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Sojka C, Sloan SA. Gliomas: a reflection of temporal gliogenic principles. Commun Biol 2024; 7:156. [PMID: 38321118 PMCID: PMC10847444 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The hijacking of early developmental programs is a canonical feature of gliomas where neoplastic cells resemble neurodevelopmental lineages and possess mechanisms of stem cell resilience. Given these parallels, uncovering how and when in developmental time gliomagenesis intersects with normal trajectories can greatly inform our understanding of tumor biology. Here, we review how elapsing time impacts the developmental principles of astrocyte (AS) and oligodendrocyte (OL) lineages, and how these same temporal programs are replicated, distorted, or circumvented in pathological settings such as gliomas. Additionally, we discuss how normal gliogenic processes can inform our understanding of the temporal progression of gliomagenesis, including when in developmental time gliomas originate, thrive, and can be pushed towards upon therapeutic coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sojka
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Talley MJ, Nardini D, Ehrman LA, Lu QR, Waclaw RR. Distinct requirements for Tcf3 and Tcf12 during oligodendrocyte development in the mouse telencephalon. Neural Dev 2023; 18:5. [PMID: 37684687 PMCID: PMC10485956 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-proteins encoded by Tcf3, Tcf4, and Tcf12 are class I basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) that are thought to be widely expressed during development. However, their function in the developing brain, specifically in the telencephalon remains an active area of research. Our study examines for the first time if combined loss of two E-proteins (Tcf3 and Tcf12) influence distinct cell fates and oligodendrocyte development in the mouse telencephalon. METHODS We generated Tcf3/12 double conditional knockouts (dcKOs) using Olig2Cre/+ or Olig1Cre/+ to overcome compensatory mechanisms between E-proteins and to understand the specific requirement for Tcf3 and Tcf12 in the ventral telencephalon and during oligodendrogenesis. We utilized a combination of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence to address development of the telencephalon and oligodendrogenesis at embryonic and postnatal stages in Tcf3/12 dcKOs. RESULTS We show that the E-proteins Tcf3 and Tcf12 are expressed in progenitors of the embryonic telencephalon and throughout the oligodendrocyte lineage in the postnatal brain. Tcf3/12 dcKOs showed transient defects in progenitor cells with an enlarged medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) region which correlated with reduced generation of embryonic oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and increased expression of MGE interneuron genes. Postnatal Tcf3/12 dcKOs showed a recovery of OPCs but displayed a sustained reduction in mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). Interestingly, Tcf4 remained expressed in the dcKOs suggesting that it cannot compensate for the loss of Tcf3 and Tcf12. Generation of Tcf3/12 dcKOs with Olig1Cre/+ avoided the MGE morphology defect caused by Olig2Cre/+ but dcKOs still exhibited reduced embryonic OPCs and subsequent reduction in postnatal OLs. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that Tcf3 and Tcf12 play a role in controlling OPC versus cortical interneuron cell fate decisions in MGE progenitors in addition to playing roles in the generation of embryonic OPCs and differentiation of postnatal OLs in the oligodendrocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Talley
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Diana Nardini
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lisa A Ehrman
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ronald R Waclaw
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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3
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Ma XR, Zhu X, Xiao Y, Gu HM, Zheng SS, Li L, Wang F, Dong ZJ, Wang DX, Wu Y, Yang C, Jiang W, Yao K, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Peng C, Gao L, Meng Z, Hu Z, Liu C, Li L, Chen HZ, Shu Y, Ju Z, Zhao JW. Restoring nuclear entry of Sirtuin 2 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells promotes remyelination during ageing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1225. [PMID: 35264567 PMCID: PMC8907257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-dependent decline in remyelination potential of the central nervous system during ageing is associated with a declined differentiation capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The molecular players that can enhance OPC differentiation or rejuvenate OPCs are unclear. Here we show that, in mouse OPCs, nuclear entry of SIRT2 is impaired and NAD+ levels are reduced during ageing. When we supplement β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN), an NAD+ precursor, nuclear entry of SIRT2 in OPCs, OPC differentiation, and remyelination were rescued in aged animals. We show that the effects on myelination are mediated via the NAD+-SIRT2-H3K18Ac-ID4 axis, and SIRT2 is required for rejuvenating OPCs. Our results show that SIRT2 and NAD+ levels rescue the aged OPC differentiation potential to levels comparable to young age, providing potential targets to enhance remyelination during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Gu
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zheng
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Dong
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di-Xian Wang
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhong Jiang
- Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 200035, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310020, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences and Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Institute of Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing-Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Huang H, Wu H, He W, Zhou F, Yu X, Yi M, Du J, Xie B, Qiu M. Id2 and Id4 are not the major negative regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation during early central nervous system development. Glia 2021; 70:590-601. [PMID: 34889481 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myelin sheathes ensure the rapid conduction of neural impulse and provide nutritional support for neurons. Myelin sheathes are formed by differentiated oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system. During OL development, the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature OLs is controlled by both positive differentiation factors (drivers) and negative regulatory factors (brakes). Previous studies have suggested Id2 and Id4 as the key negative factors for OL differentiation. However, these conclusions were mainly based on in vitro studies and the reported OL phenotype in Id4 mutants appear to be mild. In this study, we systematically investigated the in vivo function of Id2 and Id4 genes in OL differentiation in their genetic mutants and in embryonic chicken spinal cord. Our results showed that disruption of Id4 has no effect on OL differentiation and maturation, whereas Id2 mutants and Id2/Id4 compound mutants display a mild and transient precocity of OL differentiation. In agreement with these loss-of-function studies, Id2, but not Id4, is weakly expressed in OPCs. Despite their minor roles in OL differentiation, forced expression of Id2 and Id4 in embryonic chicken spinal cords strongly inhibit the differentiation of OPCs. Taken together, our detailed functional and expressional studies strongly suggest that Id2 and Id4 are not the major in vivo repressors of OPC differentiation during animal development, shedding new light on the molecular regulation of early OL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanjun He
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianxian Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yi
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Sock E, Wegner M. Using the lineage determinants Olig2 and Sox10 to explore transcriptional regulation of oligodendrocyte development. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:892-901. [PMID: 34480425 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Olig2 and Sox10 jointly define oligodendroglial identity. Because of their continuous presence during development and in the differentiated state they shape the oligodendroglial regulatory network at all times. In this review, we exploit their eminent role and omnipresence to elaborate the central principles that organize the gene regulatory network in oligodendrocytes in such a way that it preserves its identity, but at the same time allows defined and stimulus-dependent changes that result in an ordered lineage progression, differentiation, and myelination. For this purpose, we outline the multiple functional and physical interactions and intricate cross-regulatory relationships with other transcription factors, such as Hes5, Id, and SoxD proteins, in oligodendrocyte precursors and Tcf7l2, Sip1, Nkx2.2, Zfp24, and Myrf during differentiation and myelination, and interpret them in the context of the regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Szu J, Wojcinski A, Jiang P, Kesari S. Impact of the Olig Family on Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:659601. [PMID: 33859549 PMCID: PMC8042229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.659601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Olig genes encode members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. Olig1, Olig2, and Olig3 are expressed in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) and strictly regulate cellular specification and differentiation. Extensive studies have established functional roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in directing neuronal and glial formation during different stages in development. Recently, Olig2 overexpression was implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but its influence on cognitive and intellectual defects remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of the Olig family and how it uniquely promotes cellular diversity in the CNS. This is followed up with a discussion on how abnormal Olig2 expression impacts brain development and function in DS and ASD. Collectively, the studies described here emphasize vital features of the Olig members and their distinctive potential roles in neurodevelopmental disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Szu
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Alexandre Wojcinski
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Saint John's Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States.,Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, United States
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7
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Vaquié A, Sauvain A, Duman M, Nocera G, Egger B, Meyenhofer F, Falquet L, Bartesaghi L, Chrast R, Lamy CM, Bang S, Lee SR, Jeon NL, Ruff S, Jacob C. Injured Axons Instruct Schwann Cells to Build Constricting Actin Spheres to Accelerate Axonal Disintegration. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3152-3166.e7. [PMID: 31189102 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
