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Cao B, Xu Q, Shi Y, Zhao R, Li H, Zheng J, Liu F, Wan Y, Wei B. Pathology of pain and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:155. [PMID: 38851750 PMCID: PMC11162504 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain is estimated to affect more than 20% of the global population, imposing incalculable health and economic burdens. Effective pain management is crucial for individuals suffering from pain. However, the current methods for pain assessment and treatment fall short of clinical needs. Benefiting from advances in neuroscience and biotechnology, the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms critically involved in pain modulation have been elucidated. These research achievements have incited progress in identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review, we first introduce fundamental knowledge about pain, setting the stage for the subsequent contents. The review next delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying pain disorders, including gene mutation, epigenetic modification, posttranslational modification, inflammasome, signaling pathways and microbiota. To better present a comprehensive view of pain research, two prominent issues, sexual dimorphism and pain comorbidities, are discussed in detail based on current findings. The status quo of pain evaluation and manipulation is summarized. A series of improved and innovative pain management strategies, such as gene therapy, monoclonal antibody, brain-computer interface and microbial intervention, are making strides towards clinical application. We highlight existing limitations and future directions for enhancing the quality of preclinical and clinical research. Efforts to decipher the complexities of pain pathology will be instrumental in translating scientific discoveries into clinical practice, thereby improving pain management from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yajiao Shi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Sandoval A, Duran P, Corzo-López A, Fernández-Gallardo M, Muñoz-Herrera D, Leyva-Leyva M, González-Ramírez R, Felix R. The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:452-461. [PMID: 35993158 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2115905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels play an essential role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and regulating numerous physiological processes in neurons. Therefore, dysregulation of calcium signaling is relevant in many neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). This review aims to introduce the role of CaV channels in PD and discuss some novel aspects of channel regulation and its impact on the molecular pathophysiology of the disease. Methods: an exhaustive search of the literature in the field was carried out using the PubMed database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information. Systematic searches were performed from the initial date of publication to May 2022. Results: Although α-synuclein aggregates are the main feature of PD, L-type calcium (CaV1) channels seem to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of PD. Changes in the functional expression of CaV1.3 channels alter Calcium homeostasis and contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CaV channel trafficking towards the cell membrane depends on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In PD, there is an increase in the expression of L-type channels associated with a decrease in the expression of Parkin, an E3 enzyme of the UPS. Therefore, a link between Parkin and CaV channels could play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of PD and, as such, could be a potentially attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Conclusion: The study of alterations in the functional expression of CaV channels will provide a framework to understand better the neurodegenerative processes that occur in PD and a possible path toward identifying new therapeutic targets to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sandoval
- School of Medicine FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Corzo-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - David Muñoz-Herrera
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Leyva-Leyva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, "Dr. Manuel Gea González" General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, "Dr. Manuel Gea González" General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Grimaldo L, Sandoval A, Duran P, Gómez Flores-Ramos L, Felix R. The ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin regulates neuronal Ca V1.3 channel functional expression. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:1555-1564. [PMID: 36350063 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00287.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal L-type Ca2+ channels of the CaV1.3 subclass are transmembrane protein complexes that contribute to the pacemaker activity in the adult substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. The altered function of these channels may play a role in the development and progress of neurodegenerative mechanisms implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although L-type channel expression is precisely regulated, an increased functional expression has been observed in PD. Previously, we showed that Parkin, an E3 enzyme of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) interacts with neuronal CaV2.2 channels promoting their ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In addition, previous studies show an increase in CaV1.3 channel activity in dopaminergic neurons of the SNc and that Parkin expression is reduced in PD. These findings suggest that the decrease in Parkin may affect the proteasomal degradation of CaV1.3, which helps explain the increase in channel activity. Therefore, the present report aims to gain insight into the degradation mechanisms of the neuronal CaV1.3 channel by the UPS. Immunoprecipitation assays showed the interaction between Parkin and the CaV1.3 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells and neural tissues. Likewise, Parkin overexpression reduced the total and membrane channel levels and decreased the current density. Consistent with this, patch-clamp recordings in the presence of an inhibitor of the UPS, MG132, prevented the effects of Parkin, suggesting enhanced channel proteasomal degradation. In addition, the half-life of the pore-forming CaV1.3α1 protein was significantly reduced by Parkin overexpression. Finally, electrophysiological recordings using a PRKN knockout HEK-293 cell line generated by CRISPR/Cas9 showed increased current density. These results suggest that Parkin promotes the proteasomal degradation of CaV1.3, which may be a relevant aspect for the pathophysiology of PD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The increased expression of CaV1.3 calcium channels is a crucial feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. However, the mechanisms that determine this increase are not yet defined. Parkin, an enzyme of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, is known to interact with neuronal channels promoting their ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Interestingly, Parkin mutations also play a role in PD. Here, the degradation mechanisms of CaV1.3 channels and their relationship with the pathophysiology of PD are studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Grimaldo
