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Clark JN, Whiting A, McCaffery P. Retinoic acid receptor-targeted drugs in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1097-1108. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1811232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Nicol Clark
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Peter McCaffery
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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2
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Donders R, Bogie JF, Ravanidis S, Gervois P, Vanheusden M, Marée R, Schrynemackers M, Smeets HJ, Pinxteren J, Gijbels K, Walbers S, Mays RW, Deans R, Van Den Bosch L, Stinissen P, Lambrichts I, Gyselaers W, Hellings N. Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Display a Distinct Immunomodulatory and Proregenerative Transcriptional Signature Compared to Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:65-84. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raf Donders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F.J. Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Pascal Gervois
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marjan Vanheusden
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Marée
- University of Liège, GIGA Bioinformatics Core Facility, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Hubert J.M. Smeets
- Maastricht UMC+, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW and CARIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jef Pinxteren
- ReGenesys BVBA, Bio-Incubator Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Sara Walbers
- ReGenesys BVBA, Bio-Incubator Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Robert W. Mays
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Athersys, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert Deans
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Athersys, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology and VIB, Center for Brain & Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Gyselaers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Campus St. Jan, Genk, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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3
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Gervois P, Wolfs E, Dillen Y, Hilkens P, Ratajczak J, Driesen R, Vangansewinkel T, Bronckaers A, Brône B, Struys T, Lambrichts I. Paracrine Maturation and Migration of SH-SY5Y Cells by Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2017; 96:654-662. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034517690491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are characterized by neurodegeneration and/or loss of neuronal function, which cannot be adequately repaired by the host. Therefore, there is need for novel treatment options such as cell-based therapies that aim to salvage or reconstitute the lost tissue or that stimulate host repair. The present study aimed to evaluate the paracrine effects of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) on the migration and neural maturation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The hDPSC secretome had a significant chemoattractive effect on SH-SY5Y cells as shown by a transwell assay. To evaluate neural maturation, SH-SY5Y cells were first induced toward neuronal cells, after which they were exposed to the hDPSC secretome. In addition, SH-SY5Y cells subjected to the hDPSC secretome showed increased neuritogenesis compared with nonexposed cells. Maturated cells were shown to increase immune reactivity for neuronal markers compared with controls. Ultrastructurally, retinoic acid (RA) signaling and subsequent exposure to the hDPSC secretome induced a gradual rise in metabolic activity and neuronal features such as multivesicular bodies and cytoskeletal elements associated with cellular communication. In addition, electrophysiological recordings of differentiating cells demonstrated a transition toward a neuronal electrophysiological profile based on the maximum tetrodotoxin (TTX)–sensitive, Na+ current. Moreover, conditioned medium (CM)–hDPSC–maturated SH-SY5Y cells developed distinct features including, Cd2+-sensitive currents, which suggests that CM-hDPSC–maturated SH-SY5Y acquired voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The results reported in this study demonstrate the potential of hDPSCs to support differentiation and recruitment of cells with neuronal precursor characteristics in a paracrine manner. Moreover, this in vitro experimental design showed that the widely used SH-SY5Y cell line can improve and simplify the preclinical in vitro research on the molecular mechanisms of stem cell–mediated neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - E. Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Y. Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - P. Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - J. Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - R.B. Driesen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - T. Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - A. Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B. Brône
- Group of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - T. Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - I. Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Di Lascio S, Saba E, Belperio D, Raimondi A, Lucchetti H, Fornasari D, Benfante R. PHOX2A and PHOX2B are differentially regulated during retinoic acid-driven differentiation of SK-N-BE(2)C neuroblastoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:62-71. [PMID: 26902400 PMCID: PMC4819706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PHOX2B and its paralogue gene PHOX2A are two homeodomain proteins in the network regulating the development of autonomic ganglia that have been associated with the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma (NB), because of their over-expression in different NB cell lines and tumour samples. We used the SK-N-BE(2)C cell line to show that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a drug that is widely used to inhibit growth and induce differentiation in NBs, regulates both PHOX2A and PHOX2B expression, albeit by means of different mechanisms: it up-regulates PHOX2A and down-regulates PHOX2B. Both mechanisms act at transcriptional level, but prolonged ATRA treatment selectively degrades the PHOX2A protein, whereas the corresponding mRNA remains up-regulated. Further, we show that PHOX2A is capable of modulating PHOX2B expression, but this mechanism is not involved in the PHOX2B down-regulation induced by retinoic acid. Our findings demonstrate that PHOX2A expression is finely controlled during retinoic acid differentiation and this, together with PHOX2B down-regulation, reinforces the idea that they may be useful biomarkers for NB staging, prognosis and treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Saba
- CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Belperio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Imaging Research Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Helen Lucchetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; CNR - Neuroscience Institute, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Bouilloux F, Thireau J, Ventéo S, Farah C, Karam S, Dauvilliers Y, Valmier J, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Richard S, Marmigère F. Loss of the transcription factor Meis1 prevents sympathetic neurons target-field innervation and increases susceptibility to sudden cardiac death. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26857994 PMCID: PMC4760953 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardio-vascular incidents and sudden cardiac death (SCD) are among the leading causes of premature death in the general population, the origins remain unidentified in many cases. Genome-wide association studies have identified Meis1 as a risk factor for SCD. We report that Meis1 inactivation in the mouse neural crest leads to an altered sympatho-vagal regulation of cardiac rhythmicity in adults characterized by a chronotropic incompetence and cardiac conduction defects, thus increasing the susceptibility to SCD. We demonstrated that Meis1 is a major regulator of sympathetic target-field innervation and that Meis1 deficient sympathetic neurons die by apoptosis from early embryonic stages to perinatal stages. In addition, we showed that Meis1 regulates the transcription of key molecules necessary for the endosomal machinery. Accordingly, the traffic of Rab5+ endosomes is severely altered in Meis1-inactivated sympathetic neurons. These results suggest that Meis1 interacts with various trophic factors signaling pathways during postmitotic neurons differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11627.001 Nerve cells called sympathetic neurons can control the activity of almost all of our organs without any conscious thought on our part. For example, these nerve cells are responsible for accelerating the heart rate during exercise. In a developing embryo, there are initially more of these neurons than are needed, and only those that develop correctly and form a connection with a target cell will survive. This is because the target cells provide the growing neurons with vital molecules called neurotrophins, which are trafficked back along the nerve fiber and into the main body of the nerve cell to ensure its survival. However, it is largely unknown which proteins or genes are also involved in this developmental process. Now, Bouilloux, Thireau et al. show that if a gene called Meis1 is inactivated in mice, the sympathetic neurons start to develop and grow nerve fibers, but then fail to establish connections with their target cells and finally die. The Meis1 gene encodes a transcription factor, which is a protein that regulates gene activity. Therefore, Bouilloux, Thireau et al. looked for the genes that are regulated by this transcription factor in sympathetic neurons. This search uncovered several genes that are involved in the packaging and trafficking of molecules within cells. Other experiments then revealed that the trafficking of molecules back along the nerve fiber was altered in mutant neurons in which the Meis1 gene had been inactivated. Furthermore, Meis1 mutant mice had problems with their heart rate, especially during exercise, and an increased risk of dying from a sudden cardiac arrest. These findings reveal a transcription factor that helps to establish a connection between a neuron and its target, and that activates a pattern of gene expression that works alongside the neurotrophin-based signals. Since all neurons undergo similar processes during development, future work could ask if comparable patterns of gene expression exist in other types of neurons, and if problems with such processes contribute to some neurodegenerative diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11627.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bouilloux
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Thireau
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du cœur et des Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ventéo
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du cœur et des Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Karam
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du cœur et des Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Valmier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Neal G Copeland
- Cancer Research Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- Cancer Research Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Sylvain Richard
- Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du cœur et des Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Marmigère
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France
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6
