1
|
Gauld OM, Packer AM, Russell LE, Dalgleish HWP, Iuga M, Sacadura F, Roth A, Clark BA, Häusser M. A latent pool of neurons silenced by sensory-evoked inhibition can be recruited to enhance perception. Neuron 2024; 112:2386-2403.e6. [PMID: 38729150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
To investigate which activity patterns in sensory cortex are relevant for perceptual decision-making, we combined two-photon calcium imaging and targeted two-photon optogenetics to interrogate barrel cortex activity during perceptual discrimination. We trained mice to discriminate bilateral whisker deflections and report decisions by licking left or right. Two-photon calcium imaging revealed sparse coding of contralateral and ipsilateral whisker input in layer 2/3, with most neurons remaining silent during the task. Activating pyramidal neurons using two-photon holographic photostimulation evoked a perceptual bias that scaled with the number of neurons photostimulated. This effect was dominated by optogenetic activation of non-coding neurons, which did not show sensory or motor-related activity during task performance. Photostimulation also revealed potent recruitment of cortical inhibition during sensory processing, which strongly and preferentially suppressed non-coding neurons. Our results suggest that a pool of non-coding neurons, selectively suppressed by network inhibition during sensory processing, can be recruited to enhance perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Gauld
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK.
| | - Adam M Packer
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Lloyd E Russell
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Henry W P Dalgleish
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maya Iuga
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Francisco Sacadura
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Arnd Roth
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Beverley A Clark
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaker H, Li J, Kobayashi M, Grinenko O, Bulacio J, Leahy RM, Chauvel P. Is High-Frequency Activity at Seizure Onset Inhibitory? A Stereoelectroencephalographic Study of Motor Cortex Seizures. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:1127-1137. [PMID: 38481022 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the era of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG), many studies have been devoted to understanding the role of interictal high-frequency oscillations. High-frequency activity (HFA) at seizure onset has been identified as a marker of epileptogenic zone. We address the physiological significance of ictal HFAs and their relation to clinical semiology. METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with pure focal primary motor epilepsy. We selected only patients in whom SEEG electrodes were optimally placed in the motor cortex as confirmed by electrical stimulation. Based on these narrow inclusion criteria, we extensively studied 5 patients (3 males and 2 females, mean age = 22.4 years) using time-frequency analysis and time correlation with motor signs onset. RESULTS A total of 157 analyzable seizures were recorded in 5 subjects. The first 2 subjects had tonic or clonic semiology with rare secondary generalization. Subject 3 had atonic onset followed by clonic hand/arm flexion. Subject 4 had clusters of tonic and atonic facial movements. Subject 5 had upper extremity tonic movements. The median frequency of the fast activity extracted from the Epileptogenic Zone Fingerprint pipeline in the first 4 subjects was 76 Hz (interquartile range = 21.9Hz). Positive motor signs did not occur concomitantly with high gamma activity developing in the motor cortex. Motor signs began at the end of HFAs. INTERPRETATION This study supports the hypothesis of an inhibitory effect of ictal HFAs. The frequency range in the gamma band was associated with the direction of the clinical output effect. Changes from inhibitory to excitatory effect occurred when discharge frequency dropped to low gamma or beta. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1127-1137.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Shaker
- Epilepsy Center, Trinity Health Hauenstein Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masako Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Olesya Grinenko
- Epilepsy Center, Trinity Health Hauenstein Center, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Juan Bulacio
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard M Leahy
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Chauvel
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzales DL, Khan HF, Keri HVS, Yadav S, Steward C, Muller LE, Pluta SR, Jayant K. A Translaminar Spacetime Code Supports Touch-Evoked Traveling Waves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593381. [PMID: 38766232 PMCID: PMC11100787 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Linking sensory-evoked traveling waves to underlying circuit patterns is critical to understanding the neural basis of sensory perception. To form this link, we performed simultaneous electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging through transparent NeuroGrids and mapped touch-evoked cortical traveling waves and their underlying microcircuit dynamics. In awake mice, both passive and active whisker touch elicited traveling waves within and across barrels, with a fast early component followed by a variable late wave that lasted hundreds of milliseconds post-stimulus. Strikingly, late-wave dynamics were modulated by stimulus value and correlated with task performance. Mechanistically, the late wave component was i) modulated by motor feedback, ii) complemented by a sparse ensemble pattern across layer 2/3, which a balanced-state network model reconciled via inhibitory stabilization, and iii) aligned to regenerative Layer-5 apical dendritic Ca 2+ events. Our results reveal a translaminar spacetime pattern organized by cortical feedback in the sensory cortex that supports touch-evoked traveling waves. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND HIGHLIGHTS Whisker touch evokes both early- and late-traveling waves in the barrel cortex over 100's of millisecondsReward reinforcement modulates wave dynamics Late wave emergence coincides with network sparsity in L23 and time-locked L5 dendritic Ca 2+ spikes Experimental and computational results link motor feedback to distinct translaminar spacetime patterns.
