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Gan Y, Su D, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Yan R, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhou J, Lam JST, Wu T, Jing J, Feng T. Microstructural and functional alterations of the ventral pallidum are associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16147. [PMID: 37975786 PMCID: PMC11235694 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates involuntary movements, but it is unclear whether the VP regulates the abnormal involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who have levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). To further understand the role of the VP in PD patients with LID (PD-LID), we explored the structural and functional characteristics of the VP in such patients using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Thirty-one PD-LID patients, 39 PD patients without LID (PD-nLID), and 28 healthy controls (HCs) underwent T1-weighted MRI, quantitative susceptibility mapping, multi-shell diffusion MRI, and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). Different measures characterizing the VP were obtained using a region-of-interest-based approach. RESULTS The left VP in the PD-LID group showed significantly higher intracellular volume fraction (ICVF) and isotropic volume fraction (IsoVF) compared with the PD-nLID and HC groups. Rs-MRI revealed that, compared with the PD-nLID group, the PD-LID group in the medication 'off' state had higher functional connectivity (FC) between the left VP and the left anterior caudate, left middle frontal gyrus and left precentral gyrus, as well as between the right VP and the right posterior ventral putamen and right mediodorsal thalamus. In addition, the ICVF values of the left VP, the FC between the left VP and the left anterior caudate and left middle frontal gyrus were positively correlated with Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale scores. CONCLUSION Our multimodal imaging findings show that the microstructural changes of the VP (i.e., the higher ICVF and IsoVF) and the functional change in the ventral striatum-VP-mediodorsal thalamus-cortex network may be associated with pathophysiological mechanisms of PD-LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Gan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Dongning Su
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging ResearchHebrew SeniorLifeRoslindaleMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joyce S. T. Lam
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
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Salin P, Melon C, Chassain C, Gubellini P, Pages G, Pereira B, Le Fur Y, Durif F, Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Interhemispheric reactivity of the subthalamic nucleus sustains progressive dopamine neuron loss in asymmetrical parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106398. [PMID: 38182075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive and asymmetrical degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and the unilateral presentation of the motor symptoms at onset, contralateral to the most impaired hemisphere. We previously developed a rat PD model that mimics these typical features, based on unilateral injection of a substrate inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), in the substantia nigra (SN). Here, we used this progressive model in a multilevel study (behavioral testing, in vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, slice electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization) to characterize the functional changes occurring in the cortico-basal ganglia-cortical network in an evolving asymmetrical neurodegeneration context and their possible contribution to the cell death progression. We focused on the corticostriatal input and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), two glutamate components with major implications in PD pathophysiology. In the striatum, glutamate and glutamine levels increased from presymptomatic stages in the PDC-injected hemisphere only, which also showed enhanced glutamatergic transmission and loss of plasticity at corticostriatal synapses assessed at symptomatic stage. Surprisingly, the contralateral STN showed earlier and stronger reactivity than the ipsilateral side (increased intraneuronal cytochrome oxidase subunit I mRNA levels; enhanced glutamate and glutamine concentrations). Moreover, its lesion at early presymptomatic stage halted the ongoing neurodegeneration in the PDC-injected SN and prevented the expression of motor asymmetry. These findings reveal the existence of endogenous interhemispheric processes linking the primary injured SN and the contralateral STN that could sustain progressive dopamine neuron loss, opening new perspectives for disease-modifying treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Salin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Carine Chassain
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Guilhem Pages
- INRAE, AgroResonance Facility, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; INRAE, UR QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatisticis Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Durif
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Bohnen NI, Barr J, Vangel R, Roytman S, Paalanen R, Frey KA, Scott PJH, Kanel P. GABA A Receptor Benzodiazepine Binding Sites and Motor Impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1711. [PMID: 38137159 PMCID: PMC10741877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flumazenil is an allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABAAR) benzodiazepine binding site that could normalize neuronal signaling and improve motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about how regional GABAAR availability affects motor symptoms. We investigated the relationship between regional availability of GABAAR benzodiazepine binding sites and motor impairments in PD. Methods: A total of 11 Patients with PD (males; mean age 69.0 ± 4.6 years; Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3) underwent [11C]flumazenil GABAAR benzodiazepine binding site and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2) PET imaging and clinical assessment. Stepwise regression analysis was used to predict regional cerebral correlates of the four cardinal UPDRS motor scores using cortical, striatal, thalamic, and cerebellar flumazenil binding estimates. Thalamic GABAAR availability was selectively associated with axial motor scores (R2 = 0.55, F = 11.0, β = -6.4, p = 0.0009). Multi-ligand analysis demonstrated significant axial motor predictor effects by both thalamic GABAAR availability (R2 = 0.47, β = -5.2, F = 7.2, p = 0.028) and striatal VMAT2 binding (R2 = 0.30, β = -3.9, F = 9.1, p = 0.019; total model: R2 = 0.77, F = 11.9, p = 0.0056). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that thalamic [11C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate cholinesterase PET and K1 flow delivery findings were not significant confounders. Findings suggest that reduced thalamic GABAAR availability correlates with worsened axial motor impairments in PD, independent of nigrostriatal degeneration. These findings may augur novel non-dopaminergic approaches to treating axial motor impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jaimie Barr
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Robert Vangel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Rebecca Paalanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kirk A. Frey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233736. [PMID: 36496996 PMCID: PMC9736114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa during the course of the disease's progression. However, despite the fact that levodopa is the "gold standard" in PD treatments and has the ability to significantly alleviate PD symptoms, it comes with side effects in advanced PD. Levodopa replacement therapy remains the current clinical treatment of choice for Parkinson's patients, but approximately 80% of the treated PD patients develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the advanced stages of the disease. A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of LID and possible means of improvement would significantly improve the outcome of PD patients, reduce the complexity of medication use, and lower adverse effects, thus, improving the quality of life of patients and prolonging their life cycle. This review assesses the recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LID and the therapeutic management options available after the emergence of LID in patients. We summarized the pathogenesis and the new treatments for LID-related PD and concluded that targeting pathways other than the dopaminergic pathway to treat LID has become a new possibility, and, currently, amantadine, drugs targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, and surgery for PD can target the Parkinson's symptoms caused by LID.
