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Xu N, Cao R, Chen SY, Gou XZ, Wang B, Luo HM, Gao F, Tang AH. Structural and functional reorganization of inhibitory synapses by activity-dependent cleavage of neuroligin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314541121. [PMID: 38657049 PMCID: PMC11067042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314541121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that the transsynaptic nanoscale organization of synaptic proteins plays a crucial role in regulating synaptic strength in excitatory synapses. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this transsynaptic nanostructure in inhibitory synapses still remains unclear and its impact on synapse function in physiological or pathological contexts has not been demonstrated. In this study, we utilized an engineered proteolysis technique to investigate the effects of acute cleavage of neuroligin-2 (NL2) on synaptic transmission. Our results show that the rapid cleavage of NL2 led to impaired synaptic transmission by reducing both neurotransmitter release probability and quantum size. These changes were attributed to the dispersion of RIM1/2 and GABAA receptors and a weakened spatial alignment between them at the subsynaptic scale, as observed through superresolution imaging and model simulations. Importantly, we found that endogenous NL2 undergoes rapid MMP9-dependent cleavage during epileptic activities, which further exacerbates the decrease in inhibitory transmission. Overall, our study demonstrates the significant impact of nanoscale structural reorganization on inhibitory transmission and unveils ongoing modulation of mature GABAergic synapses through active cleavage of NL2 in response to hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ran Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xu-Zhuo Gou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Mei Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Department of Neurology, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Luyang District, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 5089 Wangjiang West Road, Gaoxin District, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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mGluR5 is transiently confined in perisynaptic nanodomains to shape synaptic function. Nat Commun 2023; 14:244. [PMID: 36646691 PMCID: PMC9842668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique perisynaptic distribution of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) at excitatory synapses is predicted to directly shape synaptic function, but mechanistic insight into how this distribution is regulated and impacts synaptic signaling is lacking. We used live-cell and super-resolution imaging approaches, and developed molecular tools to resolve and acutely manipulate the dynamic nanoscale distribution of mGluR5. Here we show that mGluR5 is dynamically organized in perisynaptic nanodomains that localize close to, but not in the synapse. The C-terminal domain of mGluR5 critically controlled perisynaptic confinement and prevented synaptic entry. We developed an inducible interaction system to overcome synaptic exclusion of mGluR5 and investigate the impact on synaptic function. We found that mGluR5 recruitment to the synapse acutely increased synaptic calcium responses. Altogether, we propose that transient confinement of mGluR5 in perisynaptic nanodomains allows flexible modulation of synaptic function.
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Bykhovskaia M. Probabilities of evoked and spontaneous synaptic transmission at individual active zones: Lessons from Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1110538. [PMID: 36683858 PMCID: PMC9846329 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve terminals release neuronal transmitters at morphological specializations known as active zones (AZs). Synaptic vesicle fusion at individual AZs is probabilistic, and this property is fundamental for the neuronal information transfer. Until recently, a lack of appropriate tools limited the studies of stochastic properties of neuronal secretion at individual AZs. However, Drosophila transgenic lines that express postsynaptically tethered Ca2+ sensor GCaMP enabled the visualization of single exocytic event at individual AZs. The present mini-review discusses how this powerful approach enables the investigation of the evoked and spontaneous transmission at single AZs and promotes the understanding of the properties of both release components.
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Álvarez-Ferradas C, Wellmann M, Morales K, Fuenzalida M, Cerpa W, Inestrosa NC, Bonansco C. Wnt-5a induces the conversion of silent to functional synapses in the hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1024034. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1024034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse unsilencing is an essential mechanism for experience-dependent plasticity. Here, we showed that the application of the ligand Wnt-5a converts glutamatergic silent synapses into functional ones by increasing both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) currents (IAMPA and INMDA, respectively). These effects were mimicked by the hexapeptide Foxy-5 and inhibited by secreted frizzled-related protein sFRP-2. INMDA potentiation was produced by increased synaptic potency, followed by an increase in the probability of release (Pr), even in the presence of 7-nitro-2,3-dioxo-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carbonitrile (CNQX). At a longer time of Wnt-5a exposure, the Pr increments were higher in INMDA than in IAMPA. In the presence of NMDAR inhibitors, Wnt-5a-induced conversion was fully inhibited in 69.0% of silent synapses, whereas in the remaining synapses were converted into functional one. Our study findings showed that the Wnt-5a-activated pathway triggers AMPAR insertion into mammalian glutamatergic synapses, unsilencing non-functional synapses and promoting the formation of nascent synapses during the early postnatal development of the brain circuits.