Collapse
|
4
|
Velasco E, Zaforas M, Acosta MC, Gallar J, Aguilar J. Ocular surface information seen from the somatosensory thalamus and cortex. J Physiol 2024; 602:1405-1426. [PMID: 38457332 DOI: 10.1113/jp285008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular Surface (OS) somatosensory innervation detects external stimuli producing perceptions, such as pain or dryness, the most relevant symptoms in many OS pathologies. Nevertheless, little is known about the central nervous system circuits involved in these perceptions, and how they integrate multimodal inputs in general. Here, we aim to describe the thalamic and cortical activity in response to OS stimulation of different modalities. Electrophysiological extracellular recordings in anaesthetized rats were used to record neural activity, while saline drops at different temperatures were applied to stimulate the OS. Neurons were recorded in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion (TG, 49 units), the thalamic VPM-POm nuclei representing the face (Th, 69 units) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1, 101 units). The precise locations for Th and S1 neurons receiving OS information are reported here for the first time. Interestingly, all recorded nuclei encode modality both at the single neuron and population levels, with noxious stimulation producing a qualitatively different activity profile from other modalities. Moreover, neurons responding to new combinations of stimulus modalities not present in the peripheral TG subsequently appear in Th and S1, being organized in space through the formation of clusters. Besides, neurons that present higher multimodality display higher spontaneous activity. These results constitute the first anatomical and functional characterization of the thalamocortical representation of the OS. Furthermore, they provide insight into how information from different modalities gets integrated from the peripheral nervous system into the complex cortical networks of the brain. KEY POINTS: Anatomical location of thalamic and cortical ocular surface representation. Thalamic and cortical neuronal responses to multimodal stimulation of the ocular surface. Increasing functional complexity along trigeminal neuroaxis. Proposal of a new perspective on how peripheral activity shapes central nervous system function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Neuroscience in Physiotherapy (NiP), Independent Research Group, Elche, Spain
- The European University of Brain and Technology, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Zaforas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - M Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- The European University of Brain and Technology, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- The European University of Brain and Technology, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental, Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
- Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Cuidados, Facultad de Fisioterapia y Enfermería, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cruz AS, Cruz S, Remondes M. Effects of optogenetic silencing the anterior cingulate cortex in a delayed non-match to trajectory task. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 3:kvae002. [PMID: 38595941 PMCID: PMC10939314 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Working memory is a fundamental cognitive ability, allowing us to keep information in memory for the time needed to perform a given task. A complex neural circuit fulfills these functions, among which is the anterior cingulate cortex (CG). Functionally and anatomically connected to the medial prefrontal, retrosplenial, midcingulate and hippocampus, as well as motor cortices, CG has been implicated in retrieving appropriate information when needed to select and control appropriate behavior. The role of cingulate cortex in working memory-guided behaviors remains unclear due to the lack of studies reversibly interfering with its activity during specific epochs of working memory. We used eNpHR3.0 to silence cingulate neurons while animals perform a standard delayed non-match to trajectory task, and found that, while not causing an absolute impairment in working memory, silencing cingulate neurons during retrieval decreases the mean performance if compared to silencing during encoding. Such retrieval-associated changes are accompanied by longer delays observed when light is delivered to control animals, when compared to eNpHR3.0+ ones, consistent with an adaptive recruitment of additional cognitive resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Sara Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Miguel Remondes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dyballa L, Rudzite AM, Hoseini MS, Thapa M, Stryker MP, Field GD, Zucker SW. Population encoding of stimulus features along the visual hierarchy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317773121. [PMID: 38227668 PMCID: PMC10823231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317773121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina and primary visual cortex (V1) both exhibit diverse neural populations sensitive to diverse visual features. Yet it remains unclear how neural populations in each area partition stimulus space to span these features. One possibility is that neural populations are organized into discrete groups of neurons, with each group signaling a particular constellation of features. Alternatively, neurons could be continuously distributed across feature-encoding space. To distinguish these possibilities, we presented a battery of visual stimuli to the mouse retina and V1 while measuring neural responses with multi-electrode arrays. Using machine learning approaches, we developed a manifold embedding technique that captures how neural populations partition feature space and how visual responses correlate with physiological and anatomical properties of individual neurons. We show that retinal populations discretely encode features, while V1 populations provide a more continuous representation. Applying the same analysis approach to convolutional neural networks that model visual processing, we demonstrate that they partition features much more similarly to the retina, indicating they are more like big retinas than little brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dyballa