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Koszinowski S, Boerries M, Busch H, Krieglstein K. RARβ regulates neuronal cell death and differentiation in the avian ciliary ganglion. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1204-18. [PMID: 25663354 PMCID: PMC4832352 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death during chicken ciliary ganglion (CG) development is mostly discussed as an extrinsically regulated process, guided either by the establishment of a functional balance between preganglionic and postganglionic activity or the availability of target‐derived neurotrophic factors. We found that the expression of the gene coding for the nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARB) is transiently upregulated prior to and during the execution phase of cell death in the CG. Using retroviral vectors, the expression of RARB was knocked down during embryonic development in ovo. The knockdown led to a significant increase in CG neuron number after the cell death phase. BrdU injections and active caspase‐3 staining revealed that this increase in neuron number was due to an inhibition of apoptosis during the normal cell death phase. Furthermore, apoptotic neuron numbers were significantly increased at a stage when cell death is normally completed. While the cholinergic phenotype of the neurons remained unchanged after RARB knockdown, the expression of the proneural gene Cash1 was increased, but somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity, a hallmark of the mature choroid neuron population, was decreased. Taken together, these results point toward a delay in neuronal differentiation as well as cell death. The availability of nuclear retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) and RARβ‐induced transcription of genes could therefore be a new intrinsic cue for the maturation of CG neurons and their predisposition to undergo cell death. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1204–1218, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Koszinowski
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Centre for Biochemistry und Molecular Cell Research (ZBMZ), University of Freiburg, ALU, Stefan-Meier-Str.17, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (ALU), Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Ginsburg S, Jablonka E. The Transition to Experiencing: II. The Evolution of Associative Learning Based on Feelings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:29275. [PMID: 18060014 PMCID: PMC1950239 DOI: 10.1155/2007/29275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid
acid receptors (RAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)
have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory reactions. Both receptor families contain ligand-activated transcription factors which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). We review data that imply RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR pathways in physiological reactions after spinal cord injury. Experiments show how RAR signaling may improve axonal regeneration and modulate reactions of glia cells. While anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR are well documented in the periphery, their possible roles in the central nervous system have only recently become evident. Due to its anti-inflammatory function this transcription factor family promises to be a useful target after spinal cord or brain lesions.
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Takenaga M, Ohta Y, Tokura Y, Hamaguchi A, Shudo K, Okano H, Igarashi R. The effect of Am-80, a synthetic retinoid, on spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:225-31. [PMID: 19182380 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of 4[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8,-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl] benzoic acid (Am-80), a synthetic retinoid, on spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Treatment with Am-80 (orally and subcutaneously) significantly promoted recovery from SCI-induced motor dysfunction. On day 28 after injury, the lesion cavity was markedly reduced, while the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP; myelin), betaIIItubulin (neuron), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astrocyte) was increased, in comparison with SCI controls. Interestingly, expression of neurotrophin receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) was over 3-fold higher after Am-80 treatment than in SCI controls. A lot of TrkB-positive cells as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-positive ones were observed around the injured site. Am-80 (10 microM) combined with BDNF (100 ng/ml) promoted extensive neurite outgrowth and TrkB gene expression by cultured SH-SY5Y cells, as did all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Thymidine incorporation was dramatically suppressed, but there was little effect on cell viability. These findings suggest that Am-80 has the potential to be used for treating neurodegenerative disorders, including SCI. Its efficacy may be partly ascribed to promotion of cell viability and differentiation of neural stem cells through increased TrkB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Takenaga
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
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10
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Andres R, Herraez-Baranda LA, Thompson J, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Regulation of sympathetic neuron differentiation by endogenous nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3. Neurosci Lett 2007; 431:241-6. [PMID: 18162309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) play distinctive roles in sympathetic axon growth and target field innervation and are required for sympathetic neuron survival in vivo. To ascertain if these neurotrophins selectively regulate the expression of genes that determine the functional characteristics of differentiated sympathetic neurons, we measured the mRNA levels for several such genes in the superior cervical ganglion of NGF(-/-), NT3(-/-) and wild type mouse embryos at a stage before excessive neuronal loss occurs in the absence of these neurotrophins. Despite the extensively documented ability of NGF to regulate the noradrenergic phenotype of sympathetic neurons, we found that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbetaH) mRNA levels were normal in NGF(-/-) embryos, but significantly reduced in NT3(-/-) embryos. In contrast, the beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and PACAP receptor 1 mRNA levels were normal in NT3(-/-) embryos, but significantly reduced in NGF(-/-) embryos. Studies of mice lacking neurotrophin receptors suggested that the effects of NGF on gene expression require TrkA whereas those of NT3 require TrkA and p75(NTR). These findings demonstrate that endogenous NGF and NT3 have distinctive and separate effects on gene expression in early sympathetic neurons and that these selective effects on gene expression require a different combination of neurotrophin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Andres
