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Herbst R, Huijbers MG, Oury J, Burden SJ. Building, Breaking, and Repairing Neuromuscular Synapses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041490. [PMID: 38697654 PMCID: PMC11065174 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A coordinated and complex interplay of signals between motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and Schwann cells controls the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular synapses. Deficits in the signaling pathway for building synapses, caused by mutations in critical genes or autoantibodies against key proteins, are responsible for several neuromuscular diseases, which cause muscle weakness and fatigue. Here, we describe the role that four key genes, Agrin, Lrp4, MuSK, and Dok7, play in this signaling pathway, how an understanding of their mechanisms of action has led to an understanding of several neuromuscular diseases, and how this knowledge has contributed to emerging therapies for treating neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Herbst
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maartje G Huijbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Oury
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Steven J Burden
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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2
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Dong W, Fekete A, Chen X, Liu H, Beilhartz GL, Chen X, Bahrampour S, Xiong Y, Yang Q, Zhao H, Kong T, Morioka MS, Jung G, Kim JE, Schramek D, Dirks PB, Song Y, Kim TH, He Y, Wanggou S, Li X, Melnyk RA, Wang LY, Huang X. A designer peptide against the EAG2-Kvβ2 potassium channel targets the interaction of cancer cells and neurons to treat glioblastoma. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1418-1436. [PMID: 37697045 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain cancer that lacks effective therapies. Here we show that EAG2 and Kvβ2, which are predominantly expressed by GBM cells at the tumor-brain interface, physically interact to form a potassium channel complex due to a GBM-enriched Kvβ2 isoform. In GBM cells, EAG2 localizes at neuron-contacting regions in a Kvβ2-dependent manner. Genetic knockdown of the EAG2-Kvβ2 complex decreases calcium transients of GBM cells, suppresses tumor growth and invasion and extends the survival of tumor-bearing mice. We engineered a designer peptide to disrupt EAG2-Kvβ2 interaction, thereby mitigating tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft and syngeneic mouse models across GBM subtypes without overt toxicity. Neurons upregulate chemoresistant genes in GBM cells in an EAG2-Kvβ2-dependent manner. The designer peptide targets neuron-associated GBM cells and possesses robust efficacy in treating temozolomide-resistant GBM. Our findings may lead to the next-generation therapeutic agent to benefit patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Dong
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Fekete
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Greg L Beilhartz
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Bahrampour
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Xiong
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Kong
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malia S Morioka
- Macaulay Honors College, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geena Jung
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Molecular and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanquan Song
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ye He
- Macaulay Honors College, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siyi Wanggou
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Schreiner Y, Stoll T, Nowak O, Weis M, Hetjens S, Steck E, Perez Ortiz A, Rafat N. aCGH Analysis Reveals Novel Mutations Associated with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Plus (CDH+). J Clin Med 2023; 12:6111. [PMID: 37834755 PMCID: PMC10573849 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a major birth anomaly that often occurs with additional non-hernia-related malformations, and is then referred to as CDH+. While the impact of genetic alterations does not play a major role in isolated CDH, patients with CDH+ display mutations that are usually determined via array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). We analyzed 43 patients with CDH+ between 2012 and 2021 to identify novel specific mutations via aCGH associated with CDH+ and its outcome. Deletions (n = 32) and duplications (n = 29) classified as either pathological or variants of unknown significance (VUS) could be detected. We determined a heterozygous deletion of approximately 3.75 Mb located at 8p23.1 involving several genes including GATA4, NEIL2, SOX7, and MSRA, which was consequently evaluated as pathological. Another heterozygous deletion within the region of 9p23 (9,972,017-10,034,230 kb) encompassing the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Delta gene (PTPRD) was identified in 2 patients. This work expands the knowledge of genetic alterations associated with CDH+ and proposes two novel candidate genes discovered via aCGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Schreiner
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (A.P.O.)
| | - Teresa Stoll
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (A.P.O.)
| | - Oliver Nowak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Meike Weis
- Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Svetlana Hetjens
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Eric Steck
- SYNLAB Centre for Human Genetics, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Alba Perez Ortiz
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (A.P.O.)
| | - Neysan Rafat
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (A.P.O.)
- Department of Neonatology, Center for Children, Adolescent and Women’s Medicine, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Tano V, Utami KH, Yusof NABM, Bégin J, Tan WWL, Pouladi MA, Langley SR. Widespread dysregulation of mRNA splicing implicates RNA processing in the development and progression of Huntington's disease. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104720. [PMID: 37481821 PMCID: PMC10393612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Huntington's disease (HD), a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene drives a gain-of-function toxicity that disrupts mRNA processing. Although dysregulation of gene splicing has been shown in human HD post-mortem brain tissue, post-mortem analyses are likely confounded by cell type composition changes in late-stage HD, limiting the ability to identify dysregulation related to early pathogenesis. METHODS To investigate gene splicing changes in early HD, we performed alternative splicing analyses coupled with a proteogenomics approach to identify early CAG length-associated splicing changes in an established isogenic HD cell model. FINDINGS We report widespread neuronal differentiation stage- and CAG length-dependent splicing changes, and find an enrichment of RNA processing, neuronal function, and epigenetic modification-related genes with mutant HTT-associated splicing. When integrated with a proteomics dataset, we identified several of these differential splicing events at the protein level. By comparing with human post-mortem and mouse model data, we identified common patterns of altered splicing from embryonic stem cells through to post-mortem striatal tissue. INTERPRETATION We show that widespread splicing dysregulation in HD occurs in an early cell model of neuronal development. Importantly, we observe HD-associated splicing changes in our HD cell model that were also identified in human HD striatum and mouse model HD striatum, suggesting that splicing-associated pathogenesis possibly occurs early in neuronal development and persists to later stages of disease. Together, our results highlight splicing dysregulation in HD which may lead to disrupted neuronal function and neuropathology. FUNDING This research is supported by the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore Nanyang Assistant Professorship Start-Up Grant, the Singapore Ministry of Education under its Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (RG23/22), the BC Children's Hospital Research Institute Investigator Grant Award (IGAP), and a Scholar Award from the Michael Smith Health Research BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tano
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Kagistia Hana Utami
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nur Amirah Binte Mohammad Yusof
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Bégin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Willy Wei Li Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sarah R Langley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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Ho EV, Welch A, Thompson SL, Knowles JA, Dulawa SC. Mice lacking Ptprd exhibit deficits in goal-directed behavior and female-specific impairments in sensorimotor gating. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277446. [PMID: 37205689 PMCID: PMC10198499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family that mediates cell adhesion and synaptic specification. Genetic studies have linked Ptprd to several neuropsychiatric phenotypes, including Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), opioid abuse disorder, and antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of either pediatric obsessive-compulsive traits, or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), have identified loci near PTPRD as genome-wide significant, or strongly suggestive for this trait. We assessed Ptprd wild-type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and knockout (KO) mice for behavioral dimensions that are altered in OCD, including anxiety and exploration (open field test, dig test), perseverative behavior (splash-induced grooming, spatial d), sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition), and home cage goal-directed behavior (nest building). No effect of genotype was observed in any measure of the open field test, dig test, or splash test. However, Ptprd KO mice of both sexes showed impairments in nest building behavior. Finally, female, but not male, Ptprd KO mice showed deficits in prepulse inhibition, an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that is reduced in female, but not male, OCD patients. Our results indicate that constitutive lack of Ptprd may contribute to the development of certain domains that are altered OCD, including goal-directed behavior, and reduced sensorimotor gating specifically in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V. Ho
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego1, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda Welch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Summer L. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie C. Dulawa
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego1, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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6
