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Imperio CM, Chua EF. Lack of effects of online HD-tDCS over the left or right DLPFC in an associative memory and metamemory monitoring task. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300779. [PMID: 38848375 PMCID: PMC11161112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have shown that activity in the prefrontal cortex correlates with two critical aspects of normal memory functioning: retrieval of episodic memories and subjective "feelings-of-knowing" about our memory. Brain stimulation can be used to test the causal role of the prefrontal cortex in these processes, and whether the role differs for the left versus right prefrontal cortex. We compared the effects of online High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to sham during a proverb-name associative memory and feeling-of-knowing task. There were no significant effects of HD-tDCS on either associative recognition or feeling-of-knowing performance, with Bayesian analyses showing moderate support for the null hypotheses. Despite past work showing effects of HD-tDCS on other memory and feeling-of-knowing tasks, and neuroimaging showing effects with similar tasks, these findings add to the literature of non-significant effects with tDCS. This work highlights the need to better understand factors that determine the effectiveness of tDCS, especially if tDCS is to have a successful future as a clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Imperio
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth F Chua
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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2
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Zárate-Rochín AM. Contemporary neurocognitive models of memory: A descriptive comparative analysis. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108846. [PMID: 38430963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The great complexity involved in the study of memory has given rise to numerous hypotheses and models associated with various phenomena at different levels of analysis. This has allowed us to delve deeper in our knowledge about memory but has also made it difficult to synthesize and integrate data from different lines of research. In this context, this work presents a descriptive comparative analysis of contemporary models that address the structure and function of multiple memory systems. The main goal is to outline a panoramic view of the key elements that constitute these models in order to visualize both the current state of research and possible future directions. The elements that stand out from different levels of analysis are distributed neural networks, hierarchical organization, predictive coding, homeostasis, and evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marcela Zárate-Rochín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Castelazo Ayala s/n, Industrial Animas, 91190, Xalapa-Enríquez, Veracruz, Mexico.
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3
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Amaral DG, Augustinack J, Barbas H, Frosch M, Gabrieli J, Luebke J, Rakic P, Rosene D, Rushmore RJ. The analysis of H.M.'s brain: A brief review of status and plans for future studies and tissue archive. Hippocampus 2024; 34:52-57. [PMID: 38189522 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The famous amnesic patient Henry Molaison (H.M.) died on December 2, 2008. After extensive in situ magnetic resonance imaging in Boston, his brain was removed at autopsy and transported to the University of California San Diego. There the brain was prepared for frozen sectioning and cut into 2401, 70 μm coronal slices. While preliminary analyses of the brain sections have been reported, a comprehensive microscopic neuroanatomical analysis of the state of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death has not yet been published. The brain tissue and slides were subsequently moved to the University of California Davis and the slides digitized at high resolution. Initial stages of producing a website for the public viewing of the images were also carried out. Recently, the slides, digital images, and tissue have been transferred to Boston University for permanent archiving. A new steering committee has been established and plans are in place for completion of a freely accessible H.M. website. Research publications on the microscopic anatomy and neuropathology of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death are also planned. We write this commentary to provide the hippocampus and memory neuroscience communities with a brief summary of what has transpired following H.M.'s death and outline plans for future publications and a tissue archive.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The MIND Institute University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean Augustinack
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Neurosciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Rushmore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Anderson MC, Subbulakshmi S. Amnesia in healthy people via hippocampal inhibition: A new forgetting mechanism. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1-13. [PMID: 37691157 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231202728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural damage to the hippocampus gives rise to a severe memory deficit for personal experiences known as organic amnesia. Remarkably, such structural damage may not be the only way of creating amnesia; windows of amnesia can also arise when people deliberately disengage from memory via a process known as retrieval suppression. In this review, we discuss how retrieval suppression induces systemic inhibition of the hippocampus, creating "amnesic shadow" intervals in people's memory for their personal experiences. When new memories are encoded or older memories are reactivated during this amnesic shadow, these memories are disrupted, and such disruption even arises when older memories are subliminally cued. Evidence suggests that the systemic inhibition of the hippocampus during retrieval suppression that gives rise to the amnesic shadow may be mediated by engagement of hippocampal GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Similar amnesic shadow effects are observed during working memory tasks like the n-back, which also induce notable hippocampal downregulation. We discuss our recent proposal that cognitive operations that require the disengagement of memory retrieval, such as retrieval suppression, are capable of mnemonic process inhibition (the inhibition of mnemonic processes such as encoding, consolidation, and retrieval and not simply individual memories). We suggest that people engage mnemonic process inhibition whenever they shift attention from internal processes to demanding perceptual-motor tasks that may otherwise be disrupted by distraction from our inner world. This hitherto unstudied model of inhibition is a missing step in understanding what happens when attentional shifts occur between internally and externally oriented processes to facilitate goal-directed behaviour. This process constitutes an important novel mechanism underlying the forgetting of life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Subbulakshmi
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Neisser J, Abreu G, Drane DL, Pedersen NP, Parsons TD, Cleary AM. Opening a conceptual space for metamemory experience. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 69:100995. [PMID: 38223256 PMCID: PMC10786624 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The experiences associated with remembering, including metamemory feelings about the act of remembering and attempts at remembering, are not often integrated into general accounts of memory. For example, David Rubin (2022) proposes a unified, three-dimensional conceptual space for mapping memory states, a map that does not systematically specify metamemory feelings. Drawing on Rubin's model, we define a distinct role for metamemory in relation to first-order memory content. We propose a fourth dimension for the model and support the proposal with conceptual, neurocognitive, and clinical lines of reasoning. We use the modified model to illustrate several cases, and show how it helps to conceptualize a new category of memory state: autonoetic knowing, exemplified by déjà vu. We also caution not to assume that memory experience is directly correlated with or caused by memory content, an assumption Tulving (1989) labeled the doctrine of concordance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Neisser
- Department of Philosophy, Grinnell College, 1120 Park St, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - George Abreu
- Department of Philosophy, Grinnell College, 1120 Park St, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Daniel L Drane
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Nigel P Pedersen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas D Parsons
- Simulation Science & Immersive Technology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Anne M Cleary
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
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6