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | | | - Mahmood S. Hoseini
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Mishek Thapa
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Michael P. Stryker
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Greg D. Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Steven W. Zucker
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu SJ, Sevier E, Dwivedi D, Saldi GA, Hairston A, Yu S, Abbott L, Choi DH, Sherer M, Qiu Y, Shinde A, Lenahan M, Rizzo D, Xu Q, Barrera I, Kumar V, Marrero G, Prönneke A, Huang S, Kullander K, Stafford DA, Macosko E, Chen F, Rudy B, Fishell G. Cortical somatostatin interneuron subtypes form cell-type-specific circuits. Neuron 2023; 111:2675-2692.e9. [PMID: 37390821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The cardinal classes are a useful simplification of cortical interneuron diversity, but such broad subgroupings gloss over the molecular, morphological, and circuit specificity of interneuron subtypes, most notably among the somatostatin interneuron class. Although there is evidence that this diversity is functionally relevant, the circuit implications of this diversity are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we designed a series of genetic strategies to target the breadth of somatostatin interneuron subtypes and found that each subtype possesses a unique laminar organization and stereotyped axonal projection pattern. Using these strategies, we examined the afferent and efferent connectivity of three subtypes (two Martinotti and one non-Martinotti) and demonstrated that they possess selective connectivity with intratelecephalic or pyramidal tract neurons. Even when two subtypes targeted the same pyramidal cell type, their synaptic targeting proved selective for particular dendritic compartments. We thus provide evidence that subtypes of somatostatin interneurons form cell-type-specific cortical circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Jingjing Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elaine Sevier
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Deepanjali Dwivedi
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Giuseppe-Antonio Saldi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ariel Hairston
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sabrina Yu
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lydia Abbott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Da Hae Choi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mia Sherer
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yanjie Qiu
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashwini Shinde
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mackenzie Lenahan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniella Rizzo
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Irving Barrera
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Giovanni Marrero
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alvar Prönneke
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuhan Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Evan Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gonda S, Köhler I, Haase A, Czubay K, Räk A, Riedel C, Wahle P. Optogenetic stimulation shapes dendritic trees of infragranular cortical pyramidal cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1212483. [PMID: 37587917 PMCID: PMC10427221 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous or experimentally evoked activity can lead to changes in length and/or branching of neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites. For instance, an early postnatal overexpression of certain AMPA or kainate glutamate receptor subunits leads to larger amplitudes of depolarizing events driven by spontaneous activity, and this increases apical dendritic complexity. Whether stimulation frequency has a role is less clear. In this study, we report that the expression of channelrhodopsin2-eYFP was followed by a 5-day optogenetic stimulation from DIV 5-10 or 11-15 in organotypic cultures of rat visual cortex-evoked dendritic remodeling. Stimulation at 0.05 Hz, at a frequency range of spontaneous calcium oscillations known to occur in the early postnatal neocortex in vivo until eye opening, had no effect. Stimulation with 0.5 Hz, a frequency at which the cortex in vivo adopts after eye opening, unexpectedly caused shorter and somewhat less branched apical dendrites of infragranular pyramidal neurons. The outcome resembles the remodeling of corticothalamic and callosal projection neurons of layers VI and V, which in the adult have apical dendrites no longer terminating in layer I. Exposure to 2.5 Hz, a frequency not occurring naturally during the time windows, evoked dendritic damage. The results suggested that optogenetic stimulation at a biologically meaningful frequency for the selected developmental stage can influence dendrite growth, but contrary to expectation, the optogenetic stimulation decreased dendritic growth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dyballa