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Lyulcheva-Bennett E, Genomics England Research Consortium, Bennett D. A retrospective analysis of phosphatase catalytic subunit gene variants in patients with rare disorders identifies novel candidate neurodevelopmental disease genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1107930. [PMID: 37056996 PMCID: PMC10086149 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic disorders represent some of the most severe and life-limiting conditions that constitute a considerable burden on global healthcare systems and societies. Most individuals affected by rare disorders remain undiagnosed, highlighting the unmet need for improved disease gene discovery and novel variant interpretation. Aberrant (de) phosphorylation can have profound pathological consequences underpinning many disease processes. Numerous phosphatases and associated proteins have been identified as disease genes, with many more likely to have gone undiscovered thus far. To begin to address these issues, we have performed a systematic survey of de novo variants amongst 189 genes encoding phosphatase catalytic subunits found in rare disease patients recruited to the 100,000 Genomes Project (100 kGP), the largest national sequencing project of its kind in the United Kingdom. We found that 49% of phosphatases were found to carry de novo mutation(s) in this cohort. Only 25% of these phosphatases have been previously linked to genetic disorders. A gene-to-patient approach matching variants to phenotypic data identified 9 novel candidate rare-disease genes: PTPRD, PTPRG, PTPRT, PTPRU, PTPRZ1, MTMR3, GAK, TPTE2, PTPN18. As the number of patients undergoing whole genome sequencing increases and information sharing improves, we anticipate that reiterative analysis of genomic and phenotypic data will continue to identify candidate phosphatase disease genes for functional validation. This is the first step towards delineating the aetiology of rare genetic disorders associated with altered phosphatase function, leading to new biological insights and improved clinical outcomes for the affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daimark Bennett
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Hendriks WJAJ, van Cruchten RTP, Pulido R. Hereditable variants of classical protein tyrosine phosphatase genes: Will they prove innocent or guilty? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1051311. [PMID: 36755664 PMCID: PMC9900141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases, together with protein tyrosine kinases, control many molecular signaling steps that control life at cellular and organismal levels. Impairing alterations in the genes encoding the involved proteins is expected to profoundly affect the quality of life-if compatible with life at all. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of germline variants that have been reported for genes encoding a subset of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily; that of the thirty seven classical members. The conclusion must be that the newest genome research tools produced an avalanche of data that suggest 'guilt by association' for individual genes to specific disorders. Future research should face the challenge to investigate these accusations thoroughly and convincingly, to reach a mature genotype-phenotype map for this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks,
| | | | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Baguma-Nibasheka M, Kablar B. Mechanics of Lung Development. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2023; 236:131-150. [PMID: 37955774 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38215-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We summarize how skeletal muscle and lung developmental biology fields have been bridged to benefit from mouse genetic engineering technologies and to explore the role of fetal breathing-like movements (FBMs) in lung development, by using skeletal muscle-specific mutant mice. It has been known for a long time that FBMs are essential for the lung to develop properly. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms transducing the mechanical forces of muscular activity into specific genetic programs that propel lung morphogenesis (development of the shape, form and size of the lung, its airways, and gas exchange surface) as well as its differentiation (acquisition of specialized cell structural and functional features from their progenitor cells) are only starting to be revealed. This chapter is a brief synopsis of the cumulative findings from that ongoing quest. An update on and the rationale for our recent International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) search is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Baguma-Nibasheka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Boris Kablar
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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9
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Silvani A, Ghorayeb I, Manconi M, Li Y, Clemens S. Putative Animal Models of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Evaluation of Their Face and Construct Validity. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:154-178. [PMID: 36536233 PMCID: PMC10119375 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder that severely affects sleep. It is characterized by an urge to move the legs, which is often accompanied by periodic limb movements during sleep. RLS has a high prevalence in the population and is usually a life-long condition. While its origins remain unclear, RLS is initially highly responsive to treatment with dopaminergic agonists that target D2-like receptors, in particular D2 and D3, but the long-term response is often unsatisfactory. Over the years, several putative animal models for RLS have been developed, mainly based on the epidemiological and neurochemical link with iron deficiency, treatment efficacy of D2-like dopaminergic agonists, or genome-wide association studies that identified risk factors in the patient population. Here, we present the first systematic review of putative animal models of RLS, provide information about their face and construct validity, and report their role in deciphering the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that may cause or contribute to RLS. We propose that identifying the causal links between genetic risk factors, altered organ functions, and changes to molecular pathways in neural circuitry will eventually lead to more effective new treatment options that bypass the side effects of the currently used therapeutics in RLS, especially for long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Imad Ghorayeb
- Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Clemens
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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10
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Sefton EM, Gallardo M, Tobin CE, Collins BC, Colasanto MP, Merrell AJ, Kardon G. Fibroblast-derived Hgf controls recruitment and expansion of muscle during morphogenesis of the mammalian diaphragm. eLife 2022; 11:e74592. [PMID: 36154712 PMCID: PMC9514848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaphragm is a domed muscle between the thorax and abdomen essential for breathing in mammals. Diaphragm development requires the coordinated development of muscle, connective tissue, and nerve, which are derived from different embryonic sources. Defects in diaphragm development cause the common and often lethal birth defect, congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH). HGF/MET signaling is required for diaphragm muscularization, but the source of HGF and the specific functions of this pathway in muscle progenitors and effects on phrenic nerve have not been explicitly tested. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and pharmacological inhibition of MET, we demonstrate that the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs), transient embryonic structures that give rise to the connective tissue in the diaphragm, are the source of HGF critical for diaphragm muscularization. PPF-derived HGF is directly required for recruitment of MET+ muscle progenitors to the diaphragm and indirectly (via its effect on muscle development) required for phrenic nerve primary branching. In addition, HGF is continuously required for maintenance and motility of the pool of progenitors to enable full muscularization. Localization of HGF at the diaphragm's leading edges directs dorsal and ventral expansion of muscle and regulates its overall size and shape. Surprisingly, large muscleless regions in HGF and Met mutants do not lead to hernias. While these regions are likely more susceptible to CDH, muscle loss is not sufficient to cause CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mirialys Gallardo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Claire E Tobin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Brittany C Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Mary P Colasanto
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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11
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Kawakami J, Brooks D, Zalmai R, Hartson SD, Bouyain S, Geisbrecht ER. Complex protein interactions mediate Drosophila Lar function in muscle tissue. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269037. [PMID: 35622884 PMCID: PMC9140312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The type IIa family of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), including Lar, RPTPσ and RPTPδ, are well-studied in coordinating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements during axon guidance and synaptogenesis. To determine whether this regulation is conserved in other tissues, interdisciplinary approaches were utilized to study Lar-RPTPs in the Drosophila musculature. Here we find that the single fly ortholog, Drosophila Lar (Dlar), is localized to the muscle costamere and that a decrease in Dlar causes aberrant sarcomeric patterning, deficits in larval locomotion, and integrin mislocalization. Sequence analysis uncovered an evolutionarily conserved Lys-Gly-Asp (KGD) signature in the extracellular region of Dlar. Since this tripeptide sequence is similar to the integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, we tested the hypothesis that Dlar directly interacts with integrin proteins. However, structural analyses of the fibronectin type III domains of Dlar and two vertebrate orthologs that include this conserved motif indicate that this KGD tripeptide is not accessible and thus unlikely to mediate physical interactions with integrins. These results, together with the proteomics identification of basement membrane (BM) proteins as potential ligands for type IIa RPTPs, suggest a complex network of protein interactions in the extracellular space that may mediate Lar function and/or signaling in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kawakami
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - David Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rana Zalmai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Erika R. Geisbrecht
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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12