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Stefani A, Cerroni R, Pierantozzi M, D’Angelo V, Grandi L, Spanetta M, Galati S. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease patients and routine 6‐OHDA rodent models: Synergies and pitfalls. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2322-2343. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Vincenza D’Angelo
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Laura Grandi
- Center for Movement Disorders Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland Lugano Switzerland
| | - Matteo Spanetta
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Center for Movement Disorders Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland Lugano Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Lugano Switzerland
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Diederich NJ, Uchihara T, Grillner S, Goetz CG. The Evolution-Driven Signature of Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:475-492. [PMID: 32499047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we approach Parkinson's disease (PD) in the context of an evolutionary mismatch of central nervous system functions. The neurons at risk have hyperbranched axons, extensive transmitter release sites, display spontaneous spiking, and elevated mitochondrial stress. They function in networks largely unchanged throughout vertebrate evolution, but now connecting to the expanded human cortex. Their breakdown is favoured by longevity. At the cellular level, mitochondrial dysfunction starts at the synapses, then involves axons and cell bodies. At the behavioural level, network dysfunctions provoke the core motor syndrome of parkinsonism including freezing and failed gait automatization, and non-motor deficits including inactive blindsight and autonomic dysregulation. The proposed evolutionary re-interpretation of PD-prone cellular phenotypes and of prototypical clinical symptoms allows a new conceptual framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, L-1210 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Neurology Clinic with Neuromorphomics Laboratory, Nitobe-Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo 164-8607, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Müller MLTM, Marusic U, van Emde Boas M, Weiss D, Bohnen NI. Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:1229-1251. [PMID: 31418599 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1656067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Gait and balance disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) represent a major therapeutic challenge as frequent falls and freezing of gait impair quality of life and predict mortality. Limited dopaminergic therapy responses implicate non-dopaminergic mechanisms calling for alternative therapies.Areas covered: The authors provide a review that encompasses pathophysiological changes involved in axial motor impairments in PD, pharmacological approaches, exercise, and physical therapy, improving physical activity levels, invasive and non-invasive neurostimulation, cueing interventions and wearable technology, and cognitive interventions.Expert opinion: There are many promising therapies available that, to a variable degree, affect gait and balance disorders in PD. However, not one therapy is the 'silver bullet' that provides full relief and ultimately meaningfully improves the patient's quality of life. Sedentariness, apathy, and emergence of frailty in advancing PD, especially in the setting of medical comorbidities, are perhaps the biggest threats to experience sustained benefits with any of the available therapeutic options and therefore need to be aggressively treated as early as possible. Multimodal or combination therapies may provide complementary benefits to manage axial motor features in PD, but selection of treatment modalities should be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn L T M Müller
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea - ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Miriam van Emde Boas
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Centre for Neurology, Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive and Mobility Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:76-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Cao X, Hou D, Wang L, Li S, Sun S, Ping Q, Xu Y. Effects and molecular mechanism of chitosan-coated levodopa nanoliposomes on behavior of dyskinesia rats. Biol Res 2016; 49:32. [PMID: 27378167 PMCID: PMC4932756 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a cationic polyelectrolyte due to the presence of amino groups, one of the few occurring in nature. The use of chitosan in protein and drug delivery systems is being actively researched and reported in the literature. RESULTS In this study, we used chitosan-coated levodopa liposomes to investigate the behavioral character and the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and FosB/ΔFosB in striatum of rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). We found that scores of abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) decreased significantly in liposome group (P < 0.05), compared with levodopa group. Levels of phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 and FosB/ΔFosB in striatum decreased significantly in liposome group lesion side compared with levodopa group (P < 0.05). However, both of two groups above have significantly differences compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chitosan-coated levodopa liposomes may be useful in reducing dyskinesias inducing for Parkinson disease. The mechanism might be involved the pathway of signaling molecular phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 and ΔFosB in striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Hou
- College of pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Li
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qineng Ping
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Selective Inactivation of Striatal FosB/ΔFosB-Expressing Neurons Alleviates L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:354-361. [PMID: 25146322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ΔFosB is a surrogate marker of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the unavoidable disabling consequence of Parkinson's disease L-DOPA long-term treatment. However, the relationship between the electrical activity of FosB/ΔFosB-expressing neurons and LID manifestation is unknown. METHODS We used the Daun02 prodrug-inactivation method associated with lentiviral expression of β-galactosidase under the control of the FosB promoter to investigate a causal link between the activity of FosB/ΔFosB-expressing neurons and dyskinesia severity in both rat and monkey models of Parkinson's disease and LID. Whole-cell recordings of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) were performed to assess the effects of Daun02 and daunorubicin on neuronal excitability. RESULTS We first show that daunorubicin, the active product of Daun02 metabolism by β-galactosidase, decreases the activity of MSNs in rat brain slices and that Daun02 strongly decreases the excitability of rat MSN primary cultures expressing β-galactosidase upon D1 dopamine receptor stimulation. We then demonstrate that the selective, and reversible, inhibition of FosB/ΔFosB-expressing striatal neurons with Daun02 decreases the severity of LID while improving the beneficial effect of L-DOPA. CONCLUSIONS These results establish that FosB/ΔFosB accumulation ultimately results in altered neuronal electrical properties sustaining maladaptive circuits leading not only to LID but also to a blunted response to L-DOPA. These findings further reveal that targeting dyskinesia can be achieved without reducing the antiparkinsonian properties of L-DOPA when specifically inhibiting FosB/ΔFosB-accumulating neurons.