L, Rudzite AM, Hoseini MS, Thapa M, Stryker MP, Field GD, Zucker SW. Population encoding of stimulus features along the visual hierarchy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.545450. [PMID: 37425920 PMCID: PMC10327159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.545450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The retina and primary visual cortex (V1) both exhibit diverse neural populations sensitive to diverse visual features. Yet it remains unclear how neural populations in each area partition stimulus space to span these features. One possibility is that neural populations are organized into discrete groups of neurons, with each group signaling a particular constellation of features. Alternatively, neurons could be continuously distributed across feature-encoding space. To distinguish these possibilities, we presented a battery of visual stimuli to mouse retina and V1 while measuring neural responses with multi-electrode arrays. Using machine learning approaches, we developed a manifold embedding technique that captures how neural populations partition feature space and how visual responses correlate with physiological and anatomical properties of individual neurons. We show that retinal populations discretely encode features, while V1 populations provide a more continuous representation. Applying the same analysis approach to convolutional neural networks that model visual processing, we demonstrate that they partition features much more similarly to the retina, indicating they are more like big retinas than little brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mishek Thapa
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael P. Stryker
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Greg D. Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Steven W. Zucker
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hazra D, Yoshinaga S, Yoshida K, Takata N, Tanaka KF, Kubo KI, Nakajima K. Rhythmic activation of excitatory neurons in the mouse frontal cortex improves the prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive function. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5243-5258. [PMID: 35136976 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays essential roles in cognitive processes. Previous studies have suggested the layer and the cell type-specific activation for cognitive enhancement. However, the mechanism by which a temporal pattern of activation affects cognitive function remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated whether the specific activation of excitatory neurons in the superficial layers mainly in the PFC according to a rhythmic or nonrhythmic pattern could modulate the cognitive functions of normal mice. We used a C128S mutant of channelrhodopsin 2, a step function opsin, and administered two light illumination patterns: (i) alternating pulses of blue and yellow light for rhythmic activation or (ii) pulsed blue light only for nonrhythmic activation. Behavioral analyses were performed to compare the behavioral consequences of these two neural activation patterns. The alternating blue and yellow light pulses, but not the pulsed blue light only, significantly improved spatial working memory and social recognition without affecting motor activity or the anxiety level. These results suggest that the rhythmic, but not the nonrhythmic, activation could enhance cognitive functions. This study indicates that not only the population of neurons that are activated but also the pattern of activation plays a crucial role in the cognitive enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Hazra
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chan RW, Cron GO, Asaad M, Edelman BJ, Lee HJ, Adesnik H, Feinberg D, Lee JH. Distinct local and brain-wide networks are activated by optogenetic stimulation of neurons specific to each layer of motor cortex. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119640. [PMID: 36176220 PMCID: PMC10025169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary motor cortex (M1) consists of a stack of interconnected but distinct layers (L1-L6) which affect motor control through large-scale networks. However, the brain-wide functional influence of each layer is poorly understood. We sought to expand our knowledge of these layers' circuitry by combining Cre-driver mouse lines, optogenetics, fMRI, and electrophysiology. Neuronal activities initiated in Drd3 neurons (within L2/3) were mainly confined within M1, while stimulation of Scnn1a, Rbp4, and Ntsr1 neurons (within L4, L5, and L6, respectively) evoked distinct responses in M1 and motor-related subcortical regions, including striatum and motor thalamus. We also found that fMRI responses from targeted stimulations correlated with both local field potentials (LFPs) and spike changes. This study represents a step forward in our understanding of how different layers of primary motor cortex are embedded in brain-wide circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg O Cron
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mazen Asaad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bradley J Edelman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Feinberg