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Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, Ilic K, Cash D, Fatima Y, Higgins S, Young AH, Chaudhuri KR, Steier J, Skinner T, Bucks R, Rosenzweig I. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2022; 13:6476-6494. [PMID: 34992826 PMCID: PMC8662505 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Using narrative review techniques, this paper evaluates the evidence for separable underlying patho-mechanisms of periodic limb movements (PLMs) to separable PLM motor patterns and phenotypes, in order to elucidate potential new treatment modalities. Background Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is estimated to occur in 5–8% of the paediatric population and 4–11% of the general adult population. Due to significant sleep fragmentation, PLMD can lead to functional impairment, including hyperactivity and delayed language development in children, and poor concentration and work performance in adults. Longitudinal data demonstrate that those with PLMD are at greater risk of depression and anxiety, and a 4-fold greater risk of developing dementia. PLMD has been extensively studied over the past two decades, and several key insights into the genetic, pathophysiological, and neural correlates have been proposed. Amongst these proposals is the concept of separable PLM phenotypes, proposed on the basis of nocturnal features such as the ratio of limb movements and distribution throughout the night. PLM phenotype and presentation, however, varies significantly depending on the scoring utilized and the nocturnal features examined, across age, and co-morbid clinical conditions. Furthermore, associations between these phenotypes with major neurologic and psychiatric disorders remain controversial. Methods In order to elucidate potential divergent biological pathways that may help clarify important new treatment modalities, this paper utilizes narrative review and evaluates the evidence linking PLM motor patterns and phenotypes with hypothesised underlying patho-mechanisms. Distinctive, underlying patho-mechanisms include: a pure motor mechanism originating in the spinal cord, iron deficiency, dopamine system dysfunction, thalamic glutamatergic hyperactivity, and a more cortical-subcortical interplay. In support of the latter hypothesis, PLM rhythmicity appears tightly linked to the microarchitecture of sleep, not dissimilarly to the apnoeic/hypopneic events seen in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Conclusions This review closes with a proposal for greater investigation into the identification of potential, divergent biological pathways. To do so would require prospective, multimodal imaging clinical studies which may delineate differential responses to treatment in restless legs syndrome (RLS) without PLMS and PLMS without RLS. This could pave the way toward important new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Drakatos
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK.,Faculty of Life and Sciences Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Olaithe
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dhun Verma
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katarina Ilic
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,BRAIN, Imaging Centre, CNS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,BRAIN, Imaging Centre, CNS, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Australia
| | - Sean Higgins
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- School of Academic Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- King's College London and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joerg Steier
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK.,Faculty of Life and Sciences Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy Skinner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romola Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,The Raine Study, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, CNS, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.,Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, GSTT NHS, London, UK
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13
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Cornejo F, Cortés BI, Findlay GM, Cancino GI. LAR Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase Family in Healthy and Diseased Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659951. [PMID: 34966732 PMCID: PMC8711739 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases are major regulators of signal transduction and they are involved in key cellular mechanisms such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Here we focus on one class of protein phosphatases, the type IIA Receptor-type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (RPTPs), or LAR-RPTP subfamily. In the last decade, LAR-RPTPs have been demonstrated to have great importance in neurobiology, from neurodevelopment to brain disorders. In vertebrates, the LAR-RPTP subfamily is composed of three members: PTPRF (LAR), PTPRD (PTPδ) and PTPRS (PTPσ), and all participate in several brain functions. In this review we describe the structure and proteolytic processing of the LAR-RPTP subfamily, their alternative splicing and enzymatic regulation. Also, we review the role of the LAR-RPTP subfamily in neural function such as dendrite and axon growth and guidance, synapse formation and differentiation, their participation in synaptic activity, and in brain development, discussing controversial findings and commenting on the most recent studies in the field. Finally, we discuss the clinical outcomes of LAR-RPTP mutations, which are associated with several brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Cornejo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I Cortés
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Greg M Findlay
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Cannata G, Caporilli C, Grassi F, Perrone S, Esposito S. Management of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH): Role of Molecular Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126353. [PMID: 34198563 PMCID: PMC8231903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common major life-threatening birth defect that results in significant mortality and morbidity depending primarily on lung hypoplasia, persistent pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction. Despite its clinical relevance, CDH multifactorial etiology is still not completely understood. We reviewed current knowledge on normal diaphragm development and summarized genetic mutations and related pathways as well as cellular mechanisms involved in CDH. Our literature analysis showed that the discovery of harmful de novo variants in the fetus could constitute an important tool for the medical team during pregnancy, counselling, and childbirth. A better insight into the mechanisms regulating diaphragm development and genetic causes leading to CDH appeared essential to the development of new therapeutic strategies and evidence-based genetic counselling to parents. Integrated sequencing, development, and bioinformatics strategies could direct future functional studies on CDH; could be applied to cohorts and consortia for CDH and other birth defects; and could pave the way for potential therapies by providing molecular targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cannata
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Chiara Caporilli
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Federica Grassi
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Serafina Perrone
- Neonatology Unit, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.C.); (C.C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-7047
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15
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Wakabayashi T. Transmembrane Collagens in Neuromuscular Development and Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:635375. [PMID: 33536873 PMCID: PMC7848082 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.635375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular development is a multistep process and involves interactions among various extracellular and transmembrane molecules that facilitate the precise targeting of motor axons to synaptogenic regions of the target muscle. Collagenous proteins with transmembrane domains have recently emerged as molecules that play essential roles in multiple aspects of neuromuscular formation. Membrane-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (MACITs) are classified as an unconventional subtype of the collagen superfamily and have been implicated in cell adhesion in a variety of tissues, including the neuromuscular system. Collagen XXV, the latest member of the MACITs, plays an essential role in motor axon growth within the developing muscle. In humans, loss-of-function mutations of collagen XXV result in developmental ocular motor disorders. In contrast, collagen XIII contributes to the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and disruption of its function leads to the congenital myasthenic syndrome. Transmembrane collagens are conserved not only in mammals but also in organisms such as C. elegans, where a single MACIT, COL-99, has been documented to function in motor innervation. Furthermore, in C. elegans, a collagen-like transmembrane protein, UNC-122, is implicated in the structural and functional integrity of the NMJ. This review article summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of transmembrane collagens and underlying molecular mechanisms in multiple aspects of neuromuscular development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Innovative Dementia Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Tomita H, Cornejo F, Aranda-Pino B, Woodard CL, Rioseco CC, Neel BG, Alvarez AR, Kaplan DR, Miller FD, Cancino GI. The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Delta Regulates Developmental Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 30:215-228.e5. [PMID: 31914388 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPRD is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that is genetically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we asked whether Ptprd mutations cause aberrant neural development by perturbing neurogenesis in the murine cortex. We show that loss of Ptprd causes increases in neurogenic transit-amplifying intermediate progenitor cells and cortical neurons and perturbations in neuronal localization. These effects are intrinsic to neural precursor cells since acute Ptprd knockdown causes similar perturbations. PTPRD mediates these effects by dephosphorylating receptor tyrosine kinases, including TrkB and PDGFRβ, and loss of Ptprd causes the hyperactivation of TrkB and PDGFRβ and their downstream MEK-ERK signaling pathway in neural precursor cells. Moreover, inhibition of aberrant TrkB or MEK activation rescues the increased neurogenesis caused by knockdown or homozygous loss of Ptprd. These results suggest that PTPRD regulates receptor tyrosine kinases to ensure appropriate numbers of intermediate progenitor cells and neurons, suggesting a mechanism for its genetic association with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tomita
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Begoña Aranda-Pino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Cameron L Woodard
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada
| | - Constanza C Rioseco
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandra R Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, ON, Canada; Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
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17
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PRL-2 phosphatase is required for vascular morphogenesis and angiogenic signaling. Commun Biol 2020; 3:603. [PMID: 33097786 PMCID: PMC7584612 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases are essential modulators of angiogenesis and have been identified as novel therapeutic targets in cancer and anti-angiogenesis. The roles of atypical Phosphatase of Regenerative Liver (PRL) phosphatases in this context remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the biological function of PRL phosphatases in developmental angiogenesis in the postnatal mouse retina and in cell culture. We show that endothelial cells in the retina express PRL-2 encoded by the Ptp4a2 gene, and that inducible endothelial and global Ptp4a2 mutant mice exhibit defective retinal vascular outgrowth, arteriovenous differentiation, and sprouting angiogenesis. Mechanistically, PTP4A2 deletion limits angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and the VEGF-A, DLL-4/NOTCH-1 signaling pathway. This study reveals the importance of PRL-2 as a modulator of vascular development.
