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Wang L, Zhang J, Li W, Zhang X, Yokoyama T, Sakamoto M, Wang Y. The A-kinase anchoring protein Yotiao decrease the ER calcium content by inhibiting the store operated calcium entry. Cell Calcium 2024; 121:102906. [PMID: 38781694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The meticulous regulation of ER calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is indispensable for the proper functioning of numerous cellular processes. Disrupted ER Ca2+ balance is implicated in diverse diseases, underscoring the need for a systematic exploration of its regulatory factors in cells. Our recent genomic-scale screen identified a scaffolding protein A-kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9) as a regulator of ER Ca2+ levels, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we reveal that Yotiao, the smallest splicing variant of AKAP9 decreased ER Ca2+ content in animal cells. Additional testing using a combination of Yotiao truncations, knock-out cells and pharmacological tools revealed that, Yotiao does not require most of its interactors, including type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R1), protein kinase A (PKA), protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), adenylyl cyclase type 2 (AC2) and so on, to reduce ER Ca2+ levels. However, adenylyl cyclase type 9 (AC9), which is known to increases its cAMP generation upon interaction with Yotiao for the modulation of potassium channels, plays an essential role for Yotiao's ER-Ca2+-lowering effect. Mechanistically, Yotiao may work through AC9 to act on Orai1-C terminus and suppress store operated Ca2+ entry, resulting in reduced ER Ca2+ levels. These findings not only enhance our comprehension of the interplay between Yotiao and AC9 but also contribute to a more intricate understanding of the finely tuned mechanisms governing ER Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tatsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Optical Neural and Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakamoto
- Department of Optical Neural and Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Logue MW, Dasgupta S, Farrer LA. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease in the African American Population. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5189. [PMID: 37629231 PMCID: PMC10455208 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Black/African American (AA) individuals have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than White non-Hispanic persons of European ancestry (EUR) for reasons that may include economic disparities, cardiovascular health, quality of education, and biases in the methods used to diagnose AD. AD is also heritable, and some of the differences in risk may be due to genetics. Many AD-associated variants have been identified by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genome-sequencing studies. However, most of these studies have been performed using EUR cohorts. In this paper, we review the genetics of AD and AD-related traits in AA individuals. Importantly, studies of genetic risk factors in AA cohorts can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AD risk in AA and other populations. In fact, such studies are essential to enable reliable precision medicine approaches in persons with considerable African ancestry. Furthermore, genetic studies of AA cohorts allow exploration of the ways the impact of genes can vary by ancestry, culture, and economic and environmental disparities. They have yielded important gains in our knowledge of AD genetics, and increasing AA individual representation within genetic studies should remain a priority for inclusive genetic study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shoumita Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Medical Sciences and Education, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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3
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Verdile V, Riccioni V, Guerra M, Ferrante G, Sette C, Valle C, Ferri A, Paronetto MP. An impaired splicing program underlies differentiation defects in hSOD1 G93A neural progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:236. [PMID: 37524863 PMCID: PMC11072603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs), resulting in progressive paralysis and death. Genetic animal models of ALS have highlighted dysregulation of synaptic structure and function as a pathogenic feature of ALS-onset and progression. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS), which allows expansion of the coding power of genomes by generating multiple transcript isoforms from each gene, is widely associated with synapse formation and functional specification. Deciphering the link between aberrant splicing regulation and pathogenic features of ALS could pave the ground for novel therapeutic opportunities. Herein, we found that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from the hSOD1G93A mouse model of ALS displayed increased proliferation and propensity to differentiate into neurons. In parallel, hSOD1G93A NPCs showed impaired splicing patterns in synaptic genes, which could contribute to the observed phenotype. Remarkably, master splicing regulators of the switch from stemness to neural differentiation are de-regulated in hSOD1G93A NPCs, thus impacting the differentiation program. Our data indicate that hSOD1G93A mutation impacts on neurogenesis by increasing the NPC pool in the developing mouse cortex and affecting their intrinsic properties, through the establishment of a specific splicing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Verdile
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Riccioni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Guerra
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ferrante
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Paronetto
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and of Neurochemistry, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Intrinsic disorder in protein kinase A anchoring proteins signaling complexes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021. [PMID: 34656331 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is regulated by a diverse class of anchoring proteins known as AKAPs that target PKA to subsets of its activators and substrates. Recently, it was reported that PKA can remain bound to its regulatory subunit after activation in contrast to classical model of activation-by-dissociation. This implies that PKA remains bound to the AKAPs and its substrates, and thus suggest many phosphorylation reactions occur while PKA is physically connected to its substrate. Intra-complex reactions are sensitive to the architecture of the signaling complex, but generally concentration independent. We show that most AKAPs have long intrinsically disordered regions, and suggest that they represent an adaptation for intra-complex phosphorylation. Based on polymer models of the disordered proteins, we predict that the effective concentrations of tethered substrates range from the low millimolar range to tens of micromolar. Based on recent models for intra-complex enzyme reactions, we suggest that the structure of the AKAP signaling complex is likely to be source of allosteric regulation of PKA signaling.
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5
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Asirvatham AL, Schworer CM, Stahl R, Heitzman D, Carey DJ. Role of A-kinase anchoring proteins in cyclic-AMP-mediated Schwann cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109977. [PMID: 33716104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of Schwann cells during peripheral nerve development is stimulated by the heregulin/neuregulin family of growth factors expressed by neurons. However, for neonatal rat Schwann cells growing in culture, heregulins produce only a weak mitogenic response. Supplementing heregulin with forskolin, an agent that elevates cyclic AMP levels, produces a dramatic increase in the proliferation of cultured Schwann cells. The mechanisms underlying this synergistic effect required for Schwann cell proliferation in vivo is not well established. Characterizing the A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) in Schwann cells might help identify substrates tethered to and phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Using an RII overlay assay that detects AKAPs that are bound to the type II regulatory subunits of PKA, we identified AKAP150 in Schwann cells. Western blot analysis revealed that additional AKAPs, specifically AKAP95, and yotiao were also present. Disruption of PKA/AKAP interaction with Ht-31 peptide resulted in an increase in luciferase-conjugated cyclin D3 promoter activity. Transfection with sequence-specific AKAP siRNAs for AKAP150 and AKAP95 produced a marked reduction in cell proliferation. Immunoblot analysis revealed that knock down of AKAP95 protein caused a significant decrease in expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D2, cyclin D3 and the cell survival signal Akt/Protein Kinase B (Akt/PKB). Morphological characterization of Schwann cell AKAPs indicated the presence of nuclear (AKAP95), cytoplasm-associated (AKAP150) and perinuclear (yotiao) A-kinase anchoring proteins. These results indicate a role for AKAP95 and AKAP150 in the synergistic response of Schwann cells to treatment with heregulin and forskolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Asirvatham
- Department of Biology, Misericordia University, 301 Lake Street Dallas, PA 18612, United States of America.