After a peripheral nerve lesion, distal ends of injured axons disintegrate into small fragments that are subsequently cleared by Schwann cells and later by macrophages. Axonal debris clearing is an early step of the repair process that facilitates regeneration. We show here that Schwann cells promote distal cut axon disintegration for timely clearing. By combining cell-based and in vivo models of nerve lesion with mouse genetics, we show that this mechanism is induced by distal cut axons, which signal to Schwann cells through PlGF mediating the activation and upregulation of VEGFR1 in Schwann cells. In turn, VEGFR1 activates Pak1, leading to the formation of constricting actomyosin spheres along unfragmented distal cut axons to mediate their disintegration. Interestingly, oligodendrocytes can acquire a similar behavior as Schwann cells by enforced expression of VEGFR1. These results thus identify controllable molecular cues of a neuron-glia crosstalk essential for timely clearing of damaged axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Vaquié
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alizée Sauvain
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mert Duman
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gianluigi Nocera
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Egger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Bioimage Light Microscopy Facility, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Meyenhofer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Bioimage Light Microscopy Facility, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Chrast
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Seokyoung Bang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ryeol Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sophie Ruff
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claire Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Bhanothu V, Kondapi AK. Status of topoisomerase-2β protein in all-trans retinoic acid-treated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5169-5182. [PMID: 30318608 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Of the mammalian topoisomerase (Topo)-2 isozymes (α and β), Topo-2β protein has been reported to regulate neuronal development and differentiation. However, the status of Topo-2β in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-treated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells is not understood. More information about the effects of ATRA on SK-N-SH cells is needed to reveal the role of ATRA in the regulation of Topo-2β levels and spontaneous regression of SK-N-SH cells to predict the clinical activity. This study was proposed to investigate the status and role of Topo-2β protein in ATRA-induced survival and neuronal differentiation of SK-N-SH cells. Microscopic, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitations and Western blot analysis were used to study and compare Topo-2β protein among 10 µM ATRA-treated SK-N-SH cells and controls at different time points. The level of Topo-2β protein increased in the initial days of treatment but markedly decreased upon induction of differentiation by ATRA in later stages. Upon ATRA treatment, SK-N-SH cells stretched, exhibited neurite extensions, and acquired a neuronal phenotype. Both treated and untreated SK-N-SH cells were able to migrate, occupy the scratched area, and completely recolonized 24 hours later. These results suggest an indirect role of Topo-2β protein in regulation of genes involved in cell migration and differentiation of ATRA-treated SK-N-SH cells. This study suggests that Topo-2β may be part of activation/repression of protein complexes activated by epigenetic modifying agents, differentiating signals, and inducible locus. However, detailed studies are needed to explore the ATRA-downstream genes leading to Topo-2β regulation and regulatory proteins of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Bhanothu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, SLS, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anand Kumar Kondapi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, SLS, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Child abuse associates with an imbalance of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in ventromedial prefrontal white matter. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2018-2028. [PMID: 29158585 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Child abuse (CA) is a major risk factor for depression, and strongly associates with suicidal behavior during adulthood. Neuroimaging studies have reported widespread changes in white matter integrity and brain connectivity in subjects with a history of CA. Although such observations could reflect changes in myelin and oligodendrocyte function, their cellular underpinnings have never been addressed. Using postmortem brain samples from depressed suicides with or without history of CA and matched controls (18 per group), we aimed to characterize the effects of CA on oligodendrocyte-lineage (OL) cells in the ventromedial prefrontal white matter. Using immunoblotting, double-labeling immunofluorescence and stereological estimates of stage-specific markers, we found that CA is associated with increased numbers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, accompanied by decreased numbers of more immature OL cells. This was paralleled by an increased expression of transcription factor MASH1, which is involved in the terminal differentiation of the OL, suggesting that CA may trigger an increased maturation, or bias the populations of OL cells toward a more mature phenotype. Some of these effects, which were absent in the brain of depressed suicides with no history of CA, were also found to recover with age, suggesting that changes in the balance of the OL may reflect a transient adaptive mechanism triggered by early-life adversity. In conclusion, our results indicate that CA in depressed suicides is associated with an imbalance of the OL in the ventromedial prefrontal white matter, an effect that could lead to myelin remodeling and long-term connectivity changes within the limbic network.
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10
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Brain Cell Type Specific Gene Expression and Co-expression Network Architectures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8868. [PMID: 29892006 PMCID: PMC5995803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating brain cell type specific gene expression patterns is critical towards a better understanding of how cell-cell communications may influence brain functions and dysfunctions. We set out to compare and contrast five human and murine cell type-specific transcriptome-wide RNA expression data sets that were generated within the past several years. We defined three measures of brain cell type-relative expression including specificity, enrichment, and absolute expression and identified corresponding consensus brain cell “signatures,” which were well conserved across data sets. We validated that the relative expression of top cell type markers are associated with proxies for cell type proportions in bulk RNA expression data from postmortem human brain samples. We further validated novel marker genes using an orthogonal ATAC-seq dataset. We performed multiscale coexpression network analysis of the single cell data sets and identified robust cell-specific gene modules. To facilitate the use of the cell type-specific genes for cell type proportion estimation and deconvolution from bulk brain gene expression data, we developed an R package, BRETIGEA. In summary, we identified a set of novel brain cell consensus signatures and robust networks from the integration of multiple datasets and therefore transcend limitations related to technical issues characteristic of each individual study.
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11
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Göttle P, Manousi A, Kremer D, Reiche L, Hartung HP, Küry P. Teriflunomide promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:76. [PMID: 29534752 PMCID: PMC5851312 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which in most cases initially presents with episodes of transient functional deficits (relapsing-remitting MS; RRMS) and eventually develops into a secondary progressive form (SPMS). Aside from neuroimmunological activities, MS is also characterized by neurodegenerative and regenerative processes. The latter involve the restoration of myelin sheaths-electrically insulating structures which are the primary targets of autoimmune attacks. Spontaneous endogenous remyelination takes place even in the adult CNS and is primarily mediated by activation, recruitment, and differentiation of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). However, the overall efficiency of remyelination is limited and further declines with disease duration and progression. From a therapeutic standpoint, it is therefore key to understand how oligodendroglial maturation can be modulated pharmacologically. Teriflunomide has been approved as a first-line treatment for RRMS in the USA and the European Union. As the active metabolite of leflunomide, an established disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, it mainly acts via an inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis exerting a cytostatic effect on proliferating B and T cells. METHODS We investigated teriflunomide-dependent effects on primary rat oligodendroglial homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation related to cellular processes important for myelin repair hence CNS regeneration in vitro. To this end, several cellular parameters, including specific oligodendroglial maturation markers, in vitro myelination, and p53 family member signaling, were examined by means of gene/protein expression analyses. The rate of myelination was determined using neuron-oligodendrocyte co-cultures. RESULTS Low teriflunomide concentrations resulted in cell cycle exit while higher doses led to decreased cell survival. Short-term teriflunomide pulses can efficiently promote oligodendroglial cell differentiation suggesting that young, immature cells could benefit from such stimulation. In vitro myelination can be boosted by means of an early stimulation window with teriflunomide. p73 signaling is functionally involved in promoting OPC differentiation and myelination. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a critical window of opportunity during which regenerative oligodendroglial activities including myelination of CNS axons can be stimulated by teriflunomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Farreny MA, Agius E, Bel-Vialar S, Escalas N, Khouri-Farah N, Soukkarieh C, Danesin C, Pituello F, Cochard P, Soula C. FGF signaling controls Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 29519242 PMCID: PMC5842613 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Results Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we show that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord. Conclusion Altogether our data reveal that the FGF signaling pathway is activated and required for OPC commitment in the ventral spinal cord. More generally, our data may prove important in defining strategies to produce large populations of determined oligodendrocyte precursor cells from undetermined neural progenitors, including stem cells. In the long run, these new data could be useful in attempts to stimulate the oligodendrocyte fate in residing neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Farreny
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Cochard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Affeldt BM, Obenaus A, Chan J, Pardo AC. Region specific oligodendrocyte transcription factor expression in a model of neonatal hypoxic injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 61:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bethann M. Affeldt
- Department of PediatricsLoma Linda University11175 Campus St., Coleman Pavilion Room A1109Loma LindaCA92354USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of PediatricsLoma Linda University11175 Campus St., Coleman Pavilion Room A1109Loma LindaCA92354USA
