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McCollum J, Razo J, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Silberschatz G. The Revised Pathogenic Beliefs Scale: A Transtheoretical Measure of Maladaptive Beliefs That Are Associated with Psychological Distress. J Pers Assess 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38358835 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2024.2307892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic beliefs are maladaptive cognitive schema that may obstruct a person's ability to achieve meaningful goals in their life. This study sought to revise a previously existing measure of pathogenic beliefs (the Pathogenic Beliefs Scale) by improving the quality of items and separating the ratings of the presence of a pathogenic belief from the distress associated with it. In Study 1 (n = 272), we used item-response theory to identify 21 items from an initial pool of 44 items. In Study 2 (n = 422), we tested the items from Study 1 using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 used the combined samples from Study 1 and Study 2 (total n = 528) to compare the revised measure to the Experiences in Close Relationships and the Measure of Parental Style. Results indicate that the revised 21-item PBS has good reliability and convergent validity with related measures, consistent with previous studies of the longer version of the PBS. The 21-item revised PBS is included as supplemental material, and freely available to clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McCollum
- San Francisco Psychotherapy Research Group, San Francisco, California
| | - Joe Razo
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - George Silberschatz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
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2
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Leonardi J, Gazzillo F, Gorman B, Bush M. Assessing Burdening Guilt and Its Correlates. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2023; 51:479-499. [PMID: 38047672 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2023.51.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Burdening guilt refers to the belief that one's emotions, needs, and ways of being are a burden to others, and is one type of interpersonal guilt proposed by the control-mastery theory (CMT). The aim of this article is to validate two new measures of burdening guilt. In the two studies conducted, we examined the psychometric properties of these scales and the relationship between burdening guilt and self-perceived burden (burdensomeness), self-esteem, shame, anxiety, depression, mental health, attachment insecurity, adverse childhood experiences, social desirability, empathy, and suicidal ideation. In Study 1, we presented a newly developed Burdening Guilt Rating Scale (BGRS) and its correlation with measures of the abovementioned dimensions. In Study 2 we verified, through confirmatory factor analysis and correlation techniques, the possibility of expanding the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 with a shorter, 5-item burdening guilt scale derived from the BGRS, and showed that this shorter scale correlates similarly to the longer one. Findings allowed us to validate these new scales providing empirical measures of burdening guilt-a theoretical concept with important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leonardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Francesco Gazzillo
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Bernard Gorman
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY
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Pedone R, Huprich SK, Colle L, Barbarulo AM, Semerari A. Exploring Guilt Differences in Grandiose Narcissism, Vulnerable Narcissism, and Malignant Self-Regard. J Pers Disord 2023; 37:285-303. [PMID: 37367822 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Narcissistic personality disorder is a heterogeneous and complex pathology which manifests itself very differently in individuals. The aim of the present study was to analyze differences and similarities in morality and sensitivity to feelings of guilt among grandiose narcissism (GN), vulnerable narcissism (VN), and malignant self-regard (MSR). We expected that MSR and VN would be most sensitive to deontological and altruistic guilt, and that MSR and VN would have higher levels of moral standards than GN. A nonclinical sample of 752 participants was evaluated. Results showed a significant association among MSR, VN, and GN. According to our hypothesis, GN turned out to be the one with the lowest association values to guilt measures. Our results demonstrated that MSR is strongly associated with all types of guilt, GN is associated with a substantial lack of guilt, and VN is associated with deontological guilt and self-hate, but not altruistic guilt. Results confirm the relevance of considering and understanding guilt when differentiating GN, VN, and MSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pedone
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
| | - Steven K Huprich
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Livia Colle
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
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Palladini M, Mazza MG, Scalabrini A, Rovere Querini P, Poletti S, Benedetti F. The Burden of Survivorship: Survivor Guilt and Its Association with Psychiatric Sequelae in COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093117. [PMID: 37176557 PMCID: PMC10178947 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 survivors struggle with intense depressive and post-traumatic symptoms in sub-acute stages. Survivor guilt may affect post-acute psychopathology. Herein, we aim to unveil the potential affective mechanism underpinning post-COVID psychiatric implications by focusing on the association of survivor guilt with psychopathology and maladaptive attributional style. At one month after discharge, we evaluated symptoms of depression on The Zung Severity Rating Scale (ZSDS), post-traumatic distress on Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and sleep disturbances on the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS) in 195 COVID-19 survivors. Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale (IGRS-15) rated survivor guilt. A discrepancy score between the burden of depression and post-traumatic distress symptoms was computed individually. Dysfunctional depressive attributions were assessed through the Cognition Questionnaire (CQ). Survivor guilt significantly predicts all evaluated psychopathological dimensions. Moreover, higher rates of survivor guilt were associated with an overlap between post-traumatic and depressive symptomatology, thus suggesting that survivor guilt equally sustains both psychiatric manifestations. Finally, survivor guilt fully mediated the relationship between dysfunctional depressive attributions and the discrepancy index. Our results confirm survivor guilt as a clinically relevant form of suffering related to psychopathological dimensions of post COVID-19 infection, gaining the status of a specific phenomenon and a promising treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Palladini
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20127 Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Gennaro Mazza
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20127 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20127 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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5