- Conacyt, Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sandoval
- School of Medicine FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | | | - Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Physiological Overview of the Potential Link between the UPS and Ca2+ Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050997. [PMID: 35624861 PMCID: PMC9137615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway by which damaged target proteins are degraded after ubiquitination and the recruit of ubiquitinated proteins, thus regulating diverse physiological functions and the maintenance in various tissues and cells. Ca2+ signaling is raised by oxidative or ER stress. Although the basic function of the UPS has been extensively elucidated and has been continued to define its mechanism, the precise relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling remains unclear. In the present review, we describe the relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling, including Ca2+-associated proteins, to understand the end point of oxidative stress. The UPS modulates Ca2+ signaling via the degradation of Ca2+-related proteins, including Ca2+ channels and transporters. Conversely, the modulation of UPS is driven by increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The multifaceted relationship between the UPS and Ca2+ plays critical roles in different tissue systems. Thus, we highlight the potential crosstalk between the UPS and Ca2+ signaling by providing an overview of the UPS in different organ systems and illuminating the relationship between the UPS and autophagy.
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5
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Cheng J, Deng Y, Zhou J. Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:674914. [PMID: 34122010 PMCID: PMC8194701 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.674914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Pinto MJ, Tomé D, Almeida RD. The Ubiquitinated Axon: Local Control of Axon Development and Function by Ubiquitin. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2796-2813. [PMID: 33789876 PMCID: PMC8018891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2251-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin tagging sets protein fate. With a wide range of possible patterns and reversibility, ubiquitination can assume many shapes to meet specific demands of a particular cell across time and space. In neurons, unique cells with functionally distinct axons and dendrites harboring dynamic synapses, the ubiquitin code is exploited at the height of its power. Indeed, wide expression of ubiquitination and proteasome machinery at synapses, a diverse brain ubiquitome, and the existence of ubiquitin-related neurodevelopmental diseases support a fundamental role of ubiquitin signaling in the developing and mature brain. While special attention has been given to dendritic ubiquitin-dependent control, how axonal biology is governed by this small but versatile molecule has been considerably less discussed. Herein, we set out to explore the ubiquitin-mediated spatiotemporal control of an axon's lifetime: from its differentiation and growth through presynaptic formation, function, and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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7
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Silveirinha VC, Lin H, Tanifuji S, Mochida S, Cottrell GS, Cimarosti H, Stephens GJ. Ca V2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channels are activated by SUMOylation pathways. Cell Calcium 2021; 93:102326. [PMID: 33360835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification process involving covalent attachment of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier) protein to target proteins. Here, we investigated the potential for SUMO-1 protein to modulate the function of the CaV2.2 (N-type) voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), a protein vital for presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Co-expression of SUMO-1, but not the conjugation-deficient mutant SUMO-1ΔGG, increased heterologously-expressed CaV2.2 Ca2+ current density, an effect potentiated by the conjugating enzyme Ubc9. Expression of sentrin-specific protease (SENP)-1 or Ubc9 alone, had no effect on recombinant CaV2.2 channels. Co-expression of SUMO-1 and Ubc9 caused an increase in whole-cell maximal conductance (Gmax) and a hyperpolarizing shift in the midpoint of activation (V1/2). Mutation of all five CaV2.2 lysine residues to arginine within the five highest probability (>65 %) SUMOylation consensus motifs (SCMs) (construct CaV2.2-Δ5KR), produced a loss-of-function mutant. Mutagenesis of selected individual lysine residues identified K394, but not K951, as a key residue for SUMO-1-mediated increase in CaV2.2 Ca2+ current density. In synaptically-coupled superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, SUMO-1 protein was distributed throughout the cell body, axons and dendrites and presumptive presynaptic terminals, whilst SUMO-1ΔGG protein was largely confined to the cell body, in particular, the nucleus. SUMO-1 expression caused increases in paired excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) ratio at short (20-120 ms) inter-stimuli intervals in comparison to SUMO-1ΔGG, consistent with an increase in residual presynaptic Ca2+ current and an increase in release probability of synaptic vesicles. Together, these data provide evidence for CaV2.2 VGCCs as novel targets for SUMOylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C Silveirinha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Hong Lin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Shota Tanifuji
- Dept of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mochida
- Dept of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Graeme S Cottrell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | - Gary J Stephens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK.