- Life Sciences Building, School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang W, Zeng YS, Zhang XB, Wang JM, Zhang W, Chen SJ. Combination of adenoviral vector-mediated neurotrophin-3 gene transfer and retinoic acid promotes adult bone marrow cells to differentiate into neuronal phenotypes. Neurosci Lett 2006; 408:98-103. [PMID: 16996685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of adenoviral vector-mediated neurotrophine-3 (NT-3) gene transfer and retinoic acid (RA) pretreatment on inducing neuronal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. MSCs could be efficiently transduced by NT-3 gene via recombinant adenoviral vectors (Adv). Combination of AdvNT-3 and RA significantly promoted MSCs to differentiate into cell types associated with phenotypes of neural lineages, which included neural markers nestin, NF, MAP2 and PSD95 as detected by immunocytochemistry. But the expressions of GFAP in these cells were not obvious. RT-PCR analysis revealed that AdvNT-3 in combination with RA pretreatment could initiate the transcription of TrkC mRNA. These results demonstrate that the combination of AdvNT-3 and RA pretreatment may promote neuronal differentiation of MSCs, which may serve as ideal seed cells for the repair of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University at Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
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12
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Clagett-Dame M, McNeill EM, Muley PD. Role of all-trans retinoic acid in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:739-56. [PMID: 16688769 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) plays essential roles in nervous system development, including neuronal patterning, survival, and neurite outgrowth. Our understanding of how the vitamin A acid functions in neurite outgrowth comes largely from cultured embryonic neurons and model neuronal cell systems including human neuroblastoma cells. Specifically, atRA has been shown to increase neurite outgrowth from embryonic DRG, sympathetic, spinal cord, and olfactory receptor neurons, as well as dissociated cerebra and retina explants. A role for atRA in axonal elongation is also supported by a limited number of studies in vivo, in which a deficiency in retinoid signaling produced either by dietary or genetic means has been shown to alter neurite outgrowth from the spinal cord and hindbrain regions. Human neuroblastoma cells also show enhanced numbers of neurites and longer processes in response to atRA. The mechanism whereby retinoids regulate neurite outgrowth includes, but is not limited to, the regulation of the transcription of neurotrophin receptors. More recent evidence supports a role for atRA in regulating components of other signaling pathways or candidate neurite-regulating factors. Some of these effects, such as that on neuron navigator 2 (NAV2), may be direct, whereas others may be secondary to other atRA-induced changes in the cell. This review focuses on what is currently known about neurite initiation and growth, with emphasis on the manner in which atRA may influence these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Mey J. New therapeutic target for CNS injury? The role of retinoic acid signaling after nerve lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:757-79. [PMID: 16688771 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experiments with sciatic nerve lesions and spinal cord contusion injury demonstrate that the retinoic acid (RA) signaling cascade is activated by these traumatic events. In both cases the RA-synthesizing enzyme is RALDH-2. In the PNS, lesions cause RA-induced gene transcription, intracellular translocation of retinoid receptors, and increased transcription of CRBP-I, CRABP-II, and retinoid receptors. The activation of RARbeta appears to be responsible for neurotrophic and neuritogenic effects of RA on dorsal root ganglia and embryonic spinal cord. While the physiological role of RA in the injured nervous system is still under investigation three domains of functions are suggested: (1) neuroprotection and support of axonal growth, (2) modulation of the inflammatory reaction by microglia/macrophages, and (3) regulation of glial differentiation. Few studies have been performed to support nerve regeneration with RA signals in vivo, but a large number of experiments with neuronal and glial cell cultures and spinal cord explants point to beneficial effects of RA, so that future therapeutic approaches will likely focus on the activation of RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mey
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Mey J, McCaffery P. Retinoic acid signaling in the nervous system of adult vertebrates. Neuroscientist 2005; 10:409-21. [PMID: 15359008 DOI: 10.1177/1073858404263520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the functions of vitamin A are carried out by its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), a potent transcriptional activator acting through members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. In the CNS, RA was first recognized to be essential for the control of patterning and differentiation in the developing embryo. It has recently come to light, however, that many of the same functions that RA directs in the embryo are involved in the regulation of plasticity and regeneration in the adult brain. The same intricate metabolic control system of synthetic and catabolic enzymes, combined with cytoplasmic binding proteins, is used in both embryo and adult to create regions of high and low RA to modulate gene transcription. This review summarizes some of the discoveries in the new field of retinoid neurobiology including its functions in neural plasticity and LTP in the hippocampus; its possible role in motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, motoneuron disease, and Huntington's disease; its role in regeneration after sciatic nerve and spinal cord injury; and its possible involvement in psychiatric diseases such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mey