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Mesulam MM. Temporopolar regions of the human brain. Brain 2023; 146:20-41. [PMID: 36331542 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following prolonged neglect during the formative decades of behavioural neurology, the temporopolar region has become a site of vibrant research on the neurobiology of cognition and conduct. This turnaround can be attributed to increasing recognition of neurodegenerative diseases that target temporopolar regions for peak destruction. The resultant syndromes include behavioural dementia, associative agnosia, semantic forms of primary progressive aphasia and semantic dementia. Clinicopathological correlations show that object naming and word comprehension are critically dependent on the language-dominant (usually left) temporopolar region, whereas behavioural control and non-verbal object recognition display a more bilateral representation with a rightward bias. Neuroanatomical experiments in macaques and neuroimaging in humans show that the temporoparietal region sits at the confluence of auditory, visual and limbic streams of processing at the downstream (deep) pole of the 'what' pathway. The functional neuroanatomy of this region revolves around three axes, an anterograde horizontal axis from unimodal to heteromodal and paralimbic cortex; a radial axis where visual (ventral), auditory (dorsal) and paralimbic (medial) territories encircle temporopolar cortex and display hemispheric asymmetry; and a vertical depth-of-processing axis for the associative elaboration of words, objects and interoceptive states. One function of this neural matrix is to support the transformation of object and word representations from unimodal percepts to multimodal concepts. The underlying process is likely to start at canonical gateways that successively lead to generic (superordinate), specific (basic) and unique levels of recognition. A first sign of left temporopolar dysfunction takes the form of taxonomic blurring where boundaries among categories are preserved but not boundaries among exemplars of a category. Semantic paraphasias and coordinate errors in word-picture verification tests are consequences of this phenomenon. Eventually, boundaries among categories are also blurred and comprehension impairments become more profound. The medial temporopolar region belongs to the amygdalocentric component of the limbic system and stands to integrate exteroceptive information with interoceptive states underlying social interactions. Review of the pertinent literature shows that word comprehension and conduct impairments caused by temporopolar strokes and temporal lobectomy are far less severe than those seen in temporopolar atrophies. One explanation for this unexpected discrepancy invokes the miswiring of residual temporopolar neurons during the many years of indolently progressive neurodegeneration. According to this hypothesis, the temporopolar regions become not only dysfunctional but also sources of aberrant outputs that interfere with the function of areas elsewhere in the language and paralimbic networks, a juxtaposition not seen in lobectomy or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Billig AJ, Lad M, Sedley W, Griffiths TD. The hearing hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102326. [PMID: 35870677 PMCID: PMC10510040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus has a well-established role in spatial and episodic memory but a broader function has been proposed including aspects of perception and relational processing. Neural bases of sound analysis have been described in the pathway to auditory cortex, but wider networks supporting auditory cognition are still being established. We review what is known about the role of the hippocampus in processing auditory information, and how the hippocampus itself is shaped by sound. In examining imaging, recording, and lesion studies in species from rodents to humans, we uncover a hierarchy of hippocampal responses to sound including during passive exposure, active listening, and the learning of associations between sounds and other stimuli. We describe how the hippocampus' connectivity and computational architecture allow it to track and manipulate auditory information - whether in the form of speech, music, or environmental, emotional, or phantom sounds. Functional and structural correlates of auditory experience are also identified. The extent of auditory-hippocampal interactions is consistent with the view that the hippocampus makes broad contributions to perception and cognition, beyond spatial and episodic memory. More deeply understanding these interactions may unlock applications including entraining hippocampal rhythms to support cognition, and intervening in links between hearing loss and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meher Lad
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William Sedley
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, USA
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8
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Pollmann S, Schneider WX. Working memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:339-357. [PMID: 35964982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) refers to the ability to maintain and actively process information-either derived from perception or long-term memory (LTM)-for intelligent thought and action. This chapter focuses on the contributions of the temporal lobe, particularly medial temporal lobe (MTL) to WM. First, neuropsychological evidence for the involvement of MTL in WM maintenance is reviewed, arguing for a crucial role in the case of retaining complex relational bindings between memorized features. Next, MTL contributions at the level of neural mechanisms are covered-with a focus on WM encoding and maintenance, including interactions with ventral temporal cortex. Among WM use processes, we focus on active sampling of environmental information, a key input source to capacity-limited WM. MTL contributions to the bidirectional relationship between active sampling and memory are highlighted-WM control of active sampling and sampling as a way of selecting input to WM. Memory-based sampling studies relying on scene and object inspection, visual-based exploration behavior (e.g., vicarious behavior), and memory-guided visual search are reviewed. The conclusion is that MTL serves an important function in the selection of information from perception and transfer from LTM to capacity-limited WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pollmann
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner X Schneider
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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9
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The Importance of Studying Human Brain. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Due to its numerous distinctive functions and unique pathology, the human brain, or rather forebrain has been difficult to study in common animal models. Although many basic molecular and cellular events are conserved across species, human brain connectivity, pertinent especially to the cerebral cortex circuitry, is unique and demands extensive research. Despite a great advancement in functional imaging methods accomplished over the last two decades, many basic features of healthy and diseased human forebrain remain elusive. Here we address difficulties in anatomical studies of developing and adult human brain and indicate the new directions and challenges to be addressed in the future. We pay special attention to possibilities of translating animal brain research to human cases. We consider that, although animal experiments play a vital role in understanding fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms behind brain function, understanding of higher brain functions (language, intelligence, memory) has to be based on understanding uniqueness of human circuitries. Furthermore, brain is the site of many human-specific diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease, for which only partial animal models exist. To study human brain, thus, remains irreplaceable in the quest for new therapeutic tools, as well as in understanding the essence of our being.
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10
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Roesler R, Parent MB, LaLumiere RT, McIntyre CK. Amygdala-hippocampal interactions in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 184:107490. [PMID: 34302951 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Memories of emotionally arousing events tend to endure longer than other memories. This review compiles findings from several decades of research investigating the role of the amygdala in modulating memories of emotional experiences. Episodic memory is a kind of declarative memory that depends upon the hippocampus, and studies suggest that the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) modulates episodic memory consolidation through interactions with the hippocampus. Although many studies in rodents and imaging studies in humans indicate that the amygdala modulates memory consolidation and plasticity processes in the hippocampus, the anatomical pathways through which the amygdala affects hippocampal regions that are important for episodic memories were unresolved until recent optogenetic advances made it possible to visualize and manipulate specific BLA efferent pathways during memory consolidation. Findings indicate that the BLA influences hippocampal-dependent memories, as well as synaptic plasticity, histone modifications, gene expression, and translation of synaptic plasticity associated proteins in the hippocampus. More recent findings from optogenetic studies suggest that the BLA modulates spatial memory via projections to the medial entorhinal cortex, and that the frequency of activity in this pathway is a critical element of this modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 (ICBS, Campus Centro/UFRGS), 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Ryan T LaLumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
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11
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Distinct functions of ventral CA1 and dorsal CA2 in social memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 68:29-35. [PMID: 33421771 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For animals that live in social groups, the ability to recognize conspecifics is essential. Recent studies of both human patients and animal models have vigorously sought to discern the precise mechanisms by which hippocampal neurons and neural circuits contribute to the encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval of social memory. In particular, optogenetic manipulation enables us to investigate the presence of memory engrams. RECENT FINDINGS We recently revealed the presence of social memory engrams in hippocampal ventral CA1 neurons, using optogenetic manipulation and calcium (Ca2+) imaging. SUMMARY In the present manuscript, we discuss the current viewpoints on two hippocampal subregions in regards to social memory representation, namely dorsal CA2 for information processing and ventral CA1 for the storage of social memory, specifically from the perspectives of behavioral neuroscience and neurophysiology.