| | - Charles M Schworer
- Geisinger Medical Center Weis Center for Research, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, United States of America
| | - Rick Stahl
- Geisinger Medical Center Weis Center for Research, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, United States of America
| | - Deborah Heitzman
- Department of Biology, Bloomsburg University, 400 E. Second Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, United States of America
| | - David J Carey
- Geisinger Medical Center Weis Center for Research, 100 N Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, United States of America
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6
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Abstract
The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal coding. This realization has changed our understanding of cAMP signaling from a model in which cAMP connects a receptor at the plasma membrane to an intracellular effector in a linear pathway to a model in which cAMP signals propagate within a complex network of alternative branches and the specific functional outcome strictly depends on local regulation of cAMP levels and on selective activation of a limited number of branches within the network. In this review, we cover some of the early studies and summarize more recent evidence supporting the model of compartmentalized cAMP signaling, and we discuss how this knowledge is starting to provide original mechanistic insight into cell physiology and a novel framework for the identification of disease mechanisms that potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zerio
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Vemula SK, Malci A, Junge L, Lehmann AC, Rama R, Hradsky J, Matute RA, Weber A, Prigge M, Naumann M, Kreutz MR, Seidenbecher CI, Gundelfinger ED, Herrera-Molina R. The Interaction of TRAF6 With Neuroplastin Promotes Spinogenesis During Early Neuronal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:579513. [PMID: 33363141 PMCID: PMC7755605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.579513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct brain wiring depends on reliable synapse formation. Nevertheless, signaling codes promoting synaptogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we report a spinogenic mechanism that operates during neuronal development and is based on the interaction of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) with the synaptic cell adhesion molecule neuroplastin. The interaction between these proteins was predicted in silico and verified by co-immunoprecipitation in extracts from rat brain and co-transfected HEK cells. Binding assays show physical interaction between neuroplastin’s C-terminus and the TRAF-C domain of TRAF6 with a Kd value of 88 μM. As the two proteins co-localize in primordial dendritic protrusions, we used young cultures of rat and mouse as well as neuroplastin-deficient mouse neurons and showed with mutagenesis, knock-down, and pharmacological blockade that TRAF6 is required by neuroplastin to promote early spinogenesis during in vitro days 6-9, but not later. Time-framed TRAF6 blockade during days 6–9 reduced mEPSC amplitude, number of postsynaptic sites, synapse density and neuronal activity as neurons mature. Our data unravel a new molecular liaison that may emerge during a specific window of the neuronal development to determine excitatory synapse density in the rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Kumar Vemula
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ayse Malci
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Junge
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Lehmann
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ramya Rama
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hradsky
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Matute
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - André Weber
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Prigge
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Laboratory of Synaptic Signaling, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Liu C, Ke P, Zhang J, Zhang X, Chen X. Protein Kinase Inhibitor Peptide as a Tool to Specifically Inhibit Protein Kinase A. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574030. [PMID: 33324237 PMCID: PMC7723848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase enzyme family plays a pivotal role in almost every aspect of cellular function, including cellular metabolism, division, proliferation, transcription, movement, and survival. Protein kinase A (PKA), whose activation is triggered by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), is widely distributed in various systems and tissues throughout the body and highly related to pathogenesis and progression of various kinds of diseases. The inhibition of PKA activation is essential for the study of PKA functions. Protein kinase inhibitor peptide (PKI) is a potent, heat-stable, and specific PKA inhibitor. It has been demonstrated that PKI can block PKA-mediated phosphorylase activation. Since then, researchers have a lot of knowledge about PKI. PKI is considered to be the most effective and specific method to inhibit PKA and is widely used in related research. In this review, we will first introduce the knowledge on the activation of PKA and mechanisms related on the inhibitory effects of PKI on PKA. Then, we will compare PKI-mediated PKA inhibition vs. several popular methods of PKA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiongwen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chiu AM, Wang J, Fiske MP, Hubalkova P, Barse L, Gray JA, Sanz-Clemente A. NMDAR-Activated PP1 Dephosphorylates GluN2B to Modulate NMDAR Synaptic Content. Cell Rep 2020; 28:332-341.e5. [PMID: 31291571 PMCID: PMC6639021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mature neurons, postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are segregated into two populations, synaptic and extrasynaptic, which differ in localization, function, and associated intracellular cascades. These two pools are connected via lateral diffusion, and receptor exchange between them modulates synaptic NMDAR content. Here, we identify the phosphorylation of the PDZ-ligand of the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs (at S1480) as a critical determinant in dynamically controlling NMDAR synaptic content. We find that phosphorylation of GluN2B at S1480 maintains NMDARs at extrasynaptic membranes as part of a protein complex containing protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Global activation of NMDARs leads to the activation of PP1, which mediates dephosphorylation of GluN2B at S1480 to promote an increase in synaptic NMDAR content. Thus, PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of the GluN2B PDZ-ligand modulates the synaptic expression of NMDARs in mature neurons in an activity-dependent manner, a process with profound consequences for synaptic and structural plasticity, metaplasticity, and synaptic neurotransmission. The dynamic regulation of synaptically expressed NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is essential for synaptic function. Here, Chiu et al. describe a mechanism controlling this process in mature neurons by showing that increases in NMDAR synaptic content are driven by PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of extrasynaptic NMDARs within their GluN2B PDZ-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jiejie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael P Fiske
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pavla Hubalkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Levi Barse
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John A Gray
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Antonio Sanz-Clemente
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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10
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Nanometric targeting of type 9 adenylyl cyclase in heart. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1749-1756. [PMID: 31769471 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) convert ATP into the classical second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Cardiac ACs, specifically AC5, AC6, and AC9, regulate cAMP signaling controlling functional outcomes such as heart rate, contractility and relaxation, gene regulation, stress responses, and glucose and lipid metabolism. With so many distinct functional outcomes for a single second messenger, the cell creates local domains of cAMP signaling to correctly relay signals. Targeting of ACs to A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) not only localizes ACs, but also places them within signaling nanodomains, where cAMP levels and effects can be highly regulated. Here we will discuss the recent work on the structure, regulation and physiological functions of AC9 in the heart, where it accounts for <3% of total AC activity. Despite the small contribution of AC9 to total cardiac cAMP production, AC9 binds and regulates local PKA phosphorylation of Yotiao-IKs and Hsp20, demonstrating a role for nanometric targeting of AC9.
