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Son H, Zhang Y, Shannonhouse J, Gomez R, Kim YS. PACAP38/mast-cell-specific receptor axis mediates repetitive stress-induced headache in mice. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:87. [PMID: 38802819 PMCID: PMC11131290 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain, an evolutionarily conserved warning system, lets us recognize threats and motivates us to adapt to those threats. Headache pain from migraine affects approximately 15% of the global population. However, the identity of any putative threat that migraine or headache warns us to avoid is unknown because migraine pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that a stress-induced increase in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38), known as an initiator of allosteric load inducing unbalanced homeostasis, causes headache-like behaviour in male mice via mas-related G protein-coupled receptor B2 (MrgprB2) in mast cells. METHODS The repetitive stress model and dural injection of PACAP38 were performed to induce headache behaviours. We assessed headache behaviours using the facial von Frey test and the grimace scale in wild-type and MrgprB2-deficient mice. We further examined the activities of trigeminal ganglion neurons using in vivo Pirt-GCaMP Ca2+ imaging of intact trigeminal ganglion (TG). RESULTS Repetitive stress and dural injection of PACAP38 induced MrgprB2-dependent headache behaviours. Blood levels of PACAP38 were increased after repetitive stress. PACAP38/MrgprB2-induced mast cell degranulation sensitizes the trigeminovascular system in dura mater. Moreover, using in vivo intact TG Pirt-GCaMP Ca2+ imaging, we show that stress or/and elevation of PACAP38 sensitized the TG neurons via MrgprB2. MrgprB2-deficient mice showed no sensitization of TG neurons or mast cell activation. We found that repetitive stress and dural injection of PACAP38 induced headache behaviour through TNF-a and TRPV1 pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the PACAP38-MrgprB2 pathway as a new target for the treatment of stress-related migraine headache. Furthermore, our results pertaining to stress interoception via the MrgprB2/PACAP38 axis suggests that migraine headache warns us of stress-induced homeostatic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwi Son
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Shannonhouse
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruben Gomez
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yu Shin Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Programs in Integrated Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Radiological Sciences, Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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2
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Son H, Zhang Y, Shannonhouse J, Ishida H, Gomez R, Kim YS. Mast-cell-specific receptor mediates alcohol-withdrawal-associated headache in male mice. Neuron 2024; 112:113-123.e4. [PMID: 37909038 PMCID: PMC10843090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitation from alcohol addiction or abuse is hampered by withdrawal symptoms including severe headaches, which often lead to rehabilitation failure. There is no appropriate therapeutic option available for alcohol-withdrawal-induced headaches. Here, we show the role of the mast-cell-specific receptor MrgprB2 in the development of alcohol-withdrawal-induced headache. Withdrawing alcohol from alcohol-acclimated mice induces headache behaviors, including facial allodynia, facial pain expressions, and reduced movement, which are symptoms often observed in humans. Those behaviors were absent in MrgprB2-deficient mice during alcohol withdrawal. We observed in vivo spontaneous activation and hypersensitization of trigeminal ganglia (TG) neurons in alcohol-withdrawal WT mice, but not in alcohol-withdrawal MrgprB2-deficient mice. Increased mast cell degranulation by alcohol withdrawal in dura mater was dependent on the presence of MrgprB2. The results indicate that alcohol withdrawal causes headache via MrgprB2 of mast cells in dura mater, suggesting that MrgprB2 is a potential target for treating alcohol-withdrawal-related headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwi Son
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Shannonhouse
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hirotake Ishida
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruben Gomez
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yu Shin Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Programs in Integrated Biomedical Sciences, Translational Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Radiological Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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3
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Bennet BM, Pardo ID, Assaf BT, Buza E, Cramer SD, Crawford LK, Engelhardt JA, Galbreath EJ, Grubor B, Morrison JP, Osborne TS, Sharma AK, Bolon B. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Technical Review: Biology and Pathology of Ganglia in Animal Species Used for Nonclinical Safety Testing. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:278-305. [PMID: 38047294 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), trigeminal ganglia (TG), other sensory ganglia, and autonomic ganglia may be injured by some test article classes, including anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, nerve growth factor inhibitors, and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This article reviews ganglion anatomy, cytology, and pathology (emphasizing sensory ganglia) among common nonclinical species used in assessing product safety for such test articles (TAs). Principal histopathologic findings associated with sensory ganglion injury include neuron degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss; increased satellite glial cell and/or Schwann cell numbers; and leukocyte infiltration and/or inflammation. Secondary nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may occur in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord (dorsal and occasionally lateral funiculi), and sometimes the brainstem. Ganglion findings related to TA administration may result from TA exposure and/or trauma related to direct TA delivery into the central nervous system or ganglia. In some cases, TA-related effects may need to be differentiated from a spectrum of artifactual and/or spontaneous background changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Buza
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
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García-Guillén IM, Martínez-de-la-Torre M, Puelles L, Aroca P, Marín F. Molecular Segmentation of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:785840. [PMID: 34955765 PMCID: PMC8702626 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.785840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal column is a hindbrain structure formed by second order sensory neurons that receive afferences from trigeminal primary (ganglionic) nerve fibers. Classical studies subdivide it into the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus located next to the pontine nerve root, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus which in turn consists of oral, interpolar and caudal subnuclei. On the other hand, according to the prosomeric model, this column would be subdivided into segmental units derived from respective rhombomeres. Experimental studies have mapped the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to pontine rhombomeres (r) r2-r3 in the mouse. The spinal trigeminal nucleus emerges as a plurisegmental formation covering several rhombomeres (r4 to r11 in mice) across pontine, retropontine and medullary hindbrain regions. In the present work we reexamined the issue of rhombomeric vs. classical subdivisions of this column. To this end, we analyzed its subdivisions in an AZIN2-lacZ transgenic mouse, known as a reference model for hindbrain topography, together with transgenic reporter lines for trigeminal fibers. We screened as well for genes differentially expressed along the axial dimension of this structure in the adult and juvenile mouse brain. This analysis yielded genes from multiple functional families that display transverse domains fitting the mentioned rhombomeric map. The spinal trigeminal nucleus thus represents a plurisegmental structure with a series of distinct neuromeric units having unique combinatorial molecular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M García-Guillén