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12
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Elcoro M, Backer A. Murray Sidman and Patient H. M.: The role of behavior analysis in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 115:242-254. [PMID: 33319374 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intersection of the lives of 2 essential individuals in science, behavior analyst Murray Sidman (1923-2019), and Henry G. Molaison also known as Patient H.M. (1926-2008), warrants examination as it highlights the role of behavior analysis and other disciplines in the emergence of modern neuroscience and a collaborative approach to science. This paper describes the historical context and content of two publications by Sidman in which Molaison served as a research participant. The goal of the present paper is to emphasize this little-known facet of Sidman's rich career and to highlight the pioneering role of behavior analysis, and particularly the work of Murray Sidman, in the emergence of collaborative modern neuroscience.
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Gunasekara R, Chida S, Shahid M, Begum G, Jolayemi A. A Case of Post-Traumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Loss of Autobiographical Memory in the Absence of Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion. Cureus 2020; 12:e11898. [PMID: 33415050 PMCID: PMC7781873 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Neuropsychological and neuropathological observations of a long-studied case of memory impairment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29883-29893. [PMID: 33168712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018960117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We report neuropsychological and neuropathological findings for a patient (A.B.), who developed memory impairment after a cardiac arrest at age 39. A.B. was a clinical psychologist who, although unable to return to work, was an active participant in our neuropsychological studies for 24 y. He exhibited a moderately severe and circumscribed impairment in the formation of long-term, declarative memory (anterograde amnesia), together with temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering ∼5 y prior to the cardiac arrest. More remote memory for both facts and autobiographical events was intact. His neuropathology was extensive and involved the medial temporal lobe, the diencephalon, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. In the hippocampal formation, there was substantial cell loss in the CA1 and CA3 fields, the hilus of the dentate gyrus (with sparing of granule cells), and the entorhinal cortex. There was also cell loss in the CA2 field, but some remnants remained. The amygdala demonstrated substantial neuronal loss, particularly in its deep nuclei. In the thalamus, there was damage and atrophy of the anterior nuclear complex, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the pulvinar. There was also loss of cells in the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei in the hypothalamus. We suggest that the neuropathology resulted from two separate factors: the initial cardiac arrest (and respiratory distress) and the recurrent seizures that followed, which led to additional damage characteristic of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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15
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Abstract
Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as minimizing errors, facilitating learning, or regulating one's emotional state. The past decade has witnessed a great expansion in knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying active forgetting in its varying forms. A core discovery concerns the role of the prefrontal cortex in exerting top-down control over mnemonic activity in the hippocampus and other brain structures, often via inhibitory control. New findings reveal that such processes not only induce forgetting of specific memories but also can suppress the operation of mnemonic processes more broadly, triggering windows of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in healthy people. Recent work extends active forgetting to nonhuman animals, presaging the development of a multilevel mechanistic account that spans the cognitive, systems, network, and even cellular levels. This work reveals how organisms adapt their memories to their cognitive and emotional goals and has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge. Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom;
| | - Justin C Hulbert
- Psychology Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
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16
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Basile BM, Templer VL, Gazes RP, Hampton RR. Preserved visual memory and relational cognition performance in monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0484. [PMID: 32832615 PMCID: PMC7439495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The theory that the hippocampus is critical for visual memory and relational cognition has been challenged by discovery of more spared hippocampal tissue than previously reported in H.M., previously unreported extra-hippocampal damage in developmental amnesiacs, and findings that the hippocampus is unnecessary for object-in-context memory in monkeys. These challenges highlight the need for causal tests of hippocampal function in nonhuman primate models. Here, we tested rhesus monkeys on a battery of cognitive tasks including transitive inference, temporal order memory, shape recall, source memory, and image recognition. Contrary to predictions, we observed no robust impairments in memory or relational cognition either within- or between-groups following hippocampal damage. These results caution against over-generalizing from human correlational studies or rodent experimental studies, compel a new generation of nonhuman primate studies, and indicate that we should reassess the relative contributions of the hippocampus proper compared to other regions in visual memory and relational cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Basile
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria L. Templer
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Regina Paxton Gazes
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Mehrjoo Z, Kahrizi K, Mohseni M, Akbari M, Arzhangi S, Jalalvand K, Najmabadi H, Farhadi M, Mohseni M, Asghari A, Mohebbi S, Daneshi A. Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein Mutation in an Iranian Family Diagnosed with Ménière's Disease. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2020; 23:319-325. [PMID: 32383616 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ménière's disease (MD) is a common inner ear disorder which is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), tinnitus, and a sense of fullness in the affected ear. MD is a complex disorder; although six genes have been linked to familial autosomal dominant form of the disease, in many cases, the exact genetic etiology remains elusive. METHODS To elucidate the genetic causes of MD in an Iranian family, we performed exome sequencing on all members of the family: consanguineous parents and four children (two affected and two unaffected). Variant filtering was completed using a customized workflow keeping variants based on segregation with MD in autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance pattern, minor allele frequency (MAF), and in-silico prediction of pathogenicity. RESULTS Analysis revealed that in this family, 970 variants co-segregated with MD in AR pattern, out of which eight variants (one intergenic, four intronic, and three exonic) were extremely rare. The exonic variants included a synonymous substitution in USP3 gene, an in-frame deletion in ZBED2 gene, and a rare, highly conserved deleterious missense alteration in LSAMP gene. CONCLUSION The phenotype observed in the proband described here, i.e. vertigo, poor sense of smell, tinnitus, and borderline hearing ability, may originate from aberrant changes in the cerebellum and limbic system due to a deleterious mutation in the LSAMP gene; hence, LSAMP mutation is a possible candidate for the etiology of MD in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mehrjoo
