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Yu CH, Yu Y, Adsit LM, Chang JT, Barchini J, Moberly AH, Benisty H, Kim J, Young BK, Heng K, Farinella DM, Leikvoll A, Pavan R, Vistein R, Nanfito BR, Hildebrand DGC, Otero-Coronel S, Vaziri A, Goldberg JL, Ricci AJ, Fitzpatrick D, Cardin JA, Higley MJ, Smith GB, Kara P, Nielsen KJ, Smith IT, Smith SL. The Cousa objective: a long-working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo. Nat Methods 2024; 21:132-141. [PMID: 38129618 PMCID: PMC10776402 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy can resolve fluorescent structures and dynamics deep in scattering tissue and has transformed neural imaging, but applying this technique in vivo can be limited by the mechanical and optical constraints of conventional objectives. Short working distance objectives can collide with compact surgical windows or other instrumentation and preclude imaging. Here we present an ultra-long working distance (20 mm) air objective called the Cousa objective. It is optimized for performance across multiphoton imaging wavelengths, offers a more than 4 mm2 field of view with submicrometer lateral resolution and is compatible with commonly used multiphoton imaging systems. A novel mechanical design, wider than typical microscope objectives, enabled this combination of specifications. We share the full optical prescription, and report performance including in vivo two-photon and three-photon imaging in an array of species and preparations, including nonhuman primates. The Cousa objective can enable a range of experiments in neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Liam M Adsit
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy T Chang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jad Barchini
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Hadas Benisty
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brent K Young
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Heng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deano M Farinella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Austin Leikvoll
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rishaab Pavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon R Nanfito
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Santiago Otero-Coronel
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alipasha Vaziri
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gordon B Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Prakash Kara
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristina J Nielsen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ikuko T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Spencer LaVere Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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O'Toole SM, Oyibo HK, Keller GB. Molecularly targetable cell types in mouse visual cortex have distinguishable prediction error responses. Neuron 2023; 111:2918-2928.e8. [PMID: 37708892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Predictive processing postulates the existence of prediction error neurons in cortex. Neurons with both negative and positive prediction error response properties have been identified in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, but whether they correspond to transcriptionally defined subpopulations is unclear. Here we used the activity-dependent, photoconvertible marker CaMPARI2 to tag neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex during stimuli and behaviors designed to evoke prediction errors. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on these populations and found that previously annotated Adamts2 and Rrad layer 2/3 transcriptional cell types were enriched when photolabeling during stimuli that drive negative or positive prediction error responses, respectively. Finally, we validated these results functionally by designing artificial promoters for use in AAV vectors to express genetically encoded calcium indicators. Thus, transcriptionally distinct cell types in layer 2/3 that can be targeted using AAV vectors exhibit distinguishable negative and positive prediction error responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M O'Toole
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassana K Oyibo
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg B Keller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Leikvoll A, Kara P. High fidelity sensory-evoked responses in neocortex after intravenous injection of genetically encoded calcium sensors. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1181828. [PMID: 37250396 PMCID: PMC10213453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1181828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging of genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has traditionally relied on intracranial injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or transgenic animals to achieve expression. Intracranial injections require an invasive surgery and result in a relatively small volume of tissue labeling. Transgenic animals, although they can have brain-wide GECI expression, often express GECIs in only a small subset of neurons, may have abnormal behavioral phenotypes, and are currently limited to older generations of GECIs. Inspired by recent developments in the synthesis of AAVs that readily cross the blood brain barrier, we tested whether an alternative strategy of intravenously injecting AAV-PHP.eB is suitable for two-photon calcium imaging of neurons over many months after injection. We injected C57BL/6 J mice with AAV-PHP.eB-Synapsin-jGCaMP7s via the retro-orbital sinus. After allowing 5 to 34 weeks for expression, we performed conventional and widefield two-photon imaging of layers 2/3, 4 and 5 of the primary visual cortex. We found reproducible trial-by-trial neural responses and tuning properties consistent with known feature selectivity in the visual cortex. Thus, intravenous injection of AAV-PHP.eB does not interfere with the normal processing in neural circuits. In vivo and histological images show no nuclear expression of jGCaMP7s for at least 34 weeks post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Kara
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Leikvoll A, Kara P. High fidelity sensory-evoked responses in neocortex after intravenous injection of genetically encoded calcium sensors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531938. [PMID: 36945523 PMCID: PMC10028972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon imaging of genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) has traditionally relied on intracranial injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) or transgenic animals to achieve expression. Intracranial injections require an invasive surgery and result in a relatively small volume of tissue labeling. Transgenic animals, although they can have brain-wide GECI expression, often express GECIs in only a small subset of neurons, may have abnormal behavioral phenotypes, and are currently limited to older generations of GECIs. Inspired by recent developments in the synthesis of AAVs that readily cross the blood brain barrier, we tested whether an alternative strategy of intravenously injecting AAV-PhP.eB is suitable for two-photon calcium imaging of neurons over many months after injection. We injected young (postnatal day 23 to 31) C57BL/6J mice with AAV-PhP.eB-Synapsin-jGCaMP7s via the retro-orbital sinus. After allowing 5 to 34 weeks for expression, we performed conventional and widefield two-photon imaging of layers 2/3, 4 and 5 of the primary visual cortex. We found reproducible trial-by-trial neural responses and tuning properties consistent with known feature selectivity in the visual cortex. Thus, intravenous injection of AAV-PhP.eB does not interfere with the normal processing in neural circuits. In vivo and histological images show no nuclear expression of jGCaMP7s for at least 34 weeks post-injection.