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11
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Pasquereau B, DeLong MR, Turner RS. Primary motor cortex of the parkinsonian monkey: altered encoding of active movement. Brain 2016; 139:127-43. [PMID: 26490335 PMCID: PMC4794619 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the movement-related activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) are thought to be a major contributor to the motor signs of Parkinson's disease. The existing evidence, however, variably indicates that M1 is under-activated with movement, overactivated (due to a loss of functional specificity) or activated with abnormal timing. In addition, few models consider the possibility that distinct cortical neuron subtypes may be affected differently. Those gaps in knowledge were addressed by studying the extracellular activity of antidromically-identified lamina 5b pyramidal-tract type neurons (n = 153) and intratelencephalic-type corticostriatal neurons (n = 126) in the M1 of two monkeys as they performed a step-tracking arm movement task. We compared movement-related discharge before and after the induction of parkinsonism by administration of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and quantified the spike rate encoding of specific kinematic parameters of movement using a generalized linear model. The fraction of M1 neurons with movement-related activity declined following MPTP but only marginally. The strength of neuronal encoding of parameters of movement was reduced markedly (mean 29% reduction in the coefficients from the generalized linear model). This relative decoupling of M1 activity from kinematics was attributable to reductions in the coefficients that estimated the spike rate encoding of movement direction (-22%), speed (-40%), acceleration (-49%) and hand position (-33%). After controlling for MPTP-induced changes in motor performance, M1 activity related to movement itself was reduced markedly (mean 36% hypoactivation). This reduced activation was strong in pyramidal tract-type neurons (-50%) but essentially absent in corticostriatal neurons. The timing of M1 activation was also abnormal, with earlier onset times, prolonged response durations, and a 43% reduction in the prevalence of movement-related changes beginning in the 150-ms period that immediately preceded movement. Overall, the results are consistent with proposals that under-activation and abnormal timing of movement-related activity in M1 contribute to parkinsonian motor signs but are not consistent with the idea that a loss of functional specificity plays an important role. Given that pyramidal tract-type neurons form the primary efferent pathway that conveys motor commands to the spinal cord, the dysfunction of movement-related activity in pyramidal tract-type neurons is likely to be a central factor in the pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- 2 Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S Turner
- 1 Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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12
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Morello F, Partanen J. Diversity and development of local inhibitory and excitatory neurons associated with dopaminergic nuclei. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3693-701. [PMID: 26453835 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For regulation of voluntary movement and motivation the midbrain dopaminergic system receives input from a variety of brain regions. Often this input is mediated by local non-dopaminergic neurons within or closely associated with the dopaminergic nuclei. In addition to the dopaminergic neurons, some of these non-dopaminergic neurons also send functionally important output from the ventral midbrain to forebrain targets. The aim of this review is to introduce subtypes of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are located in the dopaminergic nuclei or the adjacent brainstem and are important for the regulation of the dopaminergic pathways. In addition, we discuss recent studies beginning to reveal mechanisms for their development, which may hold the key to understanding the diversity of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Morello
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jahanshahi M, Obeso I, Baunez C, Alegre M, Krack P. Parkinson's Disease, the Subthalamic Nucleus, Inhibition, and Impulsivity. Mov Disord 2014; 30:128-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Jahanshahi
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Group and Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology; London United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Obeso
- CINAC, HM-Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid; CEU-San Pablo University, Móstoles; Madrid Spain
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Basal Ganglia, Motivation and Reward' (BAGAMORE), Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS and AMU (Aix Marseille Universite); Marseille France
| | - Manuel Alegre
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - Paul Krack
- INSERM U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France; University Grenoble Alpes, GIN, Grenoble, France, and CHU de Grenoble, Movement Disorder Unit; Grenoble France
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14
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Camlidag I, Kocabicak E, Sahin B, Jahanshahi A, Incesu L, Aygun D, Yildiz O, Temel Y, Belet U. Volumetric analysis of the subthalamic and red nuclei based on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:291-5. [PMID: 24020352 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.843091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis. However, there is not much known about the morphological changes in the STN. The red nucleus (RN) has many connections with the motor coordinating pathways although it is not primarily involved in the pathogenesis. In this study we aimed to compare the volumes of the STN and RN measured by magnetic resonance imaging in PD patients and controls to investigate how these structures are affected at the morphological level. Twenty patients with PD and twenty age/sex matched controls were enrolled in this study. Severity score was determined by Hoehn & Yahr staging: 6 at stage II and 14 at stage III in med-off state. Imaging was performed by a 1.5 Tesla (T) MR scanner. Measurements of total brain and normalized STN and RN volumes were performed by manual planimetry using Image J software. No statistically significant differences were observed between two groups based on age or gender and disease stage and nuclei volumes. The total estimated brain volumes were not different between PD patients and controls. However, normalized volumes of the STN and RN were 14% and 16% larger, respectively, in PD patients compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the volumes of the STN and RN are increased in patients with PD. These changes possibly reflect the altered metabolic activity of these regions demonstrated by neurophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Camlidag
- 1Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
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15
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Nielsen TT, Nielsen JE. Antisense gene silencing: therapy for neurodegenerative disorders? Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:457-84. [PMID: 24705213 PMCID: PMC3924827 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports that double-stranded RNAs can efficiently silence gene expression in C. elegans, the technology of RNA interference (RNAi) has been intensively exploited as an experimental tool to study gene function. With the subsequent discovery that RNAi could also be applied to mammalian cells, the technology of RNAi expanded from being a valuable experimental tool to being an applicable method for gene-specific therapeutic regulation, and much effort has been put into further refinement of the technique. This review will focus on how RNAi has developed over the years and how the technique is exploited in a pre-clinical and clinical perspective in relation to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels T Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Section 6702, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Section 6702, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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17