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8
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López Soto EJ, Lipscombe D. Cell-specific exon methylation and CTCF binding in neurons regulate calcium ion channel splicing and function. eLife 2020; 9:54879. [PMID: 32213287 PMCID: PMC7124252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-specific alternative splicing modulates myriad cell functions and is disrupted in disease. The mechanisms governing alternative splicing are known for relatively few genes and typically focus on RNA splicing factors. In sensory neurons, cell-specific alternative splicing of the presynaptic CaV channel Cacna1b gene modulates opioid sensitivity. How this splicing is regulated is unknown. We find that cell and exon-specific DNA hypomethylation permits CTCF binding, the master regulator of mammalian chromatin structure, which, in turn, controls splicing in a DRG-derived cell line. In vivo, hypomethylation of an alternative exon specifically in nociceptors, likely permits CTCF binding and expression of CaV2.2 channel isoforms with increased opioid sensitivity in mice. Following nerve injury, exon methylation is increased, and splicing is disrupted. Our studies define the molecular mechanisms of cell-specific alternative splicing of a functionally validated exon in normal and disease states – and reveal a potential target for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Javier López Soto
- The Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science & Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- The Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science & Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
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Ferron L, Novazzi CG, Pilch KS, Moreno C, Ramgoolam K, Dolphin AC. FMRP regulates presynaptic localization of neuronal voltage gated calcium channels. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104779. [PMID: 31991246 PMCID: PMC7152798 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and autism, results from the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). We have recently identified a direct interaction of FMRP with voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that modulates neurotransmitter release. In the present study we used a combination of optophysiological tools to investigate the impact of FMRP on the targeting of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to the active zones in neuronal presynaptic terminals. We monitored Ca2+ transients at synaptic boutons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using the genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6f tagged to synaptophysin. We show that knock-down of FMRP induces an increase of the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient in functionally-releasing presynaptic terminals, and that this effect is due to an increase of N-type Ca2+ channel contribution to the total Ca2+ transient. Dynamic regulation of CaV2.2 channel trafficking is key to the function of these channels in neurons. Using a CaV2.2 construct with an α-bungarotoxin binding site tag, we further investigate the impact of FMRP on the trafficking of CaV2.2 channels. We show that forward trafficking of CaV2.2 channels from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane is reduced when co-expressed with FMRP. Altogether our data reveal a critical role of FMRP on localization of CaV channels to the presynaptic terminals and how its defect in a context of FXS can profoundly affect synaptic transmission. Loss of FMRP increases presynaptic Ca2+ transients. FMRP is a negative regulator of presynaptic Cav2.2 channel abundance. FMRP reduces the forward trafficking of Cav2.2 channels from ER to plasma membrane. Distal part of FMRP carboxy terminus is key for interaction with Cav2.2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ferron
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Cesare G Novazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kjara S Pilch
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristian Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Krishma Ramgoolam
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Gandini MA, Souza IA, Raval D, Xu J, Pan YX, Zamponi GW. Differential regulation of Cav2.2 channel exon 37 variants by alternatively spliced μ-opioid receptors. Mol Brain 2019; 12:98. [PMID: 31775826 PMCID: PMC6880636 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the regulation of mutually exclusive Cav2.2 exon 37a and b variants by the mouse μ-opioid receptor (mMOR) C-terminal splice variants 1, 1C and 1O in tsA-201 cells. Electrophysiological analyses revealed that both channel isoforms exhibit DAMGO-induced voltage-dependent (Gβγ-mediated) inhibition and its recovery by voltage pre-pulses, as well as a voltage-independent component. However, the two channel isoforms differ in their relative extent of voltage-dependent and independent inhibition, with Cav2.2-37b showing significantly more voltage-dependent inhibition upon activation of the three mMOR receptors studied. In addition, coexpression of either mMOR1 or mMOR1C results in an agonist-independent reduction in the peak current density of Cav2.2-37a channels, whereas the peak current density of Cav2.2-37b does not appear to be affected. Interestingly, this decrease is not due to an effect on channel expression at the plasma membrane, as demonstrated by biotinylation experiments. We further examined the mechanism underlying the agonist-independent modulation of Cav2.2-37a by mMOR1C. Incubation of cells with pertussis toxin did not affect the mMOR1C mediated inhibition of Cav2.2-37a currents, indicating a lack of involvement of Gi/o signaling. However, when a Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor was applied, the effect of mMOR1C was lost. Moreover, when we recorded currents using a Cav2.2-37a mutant in which tyrosine 1747 was replaced with phenylalanine (Y1747F), the agonist independent effects of mMOR1C were abolished. Altogether our findings show that Cav2.2-37a and Cav2.2-37b isoforms are subject to differential regulation by C-terminal splice variants of mMORs, and that constitutive mMOR1C activity and downstream tyrosine kinase activity exert a selective inhibition of the Cav2.2-37a splice variant, an N-type channel isoform that is highly enriched in nociceptors. Our study provides new insights into the roles of the MOR full-length C-terminal variants in modulating Cav2.2 channel isoform activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gandini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ivana A Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dvij Raval