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Dean CA, Metzbower SR, Dessain SK, Blanpied TA, Benavides DR. Regulation of NMDA Receptor Signaling at Single Synapses by Human Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibodies. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:940005. [PMID: 35966009 PMCID: PMC9371948 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.940005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN1 is critical for receptor function and plays a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity. Mounting evidence has shown that pathogenic autoantibody targeting of the GluN1 subunit of NMDARs, as in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, leads to altered NMDAR trafficking and synaptic localization. However, the underlying signaling pathways affected by antibodies targeting the NMDAR remain to be fully delineated. It remains unclear whether patient antibodies influence synaptic transmission via direct effects on NMDAR channel function. Here, we show using short-term incubation that GluN1 antibodies derived from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis label synapses in mature hippocampal primary neuron culture. Miniature spontaneous calcium transients (mSCaTs) mediated via NMDARs at synaptic spines are not altered in pathogenic GluN1 antibody exposed conditions. Unexpectedly, spine-based and cell-based analyses yielded distinct results. In addition, we show that calcium does not accumulate in neuronal spines following brief exposure to pathogenic GluN1 antibodies. Together, these findings show that pathogenic antibodies targeting NMDARs, under these specific conditions, do not alter synaptic calcium influx following neurotransmitter release. This represents a novel investigation of the molecular effects of anti-NMDAR antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dean
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah R. Metzbower
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott K. Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David R. Benavides
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: David R. Benavides,
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Re-examination of the determinants of synaptic strength from the perspective of superresolution imaging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Murphy JG, Gutzmann JJ, Lin L, Hu J, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Hoffman DA. R-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels mediate A-type K + current regulation of synaptic input in hippocampal dendrites. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110264. [PMID: 35045307 PMCID: PMC10496648 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthreshold voltage-gated transient K+ current (IA) carried by pore-forming Kv4.2 subunits regulates the propagation of synaptic input, dendritic excitability, and synaptic plasticity in CA1 pyramidal neuron dendrites of the hippocampus. We report that the Ca2+ channel subunit Cav2.3 regulates IA in this cell type. We initially identified Cav2.3 as a Kv4.2-interacting protein in a proteomic screen and we confirmed Cav2.3-Kv4.2 complex association using multiple techniques. Functionally, Cav2.3 Ca2+-entry increases Kv4.2-mediated whole-cell current due to an increase in Kv4.2 surface expression. Using pharmacology and Cav2.3 knockout mice, we show that Cav2.3 regulates the dendritic gradient of IA. Furthermore, the loss of Cav2.3 function leads to the enhancement of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic currents and NMDA receptor-mediated spine Ca2+ influx. These results propose that Cav2.3 and Kv4.2 are integral constituents of an ion channel complex that affects synaptic function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Murphy
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jakob J Gutzmann
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiahua Hu
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gagliano G, Nelson T, Saliba N, Vargas-Hernández S, Gustavsson AK. Light Sheet Illumination for 3D Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of Neuronal Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:761530. [PMID: 34899261 PMCID: PMC8651567 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.761530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the neuronal synapse depends on the dynamics and interactions of individual molecules at the nanoscale. With the development of single-molecule super-resolution microscopy over the last decades, researchers now have a powerful and versatile imaging tool for mapping the molecular mechanisms behind the biological function. However, imaging of thicker samples, such as mammalian cells and tissue, in all three dimensions is still challenging due to increased fluorescence background and imaging volumes. The combination of single-molecule imaging with light sheet illumination is an emerging approach that allows for imaging of biological samples with reduced fluorescence background, photobleaching, and photodamage. In this review, we first present a brief overview of light sheet illumination and previous super-resolution techniques used for imaging of neurons and synapses. We then provide an in-depth technical review of the fundamental concepts and the current state of the art in the fields of three-dimensional single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging with light sheet illumination. We review how light sheet illumination can improve single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging in individual neurons and synapses, and we discuss emerging perspectives and new innovations that have the potential to enable and improve single-molecule imaging in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gagliano
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tyler Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nahima Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sofía Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anna-Karin Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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Dunn TW, Sossin WS. Excitatory postsynaptic calcium transients at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses allow for quantal examination of synaptic strength over multiple days in culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:277-290. [PMID: 34400529 PMCID: PMC8372562 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052639.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A more thorough description of the changes in synaptic strength underlying synaptic plasticity may be achieved with quantal resolution measurements at individual synaptic sites. Here, we demonstrate that by using a membrane targeted genetic calcium sensor, we can measure quantal synaptic events at the individual synaptic sites of Aplysia sensory neuron to motor neuron synaptic connections. These results show that synaptic strength is not evenly distributed between all contacts in these cultures, but dominated by multiquantal sites of synaptic contact, likely clusters of individual synaptic sites. Surprisingly, most synaptic contacts were not found opposite presynaptic varicosities, but instead at areas of pre- and postsynaptic contact with no visible thickening of membranes. The release probability, quantal size, and quantal content can be measured over days at individual synaptic contacts using this technique. Homosynaptic depression was accompanied by a reduction in release site probability, with no evidence of individual synaptic site silencing over the course of depression. This technique shows promise in being able to address outstanding questions in this system, including determining the synaptic changes that maintain long-term alterations in synaptic strength that underlie memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Dunn