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Onodera K, Kato HK. Translaminar recurrence from layer 5 suppresses superficial cortical layers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2585. [PMID: 35546553 PMCID: PMC9095870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Information flow in the sensory cortex has been described as a predominantly feedforward sequence with deep layers as the output structure. Although recurrent excitatory projections from layer 5 (L5) to superficial L2/3 have been identified by anatomical and physiological studies, their functional impact on sensory processing remains unclear. Here, we use layer-selective optogenetic manipulations in the primary auditory cortex to demonstrate that feedback inputs from L5 suppress the activity of superficial layers regardless of the arousal level, contrary to the prediction from their excitatory connectivity. This suppressive effect is predominantly mediated by translaminar circuitry through intratelencephalic neurons, with an additional contribution of subcortical projections by pyramidal tract neurons. Furthermore, L5 activation sharpened tone-evoked responses of superficial layers in both frequency and time domains, indicating its impact on cortical spectro-temporal integration. Together, our findings establish a translaminar inhibitory recurrence from deep layers that sharpens feature selectivity in superficial cortical layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koun Onodera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki K Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chaloner FA, Cooke SF. Multiple Mechanistically Distinct Timescales of Neocortical Plasticity Occur During Habituation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:840057. [PMID: 35465612 PMCID: PMC9033275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.840057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing familiar but innocuous stimuli and suppressing behavioral response to those stimuli are critical steps in dedicating cognitive resources to significant elements of the environment. Recent work in the visual system has uncovered key neocortical mechanisms of this familiarity that emerges over days. Specifically, exposure to phase-reversing gratings of a specific orientation causes long-lasting stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) in layer 4 of mouse primary visual cortex (V1) as the animal's behavioral responses are reduced through habituation. This plasticity and concomitant learning require the NMDA receptor and the activity of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory neurons. Changes over the course of seconds and minutes have been less well studied in this paradigm, so we have here characterized cortical plasticity occurring over seconds and minutes, as well as days, to identify separable forms of plasticity accompanying familiarity. In addition, we show evidence of interactions between plasticity over these different timescales and reveal key mechanistic differences. Layer 4 visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) are potentiated over days, and they are depressed over minutes, even though both forms of plasticity coincide with significant reductions in behavioral response. Adaptation, classically described as a progressive reduction in synaptic or neural activity, also occurs over the course of seconds, but appears mechanistically separable over a second as compared to tens of seconds. Interestingly, these short-term forms of adaptation are modulated by long-term familiarity, such that they occur for novel but not highly familiar stimuli. Genetic knock-down of NMDA receptors within V1 prevents all forms of plasticity while, importantly, the modulation of short-term adaptation by long-term familiarity is gated by PV+ interneurons. Our findings demonstrate that different timescales of adaptation/habituation have divergent but overlapping mechanisms, providing new insight into how the brain is modified by experience to encode familiarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca A. Chaloner
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam F. Cooke
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sità L, Brondi M, Lagomarsino de Leon Roig P, Curreli S, Panniello M, Vecchia D, Fellin T. A deep-learning approach for online cell identification and trace extraction in functional two-photon calcium imaging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1529. [PMID: 35318335 PMCID: PMC8940911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo two-photon calcium imaging is a powerful approach in neuroscience. However, processing two-photon calcium imaging data is computationally intensive and time-consuming, making online frame-by-frame analysis challenging. This is especially true for large field-of-view (FOV) imaging. Here, we present CITE-On (Cell Identification and Trace Extraction Online), a convolutional neural network-based algorithm for fast automatic cell identification, segmentation, identity tracking, and trace extraction in two-photon calcium imaging data. CITE-On processes thousands of cells online, including during mesoscopic two-photon imaging, and extracts functional measurements from most neurons in the FOV. Applied to publicly available datasets, the offline version of CITE-On achieves performance similar to that of state-of-the-art methods for offline analysis. Moreover, CITE-On generalizes across calcium indicators, brain regions, and acquisition parameters in anesthetized and awake head-fixed mice. CITE-On represents a powerful tool to speed up image analysis and facilitate closed-loop approaches, for example in combined all-optical imaging and manipulation experiments. Processing of two-photon calcium imaging data is generally time-consuming, especially for large fields of view. Here, the authors present CITE-On, a tool based on a convolutional neural network, enabling online automatic cell identification, segmentation, identity tracking, and trace extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sità
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Brondi
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| | - Pedro Lagomarsino de Leon Roig