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohseni
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Akbari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Arzhangi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jalalvand
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohseni
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saleh Mohebbi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daneshi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Bauman K, Devinsky O, Liu AA. Temporal lobe surgery and memory: Lessons, risks, and opportunities. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106596. [PMID: 31711868 PMCID: PMC6885125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Careful study of the clinical outcomes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery has greatly advanced our knowledge of the neuroanatomy of human memory. After early cases resulted in profound amnesia, the critical role of the hippocampus and associated medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures to declarative memory became evident. Surgical approaches quickly changed to become unilateral and later, to be more precise, potentially reducing cognitive morbidity. Neuropsychological studies following unilateral temporal lobe resection (TLR) have challenged early models, which simplified the lateralization of verbal and visual memory function. Diagnostic tests, including intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (WADA), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional neuroimaging (functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), can more accurately lateralize and localize epileptogenic cortex and predict memory outcomes from surgery. Longitudinal studies have shown that memory may even improve in seizure-free patients. From 70 years of experience with epilepsy surgery, we now have a richer understanding of the clinical, neuroimaging, and surgical predictors of memory decline-and improvement-after TLR. "Special Issue: Epilepsy & Behavior's 20th Anniversary".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Bauman
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Anli A Liu
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
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19
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Liuzzi AG, Bruffaerts R, Vandenberghe R. The medial temporal written word processing system. Cortex 2019; 119:287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Aversi-Ferreira TA, Tamaishi-Watanabe BH, Magri MPDF, Aversi-Ferreira RA. Neuropsychology of the temporal lobe: Luria's and contemporary conceptions. Dement Neuropsychol 2019; 13:251-258. [PMID: 31555397 PMCID: PMC6753908 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-030001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain lesion studies currently employ techniques such as computed tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography. Famous neuropsychologist Alexander Romanovich Luria's studies on cognition were conducted without the use of imaging technology for many years, in a large number of patients with brain lesions, and explored complex behavior and specific brain functions involving the lobes and subareas. For instance, he carried out several specific studies on memory and mental organization, reported in his books. The objective of this study is to associate recent studies in neuropsychology with Luria's work specifically on the temporal lobe. According to the data studied, Luria's epistemological foundation remains the basis for neuropsychological studies today, but new data on the temporal lobe in relation to epilepsy and hippocampus analysis have been introduced into the scope of neuropsychology. This study focuses on earlier data from Luria's studies on the neuropsychological functions of the temporal lobe, comparing these with more recent data. However, in order to improve clinical aspects, a detailed study on the neuropsychological tests used for the temporal lobe should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira
- Federal University of AlfenasInstitute of Biomedical SciencesDepartment of AnatomyAlfenasMGBrazilLaboratory of Biomathematics and Physical Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Hideki Tamaishi-Watanabe
- Federal University of AlfenasInstitute of Biomedical SciencesDepartment of AnatomyAlfenasMGBrazilLaboratory of Biomathematics and Physical Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Micheli Patrícia de Fátima Magri
- Federal University of AlfenasInstitute of Biomedical SciencesDepartment of AnatomyAlfenasMGBrazilLaboratory of Biomathematics and Physical Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
- Universidade PaulistaDepartment of HealthNursing SchoolSão José do Rio PardoSPBrazilNursing School, Department of Health, Universidade Paulista, São José do Rio Pardo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roqueline A.G.M.F. Aversi-Ferreira
- Federal University of AlfenasInstitute of Biomedical SciencesDepartment of AnatomyAlfenasMGBrazilLaboratory of Biomathematics and Physical Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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21
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Weston CSE. Four Social Brain Regions, Their Dysfunctions, and Sequelae, Extensively Explain Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptomatology. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E130. [PMID: 31167459 PMCID: PMC6627615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenging neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms in social, language, sensory, motor, cognitive, emotional, repetitive behavior, and self-sufficient living domains. The important research question examined is the elucidation of the pathogenic neurocircuitry that underlies ASD symptomatology in all its richness and heterogeneity. The presented model builds on earlier social brain research, and hypothesizes that four social brain regions largely drive ASD symptomatology: amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), temporoparietal cortex (TPC), and insula. The amygdala's contributions to ASD largely derive from its major involvement in fine-grained intangible knowledge representations and high-level guidance of gaze. In addition, disrupted brain regions can drive disturbance of strongly interconnected brain regions to produce further symptoms. These and related effects are proposed to underlie abnormalities of the visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), caudate nucleus, and hippocampus as well as associated symptoms. The model is supported by neuroimaging, neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, cellular, physiological, and behavioral evidence. Collectively, the model proposes a novel, parsimonious, and empirically testable account of the pathogenic neurocircuitry of ASD, an extensive account of its symptomatology, a novel physiological biomarker with potential for earlier diagnosis, and novel experiments to further elucidate the mechanisms of brain abnormalities and symptomatology in ASD.
