1
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Deshetty UM, Chatterjee N, Buch S, Periyasamy P. HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Human Müller Glial Cell Senescence Involves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Dysregulated Autophagy. Viruses 2024; 16:903. [PMID: 38932195 PMCID: PMC11209317 DOI: 10.3390/v16060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatments have notably extended the lives of individuals with HIV and reduced the occurrence of comorbidities, including ocular manifestations. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HIV-1 pathogenesis raises questions about its correlation with cellular senescence or its role in initiating senescent traits. This study investigated how ER stress and dysregulated autophagy impact cellular senescence triggered by HIV-1 Tat in the MIO-M1 cell line (human Müller glial cells). Cells exposed to HIV-1 Tat exhibited increased vimentin expression combined with markers of ER stress (BiP, p-eIF2α), autophagy (LC3, Beclin-1, p62), and the senescence marker p21 compared to control cells. Western blotting and staining techniques like SA-β-gal were employed to examine these markers. Additionally, treatments with ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA before HIV-1 Tat exposure led to a decreased expression of ER stress, senescence, and autophagy markers. Conversely, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA resulted in reduced autophagy and senescence markers but did not alter ER stress markers compared to control cells. The findings suggest a link between ER stress, dysregulated autophagy, and the initiation of a senescence phenotype in MIO-M1 cells induced by HIV-1 Tat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Deshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Netralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai 600006, India;
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA;
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2
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Ayoub SM, Holloway BM, Miranda AH, Roberts BZ, Young JW, Minassian A, Ellis RJ. The Impact of Cannabis Use on Cognition in People with HIV: Evidence of Function-Dependent Effects and Mechanisms from Clinical and Preclinical Studies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:87-115. [PMID: 38602558 PMCID: PMC11129923 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cannabis may have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in people with HIV (PWH); however, given this population's high burden of persisting neurocognitive impairment (NCI), clinicians are concerned they may be particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cannabis on cognition. Here, we present a systematic scoping review of clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the effects of cannabinoid exposure on cognition in HIV. RECENT FINDINGS Results revealed little evidence to support a harmful impact of cannabis use on cognition in HIV, with few eligible preclinical data existing. Furthermore, the beneficial/harmful effects of cannabis use observed on cognition were function-dependent and confounded by several factors (e.g., age, frequency of use). Results are discussed alongside potential mechanisms of cannabis effects on cognition in HIV (e.g., anti-inflammatory), and considerations are outlined for screening PWH that may benefit from cannabis interventions. We further highlight the value of accelerating research discoveries in this area by utilizing translatable cross-species tasks to facilitate comparisons across human and animal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
| | - Breanna M Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Alannah H Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Duffy BC, King KM, Nepal B, Nonnemacher MR, Kortagere S. Acute Administration of HIV-1 Tat Protein Drives Glutamatergic Alterations in a Rodent Model of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04113-8. [PMID: 38514527 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a major comorbidity of HIV-1 infection, marked by impairment of executive function varying in severity. HAND affects nearly half of people living with HIV (PLWH), with mild forms predominating since the use of anti-retroviral therapies (ART). The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients adherent to ART, and its administration or expression in animals causes cognitive symptoms. Studies of Tat interaction with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) suggest that glutamate toxicity contributes to Tat-induced impairments. To identify changes in regional glutamatergic circuitry underlying cognitive impairment, we injected recombinant Tat86 or saline to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were assessed with behavioral tasks that involve intact functioning of mPFC including the novel object recognition (NOR), spatial object recognition (SOR), and temporal order (TO) tasks at 1 and 2 postoperative weeks. Following testing, mPFC tissue was collected and analyzed by RT-PCR. Results showed Tat86 in mPFC-induced impairment in SOR, and upregulation of Grin1 and Grin2a transcripts. To further understand the mechanism of Tat toxicity, we assessed the effects of full-length Tat101 on gene expression in mPFC by RNA sequencing. The results of RNAseq suggest that glutamatergic effects of Tat86 are maintained with Tat101, as Grin2a was upregulated in Tat101-injected tissue, among other differentially expressed genes. Spatial learning and memory impairment and Grin2a upregulation suggest that exposure to Tat protein drives adaptation in mPFC, altering the function of circuitry supporting spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna C Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kirsten M King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Binod Nepal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Kulbe JR, Le AA, Mante M, Florio J, Laird AE, Swinton MK, Rissman RA, Fields JA. GP120 and tenofovir alafenamide alter cannabinoid receptor 1 expression in hippocampus of mice. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:564-576. [PMID: 37801175 PMCID: PMC10645617 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction remains prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is evidence that low-level HIV infection and ART drugs may contribute to CNS damage in the brain of PWH with suppressed viral loads. As cannabis is used at a higher rate in PWH compared to the general population, there is interest in understanding how HIV proteins and ART drugs interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and inflammation in the CNS. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the HIV envelope protein gp120 and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and IBA1 in the brain and on locomotor activity in mice. The gp120 transgenic (tg) mouse model was administered TAF daily for 30 days and then analyzed using the open field test before being euthanized, and their brains were analyzed for CB1R, GFAP, and IBA1 expression using immunohistochemical approaches. CB1R expression levels were significantly increased in CA1, CA2/3, and dentate gyrus of gp120tg mice compared to wt littermates; TAF reversed these effects. As expected, TAF showed a medium effect of enhancing GFAP in the frontal cortex of gp120tg mice in the frontal cortex. TAF had minimal effect on IBA1 signal. TAF showed medium to large effects on fine movements, rearing, total activity, total distance, and lateral activity in the open-field test. These findings suggest that TAF may reverse gp120-induced effects on CB1R expression and, unlike tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), may not affect gliosis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Anh Le
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin Florio
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Elizabeth Laird
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mary K Swinton
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.
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5
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Asher MJ, McMullan HM, Dong A, Li Y, Thayer SA. A Complete Endocannabinoid Signaling System Modulates Synaptic Transmission between Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:100-112. [PMID: 36379717 PMCID: PMC9881009 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulates synaptic function to regulate many aspects of neurophysiology. It adapts to environmental changes and is affected by disease. Thus, the ECS presents an important target for therapeutic development. Despite recent interest in cannabinoid-based treatments, few preclinical studies are conducted in human systems. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide one possible solution to this issue. However, it is not known if these cells have a fully functional ECS. Here, we show that hiPSC-derived neuron/astrocyte cultures exhibit a complete ECS. Using Ca2+ imaging and a genetically encoded endocannabinoid sensor, we demonstrate that they not only respond to exogenously applied cannabinoids but also produce and metabolize endocannabinoids. Synaptically driven [Ca2+]i spiking activity was inhibited (EC50 = 48 ± 13 nM) by the efficacious agonist [R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrolol [1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-yl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone mesylate] (Win 55,212-2) and by the endogenous ligand 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG; EC50 = 2.0 ± 0.6 µm). The effects of Win 55212-2 were blocked by a CB1 receptor-selective antagonist. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol acted as a partial agonist, maximally inhibiting synaptic activity by 47 ± 14% (EC50 = 1.4 ± 1.9 µm). Carbachol stimulated 2-AG production in a manner that was independent of Ca2+ and blocked by selective inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase. 2-AG returned to basal levels via a process mediated by monoacylglycerol lipase as indicated by slowed recovery in cultures treated with 4-[Bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-nitrophenyl ester (JZL 184). Win 55,212-2 markedly desensitized CB1 receptor function following a 1-day exposure, whereas desensitization was incomplete following 7-day treatment with JZL 184. This human cell culture model is well suited for functional analysis of the ECS and as a platform for drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite known differences between the human response to cannabinoids and that of other species, an in vitro human model demonstrating a fully functional endocannabinoid system has not been described. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be obtained from skin samples and then reprogrammed into neurons for use in basic research and drug screening. Here, we show that hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures exhibit a complete endocannabinoid system suitable for mechanistic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Asher
- Department of Pharmacology (M.J.A., H.M.M., S.A.T.), Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.J.A., S.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program (H.M.M., S.A.T.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences (A.D., Y.L.), IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research (A.D., Y.L.), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (A.D., Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
| | - Hannah M McMullan
- Department of Pharmacology (M.J.A., H.M.M., S.A.T.), Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.J.A., S.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program (H.M.M., S.A.T.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences (A.D., Y.L.), IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research (A.D., Y.L.), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (A.D., Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
| | - Ao Dong
- Department of Pharmacology (M.J.A., H.M.M., S.A.T.), Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.J.A., S.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program (H.M.M., S.A.T.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences (A.D., Y.L.), IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research (A.D., Y.L.), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (A.D., Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Pharmacology (M.J.A., H.M.M., S.A.T.), Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.J.A., S.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program (H.M.M., S.A.T.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences (A.D., Y.L.), IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research (A.D., Y.L.), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (A.D., Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology (M.J.A., H.M.M., S.A.T.), Graduate Program in Neuroscience (M.J.A., S.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program (H.M.M., S.A.T.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences (A.D., Y.L.), IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research (A.D., Y.L.), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (A.D., Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, China; and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L.)