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, 1140 Bachelor HallRiversideCA92521USA
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Department of PediatricsLoma Linda University11175 Campus St., Coleman Pavilion Room A1109Loma LindaCA92354USA
| | - Andrea C. Pardo
- Department of PediatricsLoma Linda University11175 Campus St., Coleman Pavilion Room A1109Loma LindaCA92354USA
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14
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Ma T, Wu X, Cai Q, Wang Y, Xiao L, Tian Y, Li H. Lead Poisoning Disturbs Oligodendrocytes Differentiation Involved in Decreased Expression of NCX3 Inducing Intracellular Calcium Overload. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19096-110. [PMID: 26287169 PMCID: PMC4581288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) poisoning has always been a serious health concern, as it permanently damages the central nervous system. Chronic Pb accumulation in the human body disturbs oligodendrocytes (OLs) differentiation, resulting in dysmyelination, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, Pb at 1 μM inhibits OLs precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation via decreasing the expression of Olig 2, CNPase proteins in vitro. Moreover, Pb treatment inhibits the sodium/calcium exchanger 3 (NCX3) mRNA expression, one of the major means of calcium (Ca2+) extrusion at the plasma membrane during OPCs differentiation. Also addition of KB-R7943, NCX3 inhibitor, to simulate Pb toxicity, resulted in decreased myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and cell branching. Ca2+ response trace with Pb and KB-R7943 treatment did not drop down in the same recovery time as the control, which elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration reducing MBP expression. In contrast, over-expression of NCX3 in Pb exposed OPCs displayed significant increase MBP fluorescence signal in positive regions and CNPase expression, which recovered OPCs differentiation to counterbalance Pb toxicity. In conclusion, Pb exposure disturbs OLs differentiation via affecting the function of NCX3 by inducing intracellular calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Battalion 7 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiyan Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yanping Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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15
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Küspert M, Wegner M. SomethiNG 2 talk about-Transcriptional regulation in embryonic and adult oligodendrocyte precursors. Brain Res 2015; 1638:167-182. [PMID: 26232072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells that express the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 represent an inherently heterogeneous population. These so-called NG2-glia are present during development and in the adult CNS, where they are referred to as embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors and adult NG2-glia, respectively. They give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes at all times of life. Over the years much has been learnt about the transcriptional network in embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors, and several transcription factors from the HLH, HMG-domain, zinc finger and homeodomain protein families have been identified as main constituents. Much less is known about the corresponding network in adult NG2-glia. Here we summarize and discuss current knowledge on functions of each of these transcription factor families in NG2-glia, and where possible compare transcriptional regulation in embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors and adult NG2-glia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia (Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Küspert
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen D-91054, Germany.
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen D-91054, Germany.
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16
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Intracellular Protein Shuttling: A Mechanism Relevant for Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15057-85. [PMID: 26151843 PMCID: PMC4519887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is the degeneration and loss of previously established functional myelin sheaths, which results in impaired signal propagation and axonal damage. However, at least in early disease stages, partial replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and thus remyelination occur as a result of resident oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) activation. These cells represent a widespread cell population within the adult central nervous system (CNS) that can differentiate into functional myelinating glial cells to restore axonal functions. Nevertheless, the spontaneous remyelination capacity in the adult CNS is inefficient because OPCs often fail to generate new oligodendrocytes due to the lack of stimulatory cues and the presence of inhibitory factors. Recent studies have provided evidence that regulated intracellular protein shuttling is functionally involved in oligodendroglial differentiation and remyelination activities. In this review we shed light on the role of the subcellular localization of differentiation-associated factors within oligodendroglial cells and show that regulation of intracellular localization of regulatory factors represents a crucial process to modulate oligodendroglial maturation and myelin repair in the CNS.
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17
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Emery B, Lu QR. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination in the Central Nervous System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a020461. [PMID: 26134004 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a highly orchestrated process involving well-defined steps from specification of neural stem cells into proliferative OL precursors followed by terminal differentiation and subsequent maturation of these precursors into myelinating OLs. These specification and differentiation processes are mediated by profound global changes in gene expression, which are in turn subject to control by both extracellular signals and regulatory networks intrinsic to the OL lineage. Recently, basic transcriptional mechanisms that control OL differentiation and myelination have begun to be elucidated at the molecular level and on a genome scale. The interplay between transcription factors activated by differentiation-promoting signals and master regulators likely exerts a crucial role in controlling stage-specific progression of the OL lineage. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding the transcription factors and the epigenetic programs including histone methylation, acetylation, chromatin remodeling, micro-RNAs, and noncoding RNAs that regulate development of OLs and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Emery
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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18
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Hernandez M, Casaccia P. Interplay between transcriptional control and chromatin regulation in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Glia 2015; 63:1357-75. [PMID: 25970296 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent years have been characterized by a surge of studies on the role of transcription factors and histone modifications in regulating the progression of progenitors into oligodendrocytes. This review summarizes this body of evidence and presents an integrated view of transcriptional networks and epigenetic regulators defining proliferating progenitors and their differentiation along the oligodendrocyte lineage. We suggest that transcription factors in proliferating progenitors have direct access to DNA, due to predominantly euchromatic nuclei. As progenitors differentiate, however, transcriptional competence is modulated by the formation of heterochromatin, which modifies the association of DNA with nucleosomal histones and renders the access of transcription factors dependent on the activity of epigenetic modulators. These concepts are delineated within the context of development, and the potential functional implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylens Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Department of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Friedman Brain Institute and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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19
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Jiang P, Chen C, Liu XB, Selvaraj V, Liu W, Feldman DH, Liu Y, Pleasure DE, Li RA, Deng W. Generation and characterization of spiking and nonspiking oligodendroglial progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2620-31. [PMID: 23940003 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been differentiated into oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs), providing promising cell replacement therapies for many central nervous system disorders. Studies from rodents have shown that brain OPCs express a variety of ion channels, and that a subset of brain OPCs express voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV ), mediating the spiking properties of OPCs. However, it is unclear whether PSC-derived OPCs exhibit electrophysiological properties similar to brain OPCs and the role of NaV in the functional maturation of OPCs is unknown. Here, using a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Olig2 knockin reporter line, we demonstrated that unlike brain OPCs, all the GFP(+) /Olig2(+) mESC-derived OPCs (mESC-OPCs) did not express functional NaV and failed to generate spikes (hence termed "nonspiking mESC-OPCs"), while expressing the delayed rectifier and inactivating potassium currents. By ectopically expressing NaV 1.2 α subunit via viral transduction, we successfully generated mESC-OPCs with spiking properties (termed "spiking mESC-OPCs"). After transplantation into the spinal cord and brain of myelin-deficient shiverer mice, the spiking mESC-OPCs demonstrated better capability in differentiating into myelin basic protein expressing oligodendrocytes and in myelinating axons in vivo than the nonspiking mESC-OPCs. Thus, by generating spiking and nonspiking mESC-OPCs, this study reveals a novel function of NaV in OPCs in their functional maturation and myelination, and sheds new light on ways to effectively develop PSC-derived OPCs for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA
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20