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Margaret Martínez-de-la-Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Aroca
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Faustino Marín
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ma W, Yang JW, Wang XB, Luo T, Zhou L, Lagares A, Li H, Liang Z, Liu KP, Zang CH, Li CY, Wu Z, Guo JH, Zhou XF, Li LY. Negative regulation by proBDNF signaling of peripheral neurogenesis in the sensory ganglia of adult rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112273. [PMID: 34700232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is well recognized and plays a critical role in the maintenance of brain function and homeostasis. However, whether neurogenesis also occurs in the adult peripheral nervous system remains unknown. Here, using sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia, DRGs) as a model, we show that neurogenesis also occurs in the peripheral nervous system, but in a manner different from that in the central nervous system. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) express the neuronal precursor markers Nestin, POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1, and p75 pan-neurotrophin receptor. Following sciatic nerve injury, the suppression of endogenous proBDNF by proBDNF antibodies resulted in the transformation of proliferating SGCs into doublecortin-positive cells in the DRGs. Using purified SGCs migrating out from the DRGs, the inhibition of endogenous proBDNF promoted the conversion of SGCs into neuronal phenotypes in vitro. Our findings suggest that SGCs are neuronal precursors, and that proBDNF maintains the SGC phenotype. Furthermore, the suppression of proBDNF signaling is necessary for neuronal phenotype acquisition by SGCs. Thus, we propose that peripheral neurogenesis may occur via the direct conversion of SGCs into neurons, and that this process is negatively regulated by proBDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Medical college of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine of Yunnan Province, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Alfonso Lagares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hongyun Li
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Zhang Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kuang-Pin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Zang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Abdissa D, Hamba N, Gerbi A. Review Article on adult neurogenesis in humans. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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7
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García-Magro N, Martin YB, Palomino-Antolin A, Egea J, Negredo P, Avendaño C. Multiple Morphometric Assessment of Microglial Cells in Deafferented Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:103. [PMID: 32038181 PMCID: PMC6987390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia (MG) are the first cells to react to the abnormal incoming signals that follow an injury of sensory nerves and play a critical role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, a common sequel of nerve injuries. Here we present population data on cell number, soma size, and length of processes of MG in the caudal division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) in control mice and at the peak of microgliosis (7 days) following unilateral transection of the infraorbital nerve (IoN). The study is performed combining several bias- and assumption-free imaging and stereological approaches with different immunolabeling procedures, with the objective of tackling some hard problems that often hinder proper execution of MG morphometric studies. Our approach may easily be applied to low-density MG populations, but also works, with limited biases, in territories where MG cell bodies and processes form dense meshworks. In controls, and contralaterally to the deafferented side, MG cell body size and shape and branching pattern matched well the descriptions of “resting” or “surveillant” MG described elsewhere, with only moderate intersubject variability. On the superficial laminae of the deafferented side, however, MG displayed on average larger somata and remarkable diversity in shape. The number of cells and the length of MG processes per mm3 increased 5 and 2.5 times, respectively, indicating a net 50% decrease in the mean length of processes per cell. By using specific immunolabeling and cell sorting of vascular macrophages, we found only a negligible fraction of these cells in Sp5C, with no differences between controls and deafferented animals, suggesting that blood-borne monocytes play at most a very limited role in the microgliosis occurring following sensory nerve deafferentation. In sum, here we present reliable morphometric data on MG in control and deafferented trigeminal nuclei using efficient methods that we propose may equally be applied to any morphometric population analysis of these cells under different physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Ph.D. Programme in Neuroscience, Doctoral School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina B Martin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Palomino-Antolin
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Wang XB, Ma W, Luo T, Yang JW, Wang XP, Dai YF, Guo JH, Li LY. A novel primary culture method for high-purity satellite glial cells derived from rat dorsal root ganglion. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:339-345. [PMID: 30531018 PMCID: PMC6301172 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite glial cells surround neurons within dorsal root ganglia. Previous studies have focused on single-cell suspensions of cultured neurons derived from rat dorsal root ganglia. At present, the primary culture method for satellite glial cells derived from rat dorsal root ganglia requires no digestion skill. Hence, the aim of the present study was to establish a novel primary culture method for satellite glial cells derived from dorsal root ganglia. Neonatal rat spine was collected and an incision made to expose the transverse protrusion and remove dorsal root ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia were freed from nerve fibers, connective tissue, and capsule membranes, then rinsed and transferred to 6-well plates, and cultured in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. After 3 days in culture, some cells had migrated from dorsal root ganglia. After subculture, cells were identified by immunofluorescence labeling for three satellite glial cell-specific markers: glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S100β. Cultured cells expressed glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S100β, suggesting they are satellite glial cells with a purity of > 95%. Thus, we have successfully established a novel primary culture method for obtaining high-purity satellite glial cells from rat dorsal root ganglia without digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province; Medical Faculty, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin-Wei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University; Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Warwick RA, Hanani M. Involvement of aberrant calcium signalling in herpetic neuralgia. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:10-18. [PMID: 26684187 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), are pathogens of the peripheral nervous system. After primary infection, these viruses establish latency within sensory ganglia, while retaining the ability to reactivate. Reactivation of VZV results in herpes zoster, a condition characterized by skin lesions that leads to post-herpetic neuralgia. Recurrent reactivations of HSV, which cause mucocutaneous lesions, may also result in neuralgia. During reactivation of alpha-herpesviruses, satellite glial cells (SGCs), which surround neurons in sensory ganglia, become infected with the replicating virus. SGCs are known to contribute to neuropathic pain in a variety of animal pain models. Here we investigated how infection of short-term cultures of mouse trigeminal ganglia with HSV-1 affects communication between SGCs and neurons, and how this altered communication may increase neuronal excitability, thus contributing to herpetic neuralgia. Mechanical stimulation of single neurons or SGCs resulted in intercellular calcium waves, which were larger in cultures infected with HSV-1. Two differences were observed between control and HSV-1 infected cultures that could account for this augmentation. Firstly, HSV-1 infection induced cell fusion among SGCs and neurons, which would facilitate the spread of calcium signals over farther distances. Secondly, using calcium imaging and intracellular electrical recordings, we found that neurons in the HSV-1 infected cultures exhibited augmented influx of calcium upon depolarization. These virally induced changes may not only cause more neurons in the sensory ganglia to fire action potentials, but may also increase neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminals in the spinal cord. They are therefore likely to be contributing factors to herpetic neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Warwick
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Sánchez-Calderón H, Contreras J, Murillo-Cuesta S, Falagan S, Avendaño C, Dopazo J, Varela-Nieto I, Milo M. Comparative gene expression study of the vestibular organ of the Igf1 deficient mouse using whole-transcript arrays. Hear Res 2015; 330:62-77. [PMID: 26341476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The auditory and vestibular organs form the inner ear and have a common developmental origin. Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has a central role in the development of the cochlea and maintenance of hearing. Its deficiency causes sensorineural hearing loss in man and mice. During chicken early development, IGF-1 modulates neurogenesis of the cochleovestibular ganglion but no further studies have been conducted to explore the potential role of IGF-1 in the vestibular system. In this study we have compared the whole transcriptome of the vestibular organ from wild type and Igf1(-/-) mice at different developmental and postnatal times. RNA was prepared from E18.5, P15 and P90 vestibular organs of Igf1(-/-) and Igf1(+/+) mice and the transcriptome analysed in triplicates using Affymetrix(®) Mouse Gene 1.1 ST Array Plates. These plates are whole-transcript arrays that include probes to measure both messenger (mRNA) and long intergenic non-coding RNA transcripts (lincRNA), with a coverage of over 28 thousand coding transcripts and over 7 thousands non-coding transcripts. Given the complexity of the data we used two different methods VSN-RMA and mmBGX to analyse and compare the data. This is to better evaluate the number of false positives and to quantify uncertainty of low signals. We identified a number of differentially expressed genes that we described using functional analysis and validated using RT-qPCR. The morphology of the vestibular organ did not show differences between genotypes and no evident alterations were observed in the vestibular sensory areas of the null mice. However, well-defined cellular alterations were found in the vestibular neurons with respect their number and size. Although these mice did not show a dramatic vestibular phenotype, we conducted a functional analysis on differentially expressed genes between genotypes and across time. This was with the aim to identify new pathways that are involved in the development of the vestibular organ as well as pathways that maybe affected by the lack of IGF-1 and be associated to the morphological changes of the vestibular neurons that we observed in the Igf1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Sánchez-Calderón
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Contreras
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Falagan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Milo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Vidal M, Maniglier M, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Zujovic V, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Adult DRG Stem/Progenitor Cells Generate Pericytes in the Presence of Central Nervous System (CNS) Developmental Cues, and Schwann Cells in Response to CNS Demyelination. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2011-24. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vidal
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Madlyne Maniglier
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
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12
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Czaja K, Fornaro M, Geuna S. Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1047-54. [PMID: 25722694 PMCID: PMC4340017 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Italy
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13
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Li H, Ruberu K, Muñoz SS, Jenner AM, Spiro A, Zhao H, Rassart E, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD, Karl T, Garner B. Apolipoprotein D modulates amyloid pathology in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1820-33. [PMID: 25784209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is expressed in the brain and levels are increased in affected brain regions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The role that apoD may play in regulating AD pathology has not been addressed. Here, we crossed both apoD-null mice and Thy-1 human apoD transgenic mice with APP-PS1 amyloidogenic AD mice. Loss of apoD resulted in a nearly 2-fold increase in hippocampal amyloid plaque load, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Conversely, transgenic expression of neuronal apoD reduced hippocampal plaque load by approximately 35%. This latter finding was associated with a 60% decrease in amyloid β 1-40 peptide levels, and a 34% decrease in insoluble amyloid β 1-42 peptide. Assessment of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) levels and proteolytic products of amyloid precursor protein and neuregulin-1 point toward a possible association of altered BACE1 activity in association with altered apoD levels. In conclusion, the current studies provide clear evidence that apoD regulates amyloid plaque pathology in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Li
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Kalani Ruberu
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Adena Spiro
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Hua Zhao
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; BioMed, centre de recherches biomédicales, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología - Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid - CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología - Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid - CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Tim Karl