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18
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Munezane H, Oizumi H, Wakabayashi T, Nishio S, Hirasawa T, Sato T, Harada A, Yoshida T, Eguchi T, Yamanashi Y, Hashimoto T, Iwatsubo T. Roles of Collagen XXV and Its Putative Receptors PTPσ/δ in Intramuscular Motor Innervation and Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorder. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4362-4376.e6. [PMID: 31875546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular motor innervation is an essential process in neuromuscular development. Recently, mutations in COL25A1, encoding CLAC-P/collagen XXV, have been linked to the development of a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD). Yet the molecular mechanisms of intramuscular innervation and the etiology of CCDD related to COL25A1 have remained elusive. Here, we report that muscle-derived collagen XXV is indispensable for intramuscular innervation. In developing skeletal muscles, Col25a1 expression is tightly regulated by muscle excitation. In vitro and cell-based assays reveal a direct interaction between collagen XXV and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) σ and δ. Motor explant assays show that expression of collagen XXV in target cells attracts motor axons, but this is inhibited by exogenous PTPσ/δ. CCDD mutations attenuate motor axon attraction by reducing collagen XXV-PTPσ/δ interaction. Overall, our study identifies PTPσ/δ as putative receptors for collagen XXV, implicating collagen XXV and PTPσ/δ in intramuscular innervation and a developmental ocular motor disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Munezane
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Innovative Dementia Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shu Nishio
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hirasawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eguchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Innovative Dementia Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Han KA, Lee HY, Lim D, Shin J, Yoon TH, Lee C, Rhee JS, Liu X, Um JW, Choi SY, Ko J. PTPσ Controls Presynaptic Organization of Neurotransmitter Release Machinery at Excitatory Synapses. iScience 2020; 23:101203. [PMID: 32516721 PMCID: PMC7284068 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are evolutionarily conserved presynaptic organizers. The synaptic role of vertebrate LAR-RPTPs in vivo, however, remains unclear. In the current study, we analyzed the synaptic role of PTPσ using newly generated, single conditional knockout (cKO) mice targeting PTPσ. We found that the number of synapses was reduced in PTPσ cKO cultured neurons in association with impaired excitatory synaptic transmission, abnormal vesicle localization, and abnormal synaptic ultrastructure. Strikingly, loss of presynaptic PTPσ reduced neurotransmitter release prominently at excitatory synapses, concomitant with drastic reductions in excitatory innervations onto postsynaptic target areas in vivo. Furthermore, loss of presynaptic PTPσ in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons had no impact on postsynaptic glutamate receptor responses in subicular pyramidal neurons. Postsynaptic PTPσ deletion had no effect on excitatory synaptic strength. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PTPσ is a bona fide presynaptic adhesion molecule that controls neurotransmitter release and excitatory inputs. Conditional PTPσ KO produces specifically impaired presynaptic functions Presynaptic PTPσ regulates glutamate release efficiency Presynaptic PTPσ does not transsynaptically regulate postsynaptic receptor responses
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hee-Yoon Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Dongseok Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jungsu Shin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Taek Han Yoon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Chooungku Lee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jeong-Seop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Korea.
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20
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Park H, Choi Y, Jung H, Kim S, Lee S, Han H, Kweon H, Kang S, Sim WS, Koopmans F, Yang E, Kim H, Smit AB, Bae YC, Kim E. Splice-dependent trans-synaptic PTPδ-IL1RAPL1 interaction regulates synapse formation and non-REM sleep. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104150. [PMID: 32347567 PMCID: PMC7265247 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing regulates trans‐synaptic adhesions and synapse development, but supporting in vivo evidence is limited. PTPδ, a receptor tyrosine phosphatase adhering to multiple synaptic adhesion molecules, is associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders; however, its in vivo functions remain unclear. Here, we show that PTPδ is mainly present at excitatory presynaptic sites by endogenous PTPδ tagging. Global PTPδ deletion in mice leads to input‐specific decreases in excitatory synapse development and strength. This involves tyrosine dephosphorylation and synaptic loss of IL1RAPL1, a postsynaptic partner of PTPδ requiring the PTPδ‐meA splice insert for binding. Importantly, PTPδ‐mutant mice lacking the PTPδ‐meA insert, and thus lacking the PTPδ interaction with IL1RAPL1 but not other postsynaptic partners, recapitulate biochemical and synaptic phenotypes of global PTPδ‐mutant mice. Behaviorally, both global and meA‐specific PTPδ‐mutant mice display abnormal sleep behavior and non‐REM rhythms. Therefore, alternative splicing in PTPδ regulates excitatory synapse development and sleep by modulating a specific trans‐synaptic adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haram Park
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Choi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwajin Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seoyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suho Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyemin Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hanseul Kweon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suwon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woong Seob Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Functional Genomics, CNCR, VU University and UMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, CNCR, VU University and UMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, CNCR, VU University and UMC Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
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21
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Sclip A, Südhof TC. LAR receptor phospho-tyrosine phosphatases regulate NMDA-receptor responses. eLife 2020; 9:53406. [PMID: 31985401 PMCID: PMC6984820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LAR-type receptor phosphotyrosine-phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are presynaptic adhesion molecules that interact trans-synaptically with multitudinous postsynaptic adhesion molecules, including SliTrks, SALMs, and TrkC. Via these interactions, LAR-RPTPs are thought to function as synaptogenic wiring molecules that promote neural circuit formation by mediating the establishment of synapses. To test the synaptogenic functions of LAR-RPTPs, we conditionally deleted the genes encoding all three LAR-RPTPs, singly or in combination, in mice before synapse formation. Strikingly, deletion of LAR-RPTPs had no effect on synaptic connectivity in cultured neurons or in vivo, but impaired NMDA-receptor-mediated responses. Deletion of LAR-RPTPs decreased NMDA-receptor-mediated responses by a trans-synaptic mechanism. In cultured neurons, deletion of all LAR-RPTPs led to a reduction in synaptic NMDA-receptor EPSCs, without changing the subunit composition or the protein levels of NMDA-receptors. In vivo, deletion of all LAR-RPTPs in the hippocampus at birth also did not alter synaptic connectivity as measured via AMPA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses at Schaffer-collateral synapses monitored in juvenile mice, but again decreased NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic transmission. Thus, LAR-RPTPs are not essential for synapse formation, but control synapse properties by regulating postsynaptic NMDA-receptors via a trans-synaptic mechanism that likely involves binding to one or multiple postsynaptic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sclip
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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22