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22
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Ovsepian SV. The dark matter of the brain. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:973-983. [PMID: 30659350 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of brain energy expenditure is allocated for maintenance of perpetual intrinsic activity of neurons and neural circuits. Long-term electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in anesthetized and behaving animals show, however, that the great majority of nerve cells in the intact brain do not fire action potentials, i.e., are permanently silent. Herein, I review emerging data suggesting massive redundancy of nerve cells in mammalian nervous system, maintained in inhibited state at high energetic costs. Acquired in the course of evolution, these collections of dormant neurons and circuits evade routine functional undertakings, and hence, keep out of the reach of natural selection. Under penetrating stress and disease, however, they occasionally switch in active state and drive a variety of neuro-psychiatric symptoms and behavioral abnormalities. The increasing evidence for widespread occurrence of silent neurons warrants careful revision of functional models of the brain and entails unforeseen reserves for rehabilitation and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Medicine at Charles University, 116 36, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. .,International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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23
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Sommelier Students Display Superior Abilities to Identify but Not to Detect or Discriminate Odors Early in their Training. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Froudist-Walsh S, Browning PG, Young JJ, Murphy KL, Mars RB, Fleysher L, Croxson PL. Macro-connectomics and microstructure predict dynamic plasticity patterns in the non-human primate brain. eLife 2018; 7:34354. [PMID: 30462609 PMCID: PMC6249000 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain displays a remarkable ability to adapt following injury by altering its connections through neural plasticity. Many of the biological mechanisms that underlie plasticity are known, but there is little knowledge as to when, or where in the brain plasticity will occur following injury. This knowledge could guide plasticity-promoting interventions and create a more accurate roadmap of the recovery process following injury. We causally investigated the time-course of plasticity after hippocampal lesions using multi-modal MRI in monkeys. We show that post-injury plasticity is highly dynamic, but also largely predictable on the basis of the functional connectivity of the lesioned region, gradients of cell densities across the cortex and the pre-lesion network structure of the brain. The ability to predict which brain areas will plastically adapt their functional connectivity following injury may allow us to decipher why some brain lesions lead to permanent loss of cognitive function, while others do not. The brain has the ability to adapt after injury, a process known as plasticity. When one area sustains damage, for example following a car accident or stroke, other areas change their activity and structure to compensate. Understanding how this happens is critical to helping people recover from brain injuries. Certain factors may affect how well the brain can repair itself. These include how much the damaged area interacts with other areas, and which cell types different areas of the brain contain. Froudist-Walsh et al. set out to determine how these factors influence recovery from brain injury in monkeys, whose brains are similar to our own. The monkeys had damage to a structure called the hippocampus. This part of the brain has a key role in memory, which is often impaired in patients with brain injuries. The hippocampus cannot repair itself because the brain has only a limited capacity to grow new neurons. Instead, the brain attempts to compensate for disruption to the hippocampus via changes in other, undamaged areas. Using brain imaging, Froudist-Walsh et al. show that the types of changes that occur depend on how much time has passed since the injury. In the first three months, many areas of the brain change how much they coordinate their activity with other areas. Highly connected areas reduce their communication with other areas the most. In the long-term, the responses of brain areas depend more on which cell types they contain. Areas with more support cells known as “glia” – which supply nutrients and energy to neurons – are better able to adapt their connectivity up to a year after the injury. These findings may ultimately benefit people who have suffered brain injuries after accidents or stroke. They suggest that stimulating intact brain areas may be helpful in the months immediately after an injury. By contrast, long-term therapy may need to focus more on structural repair. Future studies must build on these results to discover the best ways to induce successful recovery from brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Froudist-Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Philip Gf Browning
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - James J Young
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Kathy L Murphy
- Comparative Biology Centre, Medical School, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lazar Fleysher
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Paula L Croxson
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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25
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Evidence for a subcircuit in medial entorhinal cortex representing elapsed time during immobility. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1574-1582. [PMID: 30349104 PMCID: PMC6352992 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is known to contain spatial encoding neurons that likely contribute to encoding spatial aspects of episodic memories. However, little is known about the role MEC plays in encoding temporal aspects of episodic memories, particularly during immobility. Here, using a virtual “Door-Stop” task for mice, we show MEC contains a representation of elapsed time during immobility, with individual time encoding neurons activated at a specific moment during the immobile interval. This representation consisted of a sequential activation of time encoding neurons and displayed variations in progression speed that correlated with variations in mouse timing behavior. Time and spatial encoding neurons were preferentially active during immobile and locomotion periods, respectively, were anatomically clustered with respect to each other and preferentially encoded the same variable across tasks or environments. These results suggest the existence of largely non-overlapping sub-circuits in MEC encoding time during immobility or space during locomotion.
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26
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Barbas H, Wang J, Joyce MKP, García-Cabezas MÁ. Pathway mechanism for excitatory and inhibitory control in working memory. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2659-2678. [PMID: 30256740 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00936.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans engage in many daily activities that rely on working memory, the ability to hold and sequence information temporarily to accomplish a task. We focus on the process of working memory, based on circuit mechanisms for attending to relevant signals and suppressing irrelevant stimuli. We discuss that connections critically depend on the systematic variation in laminar structure across all cortical systems. Laminar structure is used to group areas into types regardless of their placement in the cortex, ranging from low-type agranular areas that lack layer IV to high-type areas that have six well-delineated layers. Connections vary in laminar distribution and strength based on the difference in type between linked areas, according to the "structural model" (Barbas H, Rempel-Clower N. Cereb Cortex 7: 635-646, 1997). The many possible pathways thus vary systematically by laminar distribution and strength, and they interface with excitatory neurons to select relevant stimuli and with functionally distinct inhibitory neurons that suppress activity at the site of termination. Using prefrontal pathways, we discuss how systematic architectonic variation gives rise to diverse pathways that can be recruited, along with amygdalar and hippocampal pathways that provide sensory, affective, and contextual information. The prefrontal cortex is also connected with thalamic nuclei that receive the output of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, which may facilitate fast sequencing of information. The complement of connections and their interface with distinct inhibitory neurons allows dynamic recruitment of areas and shifts in cortical rhythms to meet rapidly changing demands of sequential components of working memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Kate P Joyce
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Solari N, Hangya B. Cholinergic modulation of spatial learning, memory and navigation. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2199-2230. [PMID: 30055067 PMCID: PMC6174978 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial learning, including encoding and retrieval of spatial memories as well as holding spatial information in working memory generally serving navigation under a broad range of circumstances, relies on a network of structures. While central to this network are medial temporal lobe structures with a widely appreciated crucial function of the hippocampus, neocortical areas such as the posterior parietal cortex and the retrosplenial cortex also play essential roles. Since the hippocampus receives its main subcortical input from the medial septum of the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system, it is not surprising that the potential role of the septo-hippocampal pathway in spatial navigation has been investigated in many studies. Much less is known of the involvement in spatial cognition of the parallel projection system linking the posterior BF with neocortical areas. Here we review the current state of the art of the division of labour within this complex 'navigation system', with special focus on how subcortical cholinergic inputs may regulate various aspects of spatial learning, memory and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Solari
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems NeuroscienceDepartment of Cellular and Network NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems NeuroscienceDepartment of Cellular and Network NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
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28
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Takeda M. Brain mechanisms of visual long-term memory retrieval in primates. Neurosci Res 2018; 142:7-15. [PMID: 29964078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing events or objects and retrieving them from memory are essential for daily life. Historically, memory processing was studied in neuropsychology, in which patients provided us with insights into the brain mechanisms underlying memory. Psychological hypotheses about memory processing have been further investigated using neuroscience techniques, such as functional imaging and electrophysiology. In this article, I briefly summarize recent findings on multi-scale neural circuitry for memory at the scale of single neurons and cortical layers as well as inter-area and whole-brain interactions. The key idea which connects multi-scale neural circuits is how neuronal assemblies utilize the frequency of communication between neurons, cortical layers, and brain areas. Using findings and ideas from other cognitive function studies, I discuss the plausible communication between neurons involved in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takeda
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Research Center for Brain Communication, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502, Japan.