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Sarlak G, Vincent B. The Roles of the Stem Cell-Controlling Sox2 Transcription Factor: from Neuroectoderm Development to Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1679-1698. [PMID: 25691455 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a component of the core transcriptional regulatory network which maintains the totipotency of the cells during embryonic preimplantation period, the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and the multipotency of neural stem cells. This maintenance is controlled by internal loops between Sox2 and other transcription factors of the core such as Oct4, Nanog, Dax1, and Klf4, downstream proteins of extracellular ligands, epigenetic modifiers, and miRNAs. As Sox2 plays an important role in the balance between stem cells maintenance and commitment to differentiated lineages throughout the lifetime, it is supposed that Sox2 could regulate stem cells aging processes. In this review, we provide an update concerning the involvement of Sox2 in neurogenesis during normal aging and discuss its possible role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golmaryam Sarlak
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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Generation of new neurons in dorsal root Ganglia in adult rats after peripheral nerve crush injury. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:860546. [PMID: 25722894 PMCID: PMC4333329 DOI: 10.1155/2015/860546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of neurons generated ex novo in sensory ganglia of adult animals is still debated. In the present study, we investigated, using high resolution light microscopy and stereological analysis, the changes in the number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia after 30 days from a crush lesion of the rat brachial plexus terminal branches. Results showed, as expected, a relevant hypertrophy of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, we reported, for the first time in the literature, that neuronal hypertrophy was accompanied by massive neuronal hyperplasia leading to a 42% increase of the number of primary sensory neurons. Moreover, ultrastructural analyses on sensory neurons showed that there was not a relevant neuronal loss as a consequence of the nerve injury. The evidence of BrdU-immunopositive neurons and neural progenitors labeled with Ki67, nanog, nestin, and sox-2 confirmed the stereological evidence of posttraumatic neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglia. Analysis of morphological changes following axonal damage in addition to immunofluorescence characterization of cell phenotype suggested that the neuronal precursors which give rise to the newly generated neurons could be represented by satellite glial cells that actively proliferate after the lesion and are able to differentiate toward the neuronal lineage.
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Expression of nestin in superior cervical ganglia of rats is influenced by gender and gonadectomy. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 63:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Sharma S, Nag T, Bhardwaj D, Vanamail P, Roy T. Changing population of neurons and glia in the human cochlear nucleus with progressive age – A stereological study. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractSensory ganglia comprise functional units built up by neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). In animal species there was proven the presence of neuronoglial progenitor cells in adult samples. Such neural crest-derived progenitors were found in immunohistochemistry (IHC). These findings were not previously documented in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was thus aimed to assess in TEM if cells of the human adult trigeminal ganglion indeed have ultrastructural features to qualify for a progenitor, or quiescent phenotype. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained from fifteen adult donor cadavers. In TEM, cells with heterochromatic nuclei, a pancytoplasmic content of free ribosomes, few perinuclear mitochondria, poor developed endoplasmic reticulum, lack of Golgi complexes and membrane trafficking specializations, were found included in the neuronal envelopes built-up by SGCs. The ultrastructural pattern was strongly suggestive for these cells being quiescent progenitors. However, further experiments should correlate the morphologic and immune phenotypes of such cells.
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Gallaher ZR, Johnston ST, Czaja K. Neural proliferation in the dorsal root ganglia of the adult rat following capsaicin-induced neuronal death. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3295-307. [PMID: 24700150 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glial proliferation is a major component of the nervous system's response to injury. In addition to glial proliferation, injury may induce neuronal proliferation in areas of the adult nervous system not considered neurogenic. We have previously reported increased neural proliferation within adult nodose ganglia following capsaicin-induced neuronal death. However, proliferation within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) remains to be characterized. We hypothesized that capsaicin-induced neuronal death would increase proliferation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) within the DRG. To test this hypothesis, 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats received a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin, and proliferation was quantified and characterized at multiple time points thereafter. Proliferation of satellite glial cells expressing the progenitor cell marker nestin was increased at 1 and 3 days following capsaicin administration as shown by BrdU incorporation. In addition to SGCs was a large population of proliferating resident macrophages, as shown by retrovirally mediated expression of GFP. SGC proliferation at these early time points was followed by recovery of neuronal numbers after a loss of 40% of the neuronal population in the DRG. This recovery in neuronal number correlated with recovery of function as shown by paw withdrawal from a noxious heat source. Further understanding of the role that glial proliferation plays in the recovery of neuronal numbers and function may lead to the development of therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Gallaher
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-6520
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20
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Intracerebroventricular administration of nerve growth factor induces gliogenesis in sensory ganglia, dorsal root, and within the dorsal root entry zone. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:704259. [PMID: 24738070 PMCID: PMC3971563 DOI: 10.1155/2014/704259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that intracerebroventricular administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) leads to massive Schwann cell hyperplasia surrounding the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. This study was designed to characterize the proliferation of peripheral glial cells, that is, Schwann and satellite cells, in the trigeminal ganglia and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult rats during two weeks of NGF infusion using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. The trigeminal ganglia as well as the cervical and lumbar DRG were analyzed. Along the entire neuraxis a small number of dividing cells were observed within these regions under physiological condition. NGF infusion has dramatically increased the generation of new cells in the neuronal soma and axonal compartments of sensory ganglia and along the dorsal root and the dorsal root entry zone. Quantification of BrdU positive cells within sensory ganglia revealed a 2.3- to 3-fold increase in glial cells compared to controls with a similar response to NGF for the different peripheral ganglia examined. Immunofluorescent labeling with S100β revealed that Schwann and satellite cells underwent mitosis after NGF administration. These data indicate that intracerebroventricular NGF infusion significantly induces gliogenesis in trigeminal ganglia and the spinal sensory ganglia and along the dorsal root entry zone as well as the dorsal root.