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6
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Xu C, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Nath B, Mistry T, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Neurotransmission Is Sex-Dependently Affected by Tat Expression in Transgenic Mice and Suppressed by the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme Inhibitor PF3845 via Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:857. [PMID: 35269478 PMCID: PMC8909692 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates physiological and cognitive processes, presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Here we examine whether upregulating eCB tone has potential protective effects against HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein-induced alterations in synaptic activity. (2) Methods. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to assess inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex slices of Tat transgenic male and female mice, in the presence and absence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor PF3845. Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses assessed alterations of cannabinoid receptor and enzyme protein expression as well as endogenous ligands, respectively, to determine the impact of Tat exposure on the eCB system. (3) Results. GABAergic activity was significantly altered upon Tat exposure based on sex, whereas the effectiveness of PF3845 to suppress GABAergic activity in Tat transgenic mice was not altered by Tat or sex and involved CB1R-related mechanisms that depended on calcium signaling. Additionally, our data indicated sex-dependent changes for AEA and related non-eCB lipids based on Tat induction. (4) Conclusion. Results highlight sex- and/or Tat-dependent alterations of GABAergic activity and eCB signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Tat transgenic mice and further increase our understanding about the role of FAAH inhibition in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Twisha Mistry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
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7
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Wallace DR. HIV-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive decline: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108047. [PMID: 34848202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of changes to the neurological system has improved, it has become clear that patients who have contracted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can potentially suffer from a cascade of neurological issues, including neuropathy, dementia, and declining cognitive function. The progression from mild to severe symptoms tends to affect motor function, followed by cognitive changes. Central nervous system deficits that are observed as the disease progresses have been reported as most severe in later-stage HIV infection. Examining the full spectrum of neuronal damage, generalized cortical atrophy is a common hallmark, resulting in the death of multiple classes of neurons. With antiretroviral therapy (ART), we can partially control disease progression, slowing the onset of the most severe symptoms such as, reducing viral load in the brain, and developing HIV-associated dementia (HAD). HAD is a severe and debilitating outcome from HIV-related neuropathologies. HIV neurotoxicity can be direct (action directly on the neuron) or indirect (actions off-site that affect normal neuronal function). There are two critical HIV-associated proteins, Tat and gp120, which bear responsibility for many of the neuropathologies associated with HAD and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). A cascade of systems is involved in HIV-related neurotoxicity, and determining a critical point where therapeutic strategies can be employed is of the utmost importance. This review will provide an overview of the existing hypotheses on HIV-neurotoxicity and the potential for the development of therapeutics to aid in the treatment of HIV-related nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wallace
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Science, 1111 West 17(th) Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA.