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Curreli
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariangela Panniello
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Law RG, Pugliese S, Shin H, Sliva DD, Lee S, Neymotin S, Moore C, Jones SR. Thalamocortical Mechanisms Regulating the Relationship between Transient Beta Events and Human Tactile Perception. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:668-688. [PMID: 34401898 PMCID: PMC8841599 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient neocortical events with high spectral power in the 15-29 Hz beta band are among the most reliable predictors of sensory perception. Prestimulus beta event rates in primary somatosensory cortex correlate with sensory suppression, most effectively 100-300 ms before stimulus onset. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this perceptual association are unknown. We combined human magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements with biophysical neural modeling to test potential cellular and circuit mechanisms that underlie observed correlations between prestimulus beta events and tactile detection. Extending prior studies, we found that simulated bursts from higher-order, nonlemniscal thalamus were sufficient to drive beta event generation and to recruit slow supragranular inhibition acting on a 300 ms timescale to suppress sensory information. Further analysis showed that the same beta-generating mechanism can lead to facilitated perception for a brief period when beta events occur simultaneously with tactile stimulation before inhibition is recruited. These findings were supported by close agreement between model-derived predictions and empirical MEG data. The postevent suppressive mechanism explains an array of studies that associate beta with decreased processing, whereas the during-event facilitatory mechanism may demand a reinterpretation of the role of beta events in the context of coincident timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Law
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Danielle D Sliva
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shane Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Samuel Neymotin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Christopher Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Stephanie R Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu Y, Huber L, Yang J, Fukunaga M, Chai Y, Jangraw DC, Chen G, Handwerker DA, Molfese PJ, Ejima Y, Sadato N, Wu J, Bandettini PA. Layer-specific activation in human primary somatosensory cortex during tactile temporal prediction error processing. Neuroimage 2021; 248:118867. [PMID: 34974114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain continuously generates predictions of incoming sensory input and calculates corresponding prediction errors from the perceived inputs to update internal predictions. In human primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b), different cortical layers are involved in receiving the sensory input and generation of error signals. It remains unknown, however, how the layers in the human area 3b contribute to the temporal prediction error processing. To investigate prediction error representation in the area 3b across layers, we acquired layer-specific functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data at 7T from human area 3b during a task of index finger poking with no-delay, short-delay and long-delay touching sequences. We demonstrate that all three tasks increased activity in both superficial and deep layers of area 3b compared to the random sensory input. The fMRI signal was differentially modulated solely in the deep layers rather than the superficial layers of area 3b by the delay time. Compared with the no-delay stimuli, activity was greater in the deep layers of area 3b during the short-delay stimuli but lower during the long-delay stimuli. This difference activity features in the superficial and deep layers suggest distinct functional contributions of area 3b layers to tactile temporal prediction error processing. The functional segregation in area 3b across layers may reflect that the excitatory and inhibitory interplay in the sensory cortex contributions to flexible communication between cortical layers or between cortical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Yu
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Laurentius Huber
- MR-Methods Group, MBIC, Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Cognitive Neuroscience, Room 1.014, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Yuhui Chai
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David C Jangraw
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel A Handwerker
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J Molfese
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshimichi Ejima
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Hiadian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Functional MRI Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suzuki M, Aru J, Larkum ME. Double-μPeriscope, a tool for multilayer optical recordings, optogenetic stimulations or both. eLife 2021; 10:e72894. [PMID: 34878406 PMCID: PMC8654370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligent behavior and cognitive functions in mammals depend on cortical microcircuits made up of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory cells that form a forest-like complex across six layers. Mechanistic understanding of cortical microcircuits requires both manipulation and monitoring of multiple layers and interactions between them. However, existing techniques are limited as to simultaneous monitoring and stimulation at different depths without damaging a large volume of cortical tissue. Here, we present a relatively simple and versatile method for delivering light to any two cortical layers simultaneously. The method uses a tiny optical probe consisting of two microprisms mounted on a single shaft. We demonstrate the versatility of the probe in three sets of experiments: first, two distinct cortical layers were optogenetically and independently manipulated; second, one layer was stimulated while the activity of another layer was monitored; third, the activity of thalamic axons distributed in two distinct cortical layers was simultaneously monitored in awake mice. Its simple-design, versatility, small-size, and low-cost allow the probe to be applied widely to address important biological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mototaka Suzuki