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Vriend J, Nachtigal MW. Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway Transcriptome in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112659. [PMID: 34071321 PMCID: PMC8198060 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we reviewed the transcription of genes coding for components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in publicly available datasets of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). KEGG analysis was used to identify the major pathways distinguishing EOC of low malignant potential (LMP) from invasive high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC), and to identify the components of the ubiquitin proteasome system that contributed to these pathways. We identified elevated transcription of several genes encoding ubiquitin conjugases associated with HGSOC. Fifty-eight genes coding for ubiquitin ligases and more than 100 genes encoding ubiquitin ligase adaptors that were differentially expressed between LMP and HGSOC were also identified. Many differentially expressed genes encoding E3 ligase adaptors were Cullin Ring Ligase (CRL) adaptors, and 64 of them belonged to the Cullin 4 DCX/DWD family of CRLs. The data suggest that CRLs play a role in HGSOC and that some of these proteins may be novel therapeutic targets. Differential expression of genes encoding deubiquitinases and proteasome subunits was also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-3732
| | - Mark W. Nachtigal
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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Distance-dependent regulation of NMDAR nanoscale organization along hippocampal neuron dendrites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24526-24533. [PMID: 32929031 PMCID: PMC7533699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922477117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal pyramidal neurons are characterized by a unique arborization subdivided in segregated dendritic domains receiving distinct excitatory synaptic inputs with specific properties and plasticity rules that shape their respective contributions to synaptic integration and action potential firing. Although the basal regulation and plastic range of proximal and distal synapses are known to be different, the composition and nanoscale organization of key synaptic proteins at these inputs remains largely elusive. Here we used superresolution imaging and single nanoparticle tracking in rat hippocampal neurons to unveil the nanoscale topography of native GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDA receptors (NMDARs)-which play key roles in the use-dependent adaptation of glutamatergic synapses-along the dendritic arbor. We report significant changes in the nanoscale organization of GluN2B-NMDARs between proximal and distal dendritic segments, whereas the topography of GluN2A-NMDARs remains similar along the dendritic tree. Remarkably, the nanoscale organization of GluN2B-NMDARs at proximal segments depends on their interaction with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which is not the case at distal segments. Collectively, our data reveal that the nanoscale organization of NMDARs changes along dendritic segments in a subtype-specific manner and is shaped by the interplay with CaMKII at proximal dendritic segments, shedding light on our understanding of the functional diversity of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses.
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12
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Willems J, de Jong APH, Scheefhals N, Mertens E, Catsburg LAE, Poorthuis RB, de Winter F, Verhaagen J, Meye FJ, MacGillavry HD. ORANGE: A CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing toolbox for epitope tagging of endogenous proteins in neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000665. [PMID: 32275651 PMCID: PMC7176289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct subcellular distribution of proteins establishes the complex morphology and function of neurons. Fluorescence microscopy techniques are invaluable to investigate subcellular protein distribution, but they suffer from the limited ability to efficiently and reliably label endogenous proteins with fluorescent probes. We developed ORANGE: Open Resource for the Application of Neuronal Genome Editing, which mediates targeted genomic integration of epitope tags in rodent dissociated neuronal culture, in organotypic slices, and in vivo. ORANGE includes a knock-in library for in-depth investigation of endogenous protein distribution, viral vectors, and a detailed two-step cloning protocol to develop knock-ins for novel targets. Using ORANGE with (live-cell) superresolution microscopy, we revealed the dynamic nanoscale organization of endogenous neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic scaffolding proteins, as well as previously uncharacterized proteins. Finally, we developed a mechanism to create multiple knock-ins in neurons, mediating multiplex imaging of endogenous proteins. Thus, ORANGE enables quantification of expression, distribution, and dynamics for virtually any protein in neurons at nanoscale resolution. This study describes the development of a genome editing toolbox (ORANGE) for endogenous tagging of proteins in neurons. This open resource allows the investigation of protein localization and dynamics in neurons using live-cell and super-resolution imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer Willems
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur P. H. de Jong
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Mertens
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. E. Catsburg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier B. Poorthuis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Meye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold D. MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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