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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11
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Bunda A, LaCarubba B, Bertolino M, Akiki M, Bath K, Lopez-Soto J, Lipscombe D, Andrade A. Cacna1b alternative splicing impacts excitatory neurotransmission and is linked to behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Mol Brain 2019; 12:81. [PMID: 31630675 PMCID: PMC6802325 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic CaV2.2 channels control calcium entry that triggers neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral synapses. The Cacna1b gene encodes the α1-pore forming subunit of CaV2.2 channels. Distinct subsets of splice variants of CaV2.2 derived from cell-specific alternative splicing of the Cacna1b pre-mRNA are expressed in specific subpopulations of neurons. Four cell-specific sites of alternative splicing in Cacna1b that alter CaV2.2 channel function have been described in detail: three cassette exons (e18a, e24a, and e31a) and a pair of mutually exclusive exons (e37a/e37b). Cacna1b mRNAs containing e37a are highly enriched in a subpopulation of nociceptors where they influence nociception and morphine analgesia. E37a-Cacna1b mRNAs are also expressed in brain, but their cell-specific expression in this part of the nervous system, their functional consequences in central synapses and their role on complex behavior have not been studied. In this report, we show that e37a-Cacna1b mRNAs are expressed in excitatory projection neurons where CaV2.2 channels are known to influence transmitter release at excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate gyrus (DG). By comparing behaviors of WT mice to those that only express e37b-CaV2.2 channels, we found evidence that e37a-CaV2.2 enhances behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Our results suggest that alternative splicing of Cacna1b e37a influences excitatory transmitter release and couples to complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Brianna LaCarubba
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Melanie Bertolino
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Marie Akiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Kevin Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Javier Lopez-Soto
- Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science & Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Robert J and Nancy D Carney Institute for Brain Science & Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Arturo Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
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12
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Pangrsic T, Singer JH, Koschak A. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels: Key Players in Sensory Coding in the Retina and the Inner Ear. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2063-2096. [PMID: 30067155 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx through voltage-gated Ca (CaV) channels is the first step in synaptic transmission. This review concerns CaV channels at ribbon synapses in primary sense organs and their specialization for efficient coding of stimuli in the physical environment. Specifically, we describe molecular, biochemical, and biophysical properties of the CaV channels in sensory receptor cells of the retina, cochlea, and vestibular apparatus, and we consider how such properties might change over the course of development and contribute to synaptic plasticity. We pay particular attention to factors affecting the spatial arrangement of CaV channels at presynaptic, ribbon-type active zones, because the spatial relationship between CaV channels and release sites has been shown to affect synapse function critically in a number of systems. Finally, we review identified synaptopathies affecting sensory systems and arising from dysfunction of L-type, CaV1.3, and CaV1.4 channels or their protein modulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Pangrsic
- Synaptic Physiology of Mammalian Vestibular Hair Cells Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen and Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland ; and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Joshua H Singer
- Synaptic Physiology of Mammalian Vestibular Hair Cells Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen and Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland ; and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Alexandra Koschak
- Synaptic Physiology of Mammalian Vestibular Hair Cells Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen and Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Biology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland ; and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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13
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Abstract
Whilst the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor (NOP) has similar intracellular coupling mechanisms to opioid receptors, it has distinct modulatory effects on physiological functions such as pain. These actions range from agonistic to antagonistic interactions with classical opioids within the spinal cord and brain, respectively. Understanding the electrophysiological actions of N/OFQ has been crucial in ascertaining the mechanisms by which these agonistic and antagonistic interactions occur. These similarities and differences between N/OFQ and opioids are due to the relative location of NOP versus opioid receptors on specific neuronal elements within these CNS regions. These mechanisms result in varied cellular actions including postsynaptic modulation of ion channels and presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release.