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11
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Srejovic I, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V, Djuric D. Possible Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular System. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors belong to ionotropic glutamate receptor family, together with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, kainite receptors and δ-receptors. All of these receptors are tetramers composed of four subunits. NMDA receptors have several unique features in relation to other ionotropic glutamate receptors: requirement for simultaneous action of two coagonists, glutamate and glycine; dual control of receptor activation, ligand-dependent (by glutamate and glycine) and voltage-dependent (Mg2+ block) control; and influx of considerable amounts of Ca2+ following receptor activation. Increasing number of researches deals with physiological and pathophysiological roles of NMDA receptors outside of nerve tissues, especially in the cardiovascular system. NMDA receptors are found in all cell types represented in cardiovascular system, and their overstimulation in pathological conditions, such as hyperhomocysteinemia, is related to a range of cardiovascular disorders. On the other hand we demonstrated that blockade of NMDA receptors depresses heart function. There is a need for the intensive study of NMDA receptor in cardiovascular system as potential theraputical target both in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Dragan Djuric
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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12
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Motodate R, Saito H, Sobu Y, Hata S, Saito Y, Nakaya T, Suzuki T. X11 and X11-like proteins regulate the level of extrasynaptic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem 2018; 148:480-498. [PMID: 30411795 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
X11/Mint 1 and X11-like (X11L)/Mint 2 are neuronal adaptor protein to regulate trafficking and/or localization of various membrane proteins. By analyzing the localization of neuronal membrane proteins in X11-, X11L-, and X11/X11L doubly deficient mice with membrane fractionation procedures, we found that deficient of X11 and X11L decreased the level of glutamate receptors in non-PSD fraction. This finding suggests that X11 and X11L regulate the glutamate receptor micro-localization to the extrasynaptic region. In vitro coimmunoprecipitation studies of NMDA receptors lacking various cytoplasmic regions with X11 and X11L proteins harboring domain deletion suggest that extrasynaptic localization of NMDA receptor may be as a result of the multiple interactions of the receptor subunits with X11 and X11L regulated by protein phosphorylation, while that of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunits is not dependent on the binding with X11 and X11L proteins. Because the loss of X11 and X11L tends to impair the exocytosis, but not endocytosis, of glutamate receptors, NMDA receptors are likely to be supplied to the extrasynaptic plasma membrane with a way distinct from the mechanism regulating the localization of NMDA receptors into synaptic membrane region. Reduced localization of NMDA receptor into the extrasynaptic region increased slightly the phosphorylation level of cAMP responsible element binding protein in brain of X11/X11L doubly deficient mice compare to wild-type mice, suggesting a possible role of X11 and X11L in the regulation of signal transduction pathway through extrasynaptic glutamate receptors. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Motodate
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Vardarajan BN, Barral S, Jaworski J, Beecham GW, Blue E, Tosto G, Reyes‐Dumeyer D, Medrano M, Lantigua R, Naj A, Thornton T, DeStefano A, Martin E, Wang L, Brown L, Bush W, van Duijn C, Goate A, Farrer L, Haines JL, Boerwinkle E, Schellenberg G, Wijsman E, Pericak‐Vance MA, Mayeux R, Wang LS. Whole genome sequencing of Caribbean Hispanic families with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:406-417. [PMID: 29688227 PMCID: PMC5899906 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify rare causal variants underlying known loci that segregate with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in multiplex families. METHODS We analyzed whole genome sequences (WGS) from 351 members of 67 Caribbean Hispanic (CH) families from Dominican Republic and New York multiply affected by LOAD. Members of 67 CH and additional 47 Caucasian families underwent WGS as a part of the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). All members of 67 CH families, an additional 48 CH families and an independent CH case-control cohort were subsequently genotyped for validation. Patients met criteria for LOAD, and controls were determined to be dementia free. We investigated rare variants segregating within families and gene-based associations with disease within LOAD GWAS loci. RESULTS A variant in AKAP9, p.R434W, segregated significantly with LOAD in two large families (OR = 5.77, 95% CI: 1.07-30.9, P = 0.041). In addition, missense mutations in MYRF and ASRGL1 under previously reported linkage peaks at 7q14.3 and 11q12.3 segregated completely in one family and in follow-up genotyping both were nominally significant (P < 0.05). We also identified rare variants in a number of genes associated with LOAD in prior genome wide association studies, including CR1 (P = 0.049), BIN1 (P = 0.0098) and SLC24A4 (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Rare variants in multiple genes influence the risk of LOAD disease in multiplex families. These results suggest that rare variants may underlie loci identified in genome wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri N. Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York,Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Sandra Barral
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York,The Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - James Jaworski
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsThe John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiamiFlorida
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsThe John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiamiFlorida
| | - Elizabeth Blue
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Dolly Reyes‐Dumeyer
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Martin Medrano
- School of MedicineMother and Teacher Pontifical Catholic UniversitySantiagoDominican Republic
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,Department of MedicineColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York
| | - Adam Naj
- School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Timothy Thornton
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Eden Martin
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsThe John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiamiFlorida
| | - Li‐San Wang
- School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Lisa Brown
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - William Bush
- Department of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
| | | | | | - Ellen Wijsman
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington,Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human GeneticsThe John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiamiFlorida
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainNew York,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York,Department of Systems BiologyColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York,Department of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityThe New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew York,The Department of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Li-San Wang
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Department of Systems Biology Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Department of Neurology Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miami Florida.,Division of Medical Genetics Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington.,School of Medicine Mother and Teacher Pontifical Catholic University Santiago Dominican Republic.,Department of Medicine Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle Washington.,Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio.,Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Netherlands.,Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York New York.,University of Texas Houston Texas.,Department of Psychiatry Columbia University The New York Presbyterian Hospital New York New York.,The Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Columbia University New York New York
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14
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Function of Adenylyl Cyclase in Heart: the AKAP Connection. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5010002. [PMID: 29367580 PMCID: PMC5872350 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), synthesized by adenylyl cyclase (AC), is a universal second messenger that regulates various aspects of cardiac physiology from contraction rate to the initiation of cardioprotective stress response pathways. Local pools of cAMP are maintained by macromolecular complexes formed by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). AKAPs facilitate control by bringing together regulators of the cAMP pathway including G-protein-coupled receptors, ACs, and downstream effectors of cAMP to finely tune signaling. This review will summarize the distinct roles of AC isoforms in cardiac function and how interactions with AKAPs facilitate AC function, highlighting newly appreciated roles for lesser abundant AC isoforms.
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15
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The human GCOM1 complex gene interacts with the NMDA receptor and internexin-alpha. Gene 2018; 648:42-53. [PMID: 29339073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The known functions of the human GCOM1 complex hub gene include transcription elongation and the intercalated disk of cardiac myocytes. However, in all likelihood, the gene's most interesting, and thus far least understood, roles will be found in the central nervous system. To investigate the functions of the GCOM1 gene in the CNS, we have cloned human and rat brain cDNAs encoding novel, 105 kDa GCOM1 combined (Gcom) proteins, designated Gcom15, and identified a new group of GCOM1 interacting genes, termed Gints, from yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screens. We showed that Gcom15 interacts with the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor by co-expression in heterologous cells, in which we observed bi-directional co-immunoprecipitation of human Gcom15 and murine NR1. Our Y2H screens revealed 27 novel GCOM1 interacting genes, many of which are synaptic proteins and/or play roles in neurologic diseases. Finally, we showed, using rat brain protein preparations, that the Gint internexin-alpha (INA), a known interactor of the NMDAR, co-IPs with GCOM1 proteins, suggesting a GCOM1-GRIN1-INA interaction and a novel pathway that may be relevant to neuroprotection.