- Institut für Biologie II, Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Kawano H, Nakatani T, Mori T, Ueno S, Fukaya M, Abe A, Kobayashi M, Toda F, Watanabe M, Matsuoka I. Identification and characterization of novel developmentally regulated neural-specific proteins, BRINP family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 125:60-75. [PMID: 15193423 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Processes of neuronal differentiation involve activation of a set of neuronal specific genes and cessation of cell proliferation in postmitotic neurons. Previous studies revealed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and retinoic acid (RA) play important roles in the differentiation of peripheral sympathetic neurons such as the synergistic induction of responsiveness to specific neurotrophic factors. In the present study, while trying to clarify the mechanism of the BMP/RA-actions, we identified a novel neural-specific protein, BMP/RA-inducible neural-specific protein-1 (BRINP1) which shows no similarity to other known proteins. Subsequently, two homologous proteins, BRINP2 and BRINP3, making up the BRINP family, are identified. Individual BRINP genes have distinct regulatory mechanisms of expression within the nervous system. In rodent brain, BRINP1 is expressed from earlier developmental stage, i.e. E9.5, and widely expressed in various neuronal layers and nuclei of the adult animal, while BRINP2 and BRINP3 were detectable from E11.5 and expressed in rather limited regions in a complementary manner. During the course of perinatal development of sympathetic neurons, BRINP1 is induced from earlier embryonic stage and further increased toward adult stage, while BRINP3 expressed from earlier stage is replaced by BRINP2 expression which increases postnatally in accordance with the action of BMP2 and RA. Furthermore, when expressed in nonneuronal cells, all three BRINP family proteins suppressed the cell cycle progression. Possible physiological functions of BRINP family members in the development of the nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kawano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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16
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Farooqui AA, Antony P, Ong WY, Horrocks LA, Freysz L. Retinoic acid-mediated phospholipase A2 signaling in the nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:179-95. [PMID: 15210303 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid modulates a wide variety of biological processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It interacts with specific receptors in the nucleus, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs). The molecular mechanism by which retinoic acid mediates cellular differentiation and growth suppression in neural cells remains unknown. However, retinoic acid-induced release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites may play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In brain tissue, arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase pathways. We have used the model of differentiation in LA-N-1 cells induced by retinoic acid. The treatment of LA-N-1 cells with retinoic acid produces an increase in phospholipase A2 activity in the nuclear fraction. The pan retinoic acid receptor antagonist, BMS493, can prevent this increase in phospholipase A2 activity. This suggests that retinoic acid-induced stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity is a retinoic acid receptor-mediated process. LA-N-1 cell nuclei also have phospholipase C and phospholipase D (PLD) activities that are stimulated by retinoic acid. Selective phospholipase C and phospholipase D inhibitors block the stimulation of phospholipase C and phospholipase D activities. Thus, both direct and indirect mechanisms of arachidonic acid release exist in LA-N-1 cell nuclei. Arachidonic acid and its metabolites markedly affect the neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter release in cells of neuronal and glial origin. We propose that retinoic acid receptors coupled with phospholipases A2, C and D in the nuclear membrane play an important role in the redistribution of arachidonic acid in neuronal and non-nuclear neuronal membranes during differentiation and growth suppression. Abnormal retinoid metabolism may be involved in the downstream transcriptional regulation of phospholipase A2-mediated signal transduction in schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease (AD). The development of new retinoid analogs with diminished toxicity that can cross the blood-brain barrier without harm and can normalize phospholipase A2-mediated signaling will be important in developing pharmacological interventions for these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Antony P, Freysz L, Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Ca2+-independent phospholipases A2 and production of arachidonic acid in nuclei of LA-N-1 cell cultures: a specific receptor activation mediated with retinoic acid. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 115:187-95. [PMID: 12877989 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The LA-N-1 cell nucleus contains Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity hydrolyzing plasmenylethanolamine (PlsEtn) and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PtdEtn). These enzymes hydrolyze glycerophospholipids to produce arachidonic acid and lysoglycerophospholipids. The treatment of LA-N-1 cell cultures with all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) results in time- and dose-dependent stimulation of PlsEtn-PLA2 and PtdEtn-PLA2 activities in the nuclear fraction. PLA2 activities in the non-nuclear fraction (microsomes) are not affected by atRA, whilst the pan retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, BMS493, blocks the PLA2 activities in the nuclear fraction. This indicates that the stimulation of PLA2 activities is a receptor-mediated process. Treatment of LA-N-1 cell cultures with cycloheximide has no effect on basal PLA2 activities. However, atRA-mediated stimulation of PLA2 activities in LA-N-1 cell nuclei is partially inhibited by cycloheximide indicating that this decrease in PLA2 activity is due to a general decreased protein synthesis. Our results also support earlier studies in which atRA induces morphologic differentiation through the stimulation of PLA2-generated second messengers such as arachidonic acid and eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antony
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Johann V, Jeliaznik N, Schrage K, Mey J. Retinoic acid downregulates the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in rat Schwann cells. Neurosci Lett 2003; 339:13-6. [PMID: 12618289 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropoietic cytokines, which serve as mediators in neuroglial interactions, are differentially regulated after peripheral nerve injury. In Schwann cells, the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) decreases. Pursuing the hypothesis that retinoic acid (RA) serves as a regulator of lesion-induced cytokine signaling we found that all RA receptors and retinoid X receptors are expressed in Schwann cell primary cultures. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we have investigated the effect of RA on the expression of CNTF in these cells. After treatment with 10 nM all-trans RA for 22 h the concentration of CNTF mRNA was reduced to 63% of the control level, reminiscent of the regulation after nerve injury in vivo. In addition to CNTF, the mRNAs of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-6, ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor component alpha and gp130 were detected in the Schwann cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- Down-Regulation
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/biosynthesis
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/cytology
- Sciatic Nerve/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tretinoin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Johann
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH-Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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19
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Forgie A, Wyatt S, Correll PH, Davies AM. Macrophage stimulating protein is a target-derived neurotrophic factor for developing sensory and sympathetic neurons. Development 2003; 130:995-1002. [PMID: 12538524 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is a pleiotropic growth factor that signals via the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase. We report that Ron mRNA is expressed by NGF-dependent sensory and sympathetic neurons and that these neurons survive and grow with MSP at different stages of development. Whereas NGF-dependent sensory neurons become increasingly responsive to MSP with age, sympathetic neurons exhibit an early response to MSP that is lost by birth. MSP mRNA expression increases with age in sensory neuron targets and decreases in sympathetic targets. After the phase of naturally occurring neuronal death, significant numbers of NGF-dependent sensory neurons, but not sensory neurons, dependent on other neurotrophins, are lost in mice lacking a functional Ron receptor. These results show that MSP is a target-derived neurotrophic factor for subsets of sensory and sympathetic neurons at different times during their development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/anatomy & histology
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/anatomy & histology
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/growth & development
- Ganglia, Sympathetic/physiology
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/genetics
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism
- Mice
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Forgie
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall Square, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, Scotland
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20
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Maden M. Role and distribution of retinoic acid during CNS development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 209:1-77. [PMID: 11580199 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)09010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the biologically active derivative of vitamin A, induces a variety of embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma cell lines to differentiate into neurons. The molecular events underlying this process are reviewed with a view to determining whether these data can lead to a better understanding of the normal process of neuronal differentiation during development. Several transcription factors, intracellular signaling molecules, cytoplasmic proteins, and extracellular molecules are shown to be necessary and sufficient for RA-induced differentiation. The evidence that RA is an endogenous component of the developing central nervous system (CNS) is then reviewed, data which include high-pressure liquid chromotography (HPLC) measurements, reporter systems and the distribution of the enzymes that synthesize RA. The latter is particularly relevant to whether RA signals in a paracrine fashion on adjacent tissues or whether it acts in an autocrine manner on cells that synthesize it. It seems that a paracrine system may operate to begin early patterning events within the developing CNS from adjacent somites and later within the CNS itself to induce subsets of neurons. The distribution of retinoid-binding proteins, retinoid receptors, and RA-synthesizing enzymes is described as well as the effects of knockouts of these genes. Finally, the effects of a deficiency and an excess of RA on the developing CNS are described from the point of view of patterning the CNS, where it seems that the hindbrain is the most susceptible part of the CNS to altered levels of RA or RA receptors and also from the point of view of neuronal differentiation where, as in the case of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, RA promotes neuronal differentiation. The crucial roles played by certain genes, particularly the Hox genes in RA-induced patterning processes, are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, United Kingdom
