, supporting validity of the PCR-RFLP panel. The tools described here provide an accessible and cost-effective method that can be used to enhance understanding of E. tenella genetic diversity and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Pegg
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kate Doyle
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Emily L Clark
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Isa D Jatau
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Hoffmann GS, Griebeler EM. An improved high yield method to obtain microsatellite genotypes from red deer antlers up to 200 years old. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:440-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Hoffmann
- Institute of Zoology Department of Ecology Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz D‐55099 Mainz Germany
| | - E. M. Griebeler
- Institute of Zoology Department of Ecology Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz D‐55099 Mainz Germany
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5
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Courts C, Madea B. Full STR Profile of a 67-Year-Old Bone Found in a Fresh Water Lake. J Forensic Sci 2010; 56 Suppl 1:S172-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaiser C, Bachmeier B, Conrad C, Nerlich A, Bratzke H, Eisenmenger W, Peschel O. Molecular study of time dependent changes in DNA stability in soil buried skeletal residues. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 177:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Iwamura ESM, Oliveira CRGCM, Soares-Vieira JA, Nascimento SAB, Muñoz DR. A qualitative study of compact bone microstructure and nuclear short tandem repeat obtained from femur of human remains found on the ground and exhumed 3 years after death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005; 26:33-44. [PMID: 15725775 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000154116.30837.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forensic identification of human remains is composed of anthropological study of race, sex, age, etc. By using these traditional methods, inconclusive or nonidentified cases could be subjected to DNA analysis. However, in spite of advances in human identification techniques, especially by PCR-amplified DNA, some limitations that affect the ability of obtaining DNA from human remains still persist. Light microscope sections of postmortem compact bones from human remains are presented here for the purpose of increasing a forensic examiner's prediction of successful nuclear DNA typing. Femoral compact bones were obtained from 7 human remains found on the ground, in different degrees of decomposition, and were cleaned by boiling to remove soft tissues, 8 collections of bones having undergone natural decomposition, not boiled (as no soft tissue was adhered), and 5 cadavers 12 to 16 hours postmortem. The histologic sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, the loci CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, F13A01, FESFPS, vWA, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and amelogenin were amplified by PCR, and the polyacrylamide gel was stained with silver. The results presented here clarify questions concerning the viability of DNA for identification analysis, and they also may help to establish better strategies for optimization of DNA extraction and analysis in compact bones of human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna S Miazato Iwamura
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Etica Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Instituto Oscar Freire, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Abstract
The introduction of molecular biology techniques, especially of DNA analysis, for human identification is a recent advance in legal medicine. Substantial effort has continuously been made in an attempt to identify cadavers and human remains after wars, socio-political problems and mass disasters. In addition, because of the social dynamics of large cities, there are always cases of missing people, as well as unidentified cadavers and human remains that are found. In the last few years, there has also been an increase in requests for exhumation of human remains in order to determine genetic relationships in civil suits and court action. The authors provide an extensive review of the literature regarding the use of this new methodology for human identification of ancient or recent bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Sadayo Miazato Iwamura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social and Work Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ohira H, Yamada Y. Advantages of dental mitochondrial DNA for detection and classification of the sequence variation using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999; 20:261-8. [PMID: 10507795 DOI: 10.1097/00000433-199909000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
After amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the nucleotide sequences of a 452-bp section of the D-loop region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were determined in 40 teeth extracted from patients living in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan. Dental DNA was extracted separately from the dental pulp and dentin (i.e., the attached pulp cells from the most superficial layer of the pulp cavity wall) of the same tooth. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the 452-bp region of the D-loop demonstrated that nucleotide substitutions and insertion/deletion events were identical in material from both sources. Thus, dentin produces equivalent results when the dental pulp of a tooth is unsuitable for mtDNA analysis. To establish the reliability of the screening procedure for the sequence analysis, we identified restriction sites for the enzymes KpnI and MnlI in the 452-bp region of the D-loop. Thirteen of 14 patterns of four polymorphisms analyzed using the mtDNA from the 40 tooth samples were identifiable by an initial screening procedure involving restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Combined use of sequence analysis and RFLP analysis proved extremely efficient in analyzing mtDNA polymorphisms, allowing identification of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohira
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan
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Lee HC, Ladd C, Scherczinger CA, Bourke MT. Forensic applications of DNA typing: part 2: collection and preservation of DNA evidence. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998; 19:10-8. [PMID: 9539385 DOI: 10.1097/00000433-199803000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The initial stages of physical evidence examination are pivotal to the successful resolution of criminal investigations. Recent cases clearly reinforce the notion that methods of evidence collection and preservation will continue to be rigorously scrutinized and challenged in court. This article reviews forensic applications of DNA typing, focusing on the collection and preservation of biological evidence. Topics addressed include physical evidence collection at the crime scene, the forensic laboratory, and the autopsy room. Specific concerns pertaining to different sources of DNA evidence are discussed, as are special collection methods associated with various substrates on which the evidence is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lee
- State Police Forensic Science Laboratory, Department of Public Safety, State of Connecticut, Meridian 06451, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Bureau, New Jersey State Police, West Trenton 08628-0088, USA
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