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Aafjes-van Doorn K, Luo X, Kealy D, McCollum J, Silberschatz G. Interpersonal guilt and the working alliance in psychotherapy: The moderating role of childhood experience. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:141-151. [PMID: 36068996 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal guilt often encompasses pathogenic beliefs that imply omnipotent responsibility for others and concerns about abandoning, humiliating or threatening others. This study sought to examine how interpersonal guilt may influence patients' and therapists' ratings of early working alliance and the potential moderating effect of perceived adverse parenting in childhood. Ninety-five patients and their 19 therapists in an outpatient psychotherapy clinic rated their early working alliance after the first and the fifth session in treatment. We conducted separate moderation analyses for patient and therapist-reported working alliance and controlled for psychological distress at baseline. Results suggest that perceived adverse parenting in childhood significantly moderated the effect of interpersonal guilt on the working alliance in such a way that for patients reporting very low levels of perceived adverse experiences, the interpersonal guilt beliefs had a positive effect on working alliance, whereas for those with very high levels of perceived adverse experiences, interpersonal guilt had a negative effect on working alliance. This same pattern of moderation was found for patient- and therapist-reported working alliance at session 1 and therapist-reported working alliance at session 5. Thus, although the effect of interpersonal guilt on the working alliance depends somewhat on the perspective of the working alliance rating (patient or therapist), it mainly depends on developmental experiences of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaochen Luo
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James McCollum
- San Francisco Psychotherapy Research Group, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - George Silberschatz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Russo A, Santoro G, Schimmenti A. Interpersonal Guilt and Problematic Online Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:236-247. [PMID: 36101646 PMCID: PMC9442854 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The positive association between problematic Internet use (PIU) and emotion dysregulation (ED) is well documented. Research has also found that interpersonal guilt is positively associated with ED. Nevertheless, the influence of interpersonal guilt on PIU has been scarcely examined. In the current study, we investigated the relationships among the three constructs, and tested if emotion dysregulation mediates the association between interpersonal guilt and different types of PIU, namely problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic online pornography use. METHOD A sample of 434 adult participants (210 males, 48.4%) aged between 18 and 69 years old completed self-reported measures on interpersonal guilt, ED, and PIU. A structural equation modeling (SEM) framework was used to test the mediation models. RESULTS SEM analyses showed that ED mediates the relationship between interpersonal guilt as antecedent, and problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, and problematic online pornography use as outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that emotion dysregulation deriving from experiences of interpersonal guilt can amplify the risk of using gaming, social media, and online pornography in a problematic way. Implications for prevention and treatment of PIU are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Russo
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,Corresponding author Dr. Angela Russo, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Santoro
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE – Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE – Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
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Leonardi J, Gazzillo F, Gorman BS, Kealy D. Understanding interpersonal guilt: Associations with attachment, altruism, and personality pathology. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:573-580. [PMID: 35778896 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to empirically investigate the relationships among interpersonal guilt, as conceived within control-mastery theory (CMT), and attachment, altruism, and personality pathology in an English-speaking sample. An online sample of 393 participants was recruited to complete the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale self-report version-15 (IGRS-15s), together with other empirically validated measures for the assessment of attachment, altruism, and personality pathology. On the basis of previous studies conducted in Italian-speaking samples, we hypothesized that survivor guilt, separation/disloyalty guilt, and omnipotent responsibility guilt would be associated with attachment anxiety and avoidance, altruism, and personality pathology; self-hate was hypothesized to be associated only with attachment anxiety and avoidance and personality pathology. Analyses examined bivariate associations as well as the network of partial correlations among variables. The results largely confirmed hypothesized associations, with self-hate evincing the strongest unique association with personality dysfunction. Findings provide a basis for further research regarding interpersonal guilt and personality and relational functioning, with potential implications for clinical conceptualizations of the role of guilt in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leonardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gazzillo
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernard S Gorman
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Lausi G, Barchielli B, Burrai J, Giannini AM, Cricenti C. Italian Validation of the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312717. [PMID: 34886443 PMCID: PMC8657216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and emotional forms of violence often represent a danger alarm and an important risk factor for other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV). Measuring psychological violence raises several issues of conceptualization and definition, which lead to the development of several assessment instruments; among them, the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P) showed good psychometric proprieties in a Spanish population and is used to identify which strategies are acted out to engage in psychological violence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of EAPA-P among a group of Italian-speaking women (N = 343), thus evaluating its psychometric characteristics. Based on the English translation of the original Spanish version, an 11-item form of the EAPA-P was obtained, validity has been assessed through measures of emotion dysregulation, interpersonal guilt, conflict among partners and depression, anxiety, and stress symptomatology. Moreover, differences among groups were conducted to identify the capacity of the Italian version of EAPA-P to discriminate among women reporting experiencing psychological violence (N = 179), and who don't (N = 150). Results showed an excellent internal validity, good correlations, and a good discriminatory ability of the scale. Strengths, limitations, and practical implications of the study have been discussed according to recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lausi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 00185 Rome, Italy; (J.B.); (A.M.G.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49917534
| | - Benedetta Barchielli
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jessica Burrai
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 00185 Rome, Italy; (J.B.); (A.M.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 00185 Rome, Italy; (J.B.); (A.M.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Clarissa Cricenti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi, 00185 Rome, Italy; (J.B.); (A.M.G.); (C.C.)