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Axonal Growth of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons is Modulated by the Cell Adhesion Molecule ALCAM Through Trans-Heterophilic Interactions with L1cam, Chl1, and Semaphorins. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6656-6667. [PMID: 31300520 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0278-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of axons corresponding to different neuronal subtypes is governed by unique expression profiles of molecules on the growth cone. These molecules respond to extracellular cues either locally though cell adhesion interactions or over long distances through diffusible gradients. Here, we report that that the cell adhesion molecule ALCAM (CD166) can act as an extracellular substrate to selectively promote the growth of murine midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron axons through a trans-heterophilic interaction with mDA-bound adhesion molecules. In mixed-sex primary midbrain cultures, the growth-promoting effect of ALCAM was abolished by neutralizing antibodies for components of the Semaphorin receptor complex Nrp1, Chl1, or L1cam. The ALCAM substrate was also found to modulate the response of mDA neurites to soluble semaphorins in a context-specific manner by abolishing the growth-promoting effect of Sema3A but inducing a branching response in the presence of Sema3C. These findings identify a previously unrecognized guidance mechanism whereby cell adhesion molecules act in trans to modulate the response of axonal growth cones to soluble gradients to selectively orchestrate the growth and guidance of mDA neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms governing the axonal connectivity of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons during neural development have remained rather poorly understood relative to other model systems for axonal growth and guidance. Here, we report a series of novel interactions between proteins previously not identified in the context of mDA neuronal growth. Significantly, the results suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism involving the convergence in signaling between local, adhesion and long-distance, soluble cues. A better understanding of the molecules and mechanisms involved in establishment of the mDA system is important as a part of ongoing efforts to understand the consequence of conditions that may result from aberrant connectivity and also for cell replacement strategies for Parkinson's disease.
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23
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Freidin M, Kraatari M, Skarp S, Määttä J, Kettunen J, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Williams F, Männikkö M. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies genetic locus on chromosome 9 associated with Modic changes. J Med Genet 2019; 56:420-426. [PMID: 30808802 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is a common disabling condition. Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) may be a contributing factor for LBP. Modic change (MC), a distinct phenotype of LDD, is presented as a pathological bone marrow signal change adjacent to vertebral endplate on MRI. It is strongly associated with LBP and has heritability around 30%. Our objective was to identify genetic loci associated with MC using a genome-wide meta-analysis. METHODS Presence of MC was evaluated in lumbar MRI in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n=1182) and TwinsUK (n=647). Genome-wide association analyses were carried out using linear regression model. Inverse-variance weighting approach was used in the meta-analysis. RESULTS A locus associated with MC (p<5e-8) was found on chromosome 9 with the lead SNP rs1934268 in an intron of the PTPRD gene. It is located in the binding region of BCL11A, SPI1 and PBX3 transcription factors. The SNP was nominally associated with LBP in TwinsUK (p=0.001) but not associated in the UK Biobank (p=0.914). Suggestive signals (p<1e-5) were identified near XKR4, SCIN, MGMT, DLG2, ZNF184 and OPRK1. CONCLUSION PTPRD is a novel candidate gene for MC that may act via the development of cartilage or nervous system; further work is needed to define the mechanisms underlying the pathways leading to development of MC. This is the first genome-wide meta-analysis of MC, and the results pave the way for further studies on the genetic factors underlying the various features of spine degeneration and LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Minna Kraatari
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Skarp
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Määttä
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Frances Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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24
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Uhl GR, Martinez MJ. PTPRD: neurobiology, genetics, and initial pharmacology of a pleiotropic contributor to brain phenotypes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1451:112-129. [PMID: 30648269 PMCID: PMC6629525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD) has likely roles as a neuronal cell adhesion molecule and synaptic specifier. Interest in its neurobiology and genomics has been stimulated by results from human genetics and mouse models for phenotypes related to addiction, restless leg syndrome, neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment/intellectual disability, mood lability, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We review PTPRD's discovery, gene family, candidate homomeric and heteromeric binding partners, phosphatase activities, brain distribution, human genetic associations with nervous system phenotypes, and mouse model data relevant to these phenotypes. We discuss the recently reported discovery of the first small molecule inhibitor of PTPRD phosphatase, the identification of its addiction-related effects, and the implications of these findings for the PTPRD-associated brain phenotypes. In assembling PTPRD neurobiology, human genetics, and mouse genetic and pharmacological datasets, we provide a compelling picture of the roles played by PTPRD, its variation, and its potential as a target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria J Martinez
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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25
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Mehta D, Wani S, Wallace L, Henders AK, Wray NR, McCombe PA. Cumulative influence of parity-related genomic changes in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 328:38-49. [PMID: 30579155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy reduces the frequency of relapses in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and parity also has a beneficial long term effect on disease outcome. We aimed to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial long-term effects of parity in MS. Genome-wide gene expression revealed 574 genes associated with parity; 38.3% showed significant DNA methylation changes (enrichment p = 0.029). These genes overlapped with previous MS genes in humans and a rat MS model and were overrepresented within axon guidance (P = 1.6e-05), developmental biology (P = 0.0094) and cell-cell communication (P = 0.019) pathways. This gene regulation could provide a basis for a protective effect of parity on the long-term outcome of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Center for Neurostatistics and Statistical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- Center for Neurostatistics and Statistical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Center for Neurostatistics and Statistical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Center for Neurostatistics and Statistical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Center for Neurostatistics and Statistical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, UQ CCR, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Cocaine reward is reduced by decreased expression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) and by a novel PTPRD antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11597-11602. [PMID: 30348770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720446115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) is a neuronal cell-adhesion molecule/synaptic specifier that has been implicated in addiction vulnerability and stimulant reward by human genomewide association and mouse cocaine-conditioned place-preference data. However, there have been no reports of effects of reduced expression on cocaine self-administration. There have been no reports of PTPRD targeting by any small molecule. There are no data about behavioral effects of any PTPRD ligand. We now report (i) robust effects of heterozygous PTPRD KO on cocaine self-administration (These data substantially extend prior conditioned place-preference data and add to the rationale for PTPRD as a target for addiction therapeutics.); (ii) identification of 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog (7-BIA) as a small molecule that targets PTPRD and inhibits its phosphatase with some specificity; (iii) lack of toxicity when 7-BIA is administered to mice acutely or with repeated dosing; (iv) reduced cocaine-conditioned place preference when 7-BIA is administered before conditioning sessions; and (v) reductions in well-established cocaine self-administration when 7-BIA is administered before a session (in WT, not PTPRD heterozygous KOs). These results add to support for PTPRD as a target for medications to combat cocaine use disorders. 7-BIA provides a lead compound for addiction therapeutics.