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Obeso JA, Guridi J, Nambu A, Crossman AR. Motor manifestations and basal ganglia output activity: the paradox continues. Mov Disord 2013; 28:416-8. [PMID: 23494928 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Melendez-Ferro M, Rice MW, Roberts RC, Perez-Costas E. An accurate method for the quantification of cytochrome C oxidase in tissue sections. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 214:156-62. [PMID: 23376420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase (COX) is the enzyme that constitutes the last step of the mitochondrial electron transport chain for the production of ATP. Measurement of COX activity can be achieved by histochemistry, thus providing information about the metabolic status of the brain. Brain regions with high metabolism will present high COX activity in histochemistry assays and vice versa. Using histochemistry versus biochemistry to assess COX activity presents the advantage of providing a map of the differences in metabolism in discrete brain regions. Moreover, COX histochemistry allows quantifying the activity of a particular brain region, by converting units of optical density into units of activity. In the present work we have devised a methodology that allows not only quantifying differences in COX activity between groups, but also quantifying the amount of COX present in brain tissue sections, by directly relating optical density (OD) measurements to cytochrome C oxidase concentration, something that traditionally is achieved by the use of western blot. For this purpose we created a set of standards of known concentration of COX that were affixed to a nitrocellulose membrane, and this membrane was incubated together with the tissue sections in which COX activity was assessed. A standard curve was created using a gradient of different concentrations of purified bovine heart cytochrome oxidase (from 2μg to 0.1μg in intervals of 0.25μg). This standard curve allowed us to detect changes in optical density as low as 5%, and relate these OD differences with known concentrations of cytochrome C oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Melendez-Ferro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 865, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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20
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Rubin JE, McIntyre CC, Turner RS, Wichmann T. Basal ganglia activity patterns in parkinsonism and computational modeling of their downstream effects. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2213-28. [PMID: 22805066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of suitable animal models and the opportunity to record electrophysiologic data in movement disorder patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures has allowed researchers to investigate parkinsonism-related changes in neuronal firing patterns in the basal ganglia and associated areas of the thalamus and cortex. These studies have shown that parkinsonism is associated with increased activity in the basal ganglia output nuclei, along with increases in burst discharges, oscillatory firing and synchronous firing patterns throughout the basal ganglia. Computational approaches have the potential to play an important role in the interpretation of these data. Such efforts can provide a formalized view of neuronal interactions in the network of connections between the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex, allow for the exploration of possible contributions of particular network components to parkinsonism, and potentially result in new conceptual frameworks and hypotheses that can be subjected to biological testing. It has proven very difficult, however, to integrate the wealth of the experimental findings into coherent models of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the abnormalities in neuronal activity that have been associated with parkinsonism. Subsequently, we discuss some particular efforts to model the pathophysiologic mechanisms that may link abnormal basal ganglia activity to the cardinal parkinsonian motor signs and may help to explain the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. We emphasize the logical structure of these computational studies, making clear the assumptions from which they proceed and the consequences and predictions that follow from these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 301 Thackeray Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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21
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Porras G, Berthet A, Dehay B, Li Q, Ladepeche L, Normand E, Dovero S, Martinez A, Doudnikoff E, Martin-Négrier ML, Chuan Q, Bloch B, Choquet D, Boué-Grabot E, Groc L, Bezard E. PSD-95 expression controls L-DOPA dyskinesia through dopamine D1 receptor trafficking. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3977-89. [PMID: 23041629 DOI: 10.1172/jci59426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), a detrimental consequence of dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease, is associated with an alteration in dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and glutamate receptor interactions. We hypothesized that the synaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95 plays a pivotal role in this process, as it interacts with D1R, regulates its trafficking and function, and is overexpressed in LID. Here, we demonstrate in rat and macaque models that disrupting the interaction between D1R and PSD-95 in the striatum reduces LID development and severity. Single quantum dot imaging revealed that this benefit was achieved primarily by destabilizing D1R localization, via increased lateral diffusion followed by increased internalization and diminished surface expression. These findings indicate that altering D1R trafficking via synapse-associated scaffolding proteins may be useful in the treatment of dyskinesia in Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Porras
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
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Duty S, Jenner P. Animal models of Parkinson's disease: a source of novel treatments and clues to the cause of the disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1357-91. [PMID: 21486284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have proved highly effective in the discovery of novel treatments for motor symptoms of PD and in the search for clues to the underlying cause of the illness. Models based on specific pathogenic mechanisms may subsequently lead to the development of neuroprotective agents for PD that stop or slow disease progression. The array of available rodent models is large and ranges from acute pharmacological models, such as the reserpine- or haloperidol-treated rats that display one or more parkinsonian signs, to models exhibiting destruction of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway, such as the classical 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse models. All of these have provided test beds in which new molecules for treating the motor symptoms of PD can be assessed. In addition, the emergence of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) with repeated treatment of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with L-DOPA has allowed for examination of the mechanisms responsible for treatment-related dyskinesia in PD, and the detection of molecules able to prevent or reverse their appearance. Other toxin-based models of nigro-striatal tract degeneration include the systemic administration of the pesticides rotenone and paraquat, but whilst providing clues to disease pathogenesis, these are not so commonly used for drug development. The MPTP-treated primate model of PD, which closely mimics the clinical features of PD and in which all currently used anti-parkinsonian medications have been shown to be effective, is undoubtedly the most clinically-relevant of all available models. The MPTP-treated primate develops clear dyskinesia when repeatedly exposed to L-DOPA, and these parkinsonian animals have shown responses to novel dopaminergic agents that are highly predictive of their effect in man. Whether non-dopaminergic drugs show the same degree of predictability of response is a matter of debate. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of PD has improved, so new rodent models produced by agents mimicking these mechanisms, including proteasome inhibitors such as PSI, lactacystin and epoximycin or inflammogens like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been developed. A further generation of models aimed at mimicking the genetic causes of PD has also sprung up. Whilst these newer models have provided further clues to the disease pathology, they have so far been less commonly used for drug development. There is little doubt that the availability of experimental animal models of PD has dramatically altered dopaminergic drug treatment of the illness and the prevention and reversal of drug-related side effects that emerge with disease progression and chronic medication. However, so far, we have made little progress in moving into other pharmacological areas for the treatment of PD, and we have not developed models that reflect the progressive nature of the illness and its complexity in terms of the extent of pathology and biochemical change. Only when this occurs are we likely to make progress in developing agents to stop or slow the disease progression. The overarching question that draws all of these models together in the quest for better drug treatments for PD is how well do they recapitulate the human condition and how predictive are they of successful translation of drugs into the clinic? This article aims to clarify the current position and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of available models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Duty
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, London, UK.
