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Yedjour H, Yedjour D. A spatiotemporal energy model based on spiking neurons for human motion perception. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:2015-2029. [PMID: 39104665 PMCID: PMC11297886 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-024-10068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the motion processing pathway, this paper proposes a bio-inspired feedforward spiking network model based on Hodgkin-Huxley neurons for human motion perception. The proposed network mimics the mechanisms of direction selectivity found in simple and complex cells of the primary visual cortex. Simple cells' receptive fields are modeled using Gabor energy filters, while complex cells' receptive fields are constructed by integrating the responses of simple cells in an energy model. To generate the motion map, the spiking output of the network integrates motion information encoded by the responses of complex cells with various preferred directions. Simulation results demonstrate that the spiking neuron-based network effectively replicates the directional selectivity operation of the visual cortex when presented with a sequence of time-varying images. We evaluate the proposed model against state-of-the-art spiking neuron-based motion detection models using publicly available datasets. The results highlight the model's capability to extract motion energy from diverse video sequences, akin to human visual motion perception models. Additionally, we showcase the application of the proposed model in motion segmentation tasks and compare its performance with state-of-the-art motion-based segmentation models using challenging video segmentation benchmarks. The results indicate competitive performance. The motion maps generated by the proposed model can be utilized for action recognition in input videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Yedjour
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, EL M’naouer, BP 1505, 31000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Dounia Yedjour
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, USTO-MB, EL M’naouer, BP 1505, 31000 Oran, Algeria
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2
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Kanth ST, Ray S. Gamma Responses to Colored Natural Stimuli Can Be Predicted from Local Low-Level Stimulus Features. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0417-23.2024. [PMID: 39054054 PMCID: PMC11277289 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0417-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of gamma rhythm (30-80 Hz) in visual processing is debated; stimuli like gratings and hue patches generate strong gamma, but many natural images do not. Could image gamma responses be predicted by approximating images as gratings or hue patches? Surprisingly, this question remains unanswered, since the joint dependence of gamma on multiple features is poorly understood. We recorded local field potentials and electrocorticogram from two female monkeys while presenting natural images and parametric stimuli varying along several feature dimensions. Gamma responses to different grating/hue features were separable, allowing for a multiplicative model based on individual features. By fitting a hue patch to the image around the receptive field, this simple model could predict gamma responses to chromatic images across scales with reasonably high accuracy. Our results provide a simple "baseline" model to predict gamma from local image properties, against which more complex models of natural vision can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrat Tasawoor Kanth
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Center for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Supratim Ray
- IISc Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Center for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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Cheng X, Tang Y, Vidyadhara D, Li BZ, Zimmerman M, Pak A, Nareddula S, Edens PA, Chandra SS, Chubykin AA. Impaired pre-synaptic plasticity and visual responses in auxilin-knockout mice. iScience 2023; 26:107842. [PMID: 37766983 PMCID: PMC10520332 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19), an endocytic co-chaperone, is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the readily releasable pool (RRP) by aiding clathrin-mediated uncoating of synaptic vesicles. Its loss-of-function mutations, observed in familial Parkinson's disease (PD), lead to basal ganglia motor deficits and cortical dysfunction. We discovered that auxilin-knockout (Aux-KO) mice exhibited impaired pre-synaptic plasticity in layer 4 to layer 2/3 pyramidal cell synapses in the primary visual cortex (V1), including reduced short-term facilitation and depression. Computational modeling revealed increased RRP refilling during short repetitive stimulation, which diminished during prolonged stimulation. Silicon probe recordings in V1 of Aux-KO mice demonstrated disrupted visual cortical circuit responses, including reduced orientation selectivity, compromised visual mismatch negativity, and shorter visual familiarity-evoked theta oscillations. Pupillometry analysis revealed an impaired optokinetic response. Auxilin-dependent pre-synaptic endocytosis dysfunction was associated with deficits in pre-synaptic plasticity, visual cortical functions, and eye movement prodromally or at the early stage of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D.J. Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Ben-Zheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexandr Pak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Nareddula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paige Alyssa Edens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Alexander A. Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Sakamoto M, Inoue M, Takeuchi A, Kobari S, Yokoyama T, Horigane SI, Takemoto-Kimura S, Abe M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Kitamura K, Fujii H, Bito H. A Flp-dependent G-CaMP9a transgenic mouse for neuronal imaging in vivo. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100168. [PMID: 35474964 PMCID: PMC9017135 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are widely used to measure calcium transients in neuronal somata and processes, and their use enables the determination of action potential temporal series in a large population of neurons. Here, we generate a transgenic mouse line expressing a highly sensitive green GECI, G-CaMP9a, in a Flp-dependent manner in excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulations downstream of a strong CAG promoter. Combining this reporter mouse with viral or mouse genetic Flp delivery methods produces a robust and stable G-CaMP9a expression in defined neuronal populations without detectable detrimental effects. In vivo two-photon imaging reveals spontaneous and sensory-evoked calcium transients in excitatory and inhibitory ensembles with cellular resolution. Our results show that this reporter line allows long-term, cell-type-specific investigation of neuronal activity with enhanced resolution in defined populations and facilitates dissecting complex dynamics of neural networks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Optical Neural and Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Atsuya Takeuchi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kobari
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Optical Neural and Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Horigane
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hajime Fujii