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Routh BN, Brager DH, Johnston D. Ionic and morphological contributions to the variable gain of membrane responses in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mouse primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:1040-1050. [PMID: 36129187 PMCID: PMC9576169 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00181.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuronal cell types exhibit a sliding scale of neuronal excitability in the subthreshold voltage range. This is due to a variable contribution of different voltage-gated ion channels, leading to scaling of input resistance (RN) as a function of membrane potential (Vm) and a voltage-dependent dynamic gain of neuronal responsiveness. In layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons within the primary visual cortex (V1), this response influences sensory processing by tightening neuronal tuning to preferred orientations, but the identity of the ionic conductances involved remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro physiological recordings in acute slices to identify the contributions of several voltage-dependent conductances to the dynamic gain of membrane responses in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex. We found that the steep voltage dependence of input resistance in these cells was mediated in part by a combination of persistent sodium, inwardly rectifying potassium, and hyperpolarization-activated nonselective cation channels. In addition, the steepness of the slope of the RN/Vm relationship was inversely correlated with the number of branches on the proximal apical dendrite. These data have uncovered physiological and morphological factors that underlie the scaling of membrane responses in L2/3 neurons of rodent V1. Regulation of these channels would serve as a mechanism of real-time neuromodulation of neuronal processing of sensory information.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in primary visual cortex scale subthreshold voltage responses with resting membrane potential because RN increases as Vm is depolarized. Here, we uncovered the voltage-dependent contributions of NaP, Kir, and HCN conductances toward this behavior, and we additionally demonstrated that the strength of the RN/Vm relationship is inversely correlated with proximal branching along the apical dendrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy N Routh
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Darrin H Brager
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Daniel Johnston
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Cho S, Roy A, Liu CJ, Idiyatullin D, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Zhu XH, O'Herron P, Leikvoll A, Chen W, Kara P, Uğurbil K. Cortical layer-specific differences in stimulus selectivity revealed with high-field fMRI and single-vessel resolution optical imaging of the primary visual cortex. Neuroimage 2022; 251:118978. [PMID: 35143974 PMCID: PMC9048976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex exhibits a stereotypical laminar organization, with feedforward inputs arriving primarily into layer 4, local computations shaping response selectivity in layers 2/3, and outputs to other brain areas emanating via layers 2/3, 5 and 6. It cannot be assumed a priori that these signatures of laminar differences in neuronal circuitry are reflected in hemodynamic signals that form the basis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Indeed, optical imaging of single-vessel functional responses has highlighted the potential limits of using vascular signals as surrogates for mapping the selectivity of neural responses. Therefore, before fMRI can be employed as an effective tool for studying critical aspects of laminar processing, validation with single-vessel resolution is needed. The primary visual cortex (V1) in cats, with its precise neuronal functional micro-architecture, offers an ideal model system to examine laminar differences in stimulus selectivity across imaging modalities. Here we used cerebral blood volume weighted (wCBV) fMRI to examine if layer-specific orientation-selective responses could be detected in cat V1. We found orientation preference maps organized tangential to the cortical surface that typically extended across depth in a columnar fashion. We then examined arterial dilation and blood velocity responses to identical visual stimuli by using two- and three- photon optical imaging at single-vessel resolution-which provides a measure of the hemodynamic signals with the highest spatial resolution. Both fMRI and optical imaging revealed a consistent laminar response pattern in which orientation selectivity in cortical layer 4 was significantly lower compared to layer 2/3. This systematic change in selectivity across cortical layers has a clear underpinning in neural circuitry, particularly when comparing layer 4 to other cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinho Cho
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Arani Roy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Chao J Liu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Djaudat Idiyatullin
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Phillip O'Herron
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Austin Leikvoll
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Prakash Kara
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States.
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Burns TF, Rajan R. Sensing and processing whisker deflections in rodents. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10730. [PMID: 33665005 PMCID: PMC7906041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of sensory information mainly flowing into barrel cortex at layer IV, moving up for complex feature processing and lateral interactions in layers II and III, then down to layers V and VI for output and corticothalamic feedback is becoming increasingly undermined by new evidence. We review the neurophysiology of sensing and processing whisker deflections, emphasizing the general processing and organisational principles present along the entire sensory pathway—from the site of physical deflection at the whiskers to the encoding of deflections in the barrel cortex. Many of these principles support the classical view. However, we also highlight the growing number of exceptions to these general principles, which complexify the system and which investigators should be mindful of when interpreting their results. We identify gaps in the literature for experimentalists and theorists to investigate, not just to better understand whisker sensation but also to better understand sensory and cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Burns
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhang Y, Zhang X. Portrait of visual cortical circuits for generating neural oscillation dynamics. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 15:3-16. [PMID: 34109010 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has emerged as a classical system to study neural circuit mechanisms underlying visual function and plasticity. A variety of efferent-afferent neuronal connections exists within the V1 and between the V1 and higher visual cortical areas or thalamic nuclei, indicating that the V1 system is more than a mere receiver in information processing. Sensory representations in the V1 are dynamically correlated with neural activity oscillations that are distributed across different cortical layers in an input-dependent manner. Circuits consisting of excitatory pyramidal cells (PCs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs) are the basis for generating neural oscillations. In general, INs are clustered with their adjacent PCs to form specific microcircuits that gate or filter the neural information. The interaction between these two cell populations has to be coordinated within a local circuit in order to preserve neural coding schemes and maintain excitation-inhibition (E-I) balance. Phasic alternations of the E-I balance can dynamically regulate temporal rhythms of neural oscillation. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that the two major sub-types of INs, parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) cells and somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) INs, are active in controlling slow and fast oscillations, respectively, in the mouse V1. The review summarizes recent experimental findings on elucidating cellular or circuitry mechanisms for the generation of neural oscillations with distinct rhythms in either developing or matured mouse V1, mainly focusing on visual relaying circuits and distinct local inhibitory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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