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23
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Horvath L, van Marion I, Taï K, Nielsen TT, Lundberg C. Knockdown of GAD67 protein levels normalizes neuronal activity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Gene Med 2011; 13:188-97. [PMID: 21449035 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine depletion of the striatum is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. The loss of dopamine upregulates GAD67 expression in the striatal projection neurons and causes other changes in the activity of the basal ganglia circuit. METHODS To normalize the GAD67 expression in the striatum after dopamine depletion, we developed several lentiviral vectors that express RNA interference (RNAi) directed against GAD67 mitochondrial RNA. The vectors were injected into the striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats and the level of GAD67 protein as well as a marker of neuronal activity, mtCO1, was analyzed using western blots. RESULTS Unilateral lesions of the dopamine neurons in substantia nigra resulted in an increased level of GAD67 protein in the ipsilateral striatum. Furthermore, we detected significantly higher levels of mtCO1, after dopamine depletion in the striatum. Using a lentiviral vectors with a synthetic miRNA scaffold to deliver RNAi, we were able to normalize the GAD67 protein levels in the parkinsonian rat striatum. In addition, we were able to normalize the increased neural activity, which resulted from the loss of dopamine as measured by the marker mtCO1. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RNAi directed against GAD67 may be a valid approach to correct the dysregulation of the basal ganglia circuit in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. The possibility to correct for a loss of dopamine using nondopamimetic tools is interesting because it may be more directed towards the casual mechanisms of the motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazlo Horvath
- CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Casabona E, Bringas ML, Álvarez M, Álvarez L, Pavón N, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Macías R, Obeso JA, Jahanshahi M. Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:371-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE. A functionally relevant and long-term model of deep brain stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus: advantages and considerations. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Wang Y, Zhang QJ, Liu J, Ali U, Gui ZH, Hui YP, Chen L, Wang T. Changes in firing rate and pattern of GABAergic neurons in subregions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in rat models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2010; 1324:54-63. [PMID: 20149784 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been well documented that the SNr is not a homogeneous structure, and the lateral and medial subregions of the SNr receive different projections from the sensorimotor and limbic striatum, respectively. However, specific changes in firing activity of SNr subregions in PD remain unclear. In the present study, the spontaneous firing activity of GABAergic neurons in the lateral and medial SNr of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) or medial forebrain bundle (MFB) has been examined. Extracellular recordings indicated that the firing rate of lateral SNr neurons increased significantly and firing pattern of these neurons changed towards more irregular and bursty after SNc or MFB lesions compared to normal rats. In contrast, the firing rate and pattern of medial SNr neurons in rats with SNc lesions were unaltered when compared with that of normal rats. However, MFB lesions in rats decreased the firing rate of medial SNr neurons and firing pattern of these neurons changed towards more bursty. In addition, SNc lesions in rats increased the firing rate of the neurons with regular and irregular firing patterns within lateral but not in medial SNr, while the firing rate of the neurons within lateral and medial SNr with each firing pattern was not altered after MFB lesions. These results suggest that GABAergic neurons of SNr subregions have differential change of firing activity in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yan Ta Xi Lu 76, Xi'an, China
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Wang Y, Zhang QJ, Liu J, Ali U, Gui ZH, Hui YP, Chen L, Wu ZH, Li Q. Noradrenergic lesion of the locus coeruleus increases apomorphine-induced circling behavior and the firing activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2010; 1310:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lacombe E, Khaindrava V, Melon C, Oueslati A, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P. Different functional basal ganglia subcircuits associated with anti-akinetic and dyskinesiogenic effects of antiparkinsonian therapies. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Borghammer P, Cumming P, Aanerud J, Förster S, Gjedde A. Subcortical elevation of metabolism in Parkinson's disease--a critical reappraisal in the context of global mean normalization. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1514-21. [PMID: 19465133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent issue of NeuroImage, we presented evidence that biased global mean (GM) normalization of brain PET data can generate the appearance of subcortical foci with relative hypermetabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and other degenerative disorders. In a commentary to our article, Ma and colleagues presented a study seeking to establish that a pattern of widespread hypermetabolism, known as the Parkinson's disease related pattern (PDRP) is a genuine metabolic feature of PD. In the present paper, we respond to the arguments presented by Ma et al., and we provide a critical reappraisal of the evidence for the existence of the PDRP. To this end, we present new analyses of PET data sets, which demonstrate that very similar patterns of relative subcortical increases are seen in PD, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy, healthy aging, and simulation data. Furthermore, longitudinal studies of PD previously reported relative hypermetabolism in very small anatomical structures such as the subthalamic nucleus. We now demonstrate how focal hypermetabolism attributed to small nuclei can similarly arise as a consequence of GM normalization. Finally, we give a comprehensive summary of the entire deoxyglucose autoradiography literature on acquired parkinsonism in experimental animals. Based on this evidence, we conclude that (1) there is no quantitative evidence for widespread subcortical hypermetabolism in PD, (2) very similar patterns of subcortical hyperactivity are evident in various other brain disorders whenever GM normalization is utilized, and (3) the PDRP is not evident in animal models of PD. In the absence of quantitative evidence for the PDRP, our alternative interpretation of normalization bias seems the more parsimonious explanation for the reports of relative hypermetabolism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospitals, Aarhus, Denmark.
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30
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Dopamine depletion induced up-regulation of HCN3 enhances rebound excitability of basal ganglia output neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:178-88. [PMID: 19320057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are associated with complex changes of firing properties in basal ganglia output neurons (BGON). The abnormalities are generally attributed to altered synaptic input and potential post-synaptic mechanisms are currently unknown. Our cell-type selective transcriptome analyses of BGON in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD identified the ion channel HCN3 as a likely contributor to altered neuronal excitability. Quantitative PCR experiments confirmed the HCN3 upregulation in the rat and mouse 6-OHDA models and also demonstrated selectivity of the effect for HCN3. In accordance with the mRNA expression data, in vitro whole cell patch-clamp recordings in BGON showed increased HCN3 current amplitudes and increased rebound excitability in BGON of 6-OHDA treated rats. These data establish HCN3 up-regulation as a novel candidate mechanism that might contribute to the in vivo changes of electrical activity in basal ganglia output neurons of the parkinsonian brain.