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Nishio N, Hayashi K, Ishikawa AW, Yoshimura Y. The role of early visual experience in the development of spatial-frequency preference in the primary visual cortex. J Physiol 2021; 599:4131-4152. [PMID: 34275157 DOI: 10.1113/jp281463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The mature functioning of the primary visual cortex depends on postnatal visual experience, while the orientation/direction preference is established just after eye-opening, independently of visual experience. In this study, we find that visual experience is required for the normal development of spatial-frequency (SF) preference in mouse primary visual cortex. We show that age- and experience-dependent shifts in optimal SFs towards higher frequencies occurred similarly in excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. We also show that some excitatory and parvalbumin-positive neurons preferentially responded to visual stimuli consisting of very high SFs and posterior directions, and that the preference was established at earlier developmental stages than the SF preference in the standard frequency range. These results suggest that early visual experience is required for the development of SF representation and shed light on the experience-dependent developmental mechanisms underlying visual cortical functions. ABSTRACT Early visual experience is crucial for the maturation of visual cortical functions. It has been demonstrated that the orientation and direction preferences in individual neurons of the primary visual cortex are well established immediately after eye-opening. The postnatal development of spatial frequency (SF) tuning and its dependence on visual experience, however, has not been thoroughly quantified. In this study, macroscopic imaging with flavoprotein autofluorescence revealed that the optimal SFs shift towards higher frequency values during normal development in mouse primary visual cortex. This developmental shift was impaired by binocular deprivation during the sensitive period, postnatal 3 weeks (PW3) to PW6. Furthermore, two-photon Ca2+ imaging revealed that the developmental shift of the optimal SFs, depending on visual experience, concurrently occurs in excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons (PV neurons). In addition, some excitatory and PV neurons exhibited a preference for visual stimuli consisting of particularly high SFs and posterior directions at relatively early developmental stages; this preference was not affected by binocular deprivation. Thus, there may be two distinct developmental mechanisms for the establishment of SF preference depending on the frequency values. After PW3, SF tuning for neurons tuned to standard frequency ranges was sharper in excitatory neurons and slightly broader in PV neurons, leading to considerably attenuated SF tuning in PV neurons compared to excitatory neurons by PW5. Our findings suggest that early visual experience is far more important than orientation/direction selectivity for the development of the neural representation of the diverse SFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Nishio
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashi
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Wendy Ishikawa
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
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6
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Jang J, Song M, Paik SB. Retino-Cortical Mapping Ratio Predicts Columnar and Salt-and-Pepper Organization in Mammalian Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3270-3279.e3. [PMID: 32160536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian primary visual cortex, neural tuning to stimulus orientation is organized in either columnar or salt-and-pepper patterns across species. For decades, this sharp contrast has spawned fundamental questions about the origin of functional architectures in visual cortex. However, it is unknown whether these patterns reflect disparate developmental mechanisms across mammalian taxa or simply originate from variation of biological parameters under a universal development process. In this work, after the analysis of data from eight mammalian species, we show that cortical organization is predictable by a single factor, the retino-cortical mapping ratio. Groups of species with or without columnar clustering are distinguished by the feedforward sampling ratio, and model simulations with controlled mapping conditions reproduce both types of organization. Prediction from the Nyquist theorem explains this parametric division of the patterns with high accuracy. Our results imply that evolutionary variation of physical parameters may induce development of distinct functional circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeson Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Song
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Bum Paik
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Bevan RJ, Williams PA, Waters CT, Thirgood R, Mui A, Seto S, Good M, Morgan JE, Votruba M, Erchova I. OPA1 deficiency accelerates hippocampal synaptic remodelling and age-related deficits in learning and memory. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa101. [PMID: 33094281 PMCID: PMC7566495 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy mitochondrial network is essential for the maintenance of neuronal synaptic integrity. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including dementia. OPA1 is the master regulator of mitochondrial fusion and fission and is likely to play an important role during neurodegenerative events. To explore this, we quantified hippocampal dendritic and synaptic integrity and the learning and memory performance of aged Opa1 haploinsufficient mice carrying the Opa1Q285X mutation (B6; C3-Opa1Q285STOP ; Opa1+/- ). We demonstrate that heterozygous loss of Opa1 results in premature age-related loss of spines in hippocampal pyramidal CA1 neurons and a reduction in synaptic density in the hippocampus. This loss is associated with subtle memory deficits in both spatial novelty and object recognition. We hypothesize that metabolic failure to maintain normal neuronal activity at the level of a single spine leads to premature age-related memory deficits. These results highlight the importance of mitochondrial homeostasis for maintenance of neuronal function during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Bevan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline T Waters
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Thirgood
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Amanda Mui
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sharon Seto
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Irina Erchova
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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8
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Ukita J. Causal importance of low-level feature selectivity for generalization in image recognition. Neural Netw 2020; 125:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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An Unexpected Dependence of Cortical Depth in Shaping Neural Responsiveness and Selectivity in Mouse Visual Cortex. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0497-19.2020. [PMID: 32051142 PMCID: PMC7092962 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0497-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging studies in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) consistently report that around half of the neurons respond to oriented grating stimuli. However, in cats and primates, nearly all neurons respond to such stimuli. Here we show that mouse V1 responsiveness and selectivity strongly depends on neuronal depth. Moving from superficial layer 2 down to layer 4, the percentage of visually responsive neurons nearly doubled, ultimately reaching levels similar to what is seen in other species. Over this span, the amplitude of neuronal responses also doubled. Moreover, stimulus selectivity was also modulated, not only with depth but also with response amplitude. Specifically, we found that orientation and direction selectivity were greater in stronger responding neurons, but orientation selectivity decreased with depth whereas direction selectivity increased. Importantly, these depth-dependent trends were found not just between layer 2/3 and layer 4 but at different depths within layer 2/3 itself. Thus, neuronal depth is an important factor to consider when pooling neurons for population analyses. Furthermore, the inability to drive the majority of cells in superficial layer 2/3 of mouse V1 with grating stimuli indicates that there may be fundamental differences in the micro-circuitry and role of V1 between rodents and other mammals.