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29
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McCormick C, Ciaramelli E, De Luca F, Maguire EA. Comparing and Contrasting the Cognitive Effects of Hippocampal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Damage: A Review of Human Lesion Studies. Neuroscience 2018; 374:295-318. [PMID: 28827088 PMCID: PMC6053620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are closely connected brain regions whose functions are still debated. In order to offer a fresh perspective on understanding the contributions of these two brain regions to cognition, in this review we considered cognitive tasks that usually elicit deficits in hippocampal-damaged patients (e.g., autobiographical memory retrieval), and examined the performance of vmPFC-lesioned patients on these tasks. We then took cognitive tasks where performance is typically compromised following vmPFC damage (e.g., decision making), and looked at how these are affected by hippocampal lesions. Three salient motifs emerged. First, there are surprising gaps in our knowledge about how hippocampal and vmPFC patients perform on tasks typically associated with the other group. Second, while hippocampal or vmPFC damage seems to adversely affect performance on so-called hippocampal tasks, the performance of hippocampal and vmPFC patients clearly diverges on classic vmPFC tasks. Third, although performance appears analogous on hippocampal tasks, on closer inspection, there are significant disparities between hippocampal and vmPFC patients. Based on these findings, we suggest a tentative hierarchical model to explain the functions of the hippocampus and vmPFC. We propose that the vmPFC initiates the construction of mental scenes by coordinating the curation of relevant elements from neocortical areas, which are then funneled into the hippocampus to build a scene. The vmPFC then engages in iterative re-initiation via feedback loops with neocortex and hippocampus to facilitate the flow and integration of the multiple scenes that comprise the coherent unfolding of an extended mental event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Flavia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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30
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29302902 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity ? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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31
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 37:13-42. [PMID: 29589322 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Graham KS, Gaffan D. The Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Memory and Perception: Evidence from Rats, Nonhuman Primates and Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:193-201. [PMID: 16194964 DOI: 10.1080/02724990544000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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Blume M, Inoguchi F, Sugiyama T, Owada Y, Osumi N, Aimi Y, Taki K, Katsuyama Y. Dab1 contributes differently to the morphogenesis of the hippocampal subdivisions. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:657-673. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Blume
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience; European Graduate School of Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht 6229 ER The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Fuduki Inoguchi
- Department of Anatomy; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu 520-2192 Japan
| | - Taku Sugiyama
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yoshinari Aimi
- Department of Anatomy; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu 520-2192 Japan
| | - Kosuke Taki
- Department of Anatomy; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
- Department of Anatomy; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu 520-2192 Japan
- Department of Organ Anatomy; Graduate School of Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
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Dundon NM, Katshu MZUH, Harry B, Roberts D, Leek EC, Downing P, Sapir A, Roberts C, d’Avossa G. Human Parahippocampal Cortex Supports Spatial Binding in Visual Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3589-3599. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Michael Dundon
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bronson Harry
- Bankstown Campus, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Roberts
- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Charles Leek
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Downing
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Ayelet Sapir
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Craig Roberts
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, North Wales Brain Injury Service, Colwyn Bay, Conwy, UK
| | - Giovanni d’Avossa
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, North Wales Brain Injury Service, Colwyn Bay, Conwy, UK
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Chavoix C, Insausti R. Self-awareness and the medial temporal lobe in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 78:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Grieves RM, Jeffery KJ. The representation of space in the brain. Behav Processes 2017; 135:113-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Postle BR, Kensinger E. The Unforgettable career of Suzanne Corkin. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1233-7. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Postle
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
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Ali R, Connolly ID, Feroze AH, Awad AJ, Choudhri OA, Grant GA. Epilepsy: A Disruptive Force in History. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:685-690. [PMID: 26709155 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The continuing explosion of scientific interest in the hippocampus began in the 1950s, initiated in large part by the recognition of the importance of the observations of hippocampectomized monkeys made by Klüver and Bucy and the remarkable memory loss of patient H. M. following temporal lobe surgery. Subsequent to these studies, research and theories about the hippocampus grew exponentially in number and diversity. As yet, no theory of hippocampal function explains all of the phenomena discovered in the clinic or laboratory. In this article, experimental results that have been forgotten or ignored in most theories are presented. Adequate theories of hippocampal function must account for known, reliable postsurgical behavioral observations and consider the conditions under which anomalies are noted. Comprehensive theories will require new approaches in which the interactions of the hippocampus with the central nervous system are understood.