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Abstract
L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) remains the most effective drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, chronic use causes dyskinesia, a complex motor phenomenon that consists of two components: the execution of involuntary movements in response to drug administration, and the 'priming' phenomenon that underlies these movements' establishment and persistence. A reinterpretation of recent data suggests that priming for dyskinesia results from nigral denervation and the loss of striatal dopamine input, which alters glutamatergic synaptic connectivity in the striatum. The subsequent response of the abnormal basal ganglia to dopaminergic drugs determines the manner and timing of dyskinesia expression. The combination of nigral denervation and drug treatment establishes inappropriate signalling between the motor cortex and the striatum, leading to persistent dyskinesia.
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Molina-Vilaplana J, Contreras-Vidal JL, Herrero-Ezquerro MT, Lopez-Coronado J. A model for altered neural network dynamics related to prehension movements in Parkinson disease. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2009; 100:271-287. [PMID: 19229555 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-009-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a neural network model of the interactions between cortex and the basal ganglia during prehensile movements. Computational neuroscience methods are used to explore the hypothesis that the altered kinematic patterns observed in Parkinson's disease patients performing prehensile movements is mainly due to an altered neuronal activity located in the networks of cholinergic (ACh) interneurons of the striatum. These striatal cells, under a strong influence of the dopaminergic system, significantly contribute to the neural processing within the striatum and in the cortico-basal ganglia loops. In order to test this hypothesis, a large-scale model of neural interactions in the basal ganglia has been integrated with previous models accounting for the cortical organization of goal directed reaching and grasping movements in normal and perturbed conditions. We carry out a discussion of the model hypothesis validation by providing a control engineering analysis and by comparing results of real experiments with our simulation results in conditions resembling these original experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Molina-Vilaplana
- Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Technical University of Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
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Lanciego JL, López IP, Rico AJ, Aymerich MS, Pérez-Manso M, Conte L, Combarro C, Roda E, Molina C, Gonzalo N, Castle M, Tuñón T, Erro E, Barroso-Chinea P. The search for a role of the caudal intralaminar nuclei in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2008; 78:55-9. [PMID: 18790023 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The situation of the caudal intralaminar thalamic nuclei within basal ganglia circuits has gained increased attention over the past few years. Although initially considered as a "non-specific" thalamic nuclei, tract-tracing studies carried out over the past two decades have demonstrated that the centromedian-parafascicular thalamic complex (CM-Pf) is connected to virtually all basal ganglia components and related nuclei. Although the anatomical basis sustaining the thalamic modulation of basal ganglia circuits has long been characterized, the functional significance of these transverse circuits still remain to be properly accommodated within the basal ganglia model, both under normal conditions as well as in situations of dopaminergic depletion. However, the recent demonstration of primary (e.g., non-dopamine related) neurodegenerative phenomena restricted to the CM-Pf in Parkinson's disease (PD) has renewed interest in the role played by the caudal intralaminar nuclei in the pathophysiology of PD. Concomitantly, evidence has become available of increased metabolic activity in the caudal intralaminar nuclei in rodent models of PD. Finally, CM-Pf neurosurgery in patients suffering from PD has produced contrasting outcomes, indicating that a consensus is still to be reached regarding the potential usefulness of targeting the caudal intralaminar nuclei to treat movement disorders of basal ganglia origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Lanciego
- Area de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Spain.
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Jenner P. Preventing and controlling dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease-A view of current knowledge and future opportunities. Mov Disord 2008; 23 Suppl 3:S585-98. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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36
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Glutamatergic pallidothalamic projections and their implications in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:422-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Flament D, Shannon KM, Neyman I, Nicholas JJ, Corcos DM. Impaired compensation for mechanical loads in a patient with hemiballismus following stroke. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 6:49-56. [PMID: 18591149 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(99)00047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/1999] [Revised: 07/22/1999] [Accepted: 07/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flexion movements of the wrist were studied in a patient who showed signs of hemiballismus following a unilateral infarction, which damaged the region neighboring the subthalamic nucleus. The experiments were designed to test whether a lesion of this nature impairs load compensation and, specifically, whether antagonist activity can be appropriately suppressed when initiating a movement. The latency between movement onset and agonist EMG onset changed from the normal relationship where agonist onset precedes movement to one where agonist onset followed movement when an extensor load was placed on the affected limb. This was found to result from the inability to inhibit tonic activity in the antagonist and simultaneously activate the agonist muscle. The results suggest that the indirect pathway through the basal ganglia may be necessary to compensate for mechanical loads and to suppress antagonist activity when a movement is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Flament
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Mukhida K, Hong M, Miles G, Phillips T, Baghbaderani B, McLeod M, Kobayashi N, Sen A, Behie L, Brownstone R, Mendez I. A multitarget basal ganglia dopaminergic and GABAergic transplantation strategy enhances behavioural recovery in parkinsonian rats. Brain 2008; 131:2106-26. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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39
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Carta AR, Lucia F, Annalisa P, Silvia P, Nicola S, Nicoletta S, Micaela M. Behavioral and biochemical correlates of the dyskinetic potential of dopaminergic agonists in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat. Synapse 2008; 62:524-33. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Breit S, Martin A, Lessmann L, Cerkez D, Gasser T, Schulz J. Bilateral changes in neuronal activity of the basal ganglia in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1388-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Samadi P, Morissette M, Calon F, Tahar AH, Dridi M, Belanger N, Meltzer LT, Bédard PJ, Di Paolo T. Normalization of GABAA receptor specific binding in the substantia nigra reticulata and the prevention ofL-dopa-induced dyskinesias in MPTP parkinsonian monkeys. Synapse 2007; 62:101-9. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Deng YP, Lei WL, Reiner A. Differential perikaryal localization in rats of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors on striatal projection neuron types identified by retrograde labeling. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 32:101-16. [PMID: 16914290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors to striatal projection neuron types has been controversial, with some data favoring segregation of D1 to direct pathway neurons (substance P-containing) and D2 to indirect pathway neurons (enkephalinergic), and others reporting significant colocalization of D1 and D2 on individual projection neuron types. In the present study, we used subtype-specific antibodies against D1 and D2 and confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine their perikaryal localization in striatum in general, and in direct and indirect pathway neuron perikarya defined by retrograde labeling in particular. We found that D1 in rat was detectable on 49.5% of NeuN-immunolabeled striatal perikarya, and D2 on 61.6% of NeuN-immunolabeled perikarya, implying that at least 15-20% of D1+ neurons must possess D2 and vice versa. Secondly, we retrogradely labeled neuronal perikarya from the external globus pallidus (GPe), internal globus pallidus (GPi) or substantia nigra with rhodamine dextran amine 3 kDa (RDA3k). We found that 92% of perikarya labeled from nigra and 96% of perikarya labeled from GPi immunolabeled for D1, but only 23% of perikarya labeled from GPe immunolabeled for D1. Since direct pathway neurons (striato-nigral and striato-GPi) have a collateral projection to GPe, it is possible that many of the D1+ striatal perikarya retrogradely labeled from GPe were direct pathway neurons. About 96% of perikarya retrogradely labeled from GPe were immunolabeled for D2, while about 40% of those retrogradely labeled from GPi and 44% of those retrogradely labeled from nigra immunolabeled for D2. These findings suggest that: (1) while many striato-GPi/SN neurons possess D1 and D2, the majority mainly or exclusively possess D1 and (2) the vast majority of striato-GPe neurons mainly or exclusively possess D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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43
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Breit S, Lessmann L, Unterbrink D, Popa RC, Gasser T, Schulz JB. Lesion of the pedunculopontine nucleus reverses hyperactivity of the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2275-82. [PMID: 17042796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are reciprocally connected by excitatory projections. In the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model the PPN was found to be hyperactive. Similarly, the STN and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) showed increased activity in Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models. A lesion of the STN was shown to restore increased activity levels in the SNr of 6-OHDA-treated rats. As the STN and the PPN were reciprocally connected by excitatory projections and both structures were shown to be hyperactive in PD animal models, the present study was performed in order to investigate the changes in neuronal activity of the STN and SNr under urethane anesthesia after unilateral ibotenic acid lesioning of the PPN in animals with previous unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The firing rate of STN neurons significantly increased from 10.3 +/- 0.6 spikes/s (mean +/- SEM) to 17.8 +/- 1.8 spikes/s after SNc lesion and returned to normal levels of 10.8 +/- 0.7 spikes/s after additional lesion of the PPN. Similarly, the firing rate of SNr neurons significantly increased from 19.0 +/- 1.1 to 25.9 +/- 1.4 spikes/s after SNc lesion, the hyperactivity being reversed after additional PPN lesion to 16.8 +/- 1.2 spikes/s. The reversal of STN and SNr hyperactivity of 6-OHDA-treated rats by additional PPN lesion suggests an important modulatory influence of the PPN on STN activity. Moreover, these findings could indicate a new therapeutic strategy in PD by interventional modulation of the PPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Breit
- Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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44
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Gomez-Gallego M, Fernandez-Villalba E, Fernandez-Barreiro A, Herrero MT. Changes in the neuronal activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus in chronic MPTP-treated primates: an in situ hybridization study of cytochrome oxidase subunit I, choline acetyl transferase and substance P mRNA expression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:319-26. [PMID: 16988796 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus is a mesencephalic nucleus that has widespread and reciprocal connections with the basal ganglia. It has been implicated in the physiopathology of akinesia, rigidity, gait failure and sleep disorders associated with Parkinson's disease. In this study, in situ hybridization was used to examine the changes in neuronal metabolic activity (measuring cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and in the level of acetylcholine and Substance P synthesis in the pedunculopontine nucleus of monkeys chronically treated with MPTP. Significant reductions were observed in cytochrome oxidase subunit I (p = 0.001), choline acetyl transferase (p = 0.003) and substance P (p = 0.006) mRNA expression in parkinsonian animals compared with controls, indicating that pedunculopontine cholinergic neurons activity decreases with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez-Gallego
- Department of Neurology, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
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45
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Samadi P, Bédard PJ, Rouillard C. Opioids and motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:512-7. [PMID: 16908075 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-dopa is often associated with the appearance of involuntary movements called L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. These debilitating side-effects are thought to result from an aberrant form of plasticity triggered by a combination of factors related to dopamine denervation and repeated L-dopa administration. In animal models of Parkinson's disease, dopamine denervation and repeated L-dopa administration are associated with an enhancement of opioid transmission in the basal ganglia. The exact role of this increased opioid activity is still under debate. It has been proposed that some of the changes in opioid transmission are directly involved in the genesis of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. In this article, we suggest that changes in opioid transmission in the basal ganglia in response to denervation and repeated L-dopa therapy are, instead, part of compensatory mechanisms to prevent motor complications. Initially, these compensatory mechanisms might be sufficient to attenuate the parkinsonian syndrome and delay the appearance of involuntary movements. But with the progression of the disease and repeated exposure to L-dopa, these mechanisms eventually fail. These new insights could contribute to better understanding of the motor complications in Parkinson's disease and lead to the development or improvement of pharmacological strategies to prevent or reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershia Samadi
- Centre de Recherche en Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, and Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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46
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Bezard E, Gerlach I, Moratalla R, Gross CE, Jork R. 5-HT1A receptor agonist-mediated protection from MPTP toxicity in mouse and macaque models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:77-86. [PMID: 16545572 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity-mediated cell death is involved in Parkinson's disease (PD). 5-HT1A receptor agonists can protect from such mechanisms. The current study demonstrates that the 5-HT1A agonists BAY 639044 and repinotan have neuroprotective effects in a subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. In addition, we also show that both compounds delay the appearance of parkinsonian motor abnormalities in a MPTP monkey model that recapitulates the progressive nature of PD. Thus, BAY 639044 or repinotan treatment was initiated when there was 30% neuronal death in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and nerve terminal loss in the striatum was 40%, i.e., compatible with the clinical situation where early symptomatic patients would receive such a treatment. The delay in appearance of parkinsonian motor abnormalities is a consequence of partial neuroprotection of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, both at neuronal and terminal levels as shown for BAY 639044. These results suggest that 5-HT1A agonists, such as BAY 639044, may protect from neurodegeneration and delay the worsening of motor symptoms in Parkinson patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Bezard