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10
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McClure JP, Polack PO. Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:2202-2214. [PMID: 30969800 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00069.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal sensory integration facilitates the generation of a unified and coherent perception of the environment. It is now well established that unimodal sensory perceptions, such as vision, are improved in multisensory contexts. Whereas multimodal integration is primarily performed by dedicated multisensory brain regions such as the association cortices or the superior colliculus, recent studies have shown that multisensory interactions also occur in primary sensory cortices. In particular, sounds were shown to modulate the responses of neurons located in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Yet, the net effect of sound modulation at the V1 population level remained unclear. In the present study, we performed two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare the representation of the orientation and the direction of drifting gratings by V1 L2/3 neurons in unimodal (visual only) or multimodal (audiovisual) conditions. We found that sound modulation depended on the tuning properties (orientation and direction selectivity) and response amplitudes of V1 L2/3 neurons. Sounds potentiated the responses of neurons that were highly tuned to the cue's orientation and direction but weakly active in the unimodal context, following the principle of inverse effectiveness of multimodal integration. Moreover, sound suppressed the responses of neurons untuned for the orientation and/or the direction of the visual cue. Altogether, sound modulation improved the representation of the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus in V1 L2/3. Namely, visual stimuli presented with auditory stimuli recruited a neuronal population better tuned to the visual stimulus orientation and direction than when presented alone. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The primary visual cortex (V1) receives direct inputs from the primary auditory cortex. Yet, the impact of sounds on visual processing in V1 remains controverted. We show that the modulation by pure tones of V1 visual responses depends on the orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and response amplitudes of V1 neurons. Hence, audiovisual stimuli recruit a population of V1 neurons better tuned to the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus than unimodal visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P McClure
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pierre-Olivier Polack
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
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11
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Pattadkal JJ, Mato G, van Vreeswijk C, Priebe NJ, Hansel D. Emergent Orientation Selectivity from Random Networks in Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2042-2050.e6. [PMID: 30134166 PMCID: PMC6179374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The connectivity principles underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1) of mammals lacking an orientation map (such as rodents and lagomorphs) are poorly understood. We present a computational model in which random connectivity gives rise to orientation selectivity that matches experimental observations. The model predicts that mouse V1 neurons should exhibit intricate receptive fields in the two-dimensional frequency domain, causing a shift in orientation preferences with spatial frequency. We find evidence for these features in mouse V1 using calcium imaging and intracellular whole-cell recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagruti J Pattadkal
- Center for Perceptual Systems and Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - German Mato
- Centro Atomico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CNEA and CONICET, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Carl van Vreeswijk
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Perceptual Systems and Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - David Hansel
- Center of Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies, CNRS-UMR8119, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France.
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12
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Changes in GABAergic markers accompany degradation of neuronal function in the primary visual cortex of senescent rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14897. [PMID: 29097694 PMCID: PMC5668371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported age-dependent degradation of neuronal function in the visual cortex and have attributed this functional decline to weakened intracortical inhibition, especially GABAergic inhibition. However, whether this type of functional decline is linked to compromised GABAergic inhibition has not been fully confirmed. Here, we compared the neuronal response properties and markers of GABAergic inhibition in the primary visual cortex (V1) of young adult and senescent rats. Compared with those of young adult rats, old rats’ V1 neurons exhibited significantly increased visually evoked responses and spontaneous activity, a decreased signal-to-noise ratio and reduced response selectivity for the stimulus orientation and motion direction. Additionally, the ratio of GABA-positive neurons to total cortical neurons in old rats was significantly decreased compared with that in young rats. Expression of the key GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 was significantly lower in old rats than in young rats, although GAD65 expression showed a marginal difference between the two age groups. Further, expression of an important GABAA receptor subunit, GABAAR α1, was significantly attenuated in old rats relative to young ones. These results demonstrate that ageing may result in decreased GABAergic inhibition in the visual cortex and that this decrease in GABAergic inhibition accompanies neuronal function degradation.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn R. Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109
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