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21
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Filipović N, Žuvan L, Mašek T, Tokalić R, Grković I. Gender and gonadectomy influence on neurons in superior cervical ganglia of sexually mature rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 563:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Miao X, Meng X, Wu G, Ju Z, Zhang HH, Hu S, Xu GY. Upregulation of cystathionine-β-synthetase expression contributes to inflammatory pain in rat temporomandibular joint. Mol Pain 2014; 10:9. [PMID: 24490955 PMCID: PMC3917612 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseotransmitter/modulator, is becoming appreciated that it may be involved in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. However, the role for H2S in nociceptive processing in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron remains unknown. The aim of this study was designed to investigate whether endogenous H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) plays a role in inflammatory pain in temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods TMJ inflammatory pain was induced by injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into TMJ of adult male rats. Von Frey filaments were used to examine pain behavioral responses in rats following injection of CFA or normal saline (NS). Whole cell patch clamp recordings were employed on acutely isolated TG neurons from rats 2 days after CFA injection. Western blot analysis was carried out to measure protein expression in TGs. Results Injection of CFA into TMJ produced a time dependent hyperalgesia as evidenced by reduced escape threshold in rats responding to VFF stimulation. The reduced escape threshold was partially reversed by injection of O-(Carboxymethyl) hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor for CBS, in a dose-dependent manner. CFA injection led to a marked upregulation of CBS expression when compared with age-matched controls. CFA injection enhanced neuronal excitability as evidenced by depolarization of resting membrane potentials, reduction in rheobase, and an increase in number of action potentials evoked by 2 and 3 times rheobase current stimulation and by a ramp current stimulation of TG neurons innervating the TMJ area. CFA injection also led to a reduction of IK but not IA current density of TG neurons. Application of AOAA in TMJ area reduced the production of H2S in TGs and reversed the enhanced neural hyperexcitability and increased the IK currents of TG neurons. Conclusion These data together with our previous report indicate that endogenous H2S generating enzyme CBS plays an important role in TMJ inflammation, which is likely mediated by inhibition of IK currents, thus identifying a specific molecular mechanism underlying pain and sensitization in TMJ inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Yin Xu
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, P,R, China.
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Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Facilitates Differentiation of Adult Dorsal Root Ganglia-Derived Neural Stem Cells Toward Schwann Cells by Binding to FGFR-1 Through MAPK/ERK Activation. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:538-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Hydrogen sulfide increases excitability through suppression of sustained potassium channel currents of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Mol Pain 2013; 9:4. [PMID: 23413915 PMCID: PMC3599800 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseotransmitter/modulator, is becoming appreciated that it may be involved in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. However, the role and mechanism for H2S in nociceptive processing in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate distribution of endogenous H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) expression and role of H2S on excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels of TG neurons. Methods Immunofluorescence studies were carried out to determine whether CBS was co-expressed in Kv1.1 or Kv1.4-positive TG neurons. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were employed on acutely isolated TG neurons from adult male Sprague Dawley rats (6–8 week old). von Frey filaments were used to examine the pain behavioral responses in rats following injection of sodium hydrosulfide. Results In rat TG, 77.3±6.6% neurons were immunoreactive for CBS, 85.1±3.8% for Kv1.1 and 97.8±1.1% for Kv1.4. Double staining showed that all CBS labeled cells were Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 positive, but only 92.2±6.1% of Kv1.1 and 78.2±9.9% of Kv1.4 positive cells contained CBS. Application of H2S donor NaHS (250 μM) led to a significant depolarization of resting membrane potential recorded from TG neurons. NaHS application also resulted in a dramatic reduction in rheobase, hyperpolarization of action potential threshold, and a significant increase in the number of action potentials evoked at 2X and 3X rheobase stimulation. Under voltage-clamp conditions, TG neurons exhibited transient A-type (IA) and sustained outward rectifier K+ currents (IK). Application of NaHS did suppress IK density while did not change IA density of TG neurons (n=6). Furthermore, NaHS, a donor of hydrogen sulfide, produced a significant reduction in escape threshold in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion These data suggest that endogenous H2S generating enzyme CBS was co-localized well with Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 in TG neurons and that H2S produces the mechanic pain and increases neuronal excitability, which might be largely mediated by suppressing IK density, thus identifying for the first time a specific molecular mechanism underlying pain and sensitization in TG.