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Mighdoll MI, Tao R, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Myelin, myelin-related disorders, and psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:85-93. [PMID: 25449713 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological basis of schizophrenia and related psychoses remains elusive despite intensive scientific investigation. Symptoms of psychosis have been reported in a number of conditions where normal myelin development is interrupted. The nature, location, and timing of white matter pathology seem to be key factors in the development of psychosis, especially during the critical adolescent period of association area myelination. Numerous lines of evidence implicate myelin and oligodendrocyte function as critical processes that could affect neuronal connectivity, which has been implicated as a central abnormality in schizophrenia. Phenocopies of schizophrenia with a known pathological basis involving demyelination or dysmyelination may offer insights into the biology of schizophrenia itself. This article reviews the pathological changes in white matter of patients with schizophrenia, as well as demyelinating diseases associated with psychosis. In an attempt to understand the potential role of dysmyelination in schizophrenia, we outline the evidence from a number of both clinically-based and post-mortem studies that provide evidence that OMR genes are genetically associated with increased risk for schizophrenia. To further understand the implication of white matter dysfunction and dysmyelination in schizophrenia, we examine diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which has shown volumetric and microstructural white matter differences in patients with schizophrenia. While classical clinical-neuropathological correlations have established that disruption in myelination can produce a high fidelity phenocopy of psychosis similar to schizophrenia, the role of dysmyelination in schizophrenia remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Mighdoll
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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21
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Yang W, Xiao L, Li C, Liu X, Liu M, Shao Q, Wang D, Huang A, He C. TIP30 inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation via cytoplasmic sequestration of Olig1. Glia 2014; 63:684-98. [PMID: 25530119 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a prerequisite for both developmental myelination and adult remyelination in the central nervous system. The molecular mechanisms underlying OPC differentiation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the thirty-kDa HIV-1 Tat interacting protein (TIP30) is a negative regulator in oligodendrocyte development. The TIP30(-/-) mice displayed an increased myelin protein level at postnatal day 14 and 21. By using a primary OPC culture system, we demonstrated that overexpression of TIP30 dramatically inhibited the stage progression of differentiating OPCs, while knockdown of TIP30 enhanced the differentiation of oligodendroglial cells remarkably. Moreover, overexpression of TIP30 was found to sequester the transcription factor Olig1 in the cytoplasm and weaken its nuclear translocation due to the interaction between TIP30 and Olig1, whereas knockdown of TIP30 led to more Olig1 localized in the nucleus in the initiation stage during OPC differentiation. In the cuprizone-induced demyelination model, there was a dramatic increase in NG2-expressing cells with nuclear location of Olig1 in the corpus callosum during remyelination. In contrast, within chronic demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis, TIP30 was abnormally expressed in NG2-expressing cells, and few nuclear Olig1 was observed in these cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that TIP30 plays a negative regulatory role in oligodendroglial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Huang S, Tang C, Sun S, Cao W, Qi W, Xu J, Huang J, Lu W, Liu Q, Gong B, Zhang Y, Jiang J. Protective Effect of Electroacupuncture on Neural Myelin Sheaths is Mediated via Promotion of Oligodendrocyte Proliferation and Inhibition of Oligodendrocyte Death After Compressed Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1870-1881. [PMID: 25465241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used worldwide to treat demyelinating diseases, but its therapeutic mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a custom-designed model of compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) was used to induce demyelination. Zusanli (ST36) and Taixi (KI3) acupoints of adult rats were stimulated by EA to demonstrate its protective effect. At 14 days after EA, both locomotor skills and ultrastructural features of myelin sheath were significantly improved. Phenotypes of proliferating cells were identified by double immunolabeling of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine with antibodies to cell markers: NG2 [oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) marker], 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) (oligodendrocyte marker), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (astrocyte marker). EA enhanced the proliferation of OPCs and CNPase, as well as the differentiation of OPCs by promoting Olig2 (the basic helix-loop-helix protein) and attenuating Id2 (the inhibitor of DNA binding 2). EA could also improve myelin basic protein (MBP) and protect existing oligodendrocytes from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-12 (a representative of endoplasmic reticulum stress) and cytochrome c (an apoptotic factor and hallmark of mitochondria). Therefore, our results indicate that the protective effect of EA on neural myelin sheaths is mediated via promotion of oligodendrocyte proliferation and inhibition of oligodendrocyte death after CSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shanquan Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenfu Cao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chongqing Three Gorgers Central Hospital, No.165 Xin Cheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weitian Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Biao Gong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Zia MTK, Vinukonda G, Vose LR, Bhimavarapu BBR, Iacobas S, Pandey NK, Beall AM, Dohare P, LaGamma EF, Iacobas DA, Ballabh P. Postnatal glucocorticoid-induced hypomyelination, gliosis, and neurologic deficits are dose-dependent, preparation-specific, and reversible. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:200-13. [PMID: 25263581 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the prevention of chronic lung disease in premature infants. Their pharmacologic use is associated with neurodevelopmental delay and cerebral palsy. However, the effect of GC dose and preparation (dexamethasone versus betamethasone) on short and long-term neurological outcomes remains undetermined, and the mechanisms of GC-induced brain injury are unclear. We hypothesized that postnatal GC would induce hypomyelination and motor impairment in a preparation- and dose-specific manner, and that GC receptor (GR) inhibition might restore myelination and neurological function in GC-treated animals. Additionally, GC-induced hypomyelination and neurological deficit might be transient. To test our hypotheses, we treated prematurely delivered rabbit pups with high (0.5mg/kg/day) or low (0.2mg/kg/day) doses of dexamethasone or betamethasone. Myelin basic protein (MBP), oligodendrocyte proliferation and maturation, astrocytes, transcriptomic profile, and neurobehavioral functions were evaluated. We found that high-dose GC treatment, but not low-dose, reduced MBP expression and impaired motor function at postnatal day 14. High-dose dexamethasone induced astrogliosis, betamethasone did not. Mifepristone, a GR antagonist, reversed dexamethasone-induced myelination, but not astrogliosis. Both GCs inhibited oligodendrocyte proliferation and maturation. Moreover, high-dose dexamethasone altered genes associated with myelination, cell-cycle, GR, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Importantly, GC-induced hypomyelination, gliosis, and motor-deficit, observed at day 14, completely recovered by day 21. Hence, high-dose, but not low-dose, postnatal GC causes reversible reductions in myelination and motor functions. GC treatment induces hypomyelination by GR-dependent genomic mechanisms, but astrogliosis by non-genomic mechanisms. GC-induced motor impairment and neurodevelopmental delay might be transient and recover spontaneously in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T K Zia
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Hudson Valley Hospital, Cortlandt Manor, NY, USA
| | - Govindaiah Vinukonda
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Linnea R Vose
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Bala B R Bhimavarapu
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sanda Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Nishi K Pandey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Ann Marie Beall
- Department of Pharmacy, Hudson Valley Hospital, Cortlandt Manor, NY, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Edmund F LaGamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Dumitru A Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. From precursors to myelinating oligodendrocytes: contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to white matter plasticity in the adult brain. Neuroscience 2014; 269:343-66. [PMID: 24721734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) are glial cells that metamorphose into myelinating oligodendrocytes during embryogenesis and early stages of post-natal life. OPCs continue to divide throughout adulthood and some eventually differentiate into oligodendrocytes in response to demyelinating lesions. There is growing evidence that OPCs are also involved in activity-driven de novo myelination of previously unmyelinated axons and myelin remodeling in adulthood. In this review, we summarize the interwoven factors and cascades that promote the activation, recruitment and differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the adult brain based mostly on results found in the study of demyelinating diseases. The goal of the review was to draw a complete picture of the transformation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes to facilitate the study of this transformation in both the normal and diseased adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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25
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Treatment with thyroxine restores myelination and clinical recovery after intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17232-46. [PMID: 24174657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2713-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major cause of white matter injury in preterm infants with no viable therapeutic strategy to restore myelination. Maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelination is influenced by thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, which is mediated by TH receptor α (TRα) and TRβ. In the brain, cellular levels of TH are regulated by deiodinases, with deiodinase-2 mediating TH activation and deiodinase-3 TH inactivation. Therefore, we hypothesized that IVH would decrease TH signaling via changes in the expression of deiodinases and/or TRs, and normalization of TH signaling would enhance maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelination in preterm infants with IVH. These hypotheses were tested using both autopsy materials from human preterm infants and a rabbit model of IVH. We found that deiodinase-2 levels were reduced, whereas deiodinase-3 levels were increased in brain samples of both humans and rabbits with IVH compared with controls without IVH. TRα expression was also increased in human infants with IVH. Importantly, treatment with TH accelerated the proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, increased transcription of Olig2 and Sox10 genes, augmented myelination, and restored neurological function in pups with IVH. Consistent with these findings, the density of myelinating oligodendrocytes was almost doubled in TH-treated human preterm infants compared with controls. Thus, in infants with IVH the combined elevation in deiodinase-3 and reduction in deiodinase-2 decreases TH signaling that can be worsened by an increase in unliganded TRα. Given that TH promotes neurological recovery in IVH, TH treatment might improve the neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with IVH.
