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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins-Beebe PN, Pabon MA, Miscevic M, Nickel EA, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large genetic analysis of alcohol resistance and tolerance reveals an inverse correlation and suggests 'true' tolerance mutants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561599. [PMID: 37873285 PMCID: PMC10592763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce the same behavioral effects. Tolerance is historically not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and between labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we have analyzed a large amount of data - our own published and unpublished data and data published by other labs - to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. We show that these residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'true' tolerance mutant, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Pearl N Cummins-Beebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Emily A. Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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2
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Efficacy and Safety of Inhalation of Nebulized Ethanol in COVID-19 Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Cureus 2022; 14:e32218. [PMID: 36505954 PMCID: PMC9728981 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many efforts have been made and are currently being made to prevent and treat this global disease. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized ethanol (EtOH) in treating COVID-19. METHODS A randomized clinical trial (RCT) of 99 symptomatic and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive patients admitted to a hospital receiving remdesivir-dexamethasone was conducted. They were randomly assigned to receive distilled water spray (control group (CG)) or 35% EtOH spray (intervention group (IG)). Both groups inhaled three puffs of spray (nebulizer) every six hours for a week. The primary outcome included Global Symptomatic Score (GSS) between the two groups at the first visit and on days three, seven, and 14. Secondary outcomes included the Clinical Status Scale (CSS; a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from death to complete recovery) and readmission rate. RESULTS A total of 44 and 55 patients were enrolled in the IG and CG, respectively. Although there was no difference at admission, the GSS and CSS improved significantly in the IG (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively). The IG readmission rate was considerably lower (0% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Inhaled-nebulized EtOH is effective in rapidly improving the clinical status and reducing further treatment. Due to its low cost, availability, and absent/tolerable adverse events, it could be recommended as an adjunctive treatment for moderate COVID-19. Further research on curative effects in more serious cases and in prevention is advisable.
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Griffiths SE, Beacham RT, Norrell L, Morrison DE, Wang J, Mann J, Tennant W, Anderson EN, Franks J, Calderon M, Connolly KA, Cheema MU, Weaver CJ, Nkashama LJ, Weckerly CC, Querry KE, Pandey UB, Donnelly CJ, Sun D, Rodan AR, Subramanya AR. WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation. Cell 2022; 185:4488-4506.e20. [PMID: 36318922 PMCID: PMC9699283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When challenged by hypertonicity, dehydrated cells must recover their volume to survive. This process requires the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SLC12 cation chloride transporters by WNK kinases, but how these kinases are activated by cell shrinkage remains unknown. Within seconds of cell exposure to hypertonicity, WNK1 concentrates into membraneless condensates, initiating a phosphorylation-dependent signal that drives net ion influx via the SLC12 cotransporters to restore cell volume. WNK1 condensate formation is driven by its intrinsically disordered C terminus, whose evolutionarily conserved signatures are necessary for efficient phase separation and volume recovery. This disorder-encoded phase behavior occurs within physiological constraints and is activated in vivo by molecular crowding rather than changes in cell size. This allows kinase activity despite an inhibitory ionic milieu and permits cell volume recovery through condensate-mediated signal amplification. Thus, WNK kinases are physiological crowding sensors that phase separate to coordinate a cell volume rescue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shawn E Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca T Beacham
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Logan Norrell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Daryl E Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jacob Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William Tennant
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael Calderon
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kelly A Connolly
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire J Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lubika J Nkashama
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire C Weckerly
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine E Querry
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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4
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Oepen AS, Catalano JL, Azanchi R, Kaun KR. The foraging gene affects alcohol sensitivity, metabolism and memory in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:236-248. [PMID: 34092172 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1931178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is complex. Understanding how natural genetic variation contributes to alcohol phenotypes can help us identify and understand the genetic basis of AUD. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human foraging (for) gene ortholog, Protein Kinase cGMP-Dependent 1 (PRKG1), was found to be associated with stress-induced risk for alcohol abuse. However, the mechanistic role that PRKG1 plays in AUD is not well understood. We use natural variation in the Drosophila for gene to describe how variation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity modifies ethanol-induced phenotypes. We found that variation in for affects ethanol-induced increases in locomotion and memory of the appetitive properties of ethanol intoxication. Further, these differences may stem from the ability to metabolize ethanol. Together, this data suggests that natural variation in PKG modulates cue reactivity for alcohol, and thus could influence alcohol cravings by differentially modulating metabolic and behavioral sensitivities to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Oepen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Masters Program in Developmental, Neuronal and Behavioral Biology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jamie L Catalano