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16
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Wild AR, Dell'Acqua ML. Potential for therapeutic targeting of AKAP signaling complexes in nervous system disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 185:99-121. [PMID: 29262295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A common feature of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders is a breakdown in the integrity of intracellular signal transduction pathways. Dysregulation of ion channels and receptors in the cell membrane and the enzymatic mediators that link them to intracellular effectors can lead to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. However, therapeutic targeting of these ubiquitous signaling elements can lead to off-target side effects due to their widespread expression in multiple systems of the body. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are multivalent scaffolding proteins that compartmentalize a diverse range of receptor and effector proteins to streamline signaling within nanodomain signalosomes. A number of essential neurological processes are known to critically depend on AKAP-directed signaling and an understanding of the role AKAPs play in nervous system disorders has emerged in recent years. Selective targeting of AKAP protein-protein interactions may be a means to uncouple pathologically active signaling pathways in neurological disorders with a greater degree of specificity. In this review we will discuss the role of AKAPs in both regulating normal nervous system function and dysfunction associated with disease, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of AKAP signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Wild
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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17
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Babenko VN, Bragin AO, Chadaeva IV, Markel AL, Orlov YL. Differential alternative splicing in brain regions of rats selected for aggressive behavior. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331705003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Kjaergaard M, Kragelund BB. Functions of intrinsic disorder in transmembrane proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3205-3224. [PMID: 28601983 PMCID: PMC11107515 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder is common in integral membrane proteins, particularly in the intracellular domains. Despite this observation, these domains are not always recognized as being disordered. In this review, we will discuss the biological functions of intrinsically disordered regions of membrane proteins, and address why the flexibility afforded by disorder is mechanistically important. Intrinsically disordered regions are present in many common classes of membrane proteins including ion channels and transporters; G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors. The functions of the disordered regions are many and varied. We will discuss selected examples including: (1) Organization of receptors, kinases, phosphatases and second messenger sources into signaling complexes. (2) Modulation of the membrane-embedded domain function by ball-and-chain like mechanisms. (3) Trafficking of membrane proteins. (4) Transient membrane associations. (5) Post-translational modifications most notably phosphorylation and (6) disorder-linked isoform dependent function. We finish the review by discussing the future challenges facing the membrane protein community regarding protein disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kjaergaard
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Rahman MR, Tajmim A, Ali M, Sharif M. Overview and Current Status of Alzheimer's Disease in Bangladesh. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:27-42. [PMID: 30480227 PMCID: PMC6159651 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with economic, social, and medical burdens which is acknowledged as leading cause of dementia marked by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptide and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein and concomitant dementia, neuron loss and brain atrophy. AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain disorder with sporadic etiology, except for a small fraction of cases with familial inheritance where familial forms of AD are correlated to mutations in three functionally related genes: the amyloid-β protein precursor and presenilins 1 and 2, two key γ-secretase components. The common clinical features of AD are memory impairment that interrupts daily life, difficulty in accomplishing usual tasks, confusion with time or place, trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships. Age is the most significant risk factor for AD, whereas other risk factors correlated with AD are hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Despite decades of research, there is no satisfying therapy which will terminate the advancement of AD by acting on the origin of the disease process, whereas currently available therapeutics only provide symptomatic relief but fail to attain a definite cure and prevention. This review also represents the current status of AD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Tajmim
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mostakim Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
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20
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Halls ML, Cooper DMF. Adenylyl cyclase signalling complexes - Pharmacological challenges and opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:171-180. [PMID: 28132906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signalling pathways involving the vital second messanger, cAMP, impact on most significant physiological processes. Unsurprisingly therefore, the activation and regulation of cAMP signalling is tightly controlled within the cell by processes including phosphorylation, the scaffolding of protein signalling complexes and sub-cellular compartmentalisation. This inherent complexity, along with the highly conserved structure of the catalytic sites among the nine membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases, presents significant challenges for efficient inhibition of cAMP signalling. Here, we will describe the biochemistry and cell biology of the family of membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases, their organisation within the cell, and the nature of the cAMP signals that they produce, as a prelude to considering how cAMP signalling might be perturbed. We describe the limitations associated with direct inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity, and evaluate alternative strategies for more specific targeting of adenylyl cyclase signalling. The inherent complexity in the activation and organisation of adenylyl cyclase activity may actually provide unique opportunities for selectively targeting discrete adenylyl cyclase functions in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dermot M F Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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21
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Walker RM, Christoforou AN, McCartney DL, Morris SW, Kennedy NA, Morten P, Anderson SM, Torrance HS, Macdonald A, Sussmann JE, Whalley HC, Blackwood DHR, McIntosh AM, Porteous DJ, Evans KL. DNA methylation in a Scottish family multiply affected by bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:5. [PMID: 26798408 PMCID: PMC4721115 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, familial psychiatric condition. Progress in understanding the aetiology of BD has been hampered by substantial phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. We sought to mitigate these confounders by studying a multi-generational family multiply affected by BD and major depressive disorder (MDD), who carry an illness-linked haplotype on chromosome 4p. Within a family, aetiological heterogeneity is likely to be reduced, thus conferring greater power to detect illness-related changes. As accumulating evidence suggests that altered DNA methylation confers risk for BD and MDD, we compared genome-wide methylation between (i) affected carriers of the linked haplotype (ALH) and married-in controls (MIs), (ii) well unaffected haplotype carriers (ULH) and MI, (iii) ALH and ULH and (iv) all haplotype carriers (LH) and MI. RESULTS Nominally significant differences in DNA methylation were observed in all comparisons, with differences withstanding correction for multiple testing when the ALH or LH group was compared to the MIs. In both comparisons, we observed increased methylation at a locus in FANCI, which was accompanied by increased FANCI expression in the ALH group. FANCI is part of the Fanconi anaemia complementation (FANC) gene family, which are mutated in Fanconi anaemia and participate in DNA repair. Interestingly, several FANC genes have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Regional analyses of methylation differences identified loci implicated in psychiatric illness by genome-wide association studies, including CACNB2 and the major histocompatibility complex. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment for methylation differences in neurologically relevant genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight altered DNA methylation as a potential mechanism by which the linked haplotype might confer risk for mood disorders. Differences in the phenotypic outcome of haplotype carriers might, in part, arise from additional changes in DNA methylation that converge on neurologically important pathways. Further work is required to investigate the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences of the observed differences in methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie May Walker
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Andrea Nikie Christoforou
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Daniel L. McCartney
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Stewart W. Morris
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Nicholas A. Kennedy
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Peter Morten
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Susan Maguire Anderson
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Helen Scott Torrance
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Alix Macdonald
- />Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Heather Clare Whalley
- />Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas H. R. Blackwood
- />Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Mark McIntosh
- />Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- />Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - David John Porteous
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- />Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Kathryn Louise Evans
- />Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- />Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
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AKAP9, a Regulator of Microtubule Dynamics, Contributes to Blood-Testis Barrier Function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:270-84. [PMID: 26687990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB), formed between adjacent Sertoli cells, undergoes extensive remodeling to facilitate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes across the barrier from the basal to apical compartments of the seminiferous tubules for further development and maturation into spermatozoa. The actin cytoskeleton serves unique structural and supporting roles in this process, but little is known about the role of microtubules and their regulators during BTB restructuring. The large isoform of the cAMP-responsive scaffold protein AKAP9 regulates microtubule dynamics and nucleation at the Golgi. We found that conditional deletion of Akap9 in mice after the initial formation of the BTB at puberty leads to infertility. Akap9 deletion results in marked alterations in the organization of microtubules in Sertoli cells and a loss of barrier integrity despite a relatively intact, albeit more apically localized F-actin and BTB tight junctional proteins. These changes are accompanied by a loss of haploid spermatids due to impeded meiosis. The barrier, however, progressively reseals in older Akap9 null mice, which correlates with a reduction in germ cell apoptosis and a greater incidence of meiosis. However, spermiogenesis remains defective, suggesting additional roles for AKAP9 in this process. Together, our data suggest that AKAP9 and, by inference, the regulation of the microtubule network are critical for BTB function and subsequent germ cell development during spermatogenesis.