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Skouras E, Pavlov S, Bendella H, Angelov DN. Materials and Methods. STIMULATION OF TRIGEMINAL AFFERENTS IMPROVES MOTOR RECOVERY AFTER FACIAL NERVE INJURY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33311-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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26
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Sarlak G, Jenwitheesuk A, Chetsawang B, Govitrapong P. Effects of Melatonin on Nervous System Aging: Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 123:9-24. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r01sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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27
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Adult neurogenesis in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Int Neurourol J 2012; 16:57-61. [PMID: 22816045 PMCID: PMC3395800 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2012.16.2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs during embryonic development and continues throughout adulthood. Although spontaneous adult neurogenesis is restricted to selective germinal regions, including the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, neural stem cells (NSCs) are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Besides their ability to integrate into existing neural networks during physiological conditions, NSCs also proliferate and differentiate in response to injury, thus promising the potential use of endogenous NSCs for the treatment of neuropathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the understanding of adult neurogenesis in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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McGraw HF, Snelson CD, Prendergast A, Suli A, Raible DW. Postembryonic neuronal addition in zebrafish dorsal root ganglia is regulated by Notch signaling. Neural Dev 2012; 7:23. [PMID: 22738203 PMCID: PMC3438120 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) arise from neural crest cells in the developing vertebrate embryo. In mouse and chick, DRG formation is completed during embryogenesis. In contrast, zebrafish continue to add neurons and glia to the DRG into adulthood, long after neural crest migration is complete. The molecular and cellular regulation of late DRG growth in the zebrafish remains to be characterized. Results In the present study, we use transgenic zebrafish lines to examine neuronal addition during postembryonic DRG growth. Neuronal addition is continuous over the period of larval development. Fate-mapping experiments support the hypothesis that new neurons are added from a population of resident, neural crest-derived progenitor cells. Conditional inhibition of Notch signaling was used to assess the role of this signaling pathway in neuronal addition. An increase in the number of DRG neurons is seen when Notch signaling is inhibited during both early and late larval development. Conclusions Postembryonic growth of the zebrafish DRG comes about, in part, by addition of new neurons from a resident progenitor population, a process regulated by Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Faye McGraw
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Non-invasive stimulation of the vibrissal pad improves recovery of whisking function after simultaneous lesion of the facial and infraorbital nerves in rats. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:65-79. [PMID: 21526334 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that manual stimulation of target muscles promotes functional recovery after transection and surgical repair to pure motor nerves (facial: whisking and blink reflex; hypoglossal: tongue position). However, following facial nerve repair, manual stimulation is detrimental if sensory afferent input is eliminated by, e.g., infraorbital nerve extirpation. To further understand the interplay between sensory input and motor recovery, we performed simultaneous cut-and-suture lesions on both the facial and the infraorbital nerves and examined whether stimulation of the sensory afferents from the vibrissae by a forced use would improve motor recovery. The efficacy of 3 treatment paradigms was assessed: removal of the contralateral vibrissae to ensure a maximal use of the ipsilateral ones (vibrissal stimulation; Group 2), manual stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal muscles (Group 3), and vibrissal stimulation followed by manual stimulation (Group 4). Data were compared to controls which underwent surgery but did not receive any treatment (Group 1). Four months after surgery, all three treatments significantly improved the amplitude of vibrissal whisking to 30° versus 11° in the controls of Group 1. The three treatments also reduced the degree of polyneuronal innervation of target muscle fibers to 37% versus 58% in Group 1. These findings indicate that forced vibrissal use and manual stimulation, either alone or sequentially, reduce target muscle polyinnervation and improve recovery of whisking function when both the sensory and the motor components of the trigemino-facial system regenerate.
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Dosa S, Castellanos K, Bacsa S, Gagyi E, Kovacs SK, Valyi-Nagy K, Shukla D, Dermody TS, Valyi-Nagy T. Chronic progressive deficits in neuron size, density and number in the trigeminal ganglia of mice latently infected with herpes simplex virus. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:583-93. [PMID: 21371157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have proposed a link between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and several common chronic neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental HSV infection of mice can lead to chronic behavioral and neurological deficits and chronic pain. While neuron injury and loss are well-documented consequences of the acute phase of infection, the pathologic consequences of latent HSV infection are poorly understood. To determine whether latent HSV infection can cause neuronal injury in mice, trigeminal ganglia (TG) derived from adult BALB/c mice 1, 12 and 31 weeks after corneal HSV type 1 (HSV-1) inoculation were analyzed for evidence of productive or latent HSV-1 infection, inflammation and changes in neuron size, density and number. We found that latent HSV-1 infection between 12 and 31 weeks after corneal virus inoculation was associated with inflammation and progressive deficits in mean neuron diameter, neuronal nucleus diameter, neuron density and neuron number in the TG relative to mock-infected controls. The extent of neuronal injury during latent infection correlated with the extent of inflammation. These studies demonstrate that latent HSV infection is associated with progressive neuronal pathology and may lead to a better understanding of the role of HSV infections in chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Dosa
