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Tanrıverdi B, Cowan ET, Metoki A, Jobson KR, Murty VP, Chein J, Olson IR. Awake Hippocampal-Cortical Co-reactivation Is Associated with Forgetting. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1446-1462. [PMID: 37348130 PMCID: PMC10759317 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Systems consolidation theories posit that consolidation occurs primarily through a coordinated communication between hippocampus and neocortex [Moscovitch, M., & Gilboa, A. Systems consolidation, transformation and reorganization: Multiple trace theory, trace transformation theory and their competitors. PsyArXiv, 2021; Kumaran, D., Hassabis, D., & McClelland, J. L. What learning systems do intelligent agents need? Complementary learning systems theory updated. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 512-534, 2016; McClelland, J. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-457, 1995]. Recent sleep studies in rodents have shown that hippocampus and visual cortex replay the same information at temporal proximity ("co-replay"; Lansink, C. S., Goltstein, P. M., Lankelma, J. V., McNaughton, B. L., & Pennartz, C. M. A. Hippocampus leads ventral striatum in replay of place-reward information. PLoS Biology, 7, e1000173, 2009; Peyrache, A., Khamassi, M., Benchenane, K., Wiener, S. I., & Battaglia, F. P. Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 919-926, 2009; Wierzynski, C. M., Lubenov, E. V., Gu, M., & Siapas, A. G. State-dependent spike-timing relationships between hippocampal and prefrontal circuits during sleep. Neuron, 61, 587-596, 2009; Ji, D., & Wilson, M. A. Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 100-107, 2007). We developed a novel repetition time (TR)-based co-reactivation analysis method to study hippocampal-cortical co-replays in humans using fMRI. Thirty-six young adults completed an image (face or scene) and location paired associate encoding task in the scanner, which were preceded and followed by resting state scans. We identified post-encoding rest TRs (± 1) that showed neural reactivation of each image-location trials in both hippocampus (HPC) and category-selective cortex (fusiform face area [FFA]). This allowed us to characterize temporally proximal coordinated reactivations ("co-reactivations") between HPC and FFA. Moreover, we found that increased HPC-FFA co-reactivations were associated with incorrectly recognized trials after a 1-week delay (p = .004). Finally, we found that these HPC-FFA co-reactivations were also associated with trials that were initially correctly recognized immediately after encoding but were later forgotten in 1-day (p = .043) and 1-week delay period (p = .031). We discuss these results from a trace transformation perspective [Sekeres, M. J., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. The hippocampus and related neocortical structures in memory transformation. Neuroscience Letters, 680, 39-53, 2018; Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. Memory transformation and systems consolidation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 766-780, 2011] and speculate that HPC-FFA co-reactivations may be integrating related events, at the expense of disrupting event-specific details, hence leading to forgetting.
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Chen ZS, Wilson MA. How our understanding of memory replay evolves. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:552-580. [PMID: 36752404 PMCID: PMC9988534 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00454.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory reactivations and replay, widely reported in the hippocampus and cortex across species, have been implicated in memory consolidation, planning, and spatial and skill learning. Technological advances in electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and human neuroimaging techniques have enabled neuroscientists to measure large-scale neural activity with increasing spatiotemporal resolution and have provided opportunities for developing robust analytic methods to identify memory replay. In this article, we first review a large body of historically important and representative memory replay studies from the animal and human literature. We then discuss our current understanding of memory replay functions in learning, planning, and memory consolidation and further discuss the progress in computational modeling that has contributed to these improvements. Next, we review past and present analytic methods for replay analyses and discuss their limitations and challenges. Finally, looking ahead, we discuss some promising analytic methods for detecting nonstereotypical, behaviorally nondecodable structures from large-scale neural recordings. We argue that seamless integration of multisite recordings, real-time replay decoding, and closed-loop manipulation experiments will be essential for delineating the role of memory replay in a wide range of cognitive and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Matthew A Wilson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Pacozzi L, Knüsel L, Ruch S, Henke K. Inverse forgetting in unconscious episodic memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20595. [PMID: 36446829 PMCID: PMC9709067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming memories of experienced episodes calls upon the episodic memory system. Episodic encoding may proceed with and without awareness of episodes. While up to 60% of consciously encoded episodes are forgotten after 10 h, the fate of unconsciously encoded episodes is unknown. Here we track over 10 h, which are filled with sleep or daytime activities, the retention of unconsciously and consciously experienced episodes. The episodes were displayed in cartoon clips that were presented weakly and strongly masked for conscious and unconscious encoding, respectively. Clip retention was tested for distinct clips directly after encoding, 3 min and 10 h after encoding using a forced-choice test that demands deliberate responses in both consciousness conditions. When encoding was conscious, retrieval accuracy decreased by 25% from 3 min to 10 h, irrespective of sleep or wakefulness. When encoding was unconscious, retrieval accuracy increased from 3 min to 10 h and depended on sleep. Hence, opposite to the classic forgetting curve, unconsciously acquired episodic memories strengthen over time and hinge on sleep on the day of learning to gain influence over human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pacozzi
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leona Knüsel
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruch
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Henke
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Jafarpour A, Buffalo EA, Knight RT, Collins AG. Event segmentation reveals working memory forgetting rate. iScience 2022; 25:103902. [PMID: 35252809 PMCID: PMC8891967 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We encounter the world as a continuous flow and effortlessly segment sequences of events into episodes. This process of event segmentation engages working memory (WM) for tracking the flow of events and impacts subsequent memory accuracy. WM is limited in how much information (i.e., WM capacity) and for how long the information is retained (i.e., forgetting rate). In this study, across multiple tasks, we estimated participants’ WM capacity and forgetting rate in a dynamic context and evaluated their relationship to event segmentation. A U-shaped relationship across tasks shows that individuals who segmented the movie more finely or coarsely than the average have a faster WM forgetting rate. A separate task assessing long-term memory retrieval revealed that the coarse-segmenters have better recognition of temporal order of events compared to the fine-segmenters. These findings show that event segmentation employs dissociable memory strategies and correlates with how long information is retained in WM The event segmentation grain is variable across individuals The event segmentation grain has a U-shaped relationship with the WM forgetting rate The temporal order memory accuracy decreases with the increasing event segmentation The number of recalled events increases with the increasing event segmentation