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Reza Azanchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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5
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Lathen DR, Merrill CB, Rothenfluh A. Flying Together: Drosophila as a Tool to Understand the Genetics of Human Alcoholism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6649. [PMID: 32932795 PMCID: PMC7555299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) exacts an immense toll on individuals, families, and society. Genetic factors determine up to 60% of an individual's risk of developing problematic alcohol habits. Effective AUD prevention and treatment requires knowledge of the genes that predispose people to alcoholism, play a role in alcohol responses, and/or contribute to the development of addiction. As a highly tractable and translatable genetic and behavioral model organism, Drosophila melanogaster has proven valuable to uncover important genes and mechanistic pathways that have obvious orthologs in humans and that help explain the complexities of addiction. Vinegar flies exhibit remarkably strong face and mechanistic validity as a model for AUDs, permitting many advancements in the quest to understand human genetic involvement in this disease. These advancements occur via approaches that essentially fall into one of two categories: (1) discovering candidate genes via human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics on post-mortem tissue from AUD patients, or relevant physiological connections, then using reverse genetics in flies to validate candidate genes' roles and investigate their molecular function in the context of alcohol. (2) Utilizing flies to discover candidate genes through unbiased screens, GWAS, quantitative trait locus analyses, transcriptomics, or single-gene studies, then validating their translational role in human genetic surveys. In this review, we highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model for alcoholism by surveying recent advances in our understanding of human AUDs that resulted from these various approaches. We summarize the genes that are conserved in alcohol-related function between humans and flies. We also provide insight into some advantages and limitations of these approaches. Overall, this review demonstrates how Drosophila have and can be used to answer important genetic questions about alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Schmitt RE, Messick MR, Shell BC, Dunbar EK, Fang H, Shelton KL, Venton BJ, Pletcher SD, Grotewiel M. Dietary yeast influences ethanol sedation in Drosophila via serotonergic neuron function. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12779. [PMID: 31169340 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abuse of alcohol is a major clinical problem with far-reaching health consequences. Understanding the environmental and genetic factors that contribute to alcohol-related behaviors is a potential gateway for developing novel therapeutic approaches for patients that abuse the drug. To this end, we have used Drosophila melanogaster as a model to investigate the effect of diet, an environmental factor, on ethanol sedation. Providing flies with diets high in yeast, a routinely used component of fly media, increased their resistance to ethanol sedation. The yeast-induced resistance to ethanol sedation occurred in several different genetic backgrounds, was observed in males and females, was elicited by yeast from different sources, was readily reversible, and was associated with increased nutrient intake as well as decreased internal ethanol levels. Inhibition of serotonergic neuron function using multiple independent genetic manipulations blocked the effect of yeast supplementation on ethanol sedation, nutrient intake, and internal ethanol levels. Our results demonstrate that yeast is a critical dietary component that influences ethanol sedation in flies and that serotonergic signaling is required for the effect of dietary yeast on nutrient intake, ethanol uptake/elimination, and ethanol sedation. Our studies establish the fly as a model for diet-induced changes in ethanol sedation and raise the possibility that serotonin might mediate the effect of diet on alcohol-related behavior in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Schmitt
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Monica R. Messick
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Brandon C. Shell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Ellyn K. Dunbar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Huai‐Fang Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Keith L. Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Scott D. Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center Richmond VA USA
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7
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The Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Drosophila melanogaster Immune Defense against Enterococcus faecalis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020234. [PMID: 32098395 PMCID: PMC7074548 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the genetic basis of natural variation in disease response in hosts provides insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. Here, a genome-wide association study of Drosophila melanogaster survival after infection with the Gram-positive entomopathogenic bacterium Enterococcus faecalis is reported. There was considerable variation in defense against E. faecalis infection among inbred lines of the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with six genes with a significant (p < 10-08, corresponding to a false discovery rate of 2.4%) association with survival, none of which were canonical immune genes. To validate the role of these genes in immune defense, their expression was knocked-down using RNAi and survival of infected hosts was followed, which confirmed a role for the genes krishah and S6k in immune defense. We further identified a putative role for the Bomanin gene BomBc1 (also known as IM23), in E. faecalis infection response. This study adds to the growing set of association studies for infection in Drosophila melanogaster and suggests that the genetic causes of variation in immune defense differ for different pathogens.