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Imayoshi I, Isomura A, Harima Y, Kawaguchi K, Kori H, Miyachi H, Fujiwara T, Ishidate F, Kageyama R. Oscillatory control of factors determining multipotency and fate in mouse neural progenitors. Science 2013; 342:1203-8. [PMID: 24179156 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Ascl1/Mash1, Hes1, and Olig2 regulate fate choice of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, respectively. These same factors are coexpressed by neural progenitor cells. Here, we found by time-lapse imaging that these factors are expressed in an oscillatory manner by mouse neural progenitor cells. In each differentiation lineage, one of the factors becomes dominant. We used optogenetics to control expression of Ascl1 and found that, although sustained Ascl1 expression promotes neuronal fate determination, oscillatory Ascl1 expression maintains proliferating neural progenitor cells. Thus, the multipotent state correlates with oscillatory expression of several fate-determination factors, whereas the differentiated state correlates with sustained expression of a single factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Imayoshi
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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27
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Fang F, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xu H, Huang Q, Adilijiang A, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Tan Q, He J, Kong L, Liu Y, Li XM. Antipsychotics promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by regulating oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factors 1 and 2. Life Sci 2013; 93:429-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Stage-specific deletion of Olig2 conveys opposing functions on differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8454-62. [PMID: 23658182 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2453-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal and spatial patterning involved in the specification, differentiation, and myelination by oligodendroglia is coordinated in part by the activation and repression of various transcriptional programs. Olig2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor necessary for oligodendroglial development and expressed continuously throughout the lineage. Despite evidence for the critical role of Olig2 in oligodendroglial specification and differentiation, the function for Olig2 during later stages of oligodendroglial development, namely, the transition into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and the formation of the myelin sheath, remains unclear. To address the possibility for a stage-specific role, we deleted Olig2 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) under the control of the CNPase-promoter or in immature OLs under the inducible proteolipid protein promoter. As expected, ablation of Olig2 in OPCs significantly inhibits differentiation, resulting in hypomyelination. However, deletion of the Olig2 gene in immature OLs significantly enhances the maturation process and accelerates the kinetics of myelination/remyelination. Underlying the stage-specific roles for Olig2 is the compensatory expression and function of Olig1, a transcription factor that promotes OL maturation and (re)myelination. Olig1 expression is significantly reduced upon Olig2 deletion in OPCs but is dramatically increased by nearly threefold when deleted in immature OLs. By enforcing expression of Olig1 into OPCs in a null Olig2 background, we demonstrate that overexpression of Olig1 is sufficient to rescue the differentiation phenotype and partially compensates for the Olig2 deletion in vitro. Our results suggest a stage-specific regulatory role for Olig2, mediated by Olig1 that conveys opposing functions on the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes.
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29
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells of the CNS. They differentiate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that are produced from progenitors throughout life but more actively during the neonatal period and in response to demyelinating insults. An accurate regulation of oligodendrogenesis is required to generate oligodendrocytes during these developmental or repair processes. We hypothesized that this regulation implicates transcription factors, which are expressed by OPCs and/or their progenitors. Ascl1/Mash1 is a proneural transcription factor previously implicated in embryonic oligodendrogenesis and operating in genetic interaction with Olig2, an essential transcriptional regulator in oligodendrocyte development. Herein, we have investigated the contribution of Ascl1 to oligodendrocyte development and remyelination in the postnatal cortex. During the neonatal period, Ascl1 expression was detected in progenitors of the cortical subventricular zone and in cortical OPCs. Different genetic approaches to delete Ascl1 in cortical progenitors or OPCs reduced neonatal oligodendrogenesis, showing that Ascl1 positively regulated both OPC specification from subventricular zone progenitors as well as the balance between OPC differentiation and proliferation. Examination of remyelination processes, both in the mouse model for focal demyelination of the corpus callosum and in multiple sclerosis lesions in humans, indicated that Ascl1 activity was upregulated along with increased oligodendrogenesis observed in remyelinating lesions. Additional genetic evidence indicated that remyelinating oligodendrocytes derived from Ascl1(+) progenitors/OPCs and that Ascl1 was required for proper remyelination. Together, our results show that Ascl1 function modulates multiple steps of OPC development in the postnatal brain and in response to demyelinating insults.
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30
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Plemel JR, Manesh SB, Sparling JS, Tetzlaff W. Myelin inhibits oligodendroglial maturation and regulates oligodendrocytic transcription factor expression. Glia 2013; 61:1471-87. [PMID: 23839973 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myelin loss is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and promoting central nervous system myelin repair has become a major therapeutic target. Despite the presence of oligodendrocytes precursors cells (OPCs) in chronic lesions of MS, remyelination often fails. The mechanism underlying this failure of remyelination remains unknown, but it is hypothesized that environmental cues act to inhibit the maturation/differentiation of oligodendroglia, preventing remyelination. The rate of CNS remyelination is correlated to the speed of phagocytosis of myelin debris, which is present following demyelination and trauma. Thus, myelin debris could inhibit CNS remyelination. Here, we demonstrate that OPCs cultured on myelin were robustly inhibited in their maturation, as characterized by the decreased expression of immature and mature oligodendrocytes markers, the impaired production of myelin gene products, as well as their stalled morphological complexity relative to OPCs cultured on a control substrate. OPCs in contact with myelin stopped proliferating and decreased the expression of OPC markers to a comparable degree as cells grown on a control substrate. The expression of two transcription factors known to prevent OPC differentiation and maturation were increased in cells that were in contact with myelin: inhibitor of differentiation family (ID) members 2 and 4. Overexpression of ID2 and ID4 in OPCs was previously reported to decrease the percentage of cells expressing mature oligodendrocyte markers. However, knockdown of ID2 and/or ID4 in OPCs did not increase oligodendroglial maturation on or off of myelin, suggesting that contact with myelin regulates additional regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- ICORD (International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Vidaurre OG, Liu J, Haines J, Sandoval J, Nowakowski R, Casaccia P. An integrated approach to design novel therapeutic interventions for demyelinating disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1879-86. [PMID: 22708599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies are often based on two general principles: interference with the pathogenic process and repair of the damaged tissues. Recent studies, however, have suggested that several pathological conditions may result from the interplay between genetic susceptibility traits and environmental influences that, by modulating the epigenome, also affect disease onset and progression. Based on lessons from neural development, it is conceivable that new lines of preventive and possibly therapeutic intervention might be developed to modulate disease onset or decrease the severity of the symptoms. This review will discuss these concepts within the context of multiple sclerosis, the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar G Vidaurre
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics and Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, USA
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32
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Developmental changes and subcellular location in inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) immunoreactivity in the rat Corpus callosum. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:653-8. [PMID: 22172709 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination are still unclear, but understanding them will be critical for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis. Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) is a transcription factor thought to inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation, however, it is not known whether the developmental changes and subcellular localization of Id2 are related to myelination. Therefore, we investigated the developmental changes in and the subcellular localization of Id2 immunoreactivity in the rat Corpus callosum, at post-natal developmental stages P0, P7, P14, P21, P42 and P90, by immunohistochemistry. Id2 expression increased from P0 to a peak at P42, the late stage of myelination in the Corpus callosum. Id2 immunostaining decreased slightly, but still remained high at P90. Subcellular localization of Id2 changed from presence in cytoplasm at P14 to the nuclei at P42. Moreover, Id2 was mainly co-localized with CC-1-immunopositive mature oligodendrocytes at P42. These results may be consistent with Id2 inhibitory function in oligodendrocyte differentiation, at the end of myelination or in compaction of myelin in the Corpus callosum of postnatal rat brain.