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Gallaher ZR, Ryu V, Larios RM, Sprunger LK, Czaja K. Neural proliferation and restoration of neurochemical phenotypes and compromised functions following capsaicin-induced neuronal damage in the nodose ganglion of the adult rat. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21344007 PMCID: PMC3034227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neuronal numbers within adult nodose ganglia (NG) were restored to normal levels 60 days following the capsaicin-induced destruction of nearly half of the neuronal population. However, the nature of this neuronal replacement is not known. Therefore, we aimed to characterize neural proliferation, neurochemical phenotypes, and functional recovery within adult rat NG neurons following capsaicin-induced damage. Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of capsaicin or vehicle solution, followed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections to reveal cellular proliferation. NG were collected at multiple times post-treatment (up to 300 days) and processed for immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and dispersed cell cultures. Capsaicin-induced cellular proliferation, indicated by BrdU/Ki-67-labeled cells, suggests that lost neurons were replaced through cell division. NG cells expressed the stem cell marker, nestin, indicating that these ganglia have the capacity to generate new neurons. BrdU-incorporation within β-III tubulin-positive neuronal profiles following capsaicin suggests that proliferating cells matured to become neurons. NG neurons displayed decreased NMDAR expression up to 180-days post-capsaicin. However, both NMDAR expression within the NG and synaptophysin expression within the central target of NG neurons, the NTS, were restored to pre-injury levels by 300 days. NG cultures from capsaicin-treated rats contained bipolar neurons, normally found only during development. To test the functional recovery of NG neurons, we injected the satiety molecule, CCK. The effect of CCK on food intake was restored by 300-days post-capsaicin. This restoration may be due to the regeneration of damaged NG neurons or generation of functional neurons that replaced lost connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rex Gallaher
- Programs in Neuroscience, Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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Development of functional units within trigeminal ganglia correlates with increased expression of proteins involved in neuron-glia interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:171-81. [PMID: 21205366 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x10000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell bodies of trigeminal nerves, which are located in the trigeminal ganglion, are completely surrounded by satellite glial cells and together form a functional unit that regulates neuronal excitability. The goals of this study were to investigate the cellular organization of the rat trigeminal ganglia during postnatal development and correlate those findings with expression of proteins implicated in neuron-glia interactions. During postnatal development there was an increase in the volume of the neuronal cell body, which correlated with a steady increase in the number of glial cells associated with an individual neuron from an average of 2.16 at birth to 7.35 on day 56 in young adults. Interestingly, while the levels of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 were barely detectable during the first week, its expression in satellite glial cells increased by day 9 and correlated with initial formation of functional units. Similarly, expression of the vesicle docking protein SNAP-25 and neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide was readily detected beginning on day 9 and remained elevated throughout postnatal development. Based on our findings, we propose that the expression of proteins involved in facilitating neuron-glia interactions temporally correlates with the formation of mature functional units during postnatal development of trigeminal ganglion.
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Singh RP, Cheng YH, Nelson P, Zhou FC. Retentive multipotency of adult dorsal root ganglia stem cells. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:55-68. [PMID: 19476209 DOI: 10.3727/096368909788237177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) has recently been confirmed. However, it is not clear whether peripheral NSCs possess predestined, bona fide phenotypes or a response to innate developmental cues. In this study, we first demonstrated the longevity, multipotency, and high fidelity of sensory features of postmigrating adult dorsal root ganglia (aDRG) stem cells. Derived from aDRG and after 4-5 years in culture without dissociating, the aDRG NSCs were found capable of proliferation, expressing neuroepithelial, neuronal, and glial markers. Remarkably, these aDRG NSCs expressed sensory neuronal markers vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2--glutamate terminals), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TrpV1--capsaicin sensitive), phosphorylated 200 kDa neurofilaments (pNF200--capsaicin insensitive, myelinated), and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which normally is transiently expressed in developing DRG. Furthermore, in response to neurotrophins, the aDRG NSCs enhanced TrpV1 expression upon exposure to nerve growth factor (NGF), but not to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). On the contrary, BDNF increased the expression of NeuN. Third, the characterization of aDRG NSCs was demonstrated by transplantation of red fluorescent-expressing aDRG NSCs into injured spinal cord. These cells expressed nestin, Hu, and beta-III-tubulin (immature neuronal markers), GFAP (astrocyte marker) as well as sensory neural marker TrpV1 (capsaicin sensitive) and pNF200 (mature, capsaicin insensitive, myelinated). Our results demonstrated that the postmigrating neural crest adult DRG stem cells not only preserved their multipotency but also were retentive in sensory potency despite the age and long-term ex vivo status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra P Singh
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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5-HT4 receptor-mediated neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the enteric nervous system of adult mice. J Neurosci 2009; 29:9683-99. [PMID: 19657021 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1145-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mature enteric nervous system (ENS) has been shown to retain stem cells, enteric neurogenesis has not previously been demonstrated in adults. The relative number of enteric neurons in wild-type (WT) mice and those lacking 5-HT(4) receptors [knock-out (KO)] was found to be similar at birth; however, the abundance of ENS neurons increased during the first 4 months after birth in WT but not KO littermates. Enteric neurons subsequently decreased in both WT and KO but at 12 months were significantly more numerous in WT. We tested the hypothesis that stimulation of the 5-HT(4) receptor promotes enteric neuron survival and/or neurogenesis. In vitro, 5-HT(4) agonists increased enteric neuronal development/survival, decreased apoptosis, and activated CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). In vivo, in WT but not KO mice, 5-HT(4) agonists induced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into cells that expressed markers of neurons (HuC/D, doublecortin), neural precursors (Sox10, nestin, Phox2b), or stem cells (Musashi-1). This is the first demonstration of adult enteric neurogenesis; our results suggest that 5-HT(4) receptors are required postnatally for ENS growth and maintenance.
