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Bergman YS, Faran Y, Caspi E, Klonover E. Subjective Age and Loneliness in Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Attachment Patterns. J Appl Gerontol 2024; 43:970-977. [PMID: 38131214 DOI: 10.1177/07334648231223357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness in older adults has been associated with a myriad of undesirable physical and psychological consequences, as well as with negative age and aging perceptions. However, little is known regarding the effect of individual differences in the ability to seek, maintain, and benefit from close relationships in this context. Accordingly, we examined the associations between subjective age (i.e., how old/young one feels vis-à-vis his/her chronological age; SA), attachment patterns, and loneliness. Data were collected from 840 older adults in Israel (Mage = 74.75, SD = 5.50, range = 67-94), who provided information pertaining to SA, attachment anxiety/avoidance, and loneliness. Loneliness was associated with an older SA, as well as with high levels of attachment anxiety/avoidance. Moreover, the association between SA and loneliness was nullified for individuals with low levels of attachment anxiety/avoidance. The discussion highlights the importance of both age perceptions and attachment patterns for understanding the underlying mechanisms of late-life loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav S Bergman
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Yifat Faran
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Eden Caspi
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Eyal Klonover
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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2
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Coleman SG, Ravula HP, Stein MB, Coleman JJ, Wilcox MM, Slavin-Mulford JM. The Impact of Different Thematic Apperception Test Administration Methods on Narrative Length and Story Richness as Measured by the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G). J Pers Assess 2024; 106:469-481. [PMID: 38078648 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2286459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is the second most commonly used performance-based task in clinical practice. However, traditional TAT administration is time-consuming and raises accessibility issues. This study examines the effect of administration modifications (i.e., examiner handwriting versus typing, examiner recording versus participant recording, and re-prompting versus no re-prompting) on narrative length and richness as measured by the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G). A four-card TAT protocol was administered to 150 college students under one of five conditions. The resulting narratives were scored by two trained raters using the SCORS-G. MANOVA procedures showed (a) no significant differences between examiner handwriting versus typing; (b) the shortest, blandest narratives were produced when the examiner recorded the narratives without re-prompting; and (c) the longest, richest narratives were produced when the participant typed the narratives with re-prompts on the computer screen. Clinical and research implications and future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savanna G Coleman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Havilah P Ravula
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Michelle B Stein
- Psychological Evaluation and Research Laboratory (PEaRL), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Coleman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Melanie M Wilcox
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Rubin SS, Manevich A, Yehene E. Continuing Bonds in Marriage, Death and Divorce: Conceptual and Clinical Considerations in the Relationship to Self and Spouse. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241226471. [PMID: 38226449 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241226471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The shift from the detachment model of mourning to the continuing bonds paradigm in bereavement placed relationships to the deceased alongside relationships to the living. This emphasis on the continuation of the connection to the other person after death paradoxically narrowed the gap between relationships in life and after death. We explore and expand the concept of continuing bonds as it is now used in the field of loss and bereavement by comparing spousal relationships in the living, deceased and divorced. The Two-Track Model of Loss and Bereavement is a framework and clinical paradigm that clarifies similarities and differences in these three pair-bond relationships. The focus on continuing bonds adds and deepens theory, clinical and research aspects of assessing spousal relationship for the living as well as the bereaved and divorced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Shimshon Rubin
- International Laboratory for the Study of Loss, Bereavement and Human Resilience, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Jezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Alexander Manevich
- Department of Psychology and Department of Behavioral Sciences, Kinneret Academic College and International Laboratory for the Study of Loss, Bereavement and Human Resilience and the School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Einat Yehene
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College to Tel Aviv - Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Williams R, Andreassi S, Moselli M, Fantini F, Tanzilli A, Lingiardi V, Laghi F. Relationship between Executive Functions, Social Cognition, and Attachment State of Mind in Adolescence: An Explorative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2836. [PMID: 36833531 PMCID: PMC9957111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence is presented as a turning point for the achievement of those abilities in social understanding as they commonly appear in adulthood. Developmental perspectives point to the possible role of neuro-cognitive maturation and social experiences to facilitate this growth. This paper has the goal to goalsto propose a valid and reliable measure of the new quantitative and qualitative advancements in social understanding occurring in the adolescent passage; relying on this, the research has two main objectives (a) to establish the associations between the advancements in social understanding and the executive functions held responsible for the neuro-cognitive rearrangements of adolescence; (c) to evidence the significant associations between attachment models and the development of social understanding in this phase of life. METHODS 100 subjects (50 boys and 50 girls, aged 11-15) were administered with AICA, SCORS, CNT, Stroop Color-Word Test, and WISC-III. RESULTS Advancements in the complexity of self-other representations and mentalization of interpersonal exchanges significantly occurs in the passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence and seem to be promoted by increased performances in executive control and cognitive shifting. Dismissing state of mind with respect to attachment is associated with lower development of social understanding in adolescence. The neurocognitive reorganization that underlies the passage from pre-adolescence to adolescence seems to provide the scaffolding for more sophisticated interpretations of the social world. Past and current affective experience can boost or hinder the full deployment of such human maturational potential. Given the importance of social cognition for adjustment and psychopathology, clinical intervention should target the amelioration of individual and family abilities in social reasoning and mentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Williams