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33
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Events at the transition between cell cycle exit and oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation: the role of HDAC and YY1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:221-31. [PMID: 18634613 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x08000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the adult brain is the result of an integrated series of developmental events that depends on appropriate timing of differentiation. The importance of transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of gene expression is becoming increasingly evident. Among these mechanisms, previous work has revealed the importance of histone deacetylation in oligodendrocyte differentiation. In this manuscript we define the region of interaction between transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) and histone deacetylase 1, and characterize the functional consequences of YY1 overexpression on the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors.
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34
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Chen LP, Li ZF, Ping M, Li R, Liu J, Xie XH, Song XJ, Guo L. Regulation of Olig2 during astroglial differentiation in the subventricular zone of a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Neuroscience 2012; 221:96-107. [PMID: 22771621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest germinative zone of the adult brain. Progenitor cells generated from the SVZ play important roles during the remyelination process. To determine the functional role of Olig2 in regulating astroglial differentiation in the mouse SVZ, we used the cuprizone mouse model to investigate demyelination. We found that cuprizone administration significantly enhanced the expression of Olig2 and increased astroglial differentiation in the SVZ, as compared with control. Moreover, cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2 occurred after demyelination. In vitro studies further revealed that supplementation of culture media with growth factors enhanced the oligodendroglial differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), whereas serum alone promoted astroglial differentiation and cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2. Additionally, the expression levels of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2 and BMP4) and inhibitor of DNA binding 2 and 4 (Id2 and Id4) were greatly elevated during astroglial differentiation. BMP inhibition by noggin suppressed the astroglial differentiation of OPCs. Our results indicate that Olig2 may serve as a key regulator during the directional differentiation of progenitor cells after demyelination. The BMP signaling pathway may contribute to the cytoplasmic translocation and altered expression of Olig2 during the remyelination process. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
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35
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Ueno T, Ito J, Hoshikawa S, Ohori Y, Fujiwara S, Yamamoto S, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Akai M, Nakamura K, Ogata T. The identification of transcriptional targets of Ascl1 in oligodendrocyte development. Glia 2012; 60:1495-505. [PMID: 22714260 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Ascl1 plays crucial roles in both oligodendrocyte development and neuronal development; however, the molecular target of Ascl1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) remains elusive. To identify the downstream targets of Ascl1 in OPCs, we performed gene expression microarray analysis and identified Hes5 as a putative downstream target of Ascl1. In vivo analysis revealed that Ascl1 and Hes5 were coexpressed in early developmental oligodendrocytes in both the telencephalon and the ventral spinal cord. We also found that Hes5 expression was reduced in the OPCs of Ascl1 mutant mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ascl1 directly binds to an E-box region within the Hes5 promoter and regulates Hes5 expression at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these in vivo and in vitro data suggest that Ascl1 induces Hes5 expression in a cell-autonomous manner. Considering the previously known function of Hes5 as a repressor of Ascl1, our data indicate that Hes5 is involved in the negative feedback regulation of Ascl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ueno
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
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36
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Chen XS, Zhang YH, Cai QY, Yao ZX. ID2: A negative transcription factor regulating oligodendroglia differentiation. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:925-32. [PMID: 22253220 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis patients is often incomplete. Remyelination depends on normal oligodendrogenesis and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) into mature oligodendrocytes (OL). Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID), a transcription factor, is thought to inhibit oligodendrogenesis and the differentiation of OPC. This Mini-Review aims to reveal the roles of and mechanisms used by IDs (mainly ID2) in this process. An interaction between ID2 and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor is responsible for the cell cycle transition from G1 to S. The translocation of ID2 between the nucleus and cytoplasm is regulated by E47 and OLIG. An interaction between ID2 and OLIG mediates the inhibitory effects of bone morphogenic proteins and G protein-coupled receptor 17 on oligodendroglia differentiation. ID2 expression is regulated by Wnt and histone deacetylases during the differentiation of OPC. ID4, another member of the ID family, functions similarly to ID2 in regulating the differentiation of OPC. The main difference is that ID4 is essential for oligodendrogenesis, whereas ID2 is nonessential. This could have important implications for demyelinating diseases, and interfering with these pathways might represent a viable therapeutic approach for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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37
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Iacobas S, Thomas NM, Iacobas DA. Plasticity of the myelination genomic fabric. Mol Genet Genomics 2012; 287:237-46. [PMID: 22246408 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-012-0673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the influence of the astrocyte proximity on myelination genomic fabric (MYE) of oligodendrocytes, defined as the most interconnected and stably expressed gene web responsible for myelination. Such quantitation is important to evaluate whether astrocyte signaling may contribute to demyelination when impaired and remyelination when properly restored. For this, we compared changes in the gene expression profiles of immortalized precursor oligodendrocytes (Oli-neu), stimulated to differentiate by the proximity of nontouching astrocytes or treatment with db-cAMP. In a previous paper, we reported that the astrocyte proximity upregulated or turned-on a large number of myelination genes and substantially enriched the Ca(2+)-signaling and cytokine receptor regulatory networks of MYE in Oli-neu cells. Here, we introduce the "transcriptomic distance" to evaluate fabric remodeling and "pair-wise relevance" to identify the most influential gene pairs. Together with the prominence gene analysis used to select and rank the fabric genes, these novel analytical tools provide a comprehensively quantitative view of the physio/pathological transformations of the transcriptomic programs of myelinating cells. Applied to our data, the analyses revealed not only that the astrocyte neighborhood is a substantially more powerful regulator of myelination than the differentiating treatment but also the molecular mechanisms of the two differentiating paradigms are different. By inducing a profound remodeling of MYE and regulatory transcriptomic networks, the astrocyte-oligodendrocyte intercommunication may be considered as a major player in both pathophysiology and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases related to myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Iacobas
- D.P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Room 713, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx-New York, NY, 10461, USA
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38
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Nielsen DA, Huang W, Hamon SC, Maili L, Witkin BM, Fox RG, Cunningham KA, Moeller FG. Forced Abstinence from Cocaine Self-Administration is Associated with DNA Methylation Changes in Myelin Genes in the Corpus Callosum: a Preliminary Study. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:60. [PMID: 22712019 PMCID: PMC3374938 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cocaine abuse is associated with alterations in white matter integrity revealed upon brain imaging, an observation that is recapitulated in an animal model of continuous cocaine exposure. The mechanism through which cocaine may affect white matter is unknown and the present study tested the hypothesis that cocaine self-administration results in changes in DNA methylation that could result in altered expression of several myelin genes that could contribute to the effects of cocaine on white matter integrity. METHODS In the present study, we examined the impact of forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration on chromatin associated changes in white matter. To this end, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/0.1 mL infusion) for 14 days followed by forced abstinence for 1 day (n = 6) or 30 days (n = 6) before sacrifice. Drug-free, sham surgery controls (n = 7) were paired with the experimental groups. Global DNA methylation and DNA methylation at specific CpG sites in the promoter regions ofmyelin basic protein (Mbp), proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1), and SRY-related HMG-box-10 (Sox10) genes were analyzed in DNA extracted from corpus callosum. RESULTS Significant differences in the overall methylation patterns of the Sox10 promoter region were observed in the corpus callosum of rats at 30 days of forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration relative to sham controls; the -189, -142, -93, and -62 CpG sites were significantly hypomethylated point-wise at this time point. After correction for multiple comparisons, no differences in global methylation or the methylation patterns of Mbp or Plp1 were found. CONCLUSION Forced abstinence from cocaine self-administration was associated with differences in DNA methylation at specific CpG sites in the promoter region of the Sox10 gene in corpus callosum. These changes may be related to reductions in normal age related changes in DNA methylation and could be a factor in white matter alterations seen after withdrawal from repeated cocaine self-administration. Further research is warranted examining the effects of cocaine on DNA methylation in white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center Houston, TX, USA