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8
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Lowenstein EG, Velazquez-Ulloa NA. A Fly's Eye View of Natural and Drug Reward. Front Physiol 2018; 9:407. [PMID: 29720947 PMCID: PMC5915475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals encounter multiple stimuli each day. Some of these stimuli are innately appetitive or aversive, while others are assigned valence based on experience. Drugs like ethanol can elicit aversion in the short term and attraction in the long term. The reward system encodes the predictive value for different stimuli, mediating anticipation for attractive or punishing stimuli and driving animal behavior to approach or avoid conditioned stimuli. The neurochemistry and neurocircuitry of the reward system is partly evolutionarily conserved. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, including Drosophila melanogaster, dopamine is at the center of a network of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators acting in concert to encode rewards. Behavioral assays in D. melanogaster have become increasingly sophisticated, allowing more direct comparison with mammalian research. Moreover, recent evidence has established the functional modularity of the reward neural circuits in Drosophila. This functional modularity resembles the organization of reward circuits in mammals. The powerful genetic and molecular tools for D. melanogaster allow characterization and manipulation at the single-cell level. These tools are being used to construct a detailed map of the neural circuits mediating specific rewarding stimuli and have allowed for the identification of multiple genes and molecular pathways that mediate the effects of reinforcing stimuli, including their rewarding effects. This report provides an overview of the research on natural and drug reward in D. melanogaster, including natural rewards such as sugar and other food nutrients, and drug rewards including ethanol, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and nicotine. We focused mainly on the known genetic and neural mechanisms underlying appetitive reward for sugar and reward for ethanol. We also include genes, molecular pathways, and neural circuits that have been identified using assays that test the palatability of the rewarding stimulus, the preference for the rewarding stimulus, or other effects of the stimulus that indicate how it can modify behavior. Commonalities between mechanisms of natural and drug reward are highlighted and future directions are presented, putting forward questions best suited for research using D. melanogaster as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve G Lowenstein
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, United States
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9
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Gonzalez DA, Jia T, Pinzón JH, Acevedo SF, Ojelade SA, Xu B, Tay N, Desrivières S, Hernandez JL, Banaschewski T, Büchel C, Bokde AL, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Smolka MN, Rodan AR, Schumann G, Rothenfluh A. The Arf6 activator Efa6/PSD3 confers regional specificity and modulates ethanol consumption in Drosophila and humans. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:621-628. [PMID: 28607459 PMCID: PMC5729071 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed genes have been implicated in a variety of specific behaviors, including responses to ethanol. However, the mechanisms that confer this behavioral specificity have remained elusive. Previously, we showed that the ubiquitously expressed small GTPase Arf6 is required for normal ethanol-induced sedation in adult Drosophila. Here, we show that this behavioral response also requires Efa6, one of (at least) three Drosophila Arf6 guanine exchange factors. Ethanol-naive Arf6 and Efa6 mutants were sensitive to ethanol-induced sedation and lacked rapid tolerance upon re-exposure to ethanol, when compared with wild-type flies. In contrast to wild-type flies, both Arf6 and Efa6 mutants preferred alcohol-containing food without prior ethanol experience. An analysis of the human ortholog of Arf6 and orthologs of Efa6 (PSD1-4) revealed that the minor G allele of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs13265422 in PSD3, as well as a haplotype containing rs13265422, was associated with an increased frequency of drinking and binge drinking episodes in adolescents. The same haplotype was also associated with increased alcohol dependence in an independent European cohort. Unlike the ubiquitously expressed human Arf6 GTPase, PSD3 localization is restricted to the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the same PSD3 haplotype was also associated with a differential functional magnetic resonance imaging signal in the PFC during a Go/No-Go task, which engages PFC-mediated executive control. Our translational analysis, therefore, suggests that PSD3 confers regional specificity to ubiquitous Arf6 in the PFC to modulate human alcohol-drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante A. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge H. Pinzón
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Summer F. Acevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shamsideen A. Ojelade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bing Xu
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Tay
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannie L. Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tomás Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany,Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Drosophila: An Emergent Model for Delineating Interactions between the Circadian Clock and Drugs of Abuse. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:4723836. [PMID: 29391952 PMCID: PMC5748135 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4723836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous circadian oscillators orchestrate rhythms at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels across species to coordinate activity, for example, sleep/wake cycles, metabolism, and learning and memory, with predictable environmental cycles. The 21st century has seen a dramatic rise in the incidence of circadian and sleep disorders with globalization, technological advances, and the use of personal electronics. The circadian clock modulates alcohol- and drug-induced behaviors with circadian misalignment contributing to increased substance use and abuse. Invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster, have proven invaluable for the identification of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying highly conserved processes including the circadian clock, drug tolerance, and reward systems. In this review, we highlight the contributions of Drosophila as a model system for understanding the bidirectional interactions between the circadian system and the drugs of abuse, alcohol and cocaine, and illustrate the highly conserved nature of these interactions between Drosophila and mammalian systems. Research in Drosophila provides mechanistic insights into the corresponding behaviors in higher organisms and can be used as a guide for targeted inquiries in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K. De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lisa C. Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Pinzón JH, Reed AR, Shalaby NA, Buszczak M, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Alcohol-Induced Behaviors Require a Subset of Drosophila JmjC-Domain Histone Demethylases in the Nervous System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2015-2024. [PMID: 28940624 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting transcriptional changes underlie a number of adaptations that contribute to alcohol use disorders (AUD). Chromatin remodeling, including histone methylation, can confer distinct, long-lasting transcriptional changes, and histone methylases are known to play a role in the development of addiction. Conversely, little is known about the relevance of Jumonji (JmjC) domain-containing demethylases in AUDs. We systematically surveyed the alcohol-induced phenotypes of null mutations in all 13 Drosophila JmjC genes. METHODS We used a collection of JmjC mutants, the majority of which we generated by homologous recombination, and assayed them in the Booze-o-mat to determine their naïve sensitivity to sedation and their tolerance (change in sensitivity upon repeat exposure). Mutants with reproducible phenotypes had their phenotypes rescued with tagged genomic transgenes, and/or phenocopied by nervous system-specific knockdown using RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS Four of the 13 JmjC genes (KDM3, lid, NO66, and HSPBAP1) showed reproducible ethanol (EtOH) sensitivity phenotypes. Some of the phenotypes were observed across doses, for example, the enhanced EtOH sensitivity of KDM3KO and NO66KO , but others were dose dependent, such as the reduced EtOH sensitivity of HSPBAP1KO , or the enhanced EtOH tolerance of NO66KO . These phenotypes were rescued by their respective genomic transgenes in KDM3KO and NO66KO mutants. While we were unable to rescue lidk mutants, knockdown of lid in the nervous system recapitulated the lidk phenotype, as was observed for KDM3KO and NO66KO RNAi-mediated knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that the Drosophila JmjC-domain histone demethylases Lid, KDM3, NO66, and HSPBAP1 are required for normal EtOH-induced sedation and tolerance. Three of 3 tested of those 4 JmjC genes are required in the nervous system for normal alcohol-induced behavioral responses, suggesting that this gene family is an intriguing avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Pinzón
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas.,Molecular Biology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Addison R Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nevine A Shalaby
- Molecular Biology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Buszczak
- Molecular Biology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Departments of Internal Medicine/Division of Nephrology, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Park A, Ghezzi A, Wijesekera TP, Atkinson NS. Genetics and genomics of alcohol responses in Drosophila. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:22-35. [PMID: 28161376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has become a significant model organism for alcohol research. In flies, a rich variety of behaviors can be leveraged for identifying genes affecting alcohol responses and adaptations. Furthermore, almost all genes can be easily genetically manipulated. Despite the great evolutionary distance between flies and mammals, many of the same genes have been implicated in strikingly similar alcohol-induced behaviors. A major problem in medical research today is that it is difficult to extrapolate from any single model system to humans. Strong evolutionary conservation of a mechanistic response between distantly related organisms, such as flies and mammals, is a powerful predictor that conservation will continue all the way to humans. This review describes the state of the Drosophila alcohol research field. It describes common alcohol behavioral assays, the independent origins of resistance and tolerance, the results of classical genetic screens and candidate gene analysis, and the outcomes of recent genomics studies employing GWAS, transcriptome, miRNA, and genome-wide histone acetylation surveys. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Park
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alfredo Ghezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras. San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Thilini P Wijesekera
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nigel S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience and The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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Ojelade SA, Acevedo SF, Kalahasti G, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. RhoGAP18B Isoforms Act on Distinct Rho-Family GTPases and Regulate Behavioral Responses to Alcohol via Cofilin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137465. [PMID: 26366560 PMCID: PMC4569326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to the effects of ethanol are highly conserved across organisms, with reduced responses to the sedating effects of ethanol being predictive of increased risk for human alcohol dependence. Previously, we described that regulators of actin dynamics, such as the Rho-family GTPases Rac1, Rho1, and Cdc42, alter Drosophila's sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation. The GTPase activating protein RhoGAP18B also affects sensitivity to ethanol. To better understand how different RhoGAP18B isoforms affect ethanol sedation, we examined them for their effects on cell shape, GTP-loading of Rho-family GTPase, activation of the actin-severing cofilin, and actin filamentation. Our results suggest that the RhoGAP18B-PA isoform acts on Cdc42, while PC and PD act via Rac1 and Rho1 to activate cofilin. In vivo, a loss-of-function mutation in the cofilin-encoding gene twinstar leads to reduced ethanol-sensitivity and acts in concert with RhoGAP18B. Different RhoGAP18B isoforms, therefore, act on distinct subsets of Rho-family GTPases to modulate cofilin activity, actin dynamics, and ethanol-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsideen A. Ojelade
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Summer F. Acevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Geetha Kalahasti
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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