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Gerbaud P, Taskén K, Pidoux G. Spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP signaling controls the human trophoblast fusion. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 26441659 PMCID: PMC4569887 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During human placentation, mononuclear cytotrophoblasts fuse to form multinucleated syncytia ensuring hormonal production and nutrient exchanges between the maternal and fetal circulation. Syncytial formation is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy and for fetal growth. The cAMP signaling pathway is the major route to trigger trophoblast fusion and its activation results in phosphorylation of specific intracellular target proteins, in transcription of fusogenic genes and assembly of macromolecular protein complexes constituting the fusogenic machinery at the plasma membrane. Specificity in cAMP signaling is ensured by generation of localized pools of cAMP controlled by cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and by discrete spatial and temporal activation of protein kinase A (PKA) in supramolecular signaling clusters inside the cell organized by A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and by organization of signal termination by protein phosphatases (PPs). Here we present original observations on the available components of the cAMP signaling pathway in the human placenta including PKA, PDE, and PP isoforms as well as AKAPs. We continue to discuss the current knowledge of the spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP signaling triggering trophoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gerbaud
- INSERM, UMR-S-1139, Group Cell Fusion, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway ; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
| | - Guillaume Pidoux
- INSERM, UMR-S-1139, Group Cell Fusion, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes Paris, France ; INSERM, U1180 Châtenay-Malabry, France ; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Del-Aguila JL, Koboldt DC, Black K, Chasse R, Norton J, Wilson RK, Cruchaga C. Alzheimer's disease: rare variants with large effect sizes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 33:49-55. [PMID: 26311074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technology and novel genotyping arrays (focused on low-frequency and coding variants) have made it possible to identify novel coding variants with large effect sizes and also novel genes (TREM2, PLD3, UNC5C, and AKAP9) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. The major advantages of these studies over the classic genome-wide association studies (GWAS) include the identification of the functional variant and the gene-driven association. In addition to the large effect size, these studies make it possible to model these variants and genes using cell and animal systems. On the other hand, the underlying population-variability of these very low allele frequency variants poses a great challenge to replicating results. Studies that include very large datasets (>10,000 cases and controls) and combine sequencing and genotyping approaches will lead to the identification of novel genes for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel Chasse
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders. Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Nygren PJ, Scott JD. Therapeutic strategies for anchored kinases and phosphatases: exploiting short linear motifs and intrinsic disorder. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26283967 PMCID: PMC4516873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation events that occur in response to the second messenger cAMP are controlled spatially and temporally by protein kinase A (PKA) interacting with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Recent advances in understanding the structural basis for this interaction have reinforced the hypothesis that AKAPs create spatially constrained signaling microdomains. This has led to the realization that the PKA/AKAP interface is a potential drug target for modulating a plethora of cell-signaling events. Pharmacological disruption of kinase–AKAP interactions has previously been explored for disease treatment and remains an interesting area of research. However, disrupting or enhancing the association of phosphatases with AKAPs is a therapeutic concept of equal promise, particularly since they oppose the actions of many anchored kinases. Accordingly, numerous AKAPs bind phosphatases such as protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), calcineurin (PP2B), and PP2A. These multimodal signaling hubs are equally able to control the addition of phosphate groups onto target substrates, as well as the removal of these phosphate groups. In this review, we describe recent advances in structural analysis of kinase and phosphatase interactions with AKAPs, and suggest future possibilities for targeting these interactions for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Nygren
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - John D Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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A Kinase Anchoring Protein 9 Is a Novel Myosin VI Binding Partner That Links Myosin VI with the PKA Pathway in Myogenic Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:816019. [PMID: 25961040 PMCID: PMC4415471 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosin VI (MVI) is a unique motor protein moving towards the minus end of actin filaments unlike other known myosins. Its important role has recently been postulated for striated muscle and myogenic cells. Since MVI functions through interactions of C-terminal globular tail (GT) domain with tissue specific partners, we performed a search for MVI partners in myoblasts and myotubes using affinity chromatography with GST-tagged MVI-GT domain as a bait. A kinase anchoring protein 9 (AKAP9), a regulator of PKA activity, was identified by means of mass spectrometry as a possible MVI interacting partner both in undifferentiated and differentiating myoblasts and in myotubes. Coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay confirmed that both proteins could interact. MVI and AKAP9 colocalized at Rab5 containing early endosomes. Similarly to MVI, the amount of AKAP9 decreased during myoblast differentiation. However, in MVI-depleted cells, both cAMP and PKA levels were increased and a change in the MVI motor-dependent AKAP9 distribution was observed. Moreover, we found that PKA phosphorylated MVI-GT domain, thus implying functional relevance of MVI-AKAP9 interaction. We postulate that this novel interaction linking MVI with the PKA pathway could be important for targeting AKAP9-PKA complex within cells and/or providing PKA to phosphorylate MVI tail domain.
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27
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Kantamneni S. Cross-talk and regulation between glutamate and GABAB receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:135. [PMID: 25914625 PMCID: PMC4392697 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain function depends on co-ordinated transmission of signals from both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters acting upon target neurons. NMDA, AMPA and mGluR receptors are the major subclasses of glutamate receptors that are involved in excitatory transmission at synapses, mechanisms of activity dependent synaptic plasticity, brain development and many neurological diseases. In addition to canonical role of regulating presynaptic release and activating postsynaptic potassium channels, GABAB receptors also regulate glutamate receptors. There is increasing evidence that metabotropic GABAB receptors are now known to play an important role in modulating the excitability of circuits throughout the brain by directly influencing different types of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. Specifically, GABAB receptors affect the expression, activity and signaling of glutamate receptors under physiological and pathological conditions. Conversely, NMDA receptor activity differentially regulates GABAB receptor subunit expression, signaling and function. In this review I will describe how GABAB receptor activity influence glutamate receptor function and vice versa. Such a modulation has widespread implications for the control of neurotransmission, calcium-dependent neuronal function, pain pathways and in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriharsha Kantamneni
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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28
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Logue MW, Schu M, Vardarajan BN, Farrell J, Bennett DA, Buxbaum JD, Byrd GS, Ertekin-Taner N, Evans D, Foroud T, Goate A, Graff-Radford NR, Kamboh MI, Kukull WA, Manly JJ, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Lunetta KL, Baldwin CT, Fallin MD, Farrer LA. Two rare AKAP9 variants are associated with Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:609-618.e11. [PMID: 25172201 PMCID: PMC4253055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Less is known about the genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in African Americans (AAs) than in non-Hispanic whites. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on seven AA AD cases. Disease association with potentially AD-related variants from WES was assessed in an AA discovery cohort of 422 cases and 394 controls. Replication was sought in an AA sample of 1037 cases and 1869 controls from the Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC). RESULTS Forty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from WES passed filtering criteria and were successfully genotyped. Nominally significant (P < .05) association to AD was observed with two African-descent specific AKAP9 SNPs in tight linkage disequilibrium: rs144662445 (P = .014) and rs149979685 (P = .037). These associations were replicated in the ADGC sample (rs144662445: P = .0022, odds ratio [OR] = 2.75; rs149979685: P = .0022, OR = 3.61). CONCLUSIONS Because AKAP9 was not previously linked to AD risk, this study indicates a potential new disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Schu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Department of Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush
University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics & Genomic
Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Goldie S. Byrd
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A & T State
University, Greensboro, NC
| | | | - Denis Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Department of Internal
Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana
University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center Program on Protein
Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
MI
| | | | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics and Alzheimer’s Disease