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Szuchet S, Nielsen JA, Lovas G, Domowicz MS, de Velasco JM, Maric D, Hudson LD. The genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes reveals their unique phenotype. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1906-22. [PMID: 22132705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes--best known for assembling central nervous system myelin--can be categorized as precursors, myelin-forming cells and non-myelinating perineuronal cells. Perineuronal oligodendrocytes have been well characterized morphologically and ultrastructurally, but knowledge about their function remains scanty. It has been proposed that perineuronal oligodendrocytes support neurons and, following injury, transform into myelin-synthesizing cells. Recent findings implicating perineuronal oligodendrocytes in cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders shed new light on these cells. We have obtained the genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes by identifying gene expression differences between oligodendrocyte subpopulations using cell-specific tags, microarray technology, quantitative time-resolved polymerase chain reaction and bioinformatics tools. We show that perineuronal cells are the progeny of oligodendrocyte progenitors and, hence, are members of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Physiologically they exhibit a novel phenotype. Their expression of PDGFR-αβ and its growth factor ligand PDGF-CC sets them apart from members of their lineage as this receptor precludes their response to the same growth factors that act on myelinating cells. Their coordinate expression and context-specific usage of transcription factors Olig2, Ascl1 and Pax6, together with the prominent presence of transcription factors Pea3, Lhx2 and Otx2--not hitherto linked to the oligodendrocyte lineage--suggested a cell with features that blur the boundary between a neuron and a glial cell. But they also maintain a reservoir of untranslated transcripts encoding major myelin proteins presumably for a demyelinating episode. This first molecular characterization of perineuronal oligodendrocytes revealed the striking difference between the myelinating and non-myelinating phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szuchet
- Department of Neurology, 5841 S Maryland Ave., The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Fulton DL, Denarier E, Friedman HC, Wasserman WW, Peterson AC. Towards resolving the transcription factor network controlling myelin gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7974-91. [PMID: 21729871 PMCID: PMC3185407 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced from spirally-wrapped oligodendrocyte plasma membrane and, as exemplified by the debilitating effects of inherited or acquired myelin abnormalities in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, it plays a critical role in nervous system function. Myelin sheath production coincides with rapid up-regulation of numerous genes. The complexity of their subsequent expression patterns, along with recently recognized heterogeneity within the oligodendrocyte lineage, suggest that the regulatory networks controlling such genes drive multiple context-specific transcriptional programs. Conferring this nuanced level of control likely involves a large repertoire of interacting transcription factors (TFs). Here, we combined novel strategies of computational sequence analyses with in vivo functional analysis to establish a TF network model of coordinate myelin-associated gene transcription. Notably, the network model captures regulatory DNA elements and TFs known to regulate oligodendrocyte myelin gene transcription and/or oligodendrocyte development, thereby validating our approach. Further, it links to numerous TFs with previously unsuspected roles in CNS myelination and suggests collaborative relationships amongst both known and novel TFs, thus providing deeper insight into the myelin gene transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Fulton
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Abstract
OLs (oligodendrocytes) are the myelinating cells of the CNS (central nervous system), wrapping axons in conductive sheathes to ensure effective transmission of neural signals. The regulation of OL development, from precursor to mature myelinating cell, is controlled by a variety of inhibitory and inductive signalling factors. The dorsal spinal cord contains signals that inhibit OL development, possibly to prevent premature and ectopic precursor differentiation. The Wnt and BMP (bone morphogenic protein) signalling pathways have been identified as dorsal spinal cord signals with overlapping temporal activity, and both have similar inhibitory effects on OL differentiation. Both these pathways feature prominently in many developmental processes and demyelinating events after injury, and they are known to interact in complex inductive, inhibitive and synergistic manners in many developing systems. The interaction between BMP and Wnt signalling in OL development, however, has not been extensively explored. In the present study, we examine the relationship between the canonical Wnt and BMP pathways. We use pharmacological and genetic paradigms to show that both Wnt3a and BMP4 will inhibit OL differentiation in vitro. We also show that when the canonical BMP signalling pathway is blocked, neither Wnt3a nor BMP4 have inhibitory effects on OL differentiation. In contrast, abrogating the Wnt signalling pathway does not alter the actions of BMP4 treatment. Our results indicate that the BMP signalling pathway is necessary for the canonical Wnt signalling pathway to exert its effects on OL development, but not vice versa, suggesting that Wnt signals upstream of BMP.
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Wang M, Doucette JR, Nazarali AJ. Conditional Tet-regulated over-expression of Hoxa2 in CG4 cells increases their proliferation and delays their differentiation into oligodendrocyte-like cells expressing myelin basic protein. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:875-86. [PMID: 21479584 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hoxa2 gene was reported to be expressed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) and down-regulated at the terminal differentiation stage during oligodendrogenesis in mice (Nicolay et al. 2004b). To further investigate the role of Hoxa2 in oligodendroglial development, a tetracycline regulated controllable expression system was utilized to establish a stable cell line (CG4-SHoxa2 [sense Hoxa2]), where the expression level of Hoxa2 gene could be up-regulated. The impact of Hoxa2 over-expression on the proliferation and differentiation of CG4-SHoxa2 cells was investigated. Up-regulation of Hoxa2 increased the proliferation of CG4-SHoxa2 cells. The mRNA levels of PDGFαR (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] alpha receptor), which is expressed by OL progenitor cells, were not different in CG4-SHoxa2 cells compared to wild-type CG4 cells. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the mRNA levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) was lower in CG4-SHoxa2 cells than in wild-type CG4 cells indicating the differentiation of CG4-SHoxa2 cells was delayed when the Hoxa2 gene was up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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Othman A, Frim DM, Polak P, Vujicic S, Arnason BGW, Boullerne AI. Olig1 is expressed in human oligodendrocytes during maturation and regeneration. Glia 2011; 59:914-26. [PMID: 21446039 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myelin repair is inhibited in multiple sclerosis (MS), ultimately leading to axonal damage and disability. We aimed to understand the transcriptional mechanisms of regeneration in primary human oligodendrocyte cultures isolated from white matter of medically intractable epilepsy patients. Cultures at isolation contained 84% mature oligodendrocytes and 16% oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). The two populations showed a protracted regeneration of membranes expressing myelin proteins after 2-3 weeks in culture, and were kept long-term to study membranes maintenance. We profiled by quantitative PCR (qPCR) the sequential mRNA expression of transcription factors Olig1, Olig2, Nkx2.2, Sox10, PPARδ, PPARγ, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CNP), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In summary, Olig1 was not expressed in freshly isolated oligodendrocytes, but was expressed from the beginning of process extension until membranes maintenance. In contrast, Olig2 expression was restricted to isolation and during membranes production. We show for the first time PPARδ expression and absence of PPARγ in human oligodendrocytes. Nkx2.2, Sox10, PPARδ, CNP, MBP and MOG messengers were expressed at any time, while MAG messenger was expressed at mature stage only. Myelin proteins CNP, MBP, MAG, and MOG were confirmed by immunocytochemistry. Our findings point to different roles of Olig1 and Olig2 in regeneration of cultured adult human oligodendrocytes. Noticeably, the transcriptional profiles found in cultured neonatal rodent OPC are different. More studies are necessary to elucidate myelin repair in the adult human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Othman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Haines JD, Fang J, Mushynski WE, Almazan G. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) participates in p38 MAPK regulated control of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2011; 58:1384-93. [PMID: 20607863 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) are a family of kinases that regulate a number of cellular functions including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. We have previously reported a role for p38 MAPK in the regulation of oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and Schwann cell myelination. Here, we extend our previous findings by showing that a p38 substrate, mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is a downstream element of the p38 signaling pathway responsible for effecting OLG differentiation. Inhibition of MK2 activity in oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) using CMPD1 [4-(2'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butyramide] blocked the activation of MK2 and resulted in decreased accumulation of myelin-differentiation markers, including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP). We corroborated these findings using a small-interfering RNA to MK2, which decreased the myelin-specific lipid galactosylceramide and MAG. Treatment of cultures with CMPD1 decreased the steady state levels of mRNA encoding myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1), MAG, MBP, and Opalin, a transmembrane sialylglycoprotein expressed in oligodendrocytes. In contrast, increases were observed in the mRNA levels of OLG transcriptional repressors, including transcription factor 4 (Tcf4), Notch1, and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2). Furthermore, we found that the predominantly expressed isoform of p38 in OLGs, p38alpha, and MK2 can form coimmunoprecipitable complexes in OLPs and OLGs. Our results demonstrate that the p38-MK2 pathway is a component of the signaling cascade regulating OLG differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Haines