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jaan Aru
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute of Computer Science, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yi JH, Choe SY, Jung MW. Variations in Commissural Input Processing Across Different Types of Cortical Projection Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2508-2520. [PMID: 34607355 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how incoming cortical inputs are processed by different types of cortical projection neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, we compared intrinsic physiological properties of and commissural excitatory/inhibitory influences on layer 5 intratelencephalic (IT), layer 5 pyramidal tract (PT), and layers 2/3 IT projection neurons. We found that intrinsic physiological properties and commissural synaptic transmission varied across the three types of projection neurons. The rank order of intrinsic excitability was layer 5 PT > layer 5 IT > layers 2/3 IT neurons. Commissural connectivity was higher in layers 2/3 than layer 5 projection neurons, but commissural excitatory influence was stronger on layer 5 than layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Paired-pulse ratio was also greater in PT than IT neurons. These results indicate that commissural inputs activate deep layer PT neurons most preferentially and superficial layer IT neurons least preferentially. Deep layer PT neurons might faithfully transmit cortical input signals to downstream subcortical structures for reliable control of behavior, whereas superficial layer IT neurons might integrate cortical input signals from diverse sources in support of higher-order cognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Choe
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rodgers CC, Nogueira R, Pil BC, Greeman EA, Park JM, Hong YK, Fusi S, Bruno RM. Sensorimotor strategies and neuronal representations for shape discrimination. Neuron 2021; 109:2308-2325.e10. [PMID: 34133944 PMCID: PMC8298290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans and other animals can identify objects by active touch, requiring the coordination of exploratory motion and tactile sensation. Both the motor strategies and neural representations employed could depend on the subject's goals. We developed a shape discrimination task that challenged head-fixed mice to discriminate concave from convex shapes. Behavioral decoding revealed that mice did this by comparing contacts across whiskers. In contrast, a separate group of mice performing a shape detection task simply summed up contacts over whiskers. We recorded populations of neurons in the barrel cortex, which processes whisker input, and found that individual neurons across the cortical layers encoded touch, whisker motion, and task-related signals. Sensory representations were task-specific: during shape discrimination, but not detection, neurons responded most to behaviorally relevant whiskers, overriding somatotopy. Thus, sensory cortex employs task-specific representations compatible with behaviorally relevant computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Ramon Nogueira
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B Christina Pil
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Esther A Greeman
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jung M Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Y Kate Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stefano Fusi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fast, cell-resolution, contiguous-wide two-photon imaging to reveal functional network architectures across multi-modal cortical areas. Neuron 2021; 109:1810-1824.e9. [PMID: 33878295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast and wide field-of-view imaging with single-cell resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, and no optical aberrations have the potential to inspire new avenues of investigations in biology. However, such imaging is challenging because of the inevitable tradeoffs among these parameters. Here, we overcome these tradeoffs by combining a resonant scanning system, a large objective with low magnification and high numerical aperture, and highly sensitive large-aperture photodetectors. The result is a practically aberration-free, fast-scanning high optical invariant two-photon microscopy (FASHIO-2PM) that enables calcium imaging from a large network composed of ∼16,000 neurons at 7.5 Hz from a 9 mm2 contiguous image plane, including more than 10 sensory-motor and higher-order areas of the cerebral cortex in awake mice. Network analysis based on single-cell activities revealed that the brain exhibits small-world rather than scale-free behavior. The FASHIO-2PM is expected to enable studies on biological dynamics by simultaneously monitoring macroscopic activities and their compositional elements.