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27
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Ohtake Y, Saito A, Li S. Diverse functions of protein tyrosine phosphatase σ in the nervous and immune systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:196-204. [PMID: 29374568 PMCID: PMC6275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a common means of regulating protein functions and signal transduction in multiple cells. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a large family of signaling enzymes that remove phosphate groups from tyrosine residues of target proteins and change their functions. Among them, receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) exhibit a distinct spatial pattern of expression and play essential roles in regulating neurite outgrowth, axon guidance, and synaptic organization in developmental nervous system. Some RPTPs function as essential receptors for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit axon regeneration following CNS injury. Interestingly, certain RPTPs are also important to regulate functions of immune cells and development of autoimmune diseases. PTPσ, a RPTP in the LAR subfamily, is expressed in various immune cells and regulates their differentiation, production of various cytokines and immune responses. In this review, we highlight the physiological and pathological significance of PTPσ and related molecules in both nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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28
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Farhy-Tselnicker I, van Casteren ACM, Lee A, Chang VT, Aricescu AR, Allen NJ. Astrocyte-Secreted Glypican 4 Regulates Release of Neuronal Pentraxin 1 from Axons to Induce Functional Synapse Formation. Neuron 2017; 96:428-445.e13. [PMID: 29024665 PMCID: PMC5663462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of precise synaptic connections between developing neurons is critical to the formation of functional neural circuits. Astrocyte-secreted glypican 4 induces formation of active excitatory synapses by recruiting AMPA glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic cell surface. We now identify the molecular mechanism of how glypican 4 exerts its effect. Glypican 4 induces release of the AMPA receptor clustering factor neuronal pentraxin 1 from presynaptic terminals by signaling through presynaptic protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ. Pentraxin then accumulates AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic terminal forming functional synapses. Our findings reveal a signaling pathway that regulates synaptic activity during central nervous system development and demonstrates a role for astrocytes as organizers of active synaptic connections by coordinating both pre and post synaptic neurons. As mutations in glypicans are associated with neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, this signaling cascade offers new avenues to modulate synaptic function in disease. Astrocyte-secreted Gpc4 induces release of NP1 from neurons Release of NP1 is mediated through Gpc4 interaction with presynaptic RPTPδ Gpc4 or RPTPδ KO causes presynaptic NP1 retention and decreased synapse number Astrocytic release of Gpc4 provides spatial and temporal cues for synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Farhy-Tselnicker
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adriana C M van Casteren
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aletheia Lee
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Veronica T Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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29
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Ohtake Y, Kong W, Hussain R, Horiuchi M, Tremblay ML, Ganea D, Li S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ regulates autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:111-124. [PMID: 28559011 PMCID: PMC6275552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in regulating signaling events in multiple cells by tyrosine dephosphorylation. One of them, PTPσ, appears important in regulating function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Here we report that PTPσ deletion in knockout mice and inhibition with a selective antagonist peptide exacerbated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by enhancing axon and myelin damage in the spinal cord. PTPσ-/- mice displayed pro-inflammatory profiles in the spinal cord and lymphoid organs following MOG peptide immunization. PTPσ deletion promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype in conventional DCs and directly regulated differentiation of CD4+ T cells. It also facilitated infiltration of T lymphocytes, activation of macrophages in the CNS and development of EAE. Therefore, PTPσ is a key negative regulator in EAE initiation and progression, which acts by regulating functions of DCs, T cells, and other immune cells. PTPσ may become an important molecular target for treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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30
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Guo S, Huang J, Jiang H, Han C, Li J, Xu X, Zhang G, Lin Z, Xiong N, Wang T. Restless Legs Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnosis and Management. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28626420 PMCID: PMC5454050 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), a common neurological sensorimotor disorder in western countries, has gained more and more attention in Asian countries. The prevalence of RLS is higher in older people and females. RLS is most commonly related to iron deficiency, pregnancy and uremia. The RLS symptoms show a significant circadian rhythm and a close relationship to periodic limb movements (PLMs) in clinical observations, while the pathophysiological pathways are still unknown. The diagnostic criteria have been revised in 2012 to improve the validity of RLS diagnosis. Recent studies have suggested an important role of iron decrease of brain in RLS pathophysiology. Dopaminergic (DA) system dysfunction in A11 cell groups has been recognized long ago from clinical treatment and autopsy. Nowadays, it is believed that iron dysfunction can affect DA system from different pathways and opioids have a protective effect on DA system. Several susceptible single nucleotide polymorphisms such as BTBD9 and MEIS1, which are thought to be involved in embryonic neuronal development, have been reported to be associated with RLS. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment are discussed in this review. First-line treatments of RLS include DA agents and α2δ agonists. Augmentation is very common in long-term treatment of RLS which makes prevention and management of augmentation very important for RLS patients. A combination of different types of medication is effective in preventing and treating augmentation. The knowledge on RLS is still limited, the pathophysiology and better management of RLS remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, BelmontMA, United States.,Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, BelmontMA, United States
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
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31
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Oliva C, Hassan BA. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Neuronal Wiring: Insights From Drosophila. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 123:399-432. [PMID: 28236973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is at the crossroads of many signaling pathways. Brain wiring is not an exception, and several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and tyrosine receptor phosphates (RPTPs) have been involved in this process. Considerable work has been done on RTKs, and for many of them, detailed molecular mechanisms and functions in several systems have been characterized. In contrast, RPTPs have been studied considerably less and little is known about their ligands and substrates. In both families, we find redundancy between different members to accomplish particular wiring patterns. Strikingly, some RTKs and RPTPs have lost their catalytic activity during evolution, but not their importance in biological processes. In this regard, we have to keep in mind that these proteins have multiple domains and some of their functions are independent of tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Since RTKs and RPTPs are enzymes involved not only in early stages of axon and dendrite pathfinding but also in synapse formation and physiology, they have a potential as drug targets. Drosophila has been a key model organism in the search of a better understanding of brain wiring, and its sophisticated toolbox is very suitable for studying the function of genes with pleiotropic functions such as RTKs and RPTPs, from wiring to synaptic formation and function. In these review, we mainly cover findings from this model organism and complement them with discoveries in vertebrate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Oliva
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bassem A Hassan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM)-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.