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Adult dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons express the early neuronal fate marker doublecortin. J Comp Neurol 2008; 511:318-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fan YJ, Wu LLY, Li HY, Wang YJ, Zhou XF. Differential effects of pro-BDNF on sensory neurons after sciatic nerve transection in neonatal rats. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2380-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Czaja K, Burns GA, Ritter RC. Capsaicin-induced neuronal death and proliferation of the primary sensory neurons located in the nodose ganglia of adult rats. Neuroscience 2008; 154:621-30. [PMID: 18456414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential for neuronal replacement following destruction of vagal afferent neurons, we examined nodose ganglia following i.p. capsaicin treatment of adult rats. Rats received capsaicin or vehicle followed by a regimen of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine injections (BrdU) to reveal DNA replication. Nodose ganglia were harvested at various times post-treatment and processed for 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining and immunofluorescence to estimate neuronal numbers and to determine vanilloid receptor, cleaved caspase 3, TUNEL, BrdU, the neuron-selective marker protein gene product (PGP) -9.5 and neurofilament-M-immunoreactivity. Twenty-four hours after capsaicin approximately 40% of nodose ganglion neurons expressed cleaved caspase 3-immunoreactivity and 16% revealed TUNEL staining, indicating that primary sensory neurons are killed by the capsaicin treatment of adult rats. The occurrence of neuronal death was confirmed by counts of DAPI-stained neuronal nuclei, which revealed >or=50% reduction of nodose neuron number by 30 days post-capsaicin. However, by 60 days post-capsaicin, the total numbers of neuronal nuclei in nodose ganglia from capsaicin-treated rats were not different from controls, suggesting that new neurons had been added to the nodose ganglia. Neuronal proliferation was confirmed by significant BrdU incorporation in nuclei of nodose ganglion cells immunoreactive for the neuron-specific antigen PGP-9.5 revealed 30 and 60 days post-capsaicin. Collectively, these observations suggest that in adult rats massive scale neurogenesis occurs in nodose ganglia following capsaicin-induced neuronal destruction. The adult nodose ganglion, therefore, provides a novel system for studying neural plasticity and adult neurogenesis after peripheral injury of primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Czaja
- Department of Veterinary, Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA.
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Yan H, Keast JR. Neurturin regulates postnatal differentiation of parasympathetic pelvic ganglion neurons, initial axonal projections, and maintenance of terminal fields in male urogenital organs. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1169-83. [PMID: 18175352 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the development of autonomic nerves in the urogenital tract of male mice and the effect of neurturin gene deletion on this process. At birth, autonomic innervation of the reproductive organs was sparse, but urinary bladder smooth muscle was well innervated. Further innervation of reproductive tissues occurred until P21, but noradrenergic axons established their complete terminal field later than nitrergic cholinergic axons: in adults the former are more prevalent, yet this became apparent only at P7 (vas deferens, seminal vesicles), P14 (prostate) or after P14 (penis). Neurturin was essential for initial projection of axons (mucosa of vas deferens), maintenance of terminal fields (prostate and seminal vesicles), or both functions (cavernosum of penis). In contrast, some targets (e.g., bladder muscle and suburothelium, vas deferens smooth muscle) were unaffected by neurturin gene deletion. Pelvic ganglion neurons more than doubled between birth and adulthood, probably as aresult of continued maturation of p75-positive undifferentiated neuronal precursors rather than cell division. The adult number of neurons was achieved by P7 (sympathetic) or P21 (parasympathetic). In adult neurturin knockout mice, there were approximately 25% fewer parasympathetic neurons compared with wild types, because of failure of differentiation after P14. This study revealed the complexity of postnatal maturation of urogenital innervation, with each organ showing a distinct chronology of innervation and different requirement for neurturin. Our results also indicate that in adults there will be distinct differences in neurturin dependence between organs, such that proregenerative therapies may have to be tailored specifically for the nerve pathway of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Li HY, Zhou XF. Potential conversion of adult clavicle-derived chondrocytes into neural lineage cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:630-44. [PMID: 17786944 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) can be isolated from a variety of adult tissues and become a valuable cell source for the repair of peripheral and central nervous diseases. However, their origin and identity remain controversial because of possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation or contaminations by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We hypothesize that the commonly used NSC culture medium can induce committed cartilage chondrocytes to de-differentiate and/or trans-differentiate into neural cell lineages. Using a biological isolation and purification method with explants culture, we here show that adult rat clavicle cartilage chondrocytes migrate out from tissue blocks, form sphere-like structures, possess the capability of self-renewal, express nestin and p75NTR, markers for neural crest progenitors, and differentiate into neurons, glia, and smooth muscle cells. Comparing with adult cartilage, the spherical-forming neural crest cell-like cells downregulate the chondrocytic marker genes, including collagen II, collagen X, and sox9, as well as neural-lineage repressors/silencers REST and coREST, but upregulate a set of well-defined genes related to neural crest cells and pro-neural potential. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial growth factor (GGF) increase glial and neuronal differentiation, respectively. These results suggest that chondrocytes derived from adult clavicle cartilage can become neural crest stem-like cells and acquire neuronal phenotypes in vitro. The possible de-differentiation/trans-differentiation mechanisms underlying the conversion were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Li
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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