- CNRS UMR 5543, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie de la Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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47
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Soghomonian JJ. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in adult rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of dopamine neurons is paralleled by increased c-fos gene expression in the subthalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2395-403. [PMID: 16706847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA), the metabolic precursor of dopamine, is widely used as a pharmacological agent for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, long-term L-DOPA use results in abnormal involuntary movements such as dyskinesias. There is evidence that abnormal cell signaling in the basal ganglia is involved in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a key role in the circuitry of the basal ganglia and in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. However, the contribution of the STN to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias remains unclear. The objective of this work was to study the effects of acute or chronic systemic administration of L-DOPA to adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of dopamine neurons on c-fos expression in the STN and test the hypothesis that these effects correlate with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. c-fos mRNA expression was measured in the STN by in situ hybridization histochemistry at the single cell level. Our results confirm earlier evidence that the chronic administration of L-DOPA to rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion increases c-fos expression in the STN. We also report that c-fos expression can be increased following an acute injection of L-DOPA to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats but not following a chronic injection of L-DOPA to sham-operated, unlesioned rats. Finally, we provide evidence that the occurrence and severity of dyskinesia is correlated with c-fos mRNA levels in the ipsilateral STN. These results suggest that altered cell signaling in the STN is involved in some of the behavioral effects induced by systemic L-DOPA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Soghomonian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Aymerich MS, Barroso-Chinea P, Pérez-Manso M, Muñoz-Patiño AM, Moreno-Igoa M, González-Hernández T, Lanciego JL. Consequences of unilateral nigrostriatal denervation on the thalamostriatal pathway in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2099-108. [PMID: 16630057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The position of the caudal intralaminar nuclei within basal ganglia circuitry has largely been neglected in most studies dealing with basal ganglia function. During the past few years, there has been a growing body of evidence suggesting that the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rodents (PF) exerts a multifaceted modulation of basal ganglia nuclei, at different levels. Our aim was to study the activity of the thalamostriatal pathway in rats with unilateral dopaminergic depletion. The experimental approach comprised first unilateral delivery of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Thirty days post-lesioning, animals showing a clear asymmetry were then subjected to bilateral injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) within the striatum. Subsequently, expression of the mRNA encoding the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) was detected within thalamostriatal-projecting neurons (FG-labeled) by in situ hybridization and the results were confirmed by laser-guided capture microdissection microscopy followed by real-time PCR. The data showed that there was a marked neuronal loss restricted to PF neurons projecting to the dopamine-depleted striatum. Moreover, PF neurons innervating the dopamine-depleted striatum were intensely hyperactive. These neurons showed a marked increase on the expression of vGLUT2 mRNA as well as for the mRNA encoding the subunit I of cytochrome oxidase as compared with those neurons projecting to the striatum with normal dopamine content. Thus, the selective neurodegeneration of PF neurons innervating the striatum together with the increased activity of the thalamostriatal pathway coexist after nigrostriatal denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Aymerich
- Neuromorphology-Tracing Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Medical College, Pio XII Avenue no. 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Winter C, Hosmann K, Harnack D, Meissner W, Paul G, Morgenstern R, Kupsch A. Subthalamic nucleus lesioning inhibits expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun in nigral neurons in the rat's 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2006; 60:69-80. [PMID: 16598703 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons, followed by a striatal DA deficit. Inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) reverses L-DOPA sensitive motor symptoms and improves efficacy of pharmacotherapy in PD-patients. The underlying mechanism of these effects, however, remains largely unknown. Previously, we could show in the rat's 6-hydroxyDA (6-OHDA) model of PD that ablative STN-lesioning exerts functionally neuroprotective effects on the DAergic nigrostriatal pathway against 6-OHDA toxicity, in terms of elevating the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing neurons rather than enhancing the total number of cells surviving 2 and 6 weeks post lesioning, as assessed via fluorogold staining. These data were correlated with increased functional recovery of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats with preceding STN-lesioning. Here, we extend the previous study design to observation periods of up to 12 weeks to assess long-term effects. Furthermore, to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying potential neuroprotective effects, we explore the regulation of cellular markers involved in neurodegenerative cascades via immunocytochemistry. We show that preceding STN-lesioning significantly inhibits 6-OHDA induced expression/phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in surviving nigral neurons in comparison with controls. However, we also demonstrate that functionally neuroprotective effects of preceding STN-lesioning subside after 12 weeks, as assessed with TH immunostaining. We therefore conclude that c-Jun induction/phosphorylation is involved in 6-OHDA toxicity and that STN-lesioning transiently preserves of dopaminergic phenotype of nigral neurons partially via delaying the induction and attenuating the expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Winter
- Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Kuan WL, Barker RA. New therapeutic approaches to Parkinson's disease including neural transplants. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2005; 19:155-81. [PMID: 16093408 DOI: 10.1177/1545968305277219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and typically presents with a disorder of movement. The core pathological event underlying the condition is the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway with the formation of alpha-synuclein positive Lewy bodies. As a result, drugs that target the degenerating dopaminergic network within the brain work well at least in the early stages of the disease. Unfortunately, with time these therapies fail and produce their own unique side-effect profile, and this, coupled with the more diffuse pathological and clinical findings in advancing disease, has led to a search for more effective therapies. In this review, the authors will briefly discuss the emerging new drug therapies in PD before concentrating on a more detailed discussion on the state of cell therapies to cure PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Kuan
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge University, UK
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