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32
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Shishikura M, Nakamura F, Yamashita N, Uetani N, Iwakura Y, Goshima Y. Expression of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase δ, PTPδ, in mouse central nervous system. Brain Res 2016; 1642:244-254. [PMID: 27026654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphate δ (PTPδ), one of the receptor type IIa protein tyrosine phosphates, is known for its roles in axon guidance, synapse formation, cell adhesion, and tumor suppression. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least four (A-D) isoforms; however, the major isoform in vivo is yet to be determined. The protein localization has neither been revealed. We have generated anti-mouse PTPδ-specific monoclonal antibody and analyzed the protein expression in wild-type and Ptpδ knockout mice. Immunoblot analysis of various organs revealed that neuronal tissues express both C-and D-isoforms of PTPδ, whereas non-neuronal tissues express only C-isoform. Immunohistochemistry of wild-type or Ptpδ heterozygous sections showed that olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and several nuclei in brain stem exhibit moderate to strong positive signals. These signals were absent in Ptpδ knockout specimens. Higher magnification revealed differences between expression patterns of PTPδ mRNA and its protein product. In hippocampus, weak mRNA expression in CA1 stratum pyramidale but strong immunostaining in the stratum lacunosum moleculare was observed, suggesting the axonal expression of PTPδ in the entorhinal cortical afferents. Olfactory mitral cells exhibited mRNA expression in cell bodies and protein localization in their dendritic fields, glomerular and external plexiform layers. Nissl staining showed that the external plexiform layer was reduced in Ptpδ knockout mice. Golgi-impregnation confirmed the poor dendritic growth of homozygous mitral cells. These results suggest that PTPδ may localize in axons as well as in dendrites to regulate their elaboration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shishikura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of experimental animal immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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Mitchell CJ, Kim MS, Zhong J, Nirujogi RS, Bose AK, Pandey A. Unbiased identification of substrates of protein tyrosine phosphatase ptp-3 in C. elegans. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:910-20. [PMID: 27067626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte antigen related (LAR) family of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases has three members in humans - PTPRF, PTPRD and PTPRS - that have been implicated in diverse processes including embryonic development, inhibition of cell growth and axonal guidance. Mutations in the LAR family are associated with developmental defects such as cleft palate as well as various cancers including breast, neck, lung, colon and brain. Although this family of tyrosine phosphatases is important for many developmental processes, little is known of their substrates. This is partially due to functional redundancy within the LAR family, as deletion of a single gene in the LAR family does not have an appreciable phenotype, but a dual knockout is embryonically lethal in mouse models. To circumvent the inability to knockout multiple members of the LAR family in mouse models, we used a knockout of ptp-3, which is the only known ortholog of the LAR family in Caenorhabditis elegans and allows for the study of the LAR family at the organismal level. Using SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics, we identified 255 putative substrates of ptp-3, which included four of the nine known annotated substrates of the LAR family. A motif analysis of the identified phosphopeptides allowed for the determination of sequences that appear to be preferentially dephosphorylated. Finally, we discovered that kinases were overrepresented in the list of identified putative substrates and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation is known to increase kinase activity were dephosphorylated by ptp-3. These data are suggestive of ptp-3 as a potential negative regulator of several kinase families, such as the mitogen activated kinases (MAPKs), and multiple tyrosine kinases including FER, MET, and NTRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mitchell
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjun K Bose
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Sleep disorders are, in part, attributable to genetic variability across individuals. There has been considerable progress in understanding the role of genes for some sleep disorders, such as the identification of a human leukocyte antigen gene for narcolepsy. For other sleep disorders, such as insomnia, little work has been done. Optimizing phenotyping strategies is critical, as is the case for sleep apnea, for which intermediate traits such as obesity and craniofacial features may prove to be more tractable for genetic studies. Rapid advances in genotyping and statistical genetics are likely to lead to greater discoveries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 670, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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Zhu Q, Tan Z, Zhao S, Huang H, Zhao X, Hu X, Zhang Y, Shields CB, Uetani N, Qiu M. Developmental expression and function analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D in oligodendrocyte myelination. Neuroscience 2015; 308:106-14. [PMID: 26341907 PMCID: PMC4600676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and have distinct spatial and temporal patterns in different cell types during development. Previous studies have demonstrated possible roles for RPTPs in axon outgrowth, guidance, and synaptogenesis. In the present study, our results revealed that protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD) was initially expressed in mature neurons in embryonic CNS, and later in oligodendroglial cells at postnatal stages when oligodendrocytes undergo active axonal myelination process. In PTPRD mutants, oligodendrocyte differentiation was normal and a transient myelination delay occurred at early postnatal stages, indicating the contribution of PTPRD to the initiation of axonal myelination. Our results also showed that the remyelination process was not affected in the absence of PTPRD function after a cuprizone-induced demyelination in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Z Tan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - S Zhao
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - H Huang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - X Hu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - C B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - N Uetani
- McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - M Qiu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China.
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Burghoff S, Willberg W, Schrader J. Identification of extracellularly phosphorylated membrane proteins. Proteomics 2015; 15:3310-4. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Burghoff
- Department of Molecular Cardiology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Wibke Willberg
- Department of Molecular Cardiology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor trait defined by symptoms that interfere with sleep onset and maintenance in a clinically meaningful way. Nonvolitional myoclonus while awake and asleep is a sign of the disorder and an informative endophenotype. The genetic contributions to RLS/periodic leg movements are substantial, are among the most robust defined to date for a common disease, and account for much of the variance in disease expressivity. The disorder is polygenic, as revealed by recent genome-wide association studies. Experimental studies are revealing mechanistic details of how these common variants might influence RLS expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rye
- Program in Sleep, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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38
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Missing-in-Metastasis regulates cell motility and invasion via PTPδ-mediated changes in SRC activity. Biochem J 2015; 465:89-101. [PMID: 25287652 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MIM (Missing-in-Metastasis), also known as MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1), is a scaffold protein that is down-regulated in multiple metastatic cancer cell lines compared with non-metastatic counterparts. MIM regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and actin polymerization, and has been implicated in the control of cell motility and invasion. MIM has also been shown to bind to a receptor PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase), PTPδ, an interaction that may provide a link between tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signalling and metastasis. We used shRNA-mediated gene silencing to investigate the consequences of loss of MIM on the migration and invasion of the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell model of breast cancer. We observed that suppression of MIM by RNAi enhanced migration and invasion of MCF10A cells, effects that were associated with increased levels of PTPδ. Furthermore, analysis of human clinical data indicated that PTPδ was elevated in breast cancer samples when compared with normal tissue. We demonstrated that the SRC protein tyrosine kinase is a direct substrate of PTPδ and, upon suppression of MIM, we observed changes in the phosphorylation status of SRC; in particular, the inhibitory site (Tyr527) was hypophosphorylated, whereas the activating autophosphorylation site (Tyr416) was hyperphosphorylated. Thus the absence of MIM led to PTPδ-mediated activation of SRC. Finally, the SRC inhibitor SU6656 counteracted the effects of MIM suppression on cell motility and invasion. The present study illustrates that both SRC and PTPδ have the potential to be therapeutic targets for metastatic tumours associated with loss of MIM.
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Hatzihristidis T, Desai N, Hutchins AP, Meng TC, Tremblay ML, Miranda-Saavedra D. A Drosophila-centric view of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:951-66. [PMID: 25771859 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is derived from human pathologies and mouse knockout models. These models largely correlate well with human disease phenotypes, but can be ambiguous due to compensatory mechanisms introduced by paralogous genes. Here we present the analysis of the PTP complement of the fruit fly and the complementary view that PTP studies in Drosophila will accelerate our understanding of PTPs in physiological and pathological conditions. With only 44 PTP genes, Drosophila represents a streamlined version of the human complement. Our integrated analysis places the Drosophila PTPs into evolutionary and functional contexts, thereby providing a platform for the exploitation of the fly for PTP research and the transfer of knowledge onto other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Hatzihristidis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikita Desai
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Diego Miranda-Saavedra
- World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; IE Business School, IE University, María de Molina 31 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Schulte EC, Winkelmann J. Clinical Phenotype and Genetics of Restless Legs Syndrome. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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41
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Stoker AW. RPTPs in axons, synapses and neurology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 37:90-7. [PMID: 25234542 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases represent a large protein family related to cell adhesion molecules, with diverse roles throughout neural development in vertebrates and invertebrates. This review focuses on their roles in axon growth, guidance and repair, as well as more recent findings demonstrating their key roles in pre-synaptic and post-synaptic maturation and function. These enzymes have been linked to memory and neuropsychiatric defects in loss-of-function rodent models, highlighting their potential as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Stoker
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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42
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Ohtake Y, Li S. Molecular mechanisms of scar-sourced axon growth inhibitors. Brain Res 2014; 1619:22-35. [PMID: 25192646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a defense response of the CNS to minimize primary damage and to repair injured tissues, but it ultimately generates harmful effects by upregulating inhibitory molecules to suppress neuronal elongation and forming potent barriers to axon regeneration. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly expressed by reactive scars and are potent contributors to the non-permissive environment in mature CNS. Surmounting strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. Currently, enzymatic digestion of CSPGs with locally applied chondroitinase ABC is the main in vivo approach to overcome scar inhibition, but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG function may facilitate development of new effective therapies to overcome scar-mediated inhibition. Previous studies support that CSPGs act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions, but two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibition. CSPGs may also act by binding two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3. Thus, CSPGs inhibit axon growth through multiple mechanisms, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA.