Collapse
|
21
|
Modulation of Coordinated Activity across Cortical Layers by Plasticity of Inhibitory Synapses. Cell Rep 2021; 30:630-641.e5. [PMID: 31968242 PMCID: PMC6988114 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, synaptic inhibition shapes all forms of spontaneous and sensory evoked activity. Importantly, inhibitory transmission is highly plastic, but the functional role of inhibitory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In the mouse barrel cortex, activation of layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons (PNs) elicits strong feedforward inhibition (FFI) onto L5 PNs. We find that FFI involving parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells is strongly potentiated by postsynaptic PN burst firing. FFI plasticity modifies the PN excitation-to-inhibition (E/I) ratio, strongly modulates PN gain, and alters information transfer across cortical layers. Moreover, our LTPi-inducing protocol modifies firing of L5 PNs and alters the temporal association of PN spikes to γ-oscillations both in vitro and in vivo. All of these effects are captured by unbalancing the E/I ratio in a feedforward inhibition circuit model. Altogether, our results indicate that activity-dependent modulation of perisomatic inhibitory strength effectively influences the participation of single principal cortical neurons to cognition-relevant network activity. Feedforward inhibition (FFI) of layer 5 pyramidal neurons (PNs) is highly plastic Long-term potentiation of FFI modulates spiking activity of layer 5 PNs LTPi affects information transfer across cortical layers The strength of LTPi determines the phase locking of PN firing to γ-oscillations
Collapse
|
22
|
Weible AP, Yavorska I, Kayal D, Duckler U, Wehr M. A Layer 3→5 Circuit in Auditory Cortex That Contributes to Pre-pulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Response. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:553208. [PMID: 33192336 PMCID: PMC7661757 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.553208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While connectivity within sensory cortical circuits has been studied extensively, how these connections contribute to perception and behavior is not well understood. Here we tested the role of a circuit between layers 3 and 5 of auditory cortex in sound detection. We measured sound detection using a common variant of pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, in which a silent gap in background noise acts as a cue that attenuates startle. We used the Nr5a-Cre driver line, which we found drove expression in the auditory cortex restricted predominantly to layer 3. Photoactivation of these cells evoked short-latency, highly reliable spiking in downstream layer 5 neurons, and attenuated startle responses similarly to gaps in noise. Photosuppression of these cells did not affect behavioral gap detection. Our data provide the first demonstration that direct activation of auditory cortical neurons is sufficient to attenuate the acoustic startle response, similar to the detection of a sound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldis P Weible
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Iryna Yavorska
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Donna Kayal
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Ulysses Duckler
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Michael Wehr
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vecchia D, Beltramo R, Vallone F, Chéreau R, Forli A, Molano-Mazón M, Bawa T, Binini N, Moretti C, Holtmaat A, Panzeri S, Fellin T. Temporal Sharpening of Sensory Responses by Layer V in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1589-1599.e10. [PMID: 32169206 PMCID: PMC7198976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The timing of stimulus-evoked spikes encodes information about sensory stimuli. Here we studied the neural circuits controlling this process in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. We found that brief optogenetic activation of layer V pyramidal cells just after whisker deflection modulated the membrane potential of neurons and interrupted their long-latency whisker responses, increasing their accuracy in encoding whisker deflection time. In contrast, optogenetic inhibition of layer V during either passive whisker deflection or active whisking decreased accuracy in encoding stimulus or touch time, respectively. Suppression of layer V pyramidal cells increased reaction times in a texture discrimination task. Moreover, two-color optogenetic experiments revealed that cortical inhibition was efficiently recruited by layer V stimulation and that it mainly involved activation of parvalbumin-positive rather than somatostatin-positive interneurons. Layer V thus performs behaviorally relevant temporal sharpening of sensory responses through circuit-specific recruitment of cortical inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dania Vecchia
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Riccardo Beltramo
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ronan Chéreau
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva University Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Forli
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Manuel Molano-Mazón
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tanika Bawa
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva University Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Binini
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Claudio Moretti
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Anthony Holtmaat
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Geneva University Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova and 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Layer-specific integration of locomotion and sensory information in mouse barrel cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2585. [PMID: 31197148 PMCID: PMC6565743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During navigation, rodents continually sample the environment with their whiskers. How locomotion modulates neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex, and how it is integrated with whisker-touch remains unclear. Here, we compared neuronal activity in layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L5 of barrel cortex using calcium imaging in mice running in a tactile virtual reality. Both layers increase their activity during running and concomitant whisking, in the absence of touch. Fewer neurons are modulated by whisking alone. Whereas L5 neurons respond transiently to wall-touch during running, L2/3 neurons show sustained activity. Consistently, neurons encoding running-with-touch are more abundant in L2/3 and they encode the run-speed better during touch. Few neurons across layers were also sensitive to abrupt perturbations of tactile flow during running. In summary, locomotion significantly enhances barrel cortex activity across layers with L5 neurons mainly reporting changes in touch conditions and L2/3 neurons continually integrating tactile stimuli with running. The influence of locomotion on somatosensory processing in barrel cortex is not well understood. Here the authors report distinct layer-specific responses, with L5 primarily reporting changes in touch condition while L2/3 neurons integrating touch and locomotion continuously.
Collapse
|