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14
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Mustafá ER, López Soto EJ, Martínez Damonte V, Rodríguez SS, Lipscombe D, Raingo J. Constitutive activity of the Ghrelin receptor reduces surface expression of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in a Ca Vβ-dependent manner. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3907-3917. [PMID: 29038230 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels couple membrane depolarization to Ca2+ influx, triggering a range of Ca2+-dependent cellular processes. CaV channels are, therefore, crucial in shaping neuronal activity and function, depending on their individual temporal and spatial properties. Furthermore, many neurotransmitters and drugs that act through G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), modulate neuronal activity by altering the expression, trafficking, or function of CaV channels. GPCR-dependent mechanisms that downregulate CaV channel expression levels are observed in many neurons but are, by comparison, less studied. Here we show that the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR), a GPCR, can inhibit the forwarding trafficking of several CaV subtypes, even in the absence of agonist. This constitutive form of GPCR inhibition of CaV channels depends on the presence of a CaVβ subunit. CaVβ subunits displace CaVα1 subunits from the endoplasmic reticulum. The actions of GHSR on CaV channels trafficking suggest a role for this signaling pathway in brain areas that control food intake, reward, and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R Mustafá
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC) Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J López Soto
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University; Sidney E. Frank Hall for Life Sciences, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Valentina Martínez Damonte
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC) Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia S Rodríguez
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC) Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University; Sidney E. Frank Hall for Life Sciences, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comisión de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC) Calle 526 1499-1579, B1906APM Tolosa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Grimaldo L, Sandoval A, Garza-López E, Felix R. Involvement of Parkin in the ubiquitin proteasome system-mediated degradation of N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185289. [PMID: 28957379 PMCID: PMC5619756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-type calcium (CaV2.2) channels are widely expressed in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, where they play important roles in the regulation of transmitter release. Although CaV2.2 channel expression levels are precisely regulated, presently little is known regarding the molecules that mediate its synthesis and degradation. Previously, by using a combination of biochemical and functional analyses, we showed that the complex formed by the light chain 1 of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (LC1-MAP1B) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) E2 enzyme UBE2L3, may interact with the CaV2.2 channels promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The present report aims to gain further insights into the possible mechanism of degradation of the neuronal CaV2.2 channel by the UPS. First, we identified the enzymes UBE3A and Parkin, members of the UPS E3 ubiquitin ligase family, as novel CaV2.2 channel binding partners, although evidence to support a direct protein-protein interaction is not yet available. Immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between UBE3A and Parkin with CaV2.2 channels heterologously expressed in HEK-293 cells and in neural tissues. Parkin, but not UBE3A, overexpression led to a reduced CaV2.2 protein level and decreased current density. Electrophysiological recordings performed in the presence of MG132 prevented the actions of Parkin suggesting enhanced channel proteasomal degradation. Together these results unveil a novel functional coupling between Parkin and the CaV2.2 channels and provide a novel insight into the basic mechanisms of CaV channels protein quality control and functional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Grimaldo
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sandoval
- Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Edgar Garza-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Trafficking of neuronal calcium channels. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160003. [PMID: 32714572 PMCID: PMC7373241 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) serve complex yet essential physiological functions via their pivotal role in translating electrical signals into intracellular calcium elevations and associated downstream signalling pathways. There are a number of regulatory mechanisms to ensure a dynamic control of the number of channels embedded in the plasma membrane, whereas alteration of the surface expression of VGCCs has been linked to various disease conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that control the trafficking of VGCCs to and from the plasma membrane, and discuss their implication in pathophysiological conditions and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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17
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Lipscombe D, Andrade A. Calcium Channel CaVα₁ Splice Isoforms - Tissue Specificity and Drug Action. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2016; 8:22-31. [PMID: 25966698 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150507103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels are essential for numerous biological functions of excitable cells and there is wide spread appreciation of their importance as drug targets in the treatment of many disorders including those of cardiovascular and nervous systems. Each Cacna1 gene has the potential to generate a number of structurally, functionally, and in some cases pharmacologically unique CaVα1 subunits through alternative pre-mRNA splicing and the use of alternate promoters. Analyses of rapidly emerging deep sequencing data for a range of human tissue transcriptomes contain information to quantify tissue-specific and alternative exon usage patterns for Cacna1 genes. Cellspecific actions of nuclear DNA and RNA binding proteins control the use of alternate promoters and the selection of alternate exons during pre-mRNA splicing, and they determine the spectrum of protein isoforms expressed within different types of cells. Amino acid compositions within discrete protein domains can differ substantially among CaV isoforms expressed in different tissues, and such differences may be greater than those that exist across CaV channel homologs of closely related species. Here we highlight examples of CaV isoforms that have unique expression patterns and that exhibit different pharmacological sensitivities. Knowledge of expression patterns of CaV isoforms in different human tissues, cell populations, ages, and disease states should inform strategies aimed at developing the next generation of CaV channel inhibitors and agonists with improved tissue-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University. Providence, RI, USA.