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Andreassi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Moselli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Fantini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tanzilli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza—University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Haggerty G, Esang M, Salaheldin K, Lima A. The relationship between prototype ratings of personality and self and interpersonal functioning with an adolescent inpatient sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:364-372. [PMID: 32881158 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Personality pathology is conceptualized, in part, as impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Although most of the research has focused on adult samples, fewer have looked at this relationship in adolescent samples. This paper investigates the relationship between clinician-rated personality prototypes, the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-Prototype Matching Adolescent Version (SWAP-A-P) derived from the SWAP-II-A, and a measure of self and interpersonal functioning, the Social Cognition and Object Relation Scale-Global Rating (SCORS-G). Clinicians rated 66 adolescents hospitalized at a safety net teaching hospital in the northeast. The patient's individual and group therapist rated the patients at discharge using the SWAP-A-P and the SCORS-G at discharge blind to each other's ratings. Results showed that more severe personality pathology was linked with more impairments in self and interpersonal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Haggerty
- Graduate Medical Education, Mather Hospital/Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, New York, USA
| | - Michael Esang
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York, USA
| | - Khalid Salaheldin
- Graduate Medical Education, Mather Hospital/Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Mather Hospital Northwell Health
| | - Ateaya Lima
- Graduate Medical Education, Mather Hospital/Northwell Health, Port Jefferson, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Mather Hospital Northwell Health
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Reisz S, Brennan J, Jacobvitz D, George C. Adult attachment and birth experience: importance of a secure base and safe haven during childbirth. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2018; 37:26-43. [PMID: 30269511 PMCID: PMC6343367 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1509303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Examine connections between mothers’ adult attachment and subjective birth experience in the context of parity and mode of delivery. Background: Research has established a clear connection between adult attachment and birth experience. This study extended previous research with an in-depth self-report attachment measure examining different dimensions of mothers’ attachment representations and their relation to subjective birth experience. Interactions between mode of delivery and parity were also considered. Method: Participants were 257 mothers who gave birth 4 days to 12 months prior to the study. Mothers’ mean age was 30.5 years, 61% primiparas, and 26% delivered by caesarean. Participants completed an online survey with the Birth Experience Questionnaire, the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, and demographic information. Results: Hierarchical moderated regression analyses showed direct effects from adult attachment dimensions to mothers’ subjective birth experiences, specifically perceived availability, feared loss, separation protest, angry withdrawal, and compulsive careseeking. Interactions emerged for parity and/or mode of delivery for overall subjective birth experience, perceived control, perceived social support, and satisfaction. Conclusion: Adult attachment representations related to subjective birth experience, indicating that attachment figures serve as secure bases and safe havens for mothers during childbirth. These results have implications for practitioners and provide direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Reisz
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,b Human Development and Family Sciences , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Jessica Brennan
- c Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA.,d Family and Consumer Sciences , Modesto Junior College , Modesto , CA , USA
| | - Deborah Jacobvitz
- e Human Development & Family Sciences , University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Carol George
- f Psychology , Mills College , Oakland , CA , USA
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Richardson LA, Porcerelli JH, Dauphin VB, Morris P, Murdoch W. The Use of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in a Primary Care Setting. J Pers Assess 2017; 100:156-165. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2017.1369984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Porcerelli
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | | | - Pierre Morris
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - William Murdoch
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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Handelzalts JE, Fisher S, Sadan O, Goldzweig G. Object relations, unconscious defences and fear of childbirth, as reflected in maternal-request caesarean section. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2016. [PMID: 29517290 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2016.1253832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine a possible association between maternal-request caesarean section (CS) and two intrapsychic psychoanalytic personality variables: object relations (OR) and unconscious defences. BACKGROUND While maternal-request CS is a growing phenomenon, studies are lacking regarding personality variables that may be associated with it. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire was conducted in one delivery ward. During 2009, 59 primigravida, healthy women were recruited; 28 who had requested and delivered by CS without an obstetrical indication and 31 who opted for a spontaneous vaginal delivery. Due to missing data for some measures, only 27 participants were analysed in each group. All women completed the fear of childbirth (FOC) questionnaire, and the object relations (SCORS) and unconscious defences (DMM) measures of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), as well as questionnaires assessing background variables. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a logistic hierarchical multiple regression were performed. RESULTS Preliminary MANOVA showed significant differences between groups in age, FOC and use of the defence mechanism projection. Hence, these variables entered as predictors of maternal-request CS to a logistic hierarchical multiple regression model. The model was found to have a good fit [χ2(4) = 38.19, p < 0.001]. Age, FOC and projection defence were found to be significant factors associated with maternal-request CS. CONCLUSION Maternal-request CS was found to be strongly associated with age and FOC. Except for unconscious defence of projection, intrapsychic variables were not found to be associated with maternal-request CS. Possible implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shimrit Fisher
- a The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Oscar Sadan
- b Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , Israel
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- a The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv , Israel
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9
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Blakely TJ, Dziadosz GM. Application of Attachment Theory in Clinical Social Work. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2015; 40:283-289. [PMID: 26638504 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. This theory is very appropriate in this context because of its fit with social work concepts of person-in-situation, the significance of developmental history in the emergence of psychosocial problems, and the content of human behavior in the social environment. A literature review supports the significance of the theory. Included are ideas about how attachment styles and working models may be used in assessment and treatment to help clients achieve a secure attachment style.