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21
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Vuillaume I, Schraen-Maschke S, Formstecher P, Sablonnière B. Real time RT-PCR shows correlation between retinoid-induced apoptosis and NGF-R mRNA levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:647-52. [PMID: 11726196 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins and retinoic acid have a critical role in the differentiation and the survival of neurons. All-trans-, 9-cis-retinoic acid (10(-6) M) or NGF (50-100 ng/ml) induced morphologic differentiation and inhibited cell growth in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after 7 days of culture. Continuous treatment of undifferentiated cells with all-trans- or 9-cis-retinoic (10(-6) M) did not induce apoptosis, whereas NGF-differentiated cells showed dramatic apoptosis after 2 to 4 days of retinoic acid treatment as evidenced by TUNEL reaction and flow cytometry analysis following propidium iodide staining. Addition of Ro41-5253 blocked all-trans-retinoic-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the apoptotic signaling pathway was mediated by RARs. The effects of all-trans- or 9-cis-retinoic acid on the expression of NGF receptors was evaluated using real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-PCR. A slight transient increase in the expression of p75(NGFR) mRNA was observed by 2 to 4 h after retinoid treatment of undifferentiated cells, whereas a larger increase in the expression of both TrkA and p75(NGFR) mRNA up to threefold the basal level, was observed by 2 to 6 h after retinoid treatment of NGF-differentiated cells. Our results suggest that NGF-differentiated cells may be more susceptible to retinoid-induced apoptosis than undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vuillaume
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U459, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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22
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Andres R, Forgie A, Wyatt S, Chen Q, de Sauvage FJ, Davies AM. Multiple effects of artemin on sympathetic neurone generation, survival and growth. Development 2001; 128:3685-95. [PMID: 11585795 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.19.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To define the role of artemin in sympathetic neurone development, we have studied the effect of artemin on the generation, survival and growth of sympathetic neurones in low-density dissociated cultures of mouse cervical and thoracic paravertebral sympathetic ganglia at stages throughout embryonic and postnatal development. Artemin promoted the proliferation of sympathetic neuroblasts and increased the generation of new neurones in cultures established from E12 to E14 ganglia. Artemin also exerted a transient survival-promoting action on newly generated neurones during these early stages of development. Between E16 and P8, artemin exerted no effect on survival, but by P12, as sympathetic neurones begin to acquire neurotrophic factor independent survival, artemin once again enhanced survival, and by P20 it promoted survival as effectively as nerve growth factor (NGF). During this late period of development, artemin also enhanced the growth of neurites from cultured neurones more effectively than NGF. Confirming the physiological relevance of the mitogenic action of artemin on cultured neuroblasts, there was a marked reduction in the rate of neuroblast proliferation in the sympathetic ganglia of mice lacking the GFRα3 subunit of the artemin receptor. These results indicate that artemin exerts several distinct effects on the generation, survival and growth of sympathetic neurones at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andres
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall Square, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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23
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Plum LA, Parada LF, Tsoulfas P, Clagett-Dame M. Retinoic acid combined with neurotrophin-3 enhances the survival and neurite outgrowth of embryonic sympathetic neurons. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:766-75. [PMID: 11520943 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are necessary for the survival of embryonic sympathetic neurons in vivo. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth and long-term survival of chick embryonic sympathetic neurons cultured in the presence of NGF. The present study shows that atRA can also potentiate the survival and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities of NT-3. This was accomplished by enhancing the survival of existing neurons, as cell proliferation was unaffected by exposure to atRA. atRA also enhanced neurite outgrowth of the NT-3-treated cells; however, the neurites appeared thicker and less branched than cells treated with atRA in combination with NGF. Using a quantitative PCR assay, trkA and p75(NTR) mRNAs, but not trkC mRNA, were increased ( approximately 1.5- to 2-fold) after 72 and 48 hr of exposure of the cultures to atRA, respectively. The atRA-induced increase in trkA mRNA may play a role in the enhanced survival of neurons cultured in the presence of either NGF or NT-3, as both neurotrophins have been shown to signal through this receptor. The time course of these mRNA changes would indicate that atRA does not regulate the neurotrophin receptor mRNA directly, rather, intervening gene transcription is required. Thus, during development, atRA may play a role in fine-tuning embryonic responsiveness to both NT-3 and NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Plum