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18
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Solís-Chagoyán H, Flores-Soto E, Reyes-García J, Valdés-Tovar M, Calixto E, Montaño LM, Benítez-King G. Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels as Functional Markers of Mature Neurons in Human Olfactory Neuroepithelial Cells: Implications for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060941. [PMID: 27314332 PMCID: PMC4926474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, differentiation of precursor cells into neurons continues in several brain structures as well as in the olfactory neuroepithelium. Isolated precursors allow the study of the neurodevelopmental process in vitro. The aim of this work was to determine whether the expression of functional Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Channels (VACC) is dependent on the neurodevelopmental stage in neuronal cells obtained from the human olfactory epithelium of a single healthy donor. The presence of channel-forming proteins in Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSN) was demonstrated by immunofluorescent labeling, and VACC functioning was assessed by microfluorometry and the patch-clamp technique. VACC were immunodetected only in OSN. Mature neurons responded to forskolin with a five-fold increase in Ca2+. By contrast, in precursor cells, a subtle response was observed. The involvement of VACC in the precursors’ response was discarded for the absence of transmembrane inward Ca2+ movement evoked by step depolarizations. Data suggest differential expression of VACC in neuronal cells depending on their developmental stage and also that the expression of these channels is acquired by OSN during maturation, to enable specialized functions such as ion movement triggered by membrane depolarization. The results support that VACC in OSN could be considered as a functional marker to study neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo-Huipulco, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo-Huipulco, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Calixto
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo-Huipulco, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo-Huipulco, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
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19
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Alternative Splicing in Ca(V)2.2 Regulates Neuronal Trafficking via Adaptor Protein Complex-1 Adaptor Protein Motifs. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14636-52. [PMID: 26511252 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3034-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca(V)2.2) channels are expressed in neurons and targeted to the plasma membrane of presynaptic terminals, facilitating neurotransmitter release. Here, we find that the adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) mediates trafficking of Ca(V)2.2 from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface. Examination of splice variants of Ca(V)2.2, containing either exon 37a (selectively expressed in nociceptors) or 37b in the proximal C terminus, reveal that canonical AP-1 binding motifs, YxxΦ and [DE]xxxL[LI], present only in exon 37a, enhance intracellular trafficking of exon 37a-containing Ca(V)2.2 to the axons and plasma membrane of rat DRG neurons. Finally, we identify differential effects of dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) and its agonist-induced activation on trafficking of Ca(V)2.2 isoforms. D2R slowed the endocytosis of Ca(V)2.2 containing exon 37b, but not exon 37a, and activation by the agonist quinpirole reversed the effect of the D2R. Our work thus reveals key mechanisms involved in the trafficking of N-type calcium channels.
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20
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Zamponi GW, Striessnig J, Koschak A, Dolphin AC. The Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and Their Future Therapeutic Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:821-70. [PMID: 26362469 PMCID: PMC4630564 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels are required for many key functions in the body. In this review, the different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels are described and their physiologic roles and pharmacology are outlined. We describe the current uses of drugs interacting with the different calcium channel subtypes and subunits, as well as specific areas in which there is strong potential for future drug development. Current therapeutic agents include drugs targeting L-type Ca(V)1.2 calcium channels, particularly 1,4-dihydropyridines, which are widely used in the treatment of hypertension. T-type (Ca(V)3) channels are a target of ethosuximide, widely used in absence epilepsy. The auxiliary subunit α2δ-1 is the therapeutic target of the gabapentinoid drugs, which are of value in certain epilepsies and chronic neuropathic pain. The limited use of intrathecal ziconotide, a peptide blocker of N-type (Ca(V)2.2) calcium channels, as a treatment of intractable pain, gives an indication that these channels represent excellent drug targets for various pain conditions. We describe how selectivity for different subtypes of calcium channels (e.g., Ca(V)1.2 and Ca(V)1.3 L-type channels) may be achieved in the future by exploiting differences between channel isoforms in terms of sequence and biophysical properties, variation in splicing in different target tissues, and differences in the properties of the target tissues themselves in terms of membrane potential or firing frequency. Thus, use-dependent blockers of the different isoforms could selectively block calcium channels in particular pathologies, such as nociceptive neurons in pain states or in epileptic brain circuits. Of important future potential are selective Ca(V)1.3 blockers for neuropsychiatric diseases, neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease, and resistant hypertension. In addition, selective or nonselective T-type channel blockers are considered potential therapeutic targets in epilepsy, pain, obesity, sleep, and anxiety. Use-dependent N-type calcium channel blockers are likely to be of therapeutic use in chronic pain conditions. Thus, more selective calcium channel blockers hold promise for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (G.W.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (J.S., A.K.); and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (A.C.D.)