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Kealy D, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS, Steinberg PI, Piper WE. Narcissism and relational representations among psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:393-407. [PMID: 23398104 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathological narcissism is associated with maladaptive interpersonal behavior, although less is known regarding the internal relational representations of narcissistic patients. The authors examined the relationship between pathological narcissism and two constructs that reflect internal representations of relational patterns: quality of object relations and attachment style. Patients attending a psychiatric day treatment program (N = 218) completed measures of narcissism, general psychiatric distress, and attachment style in terms of attachment avoidance and anxiety. A semistructured interview was used to assess quality of object relations. Multiple regression analysis was conducted, controlling for general psychiatric distress. Pathological narcissism was associated with anxious attachment, but not with avoidant attachment. Narcissism was also associated with lower levels of quality of object relations. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of internal representations of self-other relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kealy
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia
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11
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DeFife JA, Goldberg M, Westen D. Dimensional assessment of self- and interpersonal functioning in adolescents: implications for DSM-5's general definition of personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2015; 29:248-60. [PMID: 23398103 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2013_27_085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central to the proposed DSM-5 general definition of personality disorder (PD) are features of self- and interpersonal functioning. The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G) is a coding system that assesses eight dimensions of self- and relational experience that can be applied to narrative data or used by clinically experienced observers to quantify observations of patients in ongoing psychotherapy. This study aims to evaluate the relationship of SCORS-G dimensions to personality pathology in adolescents and their incremental validity for predicting multiple domains of adaptive functioning. A total of 294 randomly sampled doctoral-level clinical psychologists and psychiatrists described an adolescent patient in their care based on all available data. Individual SCORS-G variables demonstrated medium-to-large effect size differences for PD versus non-PD identified adolescents (d = .49-1.05). A summary SCORS-Composite rating was significantly related to composite measurements of global adaptive functioning (r = .66), school functioning (r = .47), externalizing behavior (r = -.49), and prior psychiatric history (r = -.31). The SCORS-Composite significantly predicted variance in domains of adaptive functioning above and beyond age and DSM-IV PD diagnosis (ΔR(2)s = .07-.32). As applied to adolescents, the SCORS-G offers a framework for a clinically meaningful and empirically sound dimensional assessment of self- and other representations and interpersonal functioning capacities. Our findings support the inclusion of self- and interpersonal capacities in the DSM-5 general definition of personality disorder as an improvement to existing PD diagnosis for capturing varied domains of adaptive functioning and psychopathology.
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12
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Geller JD, Farber BA. Attachment Style, Representations of Psychotherapy, and Clinical Interventions With Insecurely Attached Clients. J Clin Psychol 2015; 71:457-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Horesh N, Sommerfeld E, Wolf M, Zubery E, Zalsman G. Father-daughter relationship and the severity of eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:114-20. [PMID: 24908149 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-daughter relationship was the focus of studies on the development of eating disorders (ED) for many years. This study aimed to examine the association between the father-daughter relationship and ED and depressive symptoms. METHODS Fifty-three women diagnosed with ED were compared to a psychiatric control group (n=26) and to healthy participants (n=60) regarding their perception of their fathers and the relationship with them. Assessments were done using the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Eating Disorders Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Eating Attitude Test, and the Beck Depression Inventory as well as narrative-based methods. RESULTS Fathers' negative attributes were significantly associated with ED and depressive symptom. Two profiles of father-daughter relationship were found, the "caring and benevolent" relationship and the "overprotective and avoidant" one. In the latter, patients displayed significantly higher levels of food-restraint, more concerns about eating and about their body shape and appearance, and higher levels of depression. DISCUSSION Negative perception of the father's parenting style as well as the quality of the relationship with him are crucial for the understanding of the development and persistence of ED. Therapeutic programs for ED should focus not only on the relationship with the mother but must also address the relationship with the father.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Horesh
- Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - E Sommerfeld
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel; Child and Adolescents Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 102, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - M Wolf
- Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - E Zubery
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod HaSharon, Israel
| | - G Zalsman
- Child and Adolescents Division, Geha Mental Health Center, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 102, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Psychiatry Department, Columbia University, NY, USA.