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Sweatt JD. Neural plasticity and behavior - sixty years of conceptual advances. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:179-199. [PMID: 26875778 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This brief review summarizes 60 years of conceptual advances that have demonstrated a role for active changes in neuronal connectivity as a controller of behavior and behavioral change. Seminal studies in the first phase of the six-decade span of this review firmly established the cellular basis of behavior - a concept that we take for granted now, but which was an open question at the time. Hebbian plasticity, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, was then discovered as being important for local circuit refinement in the context of memory formation and behavioral change and stabilization in the mammalian central nervous system. Direct demonstration of plasticity of neuronal circuit function in vivo, for example, hippocampal neurons forming place cell firing patterns, extended this concept. However, additional neurophysiologic and computational studies demonstrated that circuit development and stabilization additionally relies on non-Hebbian, homoeostatic, forms of plasticity, such as synaptic scaling and control of membrane intrinsic properties. Activity-dependent neurodevelopment was found to be associated with cell-wide adjustments in post-synaptic receptor density, and found to occur in conjunction with synaptic pruning. Pioneering cellular neurophysiologic studies demonstrated the critical roles of transmembrane signal transduction, NMDA receptor regulation, regulation of neural membrane biophysical properties, and back-propagating action potential in critical time-dependent coincidence detection in behavior-modifying circuits. Concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, regulation of gene transcription was found to serve as a bridge between experience and behavioral change, closing the 'nature versus nurture' divide. Both active DNA (de)methylation and regulation of chromatin structure have been validated as crucial regulators of gene transcription during learning. The discovery of protein synthesis dependence on the acquisition of behavioral change was an influential discovery in the neurochemistry of behavioral modification. Higher order cognitive functions such as decision making and spatial and language learning were also discovered to hinge on neural plasticity mechanisms. The role of disruption of these processes in intellectual disabilities, memory disorders, and drug addiction has recently been clarified based on modern genetic techniques, including in the human. The area of neural plasticity and behavior has seen tremendous advances over the last six decades, with many of those advances being specifically in the neurochemistry domain. This review provides an overview of the progress in the area of neuroplasticity and behavior over the life-span of the Journal of Neurochemistry. To organize the broad literature base, the review collates progress into fifteen broad categories identified as 'conceptual advances', as viewed by the author. The fifteen areas are delineated in the figure above. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Sweatt
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute and Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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41
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Esfahani-Bayerl N, Finke C, Braun M, Düzel E, Heekeren HR, Holtkamp M, Hasper D, Storm C, Ploner CJ. Visuo-spatial memory deficits following medial temporal lobe damage: A comparison of three patient groups. Neuropsychologia 2016; 81:168-179. [PMID: 26765639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of the hippocampal formation and adjacent regions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) to memory are still a matter of debate. It is currently unclear, to what extent discrepancies between previous human lesion studies may have been caused by the choice of distinct patient models of MTL dysfunction, as disorders affecting this region differ in selectivity, laterality and mechanisms of post-lesional compensation. Here, we investigated the performance of three distinct patient groups with lesions to the MTL with a battery of visuo-spatial short-term memory tasks. Thirty-one subjects with either unilateral damage to the MTL (postsurgical lesions following resection of a benign brain tumor, 6 right-sided lesions, 5 left) or bilateral damage (10 post-encephalitic lesions, 10 post-anoxic lesions) performed a series of tasks requiring short-term memory of colors, locations or color-location associations. We have shown previously that performance in the association task critically depends on hippocampal integrity. Patients with postsurgical damage of the MTL showed deficient performance in the association task, but performed normally in color and location tasks. Patients with left-sided lesions were almost as impaired as patients with right-sided lesions. Patients with bilateral post-encephalitic lesions showed comparable damage to MTL sub-regions and performed similarly to patients with postsurgical lesions in the association task. However, post-encephalitic patients showed additional impairments in the non-associative color and location tasks. A strikingly similar pattern of deficits was observed in post-anoxic patients. These results suggest a distinct cerebral organization of associative and non-associative short-term memory that was differentially affected in the three patient groups. Thus, while all patient groups may provide appropriate models of medial temporal lobe dysfunction in associative visuo-spatial short-term memory, additional deficits in non-associative memory tasks likely reflect damage of regions outside the MTL. Importantly, the choice of a patient model in human lesion studies of the MTL significantly influences overall performance patterns in visuo-spatial memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mischa Braun
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hauke R Heekeren
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Holtkamp
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Hasper
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Storm
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J Ploner
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Augustinack JC, van der Kouwe AJW. Postmortem imaging and neuropathologic correlations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 136:1321-39. [PMID: 27430472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53486-6.00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem imaging refers to scanning autopsy specimens using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical imaging. This chapter summarizes postmortem imaging and its usefulness in brain mapping. Standard in vivo MRI has limited resolution due to time constraints and does not deliver cortical boundaries (e.g., Brodmann areas). Postmortem imaging offers a means to obtain ultra-high-resolution images with appropriate contrast for delineating cortical regions. Postmortem imaging provides the ability to validate MRI properties against histologic stained sections. This approach has enabled probabilistic mapping that is based on ex vivo MRI contrast, validated to histology, and subsequently mapped on to an in vivo model. This chapter emphasizes structural imaging, which can be validated with histologic assessment. Postmortem imaging has been applied to neuropathologic studies as well. This chapter includes many ex vivo studies, but focuses on studies of the medial temporal lobe, often involved in neurologic disease. New research using optical imaging is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Yavari F, Shahbabaie A, Leite J, Carvalho S, Ekhtiari H, Fregni F. Noninvasive brain stimulation for addiction medicine: From monitoring to modulation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:371-99. [PMID: 26822367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease with significant economical and medical burden on the societies but with limited effectiveness in the available treatment options. Better understanding of the chemical, neuronal, regional, and network alterations of the brain due to drug abuse can ultimately lead to tailoring individualized and more effective interventions. To this end, employing new assessment and intervention procedures seems crucial. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques including transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulations (tES and TMS) have provided promising opportunities for the addiction medicine in two main domains: (1) providing new insights into neurochemical and neural circuit changes in the human brain cortex and (2) understanding the role of different brain regions by using NIBS and modulating cognitive functions, such as drug craving, risky decision making, inhibitory control and executive functions to obtain specific treatment outcomes. In spite of preliminary positive results, there are several open questions, which need to be addressed before routine clinical utilization of NIBS techniques in addiction to medicine, such as how to account for interindividual differences, define optimal cognitive and neural targets, optimize stimulation protocols, and integrate NIBS with other therapeutic methods. Therefore, in this chapter we revise the available literature on the use of NIBS (TMS and tES) in the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of the addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yavari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahbabaie
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorge Leite
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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44
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Postmortem examination of patient H.M.'s brain based on histological sectioning and digital 3D reconstruction. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3122. [PMID: 24473151 PMCID: PMC3916843 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern scientific knowledge of how memory functions are organized in the human brain originated from the case of Henry G. Molaison (H.M.), an epileptic patient whose amnesia ensued unexpectedly following a bilateral surgical ablation of medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus. The neuroanatomical extent of the 1953 operation could not be assessed definitively during H.M.'s life. Here we describe the results of a procedure designed to reconstruct a microscopic anatomical model of the whole brain and conduct detailed 3D measurements in the medial temporal lobe region. This approach, combined with cellular-level imaging of stained histological slices, demonstrates a significant amount of residual hippocampal tissue with distinctive cytoarchitecture. Our study also reveals diffuse pathology in the deep white matter and a small, circumscribed lesion in the left orbitofrontal cortex. The findings constitute new evidence that may help elucidate the consequences of H.M.'s operation in the context of the brain's overall pathology.