| | - Joerg Striessnig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (G.W.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (J.S., A.K.); and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (A.C.D.)
| | - Alexandra Koschak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (G.W.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (J.S., A.K.); and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (A.C.D.)
| | - Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (G.W.Z.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (J.S., A.K.); and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (A.C.D.)
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21
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Gandini MA, Sandoval A, Zamponi GW, Felix R. The MAP1B-LC1/UBE2L3 complex catalyzes degradation of cell surface CaV2.2 channels. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:452-7. [PMID: 25483588 DOI: 10.4161/19336950.2014.949162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported recently a new mechanism by which the neuronal N-type Ca(2+) (CaV2.2) channel expression may be regulated by ubiquitination. This mechanism involves the interaction between the channel and the light chain (LC1) of the microtubule associated protein B (MAP1B). We also showed that MAP1B-LC1 could interact with the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme UBE2L3 and that the ubiquitination/degradation mechanism triggered by MAP1B-LC1 could be prevented by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway. We now report that MAP1B-LC1 can interact with the 2 main variants of the CaV2.2 channels (CaV2.2e37a and CaV2.2e37b) and that the MAP1B-LC1-mediated regulation most likely involves an internalization of the channels via a dynamin and clathrin-dependent pathway. In addition, here we propose that this novel mechanism of CaV channel regulation might be conserved among N-type and P/Q-type channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Gandini
- a Department of Cell Biology; Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute ; Mexico City , Mexico
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22
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Kudryashova IV. Molecular mechanisms of short-term plasticity as a basis of frequency coding: The role of proteolytic systems. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Bourinet E, Altier C, Hildebrand ME, Trang T, Salter MW, Zamponi GW. Calcium-permeable ion channels in pain signaling. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:81-140. [PMID: 24382884 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and processing of painful stimuli in afferent sensory neurons is critically dependent on a wide range of different types of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, including sodium, calcium, and TRP channels, to name a few. The functions of these channels include the detection of mechanical and chemical insults, the generation of action potentials and regulation of neuronal firing patterns, the initiation of neurotransmitter release at dorsal horn synapses, and the ensuing activation of spinal cord neurons that project to pain centers in the brain. Long-term changes in ion channel expression and function are thought to contribute to chronic pain states. Many of the channels involved in the afferent pain pathway are permeable to calcium ions, suggesting a role in cell signaling beyond the mere generation of electrical activity. In this article, we provide a broad overview of different calcium-permeable ion channels in the afferent pain pathway and their role in pain pathophysiology.