Research Center, University of, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center and Department
of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia
University, New York, NY
| | | | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute, Columbia
University, New York, NY
| | | | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School
of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Clinton T. Baldwin
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University
Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Schools of Medicine
and Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, and Boston University Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
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29
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He Y, Kulasiri D, Samarasinghe S. Systems biology of synaptic plasticity: a review on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated biochemical pathways and related mathematical models. Biosystems 2014; 122:7-18. [PMID: 24929130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity, an emergent property of synaptic networks, has shown strong correlation to one of the essential functions of the brain, memory formation. Through understanding synaptic plasticity, we hope to discover the modulators and mechanisms that trigger memory formation. In this paper, we first review the well understood modulators and mechanisms underlying N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dependent synaptic plasticity, a major form of synaptic plasticity in hippocampus, and then comment on the key mathematical modelling approaches available in the literature to understand synaptic plasticity as the integration of the established functionalities of synaptic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D Kulasiri
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - S Samarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Rubio MD, Drummond JB, Meador-Woodruff JH. Glutamate receptor abnormalities in schizophrenia: implications for innovative treatments. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:1-18. [PMID: 24116269 PMCID: PMC3792192 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness that afflicts 1% of the population worldwide, resulting in substantial impact to patients, their families, and health care delivery systems. For many years, schizophrenia has been felt to be associated with dysregulated dopaminergic neurotransmission as a key feature of the pathophysiology of the illness. Although numerous studies point to dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia, dopamine dysfunction cannot completely account for all of the symptoms seen in schizophrenia, and dopamine-based treatments are often inadequate and can be associated with serious side effects. More recently, converging lines of evidence have suggested that there are abnormalities of glutamate transmission in schizophrenia. Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves numerous molecules that facilitate glutamate release, receptor activation, glutamate reuptake, and other synaptic activities. Evidence for glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia primarily has implicated the NMDA and AMPA subtypes of the glutamate receptor. The expression of these receptors and other molecules associated with glutamate neurotransmission has been systematically studied in the brain in schizophrenia. These studies have generally revealed region- and molecule-specific changes in glutamate receptor transcript and protein expression in this illness. Given that glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, recent drug development efforts have targeted the glutamate system. Much effort to date has focused on modulation of the NMDA receptor, although more recently other glutamate receptors and transporters have been the targets of drug development. These efforts have been promising thus far, and ongoing efforts to develop additional drugs that modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission are underway that may hold the potential for novel classes of more effective treatments for this serious psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Rubio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
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31
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Structural insight into concealed long QT type 1. Heart Rhythm 2014; 11:469-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Membrane channels as integrators of G-protein-mediated signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:521-31. [PMID: 24028827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of extracellular stimuli regulate cellular responses via membrane receptors. A well-known group of seven-transmembrane domain-containing proteins referred to as G protein-coupled receptors, directly couple with the intracellular GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) across cell membranes and trigger various cellular responses by regulating the activity of several enzymes as well as ion channels. Many specific populations of ion channels are directly controlled by G proteins; however, indirect modulation of some channels by G protein-dependent phosphorylation events and lipid metabolism is also observed. G protein-mediated diverse modifications affect the ion channel activities and spatio-temporally regulate membrane potentials as well as of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in both excitatory and non-excitatory cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Costas J, Suárez-Rama JJ, Carrera N, Paz E, Páramo M, Agra S, Brenlla J, Ramos-Ríos R, Arrojo M. Role of DISC1 interacting proteins in schizophrenia risk from genome-wide analysis of missense SNPs. Ann Hum Genet 2013; 77:504-12. [PMID: 23909765 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A balanced translocation affecting DISC1 cosegregates with several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, in a Scottish family. DISC1 is a hub protein of a network of protein-protein interactions involved in multiple developmental pathways within the brain. Gene set-based analysis has been proposed as an alternative to individual analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to get information from genome-wide association studies. In this work, we tested for an overrepresentation of the DISC1 interacting proteins within the top results of our ranked list of genes based on our previous genome-wide association study of missense SNPs in schizophrenia. Our data set consisted of 5100 common missense SNPs genotyped in 476 schizophrenic patients and 447 control subjects from Galicia, NW Spain. We used a modification of the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis adapted for SNPs, as implemented in the GenGen software. The analysis detected an overrepresentation of the DISC1 interacting proteins (permuted P-value=0.0158), indicative of the role of this gene set in schizophrenia risk. We identified seven leading-edge genes, MACF1, UTRN, DST, DISC1, KIF3A, SYNE1, and AKAP9, responsible for the overrepresentation. These genes are involved in neuronal cytoskeleton organization and intracellular transport through the microtubule cytoskeleton, suggesting that these processes may be impaired in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Costas
- Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abstract
Mammalian male fertility relies on complex inter- and intracellular signaling during spermatogenesis. Here we describe three alleles of the widely expressed A-kinase anchoring protein 9 (Akap9) gene, all of which cause gametogenic failure and infertility in the absence of marked somatic phenotypes. Akap9 disruption does not affect spindle nucleation or progression of prophase I of meiosis but does inhibit maturation of Sertoli cells, which continue to express the immaturity markers anti-Mullerian hormone and thyroid hormone receptor alpha in adults and fail to express the maturation marker p27(Kip1). Furthermore, gap and tight junctions essential for blood-testis barrier (BTB) organization are disrupted. Connexin43 (Cx43) and zona occludens-1 are improperly localized in Akap9 mutant testes, and Cx43 fails to compartmentalize germ cells near the BTB. These results identify and support a novel reproductive tissue-specific role for Akap9 in the coordinated regulation of Sertoli cells in the testis.
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Terrin A, Monterisi S, Stangherlin A, Zoccarato A, Koschinski A, Surdo NC, Mongillo M, Sawa A, Jordanides NE, Mountford JC, Zaccolo M. PKA and PDE4D3 anchoring to AKAP9 provides distinct regulation of cAMP signals at the centrosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:607-21. [PMID: 22908311 PMCID: PMC3514031 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Control of cell cycle progression relies on unique regulation of centrosomal
cAMP/PKA signals through PKA and PDE4D3 interaction with the A kinase anchoring
protein AKAP9. Previous work has shown that the protein kinase A (PKA)–regulated
phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4D3 binds to A kinase–anchoring proteins (AKAPs).
One such protein, AKAP9, localizes to the centrosome. In this paper, we
investigate whether a PKA–PDE4D3–AKAP9 complex can generate
spatial compartmentalization of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling
at the centrosome. Real-time imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer
reporters shows that centrosomal PDE4D3 modulated a dynamic microdomain within
which cAMP concentration selectively changed over the cell cycle.
AKAP9-anchored, centrosomal PKA showed a reduced activation threshold as a
consequence of increased autophosphorylation of its regulatory subunit at S114.
Finally, disruption of the centrosomal cAMP microdomain by local displacement of
PDE4D3 impaired cell cycle progression as a result of accumulation of cells in
prophase. Our findings describe a novel mechanism of PKA activity regulation
that relies on binding to AKAPs and consequent modulation of the enzyme
activation threshold rather than on overall changes in cAMP levels. Further, we
provide for the first time direct evidence that control of cell cycle
progression relies on unique regulation of centrosomal cAMP/PKA signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Terrin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), generated by adenylyl cyclase (AC), serves as a second messenger in signaling pathways regulating many aspects of cardiac physiology, including contraction rate and action potential duration, and in the pathophysiology of hypertrophy and heart failure. A kinase-anchoring proteins localize the effect of cAMP in space and time by organizing receptors, AC, protein kinase A, and other components of the cAMP cascade into multiprotein complexes. In this review, we discuss how the interaction of A kinase-anchoring proteins with distinct AC isoforms affects cardiovascular physiology.