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8
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League AF, Gorman BL, Hermes DJ, Johnson CT, Jacobs IR, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Poklis JL, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor MJN110 Reduces Neuronal Hyperexcitability, Restores Dendritic Arborization Complexity, and Regulates Reward-Related Behavior in Presence of HIV-1 Tat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:651272. [PMID: 34484091 PMCID: PMC8415271 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.651272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapeutic strategies for people living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppress virus replication peripherally, viral proteins such as transactivator of transcription (Tat) enter the central nervous system early upon infection and contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions even alongside antiretroviral treatment. As demand grows for supplemental strategies to combat virus-associated pathology presenting frequently as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), the present study aimed to characterize the potential utility of inhibiting monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity to increase inhibitory activity at cannabinoid receptor-type 1 receptors through upregulation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and downregulation of its degradation into proinflammatory metabolite arachidonic acid (AA). The MAGL inhibitor MJN110 significantly reduced intracellular calcium and increased dendritic branching complexity in Tat-treated primary frontal cortex neuron cultures. Chronic MJN110 administration in vivo increased 2-AG levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum across Tat(+) and Tat(–) groups and restored PFC N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) levels in Tat(+) subjects. While Tat expression significantly increased rate of reward-related behavioral task acquisition in a novel discriminative stimulus learning and cognitive flexibility assay, MJN110 altered reversal acquisition specifically in Tat(+) mice to rates indistinguishable from Tat(–) controls. Collectively, our results suggest a neuroprotective role of MAGL inhibition in reducing neuronal hyperexcitability, restoring dendritic arborization complexity, and mitigating neurocognitive alterations driven by viral proteins associated with latent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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9
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Roberts BZ, Minassian A, Halberstadt AL, He YV, Chatha M, Geyer MA, Grant I, Young JW. HIV Transgenic Rats Demonstrate Impaired Sensorimotor Gating But Are Insensitive to Cannabinoid (Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol)-Induced Deficits. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:894-906. [PMID: 34338765 PMCID: PMC8598295 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is commonly observed in persons living with HIV (PWH) and is characterized by cognitive deficits implicating disruptions of fronto-striatal neurocircuitry. Such circuitry is also susceptible to alteration by cannabis and other drugs of abuse. PWH use cannabis at much higher rates than the general population, thus prioritizing the characterization of any interactions between HIV and cannabinoids on cognitively relevant systems. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, the process by which the motor response to a startling stimulus is attenuated by perception of a preceding non-startling stimulus, is an operational assay of fronto-striatal circuit integrity that is translatable across species. PPI is reduced in PWH. The HIV transgenic (HIVtg) rat model of HIV infection mimics numerous aspects of HAND, although to date the PPI deficit observed in PWH has yet to be fully recreated in animals. METHODS PPI was measured in male and female HIVtg rats and wild-type controls following acute, nonconcurrent treatment with the primary constituents of cannabis: Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) and cannabidiol (1, 10, and 30 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS HIVtg rats exhibited a significant PPI deficit relative to wild-type controls. THC reduced PPI in controls but not HIVtg rats. Cannabidiol exerted only minor, genotype-independent effects on PPI. CONCLUSIONS HIVtg rats exhibit a relative insensitivity to the deleterious effects of THC on the fronto-striatal function reflected by PPI, which may partially explain the higher rates of cannabis use among PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA,VISN-22 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yinong V He
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Muhammad Chatha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA,VISN-22 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA,VISN-22 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA,Correspondence: Jared W. Young, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA ()
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10
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Irollo E, Luchetta J, Ho C, Nash B, Meucci O. Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4283-4303. [PMID: 33585975 PMCID: PMC8164580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits in people living with HIV. HAND is still common in patients that take antiretroviral therapies, although they tend to present with less severe symptoms. The continued prevalence of HAND in treated patients is a major therapeutic challenge, as even minor cognitive impairment decreases patient’s quality of life. Therefore, modern HAND research aims to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that drive cognitive impairment in people with HIV and identify promising molecular pathways and targets that could be exploited therapeutically. Recent studies suggest that HAND in treated patients is at least partially induced by subtle synaptodendritic damage and disruption of neuronal networks in brain areas that mediate learning, memory, and executive functions. Although the causes of subtle neuronal dysfunction are varied, reversing synaptodendritic damage in animal models restores cognitive function and thus highlights a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we examine evidence of synaptodendritic damage and disrupted neuronal connectivity in HAND from clinical neuroimaging and neuropathology studies and discuss studies in HAND models that define structural and functional impairment of neurotransmission. Then, we report molecular pathways, mechanisms, and comorbidities involved in this neuronal dysfunction, discuss new approaches to reverse neuronal damage, and highlight current gaps in knowledge. Continued research on the manifestation and mechanisms of synaptic injury and network dysfunction in HAND patients and experimental models will be critical if we are to develop safe and effective therapies that reverse subtle neuropathology and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jared Luchetta
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Chunta Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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11
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Fitting S. Mini-review: The therapeutic role of cannabinoids in neuroHIV. Neurosci Lett 2021; 750:135717. [PMID: 33587986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered a chronic disease with an inflammatory component that specifically targets the brain and causes a high prevalence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has attracted interest as a target for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, due to the potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids, including its potential therapeutic use in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the structural and functional changes of the eCB system under conditions of HAND. This will be followed by summarizing the current clinical and preclinical findings on the effects of cannabis use and cannabinoids in the context of HIV-1 infection, with specifically focusing on viral load, cognition, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Lastly, we present some potential future directions to better understand the involvement of the eCB system and the role that cannabis use and cannabinoids play in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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