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Abstract
Extensive literature documented that astrocytes release neurotransmitters, cytokines and other signaling molecules to modulate migration, maturation and myelin synthesis of oligodendrocytes through mechanisms primarily converging on cytosolic [Ca2+] transients. Considering the long-term effects, it is expected that astrocyte-conditioned medium is a major regulator of gene expression in oligodendrocytes even in the absence of cytosol-to-cytosol communication via astrocyte-oligodendrocyte gap junction channels. Indeed, by comparing the transcriptomes of immortalized precursor oligodendrocyte (Oli-neu) cells when cultured alone and co-cultured with non-touching astrocytes we found profound changes in the gene expression level, control and networking. Remarkably, the astrocyte proximity was more effective in remodeling the myelination (MYE) gene fabric and its control by cytokine receptor (CYR)-modulated intercellular Ca2+-signaling (ICS) transcriptomic network than the dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) treatment-induced transformation into myelin-associated glycoprotein-positive oligodendrocyte-like cells. Moreover, astrocyte proximity up-regulated 37 MYE genes and switched on another 14 MYE, 23 ICS and 4 CYR genes, enhancing the roles of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and connexins Cx29 and Cx47. The novel prominent gene analysis identified the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 as the most relevant MYE gene in the astrocyte proximity, notch gene homolog 1 in control and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 in differentiated Oli-neu cells.
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Guo SJ, Hu JG, Zhao BM, Shen L, Wang R, Zhou JS, Lü HZ. Olig1 and ID4 interactions in living cells visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation technique. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4637-42. [PMID: 21132377 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Olig1, a member of class B basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH), plays key roles in early oligodendrocyte specification. Inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) is another sub-class of HLH proteins, act as dominant-negative regulators of bHLH proteins, which can form heterodimers with class A or B bHLH proteins, but lack the critical basic DNA binding domain. Id4 was recently found to interact with olig1 and inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation. However, there still no direct evidence to reveal the spatial and temporal interaction of olig1 and ID4 in living cells. In this study, we performed bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis to further characterize the distinct subcellular localization of olig1, ID4 and their dimer in living SW1116 cells. To examine the subcellular localization of olig1 and ID4 by themselves, the olig1-EGFP or ID4-DsRed2 fusion proteins were also expressed in SW1116 cells, respectively. As predicted, the olig1-EGFP fusion proteins were located in the nucleus, and ID4-DsRed2 fusion proteins were located in the cytoplasm. When olig1-EGFP and ID4-DsRed2 fusion proteins were co-expressed, the green and red signals were co-located in the cytoplasm. Using BiFC, the strong BiFC signals could be detected in pBiFC-olig1VN173 and pBiFC-ID4VC155 co-transfected cells and the fluorescence signal was located in the cytoplasm. These results collectively confirmed that olig1 and ID4 could interact and form dimer in living cells, and ID4 could block the transport of olig1 from cytoplasm to nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Guo
- Department of Immunology, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, People's Republic of China
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Qureshi IA, Gokhan S, Mehler MF. REST and CoREST are transcriptional and epigenetic regulators of seminal neural fate decisions. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4477-86. [PMID: 21088488 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.22.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory factors (e.g., histone and chromatin modifying enzymes and non-coding RNAs) regulate genes responsible for mediating neural stem cell maintenance and lineage restriction, neuronal and glial lineage specification, and progressive stages of lineage maturation. However, an overall understanding of the mechanisms that sense and integrate developmental signals at the genomic level and control cell type-specific gene network deployment has not emerged. REST and CoREST are central players in the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory circuitry that is responsible for modulating neural genes, and they have been implicated in establishing cell identity and function, both within the nervous system and beyond it. Herein, we discuss the emerging context-specific roles of REST and CoREST and highlight our recent studies aimed at elucidating their neural developmental cell type- and stage-specific actions. These observations support the conclusion that REST and CoREST act as master regulators of key neural cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Qureshi
- Rosyln and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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48
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Abdeen SM, Olusi SO. Peptidyl arginine deiminase: A novel immunohistochemical marker for liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:592-603. [PMID: 19836826 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) is an enzyme known to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since many of the molecular events present in the joints in RA also take place in the injured liver, we postulated in this study that PAD may be involved in liver fibrosis. The objectives of this study therefore were to find out if PAD could be demonstrated immunohistochemically in liver biopsies of patients with chronic hepatitis and if it is associated with METAVIR activity and fibrosis scores. Liver biopsies were obtained from 100 patients with chronic liver diseases between September 2006 and 2007. The biopsies were scored by two histopathologists according to the METAVIR activity and fibrosis scores after histological preparation. Immunohistochemistry for PAD was performed on the biopsies using a monoclonal antibody against PAD. PAD could not be demonstrated in normal liver biopsies but was found in the hepatocytes of patients with chronic hepatitis. PAD labeling could distinguish patients with no fibrosis from either F1 or F2 or F3 or F4 fibrosis. Similarly, PAD labeling could separate patients with no inflammatory activity from those with mild or moderate or severe activity. We concluded that PAD could be demonstrated immunohistochemically in liver biopsies of patients with chronic hepatitis and that its immunodetection was significantly associated with Metavir activity and fibrosis scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad M Abdeen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, 13110 Safat, Kuwait.
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Küspert M, Hammer A, Bösl MR, Wegner M. Olig2 regulates Sox10 expression in oligodendrocyte precursors through an evolutionary conserved distal enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1280-93. [PMID: 20959288 PMCID: PMC3045606 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HMG-domain transcription factor Sox10 is expressed throughout oligodendrocyte development and is an important component of the transcriptional regulatory network in these myelin-forming CNS glia. Of the known Sox10 regulatory regions, only the evolutionary conserved U2 enhancer in the distal 5'-flank of the Sox10 gene exhibits oligodendroglial activity. We found that U2 was active in oligodendrocyte precursors, but not in mature oligodendrocytes. U2 activity also did not mediate the initial Sox10 induction after specification arguing that Sox10 expression during oligodendroglial development depends on the activity of multiple regulatory regions. The oligodendroglial bHLH transcription factor Olig2, but not the closely related Olig1 efficiently activated the U2 enhancer. Olig2 bound U2 directly at several sites including a highly conserved one in the U2 core. Inactivation of this site abolished the oligodendroglial activity of U2 in vivo. In contrast to Olig2, the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx6.2 repressed U2 activity. Repression may involve recruitment of Nkx6.2 to U2 and inactivation of Olig2 and other activators by protein-protein interactions. Considering the selective expression of Nkx6.2 at the time of specification and in differentiated oligodendrocytes, Nkx6.2 may be involved in limiting U2 activity to the precursor stage during oligodendrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Küspert
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of CNS myelination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:601-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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