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37
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Abstract
Directed protein phosphorylation is indisputably critical for a multitude of cellular processes. A growing body of research demonstrates A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) to mediate a significant number of phosphorylation events in the heart. By acting as molecular tethers for the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, AKAPs focus kinase activity onto specific substrate. In the time since their discovery, the AKAP model has evolved in appreciation of the broader role these scaffolds play in coordinating multiple signaling enzymes to efficiently regulate dynamic cellular processes. The focus of this review is on the emerging role of AKAPs in regulating the 3 main cardiac phosphatases: Protein Phosphatase 1 by AKAP18 and Yotiao, and Protein Phosphatases 2A and 2B by muscle specific A-kinase anchoring protein.
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38
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Local termination of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals: the role of A kinase anchoring protein-tethered phosphodiesterases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 58:345-53. [PMID: 21654331 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182214f2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) belong to a family of functionally related proteins capable of binding protein kinase A (PKA) and tether it to relevant targets. In this way, AKAPs organize macromolecular complexes to segregate PKA activity and retain signal specificity. In the heart, AKAP-PKA interaction is central to the regulation of cardiac contractility. Phosphodiesterases belong to a large superfamily of enzymes that degrade 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). They possess diverse catalytic properties and multiple regulatory mechanisms and control the duration and amplitude of the cAMP signal, including its propagation in space. AKAPs, together with PKA, can also assemble phosphodiesterases thereby providing a means to locally control cAMP dynamics at the level of single macromolecular complexes. This allows for the fine tuning of the cAMP response to the specific demands of the cell.
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Li Y, Chen L, Kass RS, Dessauer CW. The A-kinase anchoring protein Yotiao facilitates complex formation between adenylyl cyclase type 9 and the IKs potassium channel in heart. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29815-24. [PMID: 22778270 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein Yotiao is a member of a large family of protein A-kinase anchoring proteins with important roles in the organization of spatial and temporal signaling. In heart, Yotiao directly associates with the slow outward potassium ion current (I(Ks)) and recruits both PKA and PP1 to regulate I(Ks) phosphorylation and gating. Human mutations that disrupt I(Ks)-Yotiao interaction result in reduced PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the I(Ks) subunit KCNQ1 and inhibition of sympathetic stimulation of I(Ks), which can give rise to long-QT syndrome. We have previously identified a subset of adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms that interact with Yotiao, including AC1-3 and AC9, but surprisingly, this group did not include the major cardiac isoforms AC5 and AC6. We now show that either AC2 or AC9 can associate with KCNQ1 in a complex mediated by Yotiao. In transgenic mouse heart expressing KCNQ1-KCNE1, AC activity was specifically associated with the I(Ks)-Yotiao complex and could be disrupted by addition of the AC9 N terminus. A survey of all AC isoforms by RT-PCR indicated expression of AC4-6 and AC9 in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Of these, the only Yotiao-interacting isoform was AC9. Furthermore, the endogenous I(Ks)-Yotiao complex from guinea pig also contained AC9. Finally, AC9 association with the KCNQ1-Yotiao complex sensitized PKA phosphorylation of KCNQ1 to β-adrenergic stimulation. Thus, in heart, Yotiao brings together PKA, PP1, PDE4D3, AC9, and the I(Ks) channel to achieve localized temporal regulation of β-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Berdeaux R, Stewart R. cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle adaptation: hypertrophy, metabolism, and regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1-17. [PMID: 22354781 PMCID: PMC3404564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00555.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among organ systems, skeletal muscle is perhaps the most structurally specialized. The remarkable subcellular architecture of this tissue allows it to empower movement with instructions from motor neurons. Despite this high degree of specialization, skeletal muscle also has intrinsic signaling mechanisms that allow adaptation to long-term changes in demand and regeneration after acute damage. The second messenger adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) not only elicits acute changes within myofibers during exercise but also contributes to myofiber size and metabolic phenotype in the long term. Strikingly, sustained activation of cAMP signaling leads to pronounced hypertrophic responses in skeletal myofibers through largely elusive molecular mechanisms. These pathways can promote hypertrophy and combat atrophy in animal models of disorders including muscular dystrophy, age-related atrophy, denervation injury, disuse atrophy, cancer cachexia, and sepsis. cAMP also participates in muscle development and regeneration mediated by muscle precursor cells; thus, downstream signaling pathways may potentially be harnessed to promote muscle regeneration in patients with acute damage or muscular dystrophy. In this review, we summarize studies implicating cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle adaptation. We also highlight ligands that induce cAMP signaling and downstream effectors that are promising pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mittendorf KF, Deatherage CL, Ohi MD, Sanders CR. Tailoring of membrane proteins by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5541-56. [PMID: 22708632 DOI: 10.1021/bi3007065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of RNA is a key mechanism for diversification of the eukaryotic proteome. In this process, different mRNA transcripts can be produced through altered excision and/or inclusion of exons during processing of the pre-mRNA molecule. Since its discovery, AS has been shown to play roles in protein structure, function, and localization. Dysregulation of this process can result in disease phenotypes. Moreover, AS pathways are promising therapeutic targets for a number of diseases. Integral membrane proteins (MPs) represent a class of proteins that may be particularly amenable to regulation by alternative splicing because of the distinctive topological restraints associated with their folding, structure, trafficking, and function. Here, we review the impact of AS on MP form and function and the roles of AS in MP-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Mittendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) create compartmentalized environment inside the cell to bring various signaling molecules to their targets. In the heart, a slowly activating potassium channel (IKs) important for cardiac repolarization is tightly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system in an AKAP-dependent manner. IKs channel forms a macromolecular complex with AKAP9 and other enzymes, such as protein kinase A, phosphatase, adenylyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, all of which are responsible to control the phosphorylation state of the channel. Such a complex thus ensures the IKs channel to be regulated properly to maintain the normal cardiac rhythm. Disruptions of various elements of the complex have been found to cause severe pathological consequences, including the long QT syndrome.
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Yasumura M, Yoshida T, Lee SJ, Uemura T, Joo JY, Mishina M. Glutamate receptor δ1 induces preferentially inhibitory presynaptic differentiation of cortical neurons by interacting with neurexins through cerebellin precursor protein subtypes. J Neurochem 2012; 121:705-16. [PMID: 22191730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor (GluR) δ1 is widely expressed in the developing forebrain, whereas GluRδ2 is selectively expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Recently, we found that trans-synaptic interaction of postsynaptic GluRδ2 and pre-synaptic neurexins (NRXNs) through cerebellin precursor protein (Cbln) 1 mediates excitatory synapse formation in the cerebellum. Thus, a question arises whether GluRδ1 regulates synapse formation in the forebrain. In this study, we showed that the N-terminal domain of GluRδ1 induced inhibitory presynaptic differentiation of some populations of cultured cortical neurons. When Cbln1 or Cbln2 was added to cultures, GluRδ1 expressed in HEK293T cells induced preferentially inhibitory presynaptic differentiation of cultured cortical neurons. The synaptogenic activity of GluRδ1 was suppressed by the addition of the extracellular domain of NRXN1α or NRXN1β containing splice segment 4. Cbln subtypes directly bound to the N-terminal domain of GluRδ1. The synaptogenic activity of GluRδ1 in the presence of Cbln subtypes correlated well with their binding affinities. When transfected to cortical neurons, GluRδ1 stimulated inhibitory synapse formation in the presence of Cbln1 or Cbln2. These results together with differential interactions of Cbln subtypes with NRXN variants suggest that GluRδ1 induces preferentially inhibitory presynaptic differentiation of cortical neurons by interacting with NRXNs containing splice segment 4 through Cbln subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yasumura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor type 1 associates with AKAP9 (AKAP450 variant) and protein kinase A type IIβ in the Golgi apparatus in cerebellar granule cells. Biol Cell 2012; 101:469-80. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Weedon-Fekjær MS, Taskén K. Review: Spatiotemporal dynamics of hCG/cAMP signaling and regulation of placental function. Placenta 2011; 33 Suppl:S87-91. [PMID: 22103973 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is essential to sustain early pregnancy and involved in regulation of progesterone production, decidualization, and cytotrophoblast differentiation. It binds to and activates the G-protein coupled luteinizing hormone/hCG-receptor, activating the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway which results in the phosphorylation of specific intracellular target proteins. Specificity in cAMP signaling is ensured by generation of localized pools of cAMP controlled by phosphodiesterases and by discrete spatial and temporal activation of PKA in supramolecular signaling clusters inside the cell organized by A-kinase-anchoring proteins. Here we discuss spatiotemporal regulation of PKA signaling in response to hCG controlling placental function.