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Chondroitin sulphate N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase-1 inhibits recovery from neural injury. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2740. [PMID: 24220492 PMCID: PMC3831297 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular factors that inhibit axon growth and intrinsic factors that promote it affect neural regeneration. Therapies targeting any single gene have not yet simultaneously optimized both types of factors. Chondroitin sulphate (CS), a glycosaminoglycan, is the most abundant extracellular inhibitor of axon growth. Here we show that mice carrying a gene knockout for CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1), a key enzyme in CS biosynthesis, recover more completely from spinal cord injury than wild-type mice and even chondroitinase ABC-treated mice. Notably, synthesis of heparan sulphate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan promoting axonal growth, is also upregulated in TI knockout mice because HS-synthesis enzymes are induced in the mutant neurons. Moreover, chondroitinase ABC treatment never induces HS upregulation. Taken together, our results indicate that regulation of a single gene, T1, mediates excellent recovery from spinal cord injury by optimizing counteracting effectors of axon regeneration—an extracellular inhibitor of CS and intrinsic promoters, namely, HS-synthesis enzymes. The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulphate inhibits axon growth. Here the authors show that mice deficient in chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis have increased levels of heparan sulphate, which is more efficient than chondroitinase in supporting recovery from spinal cord injury.
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CLAC-P/collagen type XXV is required for the intramuscular innervation of motoneurons during neuromuscular development. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1370-9. [PMID: 24453327 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2440-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of proper neuromuscular connections is a process coordinated by both motoneuron-intrinsic and target-dependent programs. Under these programs, motoneurons innervate target muscles, escape programmed cell death during fetal development, and form neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Although a number of studies have revealed molecules involved in axon guidance to target muscles and NMJ formation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms linking intramuscular innervation and target-derived trophic factor-dependent prevention of motoneuron apoptosis. Here we studied the physiological function of CLAC-P/collagen XXV, a transmembrane-type collagen originally identified as a component of senile plaque amyloid of Alzheimer's disease brains, by means of generating Col25a1-deficient (KO) mice. Col25a1 KO mice died immediately after birth of respiratory failure. In Col25a1 KO mice, motor axons projected properly toward the target muscles but failed to elongate and branch within the muscle, followed by degeneration of axons. Failure of muscular innervation in Col25a1 KO mice led to excessive apoptosis during development, resulting in almost complete and exclusive loss of spinal motoneurons and immaturity in skeletal muscle development. Bax deletion in Col25a1 KO mice rescued motoneurons from apoptosis, although motor axons remained halted around the muscle entry site. Furthermore, these motoneurons were positive for phosphorylated c-Jun, an indicator of insufficient supply of target-derived survival signals. Together, these observations indicate that CLAC-P/collagen XXV is a novel essential factor that regulates the initial phase of intramuscular motor innervation, which is required for subsequent target-dependent motoneuron survival and NMJ formation during development.
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45
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Tchetchelnitski V, van den Eijnden M, Schmidt F, Stoker AW. Developmental co-expression and functional redundancy of tyrosine phosphatases with neurotrophin receptors in developing sensory neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 34:48-59. [PMID: 24491805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) have been implicated as direct or indirect regulators of neurotrophin receptors (TRKs). It remains less clear if and how such RPTPs might regulate TRK proteins in vivo during development. Here we present a comparative expression profile of RPTP genes and Trk genes during early stages of murine, dorsal root ganglion maturation. We find little if any specific, temporal mRNA co-regulation between individual RPTP and Ntrk genes between E12.5 and E14.5. Moreover, a double fluorescent in-situ hybridization and immunofluorescence study of seven Rptp genes with Ntrks revealed widespread co-expression of RPTPs in individual neurons, but no tight correlation with Trk expression profiles. No Rptp is expressed in 100% of Ntrk1-expressing neurons, whereas at least 6 RPTPs are expressed in 100% of Ntrk2- and Ntrk3-expressing neurons. An exception is Ptpro, which showed very selective expression. Short hairpin RNA suppression of Ptprf, Ptprs or Ptpro in primary, E13.5 DRG neurons did not alter TRK signalling. We therefore propose that TRK signalling may not be simply dependent on rate-limiting regulation by individual RPTP subtypes during sensory neuron development. Instead, TRK signalling has the potential to be buffered by concurrent inputs from several RPTPs in individual neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/embryology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Tchetchelnitski
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fanny Schmidt
- MERCK SERONO SA.-Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Andrew W Stoker
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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46
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Abstract
Glycans participate in many key cellular processes during development and in physiology and disease. In this review, the functional role of various glycans in the regeneration of neurons and body parts in adult metazoans is discussed. Understanding glycosylation may facilitate research in the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Babu
- Glycomics and Glycoproteomics,
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, NCBS-TIFR, GKVK Post, Bangalore 560065, India
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47
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Uhl GR, Drgonova J. Cell adhesion molecules: druggable targets for modulating the connectome and brain disorders? Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:235. [PMID: 24317312 PMCID: PMC3857667 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,E-mail:
| | - Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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48
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Uhl GR, Drgonova J, Hall FS. Curious cases: Altered dose-response relationships in addiction genetics. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:335-46. [PMID: 24189489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dose-response relationships for most addictive substances are "inverted U"-shaped. Addictive substances produce both positive features that include reward, euphoria, anxiolysis, withdrawal-relief, and negative features that include aversion, dysphoria, anxiety and withdrawal symptoms. A simple model differentially associates ascending and descending limbs of dose-response curves with rewarding and aversive influences, respectively. However, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) diagnoses of substance dependence fail to incorporate dose-response criteria and don't directly consider balances between euphoric and dysphoric drug effects. Classical genetic studies document substantial heritable influences on DSM substance dependence. Linkage and genome-wide association studies identify modest-sized effects at any locus. Nevertheless, clusters of SNPs within selected genes display 10(-2)>p>10(-8) associations with dependence in many independent samples. For several of these genes, evidence for cis-regulatory, level-of-expression differences supports the validity of mouse models in which levels of expression are also altered. This review documents surprising, recently defined cases in which convergent evidence from humans and mouse models supports central influences of altered dose-response relationships in mediating the impact of relevant genomic variation on addiction phenotypes. For variation at loci for the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, cadherin 13, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase Δ and neuronal cell adhesion molecule genes, changed dose-response relationships conferred by gene knockouts in mice are accompanied by supporting human data. These observations emphasize desirability of carefully elucidating dose-response relationships for both rewarding and aversive features of abused substances wherever possible. They motivate consideration of individual differences in dose-response relationships in addiction nosology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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The molecular basis of restless legs syndrome. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:895-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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LAR-RPTPs: synaptic adhesion molecules that shape synapse development. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:465-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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