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Wittkuhn L, Chien S, Hall-McMaster S, Schuck NW. Replay in minds and machines. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:367-388. [PMID: 34371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experience-related brain activity patterns reactivate during sleep, wakeful rest, and brief pauses from active behavior. In parallel, machine learning research has found that experience replay can lead to substantial performance improvements in artificial agents. Together, these lines of research suggest replay has a variety of computational benefits for decision-making and learning. Here, we provide an overview of putative computational functions of replay as suggested by machine learning and neuroscientific research. We show that replay can lead to faster learning, less forgetting, reorganization or augmentation of experiences, and support planning and generalization. In addition, we highlight the benefits of reactivating abstracted internal representations rather than veridical memories, and discuss how replay could provide a mechanism to build internal representations that improve learning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Wittkuhn
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Samson Chien
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sam Hall-McMaster
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas W Schuck
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Günseli E, Fahrenfort JJ, van Moorselaar D, Daoultzis KC, Meeter M, Olivers CNL. EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between storage and selective attention within working memory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13499. [PMID: 31534150 PMCID: PMC6751203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention plays a prominent role in prioritizing information in working memory (WM), improving performance for attended representations. However, it remains unclear whether unattended WM representations suffer from information loss. Here we tested the hypothesis that within WM, selectively attending to an item and stopping storing other items are independent mechanisms. We recorded EEG while participants performed a WM recall task in which the item most likely to be tested was cued retrospectively during retention. By manipulating retro-cue reliability (i.e., the ratio of valid to invalid cue trials), we varied the incentive to retain non-cued items. Storage and selective attention in WM were measured during the retention interval by contralateral delay activity (CDA) and contralateral alpha power suppression, respectively. Soon after highly reliable cues, the cued item was attended, and non-cued items suffered information loss. However, for less reliable cues, initially the cued item was attended, but unattended items were kept in WM. Later during the delay, previously unattended items suffered information loss despite now attention being reallocated to their locations, presumably to strengthen their weakening traces. These results show that storage and attention in WM are distinct processes that can behave differently depending on the relative importance of representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Günseli
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, New York, USA. .,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Jacobus Fahrenfort
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorselaar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Christos Daoultzis
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Panteion University, Department of Psychology, Athens, Greece
| | - Martijn Meeter
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, LEARN! Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian N L Olivers
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Is Rehearsal an Effective Maintenance Strategy for Working Memory? Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:798-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Michelmann S, Bowman H, Hanslmayr S. Replay of Stimulus-specific Temporal Patterns during Associative Memory Formation. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:1577-1589. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Forming a memory often entails the association of recent experience with present events. This recent experience is usually an information-rich and dynamic representation of the world around us. We here show that associating a static cue with a previously shown dynamic stimulus yields a detectable, dynamic representation of this stimulus. We further implicate this representation in the decrease of low-frequency power (∼4–30 Hz) in the ongoing EEG, which is a well-known correlate of successful memory formation. The reappearance of content-specific patterns in desynchronizing brain oscillations was observed in two sensory domains, that is, in a visual condition and in an auditory condition. Together with previous results, these data suggest a mechanism that generalizes across domains and processes, in which the decrease in oscillatory power allows for the dynamic representation of information in ongoing brain oscillations.
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Schapiro AC, McDevitt EA, Rogers TT, Mednick SC, Norman KA. Human hippocampal replay during rest prioritizes weakly learned information and predicts memory performance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3920. [PMID: 30254219 PMCID: PMC6156217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus replays experiences during quiet rest periods, and this replay benefits subsequent memory. A critical open question is how memories are prioritized for this replay. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) pattern analysis to track item-level replay in the hippocampus during an awake rest period after participants studied 15 objects and completed a memory test. Objects that were remembered less well were replayed more during the subsequent rest period, suggesting a prioritization process in which weaker memories—memories most vulnerable to forgetting—are selected for replay. In a second session 12 hours later, more replay of an object during a rest period predicted better subsequent memory for that object. Replay predicted memory improvement across sessions only for participants who slept during that interval. Our results provide evidence that replay in the human hippocampus prioritizes weakly learned information, predicts subsequent memory performance, and relates to memory improvement across a delay with sleep. The hippocampus is known to 'replay' experiences and memories during rest periods, but it is unclear how particular memories are prioritized for replay. Here, the authors show that information that is remembered less well is replayed more often, suggesting that weaker memories are selected for replay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Schapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McDevitt
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Timothy T Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Kenneth A Norman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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