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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24
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Abstract
Neuroblastomas are heterogeneous tumors arising from sympathetic precursors in the neural crest. Growth factor stimulation of neuroblastomas promote diverse biological responses (mitogenesis, differentiation, cell death) depending on the particular tumor studied. Here we show that brief treatment with retinoic acid (RA) rendered the human neuroblastoma lines SY5Y, NGP, SMS-KCNR, and SK-N-SH dependent on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for survival. The BDNF- and trkB-expressing line SMS-KCN was dependent on an autocrine BDNF/trkB survival without exposure to RA. We conclude that the BDNF/trkB pathway plays an important role in neuroblastoma survival and speculate on a possible role in tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Feng
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Encinas M, Iglesias M, Liu Y, Wang H, Muhaisen A, Ceña V, Gallego C, Comella JX. Sequential treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with retinoic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gives rise to fully differentiated, neurotrophic factor-dependent, human neuron-like cells. J Neurochem 2000; 75:991-1003. [PMID: 10936180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple procedure is presented to obtain nearly pure populations of human neuron-like cells from the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Sequential exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to retinoic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in serum-free medium yields homogeneous populations of cells with neuronal morphology, avoiding the presence of other neural crest derivatives that would normally arise from those cells. Cells are withdrawn from the cell cycle, as shown by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake and retinoblastoma hypophosphorylation. Cell survival is dependent on the continuous presence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and removal of this neurotrophin causes apoptotic cell death accompanied by an attempt to reenter the cell cycle. Differentiated cells express neuronal markers, including neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase, and growth-associated protein-43 as well as neuronal polarity markers such as tau and microtubule-associated protein 2. Moreover, differentiated cultures do not contain glial cells, as could be evidenced after the negative staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In conclusion, the protocol presented herein yields homogeneous populations of human neuronal differentiated cells that present many of the characteristics of primary cultures of neurons. This model may be useful to perform large-scale biochemical and molecular studies due to its susceptibility to genetic manipulation and the availability of an unlimited amount of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Encinas
- Grup de Neurobiologia Molecular, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Thang SH, Kobayashi M, Matsuoka I. Regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor responsiveness in developing rat sympathetic neurons by retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Neurosci 2000; 20:2917-25. [PMID: 10751444 PMCID: PMC6772217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several lines of evidence suggesting that, in addition to neurotrophins, member(s) of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family play important roles in the development of sympathetic neurons. However, the mechanism regulating the responsiveness of the neurons to GDNF family members is not known. Previously, we reported on the cooperative roles of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and retinoic acid (RA) in the enhancement of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) responsiveness in cultured sympathetic neurons dissociated from perinatal rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG). In the present study, we further examined the effects of BMP2 and RA on the regulation of the responsiveness of SCG neurons to GDNF family members. Consequently, we found that RA alone induced the responsiveness of SCG neurons specifically to GDNF by upregulating the ligand-specifying receptor for GDNF (GFRalpha-1) at both the mRNA and protein levels. The expression levels of mRNAs for other ligand-specifying receptors for GDNF family (GFRalpha-2 and GFRalpha-3) were unaffected by RA. Although the upregulation of signal-transducing receptor Ret by the RA treatment was rather small, this treatment significantly increased the efficacy of tyrosine phosphorylation of Ret by GDNF. Experiments using synthetic retinoids suggested that RA acts through alpha-type of nuclear retinoic acid receptor to exert the induction of GDNF responsiveness. On the other hand, BMP2, which had no significant effect by itself on the GDNF responsiveness, promoted the action of RA to upregulate GFRalpha-1 and enhance the GDNF responsiveness. These results indicate that RA and BMP2 play important roles in the induction of GDNF responsiveness, as well as NT3 responsiveness, of developing SCG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Thang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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27
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Chandrasekaran V, Zhai Y, Wagner M, Kaplan PL, Napoli JL, Higgins D. Retinoic acid regulates the morphological development of sympathetic neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(200003)42:4<383::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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