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Gandini MA, Henríquez DR, Grimaldo L, Sandoval A, Altier C, Zamponi GW, Felix R, González-Billault C. CaV2.2 channel cell surface expression is regulated by the light chain 1 (LC1) of the microtubule-associated protein B (MAP1B) via UBE2L3-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:2113-26. [PMID: 24566975 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein B is a cytoskeleton protein consisting of heavy and light (LC) chains that play important roles in the regulation of neuronal morphogenesis and function. LC1 is also well known to interact with diverse ionotropic receptors at postsynapse. Much less is known, however, regarding the role of LC1 at presynaptic level where voltage-gated N-type Ca(2+) channels couple membrane depolarization to neurotransmitter release. Here, we investigated whether LC1 interacts with the N-type channels. Co-localization analysis revealed spatial proximity of the two proteins in hippocampal neurons. The interaction between LC1 and the N-type channel was demonstrated using co-immunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro pull-down assays. Detailed biochemical analysis suggested that the interaction occurs through the N-terminal of LC1 and the C-terminal of the pore-forming CaVα1 subunit of the channels. Patch-clamp studies in HEK-293 cells revealed a significant decrease in N-type currents upon LC1 expression, without apparent changes in kinetics. Recordings performed in the presence of MG132 prevented the actions of LC1 suggesting enhanced channel proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, using the yeast two-hybrid system and immunoprecipitation assays in HEK-293 cells, we revealed an interaction between LC1 and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2L3. Furthermore, we found that the LC1/UBE2L3 complex could interact with the N-type channels, suggesting that LC1 may act as a scaffold protein to increase UBE2L3-mediated channel ubiquitination. Together these results revealed a novel functional coupling between LC1 and the N-type channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Gandini
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, (Cinvestav-IPN), Avenida IPN 2508, Colonia Zacatenco, Mexico DF, 07360, Mexico
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26
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Felix R, Calderón-Rivera A, Andrade A. Regulation of high-voltage-activated Ca 2+ channel function, trafficking, and membrane stability by auxiliary subunits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:207-220. [PMID: 24949251 DOI: 10.1002/wmts.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels mediate Ca2+ ions influx into cells in response to depolarization of the plasma membrane. They are responsible for initiation of excitation-contraction and excitation-secretion coupling, and the Ca2+ that enters cells through this pathway is also important in the regulation of protein phosphorylation, gene transcription, and many other intracellular events. Initial electrophysiological studies divided CaV channels into low-voltage-activated (LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) channels. The HVA CaV channels were further subdivided into L, N, P/Q, and R-types which are oligomeric protein complexes composed of an ion-conducting CaVα1 subunit and auxiliary CaVα2δ, CaVβ, and CaVγ subunits. The functional consequences of the auxiliary subunits include altered functional and pharmacological properties of the channels as well as increased current densities. The latter observation suggests an important role of the auxiliary subunits in membrane trafficking of the CaVα1 subunit. This includes the mechanisms by which CaV channels are targeted to the plasma membrane and to appropriate regions within a given cell. Likewise, the auxiliary subunits seem to participate in the mechanisms that remove CaV channels from the plasma membrane for recycling and/or degradation. Diverse studies have provided important clues to the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of CaV channels by the auxiliary subunits, and the roles that these proteins could possibly play in channel targeting and membrane Stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aida Calderón-Rivera
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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27
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Lipscombe D, Allen SE, Toro CP. Control of neuronal voltage-gated calcium ion channels from RNA to protein. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:598-609. [PMID: 23907011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium ion (CaV) channels convert neuronal activity into rapid intracellular calcium signals to trigger a myriad of cellular responses. Their involvement in major neurological and psychiatric diseases, and importance as therapeutic targets, has propelled interest in subcellular-specific mechanisms that align CaV channel activity to specific tasks. Here, we highlight recent studies that delineate mechanisms controlling the expression of CaV channels at the level of RNA and protein. We discuss the roles of RNA editing and alternative pre-mRNA splicing in generating CaV channel isoforms with activities specific to the demands of individual cells; the roles of ubiquitination and accessory proteins in regulating CaV channel expression; and the specific binding partners that contribute to both pre- and postsynaptic CaV channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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28
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Tyson JR, Snutch TP. Molecular nature of voltage‐gated calcium channels: structure and species comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wmts.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Tyson
- Michael Smith Laboratories University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terrance P. Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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29
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Ju W, Li Q, Wilson SM, Brittain JM, Meroueh L, Khanna R. SUMOylation alters CRMP2 regulation of calcium influx in sensory neurons. Channels (Austin) 2013; 7:153-9. [PMID: 23510938 DOI: 10.4161/chan.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon/dendrite specification collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) bidirectionally modulates N-type voltage-gated Ca ( 2+) channels (CaV2.2). Here we demonstrate that small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein modifies CRMP2 via the SUMO E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 in vivo. Removal of a SUMO conjugation site KMD in CRMP2 (K374A/M375A/D376A; CRMP2AAA) resulted in loss of SUMOylated CRMP2 without compromising neurite branching, a canonical hallmark of CRMP2 function. Increasing SUMOylation levels correlated inversely with calcium influx in sensory neurons. CRMP2 deSUMOylation by SUMO proteases SENP1 and SENP2 normalized calcium influx to those in the CRMP2AAA mutant. Thus, our results identify a novel role for SUMO modification in CRMP2/CaV2.2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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