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Gunbey HP, Gunbey E, Aslan K, Bulut T, Unal A, Incesu L. Limbic-Auditory Interactions of Tinnitus: An Evaluation Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Clin Neuroradiol 2015; 27:221-230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00062-015-0473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Patten AR, Yau SY, Fontaine CJ, Meconi A, Wortman RC, Christie BR. The Benefits of Exercise on Structural and Functional Plasticity in the Rodent Hippocampus of Different Disease Models. Brain Plast 2015; 1:97-127. [PMID: 29765836 PMCID: PMC5928528 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the benefits of physical exercise on structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus are discussed. The evidence is clear that voluntary exercise in rats and mice can lead to increases in hippocampal neurogenesis and enhanced synaptic plasticity which ultimately result in improved performance in hippocampal-dependent tasks. Furthermore, in models of neurological disorders, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease exercise can also elicit beneficial effects on hippocampal function. Ultimately this review highlights the multiple benefits of exercise on hippocampal function in both the healthy and the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Patten
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suk Yu Yau
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine J. Fontaine
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan C. Wortman
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Brain Research Centre and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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47
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Morel GR, Andersen T, Pardo J, Zuccolilli GO, Cambiaggi VL, Hereñú CB, Goya RG. Cognitive impairment and morphological changes in the dorsal hippocampus of very old female rats. Neuroscience 2015; 303:189-99. [PMID: 26141841 PMCID: PMC4532610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure necessary for the formation of spatial memory, is particularly affected by both normal and pathologic aging. In previous studies, we observed a significant age-related increase in dopaminergic neuron loss in the hypothalamus and the substantia nigra of female rats, which becomes more conspicuous at extreme ages. Here, we extend our studies by assessing spatial memory in 4-6 month-old (young), 26-month-old (old) and 29-32-month-old (senile) Sprague-Dawley female rats as well as the age-related histopathological changes in their dorsal hippocampus. Age changes in spatial memory performance were assessed with a modified version of the Barnes maze test. We employed two probe trials (PTs), one and five days after training, respectively, in order to evaluate learning ability as well as short-term and longer-term spatial memory retention. A set of relevant hippocampal cell markers was also quantitated in the animals by means of an unbiased stereological approach. The results revealed that old rats perform better than senile rats in acquisition trials and young rats perform better than both aging groups. However, during short-term PT both aging groups showed a preserved spatial memory while in longer-term PT, spatial memory showed deterioration in both aged groups. Morphological analysis showed a marked decrease (94-97%) in doublecortin neuron number in the dentate gyrus in both aged groups and a reduction in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cell number in the stratum radiatum of aging rats. Astroglial process length and branching complexity decreased in aged rats. We conclude that while target-seeking activity and learning ability decrease in aged females, spatial memory only declines in the longer-term tests. The reduction in neuroblast number and astroglial arborescence complexity in the dorsal hippocampus are likely to play a role in the cognitive deficits of aging rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Morel
- INIBIOLP-Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - T Andersen
- INIBIOLP-Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - J Pardo
- INIBIOLP-Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - G O Zuccolilli
- Institute of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - V L Cambiaggi
- Institute of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - C B Hereñú
- INIBIOLP-Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina
| | - R G Goya
- INIBIOLP-Histology B-Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata city, Argentina.
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48
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Thiebaut de Schotten M, Dell'Acqua F, Ratiu P, Leslie A, Howells H, Cabanis E, Iba-Zizen MT, Plaisant O, Simmons A, Dronkers NF, Corkin S, Catani M. From Phineas Gage and Monsieur Leborgne to H.M.: Revisiting Disconnection Syndromes. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4812-27. [PMID: 26271113 PMCID: PMC4635921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 50th anniversary of Norman Geschwind's seminal paper entitled ‘Disconnexion syndrome in animal and man’, we pay tribute to his ideas by applying contemporary tractography methods to understand white matter disconnection in 3 classic cases that made history in behavioral neurology. We first documented the locus and extent of the brain lesion from the computerized tomography of Phineas Gage's skull and the magnetic resonance images of Louis Victor Leborgne's brain, Broca's first patient, and Henry Gustave Molaison. We then applied the reconstructed lesions to an atlas of white matter connections obtained from diffusion tractography of 129 healthy adults. Our results showed that in all 3 patients, disruption extended to connections projecting to areas distant from the lesion. We confirmed that the damaged tracts link areas that in contemporary neuroscience are considered functionally engaged for tasks related to emotion and decision-making (Gage), language production (Leborgne), and declarative memory (Molaison). Our findings suggest that even historic cases should be reappraised within a disconnection framework whose principles were plainly established by the associationist schools in the last 2 centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thiebaut de Schotten
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Brain Connectivity and Behaviour, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France Inserm U 1127; UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Ratiu
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and
| | - A Leslie
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Howells
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Cabanis
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - M T Iba-Zizen
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - O Plaisant
- University of Paris-Descartes, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, URDIA, EA4465, Paris, France
| | - A Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N F Dronkers
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
| | - S Corkin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Catani
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Bachevalier J. The development of hippocampal-dependent memory functions: Theoretical comments on Jabès and Nelson review (2015). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 39:310-314. [PMID: 26366027 PMCID: PMC4562770 DOI: 10.1177/0165025415573644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the development of memory processes and their neural substrates have flourished over the last two decades. The review by Jabès and Nelson (2015) adds an important piece to our understanding of the maturation of different elements and circuits within the hippocampal system and their association with the progressive development of hippocampal-dependent memory processes in humans. In this accompanying commentary, we explore some additional connections between the nonhuman primate work and the human data, and take the opportunity to highlight some common and additional interpretations of the results. This commentary makes three points: (1) the recognition processes present in the first few days of life may be linked to the early maturation of the medial temporal cortical areas instead of, or in addition to, the early maturation of the subiculum; (2) recent findings on the differential protracted maturation of spatial relational memory processes in monkeys further support the notion proposed by Jabès and Nelson that this protracted development may reflect progressive maturation of the CA1 field of the hippocampus followed by further maturation of CA3/dentate gyrus; (3) finally, further considerations of the differential maturation of the longitudinal hippocampal axis and of the diencephalon are proposed as additional contributors to the refinement of episodic memory functions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Bachevalier
- Emory University - Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood rd, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
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50
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Hasselmo ME. If I had a million neurons: Potential tests of cortico-hippocampal theories. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 219:1-19. [PMID: 26072231 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable excitement surrounds new initiatives to develop techniques for simultaneous recording of large populations of neurons in cortical structures. This chapter focuses on the potential value of large-scale simultaneous recording for advancing research on current issues in the function of cortical circuits, including the interaction of the hippocampus with cortical and subcortical structures. The review describes specific research questions that could be answered using large-scale population recording, including questions about the circuit dynamics underlying coding of dimensions of space and time for episodic memory, the role of GABAergic and cholinergic innervation from the medial septum, the functional role of spatial representations coded by grid cells, boundary cells, head direction cells, and place cells, and the fact that many models require cells coding movement direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hasselmo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Memory and Brain, Center for Systems Neuroscience, Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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