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Malomouzh AI, Nurullin LF, Arkhipova SS, Nikolsky EE. NMDA receptors at the endplate of rat skeletal muscles: Precise postsynaptic localization. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44:987-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.22250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lyons MR, West AE. Mechanisms of specificity in neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:259-95. [PMID: 21620929 PMCID: PMC3134613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a highly adaptable organ that is capable of converting sensory information into changes in neuronal function. This plasticity allows behavior to be accommodated to the environment, providing an important evolutionary advantage. Neurons convert environmental stimuli into long-lasting changes in their physiology in part through the synaptic activity-regulated transcription of new gene products. Since the neurotransmitter-dependent regulation of Fos transcription was first discovered nearly 25 years ago, a wealth of studies have enriched our understanding of the molecular pathways that mediate activity-regulated changes in gene transcription. These findings show that a broad range of signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators can be engaged by neuronal activity to sculpt complex programs of stimulus-regulated gene transcription. However, the shear scope of the transcriptional pathways engaged by neuronal activity raises the question of how specificity in the nature of the transcriptional response is achieved in order to encode physiologically relevant responses to divergent stimuli. Here we summarize the general paradigms by which neuronal activity regulates transcription while focusing on the molecular mechanisms that confer differential stimulus-, cell-type-, and developmental-specificity upon activity-regulated programs of neuronal gene transcription. In addition, we preview some of the new technologies that will advance our future understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of activity-regulated gene transcription in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Lyons
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ghasemzadeh MB, Vasudevan P, Giles C, Purgianto A, Seubert C, Mantsch JR. Glutamatergic plasticity in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area following extended-access cocaine self-administration. Brain Res 2011; 1413:60-71. [PMID: 21855055 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate signaling in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area plays an important role in the molecular and behavioral plasticity associated with addiction to drugs of abuse. The current study investigated the expression and postsynaptic density redistribution of glutamate receptors and synaptic scaffolding proteins in dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area after cocaine self-administration. After 14 days of extended-access (6h/day) cocaine self-administration, rats were exposed to one of three withdrawal regimen for 10 days. Animals either stayed in home cages (Home), returned to self-administration boxes with the levers withdrawn (Box), or underwent extinction training (Extinction). Extinction training was associated with significant glutamatergic plasticity. In dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of the Extinction group, there was an increase in postsynaptic density GluR1, PSD95, and actin proteins; while postsynaptic density mGluR5 protein decreased and there was no change in NMDAR1, Homer1b/c, or PICK1 proteins. These changes were not observed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex or ventral tegmental area. In ventral tegmental area, Extinction training reversed the decreased postsynaptic density NMDAR1 protein in the Home and Box withdrawal groups. These data suggest that extinction of drug seeking is associated with selective glutamatergic plasticity in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area that include modulation of receptor trafficking to postsynaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behnam Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Integrative Neuroscience Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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Kendler KS, Kalsi G, Holmans PA, Sanders AR, Aggen SH, Dick DM, Aliev F, Shi J, Levinson DF, Gejman PV. Genomewide association analysis of symptoms of alcohol dependence in the molecular genetics of schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:963-75. [PMID: 21314694 PMCID: PMC3083473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While genetic influences on alcohol dependence (AD) are substantial, progress in the identification of individual genetic variants that impact on risk has been difficult. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study on 3,169 alcohol consuming subjects from the population-based Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS2) control sample. Subjects were asked 7 questions about symptoms of AD which were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix 6.0 array. Three sets of analyses were conducted separately for European American (EA, n = 2,357) and African-American (AA, n = 812) subjects: individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), candidate genes and enriched pathways using gene ontology (GO) categories. RESULTS The symptoms of AD formed a highly coherent single factor. No SNP approached genome-wide significance. In the EA sample, the most significant intragenic SNP was in KCNMA1, the human homolog of the slo-1 gene in C. Elegans. Genes with clusters of significant SNPs included AKAP9, phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class G (PIGG), and KCNMA1. In the AA sample, the most significant intragenic SNP was CEACAM6 and genes showing empirically significant SNPs included KCNQ5, SLC35B4, and MGLL. In the candidate gene based analyses, the most significant findings were with ADH1C, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1) and ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) in the EA sample, and ADH5, POMC, and CHRM2 in the AA sample. The ALIGATOR program identified a significant excess of associated SNPs within and near genes in a substantial number of GO categories over a range of statistical stringencies in both the EA and AA sample. CONCLUSIONS While we cannot be highly confident about any single result from these analyses, a number of findings were suggestive and worthy of follow-up. Although quite large samples will be needed to obtain requisite power, the study of AD symptoms in general population samples is a viable complement to case-control studies in identifying genetic risk variants for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, 23298, USA.
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D'Arcangelo G, Grossi D, De Chiara G, de Stefano MC, Cortese G, Citro G, Rufini S, Tancredi V, Merlo D, Frank C. Glutamatergic neurotransmission in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C disease. Brain Res 2011; 1396:11-9. [PMID: 21575932 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C Disease (NPCD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of free cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and sphingosine in lysosomes, mainly due to a mutation in the NPC1 gene. One of the main symptoms in NPCD patients is hyperexcitability leading to epileptic activity, however, the pathophysiological basis of this neural disorder is not yet well understood. Here we studied the excitatory neurotransmission in the hippocampus of BALB/c NPC1NIH (NPC1-/-) mice, a well-described animal model of the disease. We report that hippocampal field potential population spike (fPS), as well as paired pulse ratio, is enhanced in NPC1-/- with respect to Wild Type (WT). To evaluate the contribution of glutamate receptor activity in the enhanced fPS observed in mutant mice, we recorded slices treated with glutamate receptor agonists alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and Kainate (KA). We found that a prolonged application of KA and AMPA in NPC1-/- mice do not induce the dramatic decrease of synaptic transmission observed in WT hippocampal slices suggesting a functional impairment of presynaptic KA receptors and an imbalance of AMPA receptor exo/endocytosis. In line with electrophysiological data, we also found notable differences in calcium influx during KA and AMPA bath application in NPC1-/- hippocampal culture as compared with WT. Nevertheless in synaptosomal membranes, Western Blot analysis didn't reveal any modification in protein expression levels of KA and AMPA receptor subunits. All together these data indicate that in mutant mice the hyperexcitability, that is at the basis of the insurgence of seizures, might be due to the enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission caused by an altered KA and AMPA receptor functioning.
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