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14
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Handelzalts JE, Fisher S, Naot R. Object relations and real life relationships: A cross method assessment. Scand J Psychol 2014; 55:160-7. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Handelzalts
- The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo; Tel-Aviv; Israel
- Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv; Israel
| | - Shimrit Fisher
- The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo; Tel-Aviv; Israel
| | - Rachel Naot
- The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo; Tel-Aviv; Israel
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15
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Ortigo KM, Westen D, Defife JA, Bradley B. Attachment, social cognition, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a traumatized, urban population: evidence for the mediating role of object relations. J Trauma Stress 2013; 26:361-8. [PMID: 23696470 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research has linked multiple risk and resiliency factors to developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One potentially important construct for understanding connections between trauma and PTSD is attachment. Although relationships between attachment and risk for PTSD have been described theoretically, limited research has addressed these relationships empirically. Furthermore, aspects of object relations overlap with attachment and PTSD, but have not been adequately incorporated in empirical research. One proposed pathway between attachment and PTSD involves the mediating role of object relations, particularly views of self and others. Present data were from a larger study investigating environmental and genetic risk factors for PTSD in an impoverished, primarily African American sample seeking care at a public urban hospital. Correlations indicated that adult attachment (with the exception of dismissing) and object relations relate to childhood traumas, (|r|s = .19-.29), adult traumas (|r|s = .14-.20), and self-reported PTSD symptoms (|r|s = .20-.36). Analyses also found support for mediational roles of object relations in relationships between attachment and PTSD symptoms (Model R(2) range = .136-.160). These data have theoretical, clinical, and research implications for understanding how particular aspects of attachment, specifically its effects on object relations, may protect against or predispose one to develop PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kile M Ortigo
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Petrowski K, Pokorny D, Nowacki K, Buchheim A. The therapist's attachment representation and the patient's attachment to the therapist. Psychother Res 2012; 23:25-34. [PMID: 23116364 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2012.717307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the therapist's own attachment representation (Adult Attachment Interview, AAI) and the patient's attachment relationship to the therapist (client's attachment to the therapist, CATS). The attachment representations of n=22 psychotherapists who treated n=429 patients were assessed. A general effect of the secure/insecure therapist attachment status on the attachment of the patient to the therapist was not found whereas the more specific effects expected could be confirmed: The more preoccupied the therapist's attachment status was, the more the patient experienced a preoccupied-merger attachment to the therapist. The more dismissing the therapist's attachment status was, the more the patient experienced an avoidant-fearful attachment to the therapist. In summary, not the general security/insecurity of the therapist's attachment representation but rather the type of the insecurity is associated with the subjective patient's attachment-related experience of the therapeutic dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Petrowski
- Department of Psychotherapy & Psychosomatic Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Stein MB, Siefert CJ, Stewart RV, Hilsenroth MJ. Relationship between the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS) and attachment style in a clinical sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2010; 18:512-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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A structural-developmental psychodynamic approach to psychopathology: two polarities of experience across the life span. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21:793-814. [PMID: 19583884 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with principles of developmental psychopathology, this paper presents a broad psychodynamic structural developmental perspective that establishes conceptual continuities between processes of normal personality development, personality organization, concepts of psychopathology, and processes of therapeutic change. The major assumption of this approach is that personality development proceeds in a dialectic synergistic interaction between the development of capacities for interpersonal relatedness and the development of self-definition or identity. Extensive research demonstrates that these two dimensions define two broad types of personality organization, each with a particular experiential mode; preferred forms of cognition, defense, and adaptation; unique qualities of interpersonal relatedness and specific types of object and self-representation. Severe disruptions of this normal dialectic developmental process result in various forms of psychopathology organized in two basic configurations in which there is distorted defensive preoccupation, at different developmental levels, with one of these polarities (relatedness or self-definition) at the expense of the development of the other dimension. This paper reviews empirical findings supporting this approach to normal and disrupted personality development throughout the life cycle and considers its relationship to the internalizing-externalizing distinction in childhood and adolescence, attachment theory, and research on the interaction between biological and psychosocial factors in development across the life span. Finally, we discuss the implications of this approach for intervention and prevention.
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Besser A, Priel B. Perceived Social Support, Malevolent Maternal Representations, and Older Adults' Depressed Mood. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.6.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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