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Aafjes-van Doorn K, McCollum J, Silberschatz G, Kealy D, Snyder J. Interpersonal and Social Functioning Among Psychotherapy Patients: The Indirect Effect of Childhood Adversity. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:747-752. [PMID: 34143761 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examined the mediating role of pathogenic beliefs on the relationship between patients' recollections of experienced adverse parenting in childhood and adult interpersonal and social problems. A total of 210 psychotherapy outpatients rated their experiences of perceived adverse parenting in childhood and completed measures of psychological distress, interpersonal problems and social impairment, and internalized beliefs about self and others. Significant mediation effects were observed for two of the three belief domains: "cannot rely on others" and "undeserving." Although both were significant mediators between adverse parenting and symptom distress, only "cannot rely on others" was a significant mediator predicting interpersonal problems, and only "undeserving" was a significant mediator predicting impaired social functioning. Thus, patients' underlying convictions regarding their self-worth seem to play a role in the ability to develop social roles, whereas the beliefs about the steadfastness of others play an important role in the capacity for interpersonal relating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Silberschatz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Franciso, California
| | - David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Parisi I, Mancini A, Mancini F, Aglioti SM, Panasiti MS. Deontological Guilt and Disgust Sensitivity Modulate Moral Behaviour. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2021; 18:196-210. [PMID: 34909035 PMCID: PMC8650176 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deontological Guilt (DG), and Altruistic Guilt (AG) emerge from the appraisal of violating an internalized rule or an altruistic principle, respectively. DG is strictly connected with Disgust Sensitivity and plays a key role in the development and maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Previous studies investigated how DG affects responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas, however how DG and Disgust Sensitivity interact modulating moral behavior is still unknown. METHODS STUDY 1. 46 healthy participants performed an ecological paradigm in which people can spontaneously decide to lie to obtain a reward (egoistic lie) or give it away (altruistic lie) after three emotional inductions: DG, AG or neutral. Furthermore, OCD traits, Morality, Guilt Propensity and Disgust Sensitivity were assessed by means of questionnaires. STUDY 2. 27 participants from the original sample were retested during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy to ascertain whether the pandemic modified traits related to morality, disgust, guilt or OCD symptoms and whether these changes modulated moral behavior (measured by a task in which cheating was associated to higher pay-offs). RESULTS STUDY 1. Compared to the neutral, after the DG induction participants produced less altruistic and more egoistic lies. This effect was stronger in participants with high Disgust Sensitivity. STUDY 2. During the COVID-19 lockdown participants became more sensitive to the Authority pillar of the Moral Foundations and more sensitive to Disgust: this increment in deontological morality affected (im) moral behavior depending on changes in Disgust Sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that people with high Disgust Sensitivity are more affected by deontological inductions which translate to higher immorality, supposedly by lowering their moral self-image. These results might have important clinical implications as they suggest that addressing Disgust Sensitivity in therapy, might also decrease the effect of guilt on patients' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Parisi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome & Sapienza University of Rome
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306 - 00179
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva APC-SPC, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mancini
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva APC-SPC, Rome, Italy
- Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome & Sapienza University of Rome
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306 - 00179
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina, 306 - 00179
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza University of Rome”, Via dei Marsi, 78 - 00185 Rome, Italy
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Montag C, Elhai JD, Davis KL. A comprehensive review of studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:160-167. [PMID: 33609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, BW, 89081, Germany.
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, NC, 27408, United States.
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Faccini F, Gazzillo F, Gorman BS. Guilt, Shame, Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Traumas: New Data for the Validation of the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 Self-Report (IGRS-15s). Psychodyn Psychiatry 2020; 48:79-100. [PMID: 32202981 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2020.48.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present further data for the validation of the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 self-report (IGRS-15s; Gazzillo et al., 2018). We recruited a sample of 448 subjects, to whom we administered the IGRS-15s together with other empirically validated measures for the assessment of social desirability, shame, self-esteem, empathy, mental health and therapeutic alliance. In line with our hypotheses, the previously established three-factor structure of the IGRS-15s (Survivor guilt, Omnipotence guilt, and Self-hate) was confirmed. Moreover, the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of IGRS-15s were adequate to good. All the IGRS-15s factors were negatively correlated with self-esteem and mental health and positively correlated with shame; Survivor guilt and Omnipotence guilt were positively correlated with empathy; Survivor guilt and Self-hate negatively affected therapeutic alliance; and different traumas had different, theoretically predictable, impacts on the different kinds of guilt. Overall, these data support the reliability and validity of the IGRS-15s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Faccini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome
| | - Francesco Gazzillo
- Derner Institute of Advanced Psychology Studies, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York
| | - Bernard S Gorman
- Derner Institute of Advanced Psychology Studies, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York
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