1
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Cayir S, Zhornitsky S, Barzegary A, Sotomayor-Carreño E, Sarfo-Ansah W, Funaro MC, Matuskey D, Angarita G. A review of the kappa opioid receptor system in opioid use. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105713. [PMID: 38733895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is implicated in dysphoria and as an "anti-reward system" during withdrawal from opioids. However, no clear consensus has been made in the field, as mixed findings have been reported regarding the relationship between the KOR system and opioid use. This review summarizes the studies to date on the KOR system and opioids. A systematic scoping review was reported following PRISMA guidelines and conducted based on the published protocol. Comprehensive searches of several databases were done in the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. We included preclinical and clinical studies that tested the administration of KOR agonists/antagonists or dynorphin and/or measured dynorphin levels or KOR expression during opioid intoxication or withdrawal from opioids. One hundred studies were included in the final analysis. Preclinical administration of KOR agonists decreased drug-seeking/taking behaviors and opioid withdrawal symptoms. KOR antagonists showed mixed findings, depending on the agent and/or type of withdrawal symptom. Administration of dynorphins attenuated opioid withdrawal symptoms both in preclinical and clinical studies. In the limited number of available studies, dynorphin levels were found to increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of opioid use disorder subjects (OUD). In animals, dynorphin levels and/or KOR expression showed mixed findings during opioid use. The KOR/dynorphin system appears to have a multifaceted and complex nature rather than simply functioning as an anti-reward system. Future research in well-controlled study settings is necessary to better understand the clinical role of the KOR system in opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Cayir
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Alireza Barzegary
- Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Iran
| | | | | | - Melissa C Funaro
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gustavo Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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2
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Gordon-Fennell L, Farero R, Burgeno L, Murray N, Abraham A, Soden M, Stuber G, Chavkin C, Zweifel L, Phillips P. Kappa Opioid Receptors in Mesolimbic Terminals Mediate Escalation of Cocaine Consumption. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572842. [PMID: 38187718 PMCID: PMC10769440 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Increases in drug consumption over time, also known as escalation, is a key behavioral component of substance use disorder (SUD) that is related to potential harm to users, such as overdose. Studying escalation also allows researchers to investigate the transition from casual drug use to more SUD-like drug use. Understanding the neurobiological systems that drive this transition will inform therapeutic treatments in the aim to prevent increases in drug use and the development of SUD. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is typically known for its role in negative affect, which is commonly found in SUD as well. Furthermore, the KOR system has also been implicated in drug use and importantly, modulating the negative effects of drug use. However, the specific neuronal subpopulation expressing KOR involved has not been identified. Here, we first demonstrated that pharmacologically inhibiting KOR in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), as a whole, blocks cocaine escalation under long-access self-administration conditions. We then demonstrated that KOR expressed on ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons but not NAcC neurons is sufficient for blocking cocaine escalation by utilizing a novel virally-mediated CRISPR-SaCas9 knock-out of the oprk1 gene. Together, this suggests that activation of KOR on VTA terminals in the NAcC drives the transition to the SUD-like phenotype of escalation of cocaine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gordon-Fennell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - R.D. Farero
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - L.M. Burgeno
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - N.L. Murray
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - A.D. Abraham
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - M.E. Soden
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - G.D. Stuber
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - C. Chavkin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - L.S. Zweifel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - P.E.M. Phillips
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain & Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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3
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Schmidt HD, Zhang Y, Xi J, Zanni G, Liu R, Barr GA. A new formulation of dezocine, Cyc-dezocine, reduces oxycodone self-administration in female and male rats. Neurosci Lett 2023; 815:137479. [PMID: 37714288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Dezocine is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist previously used as an analgesic for perioperative acute pain in the US and is now the most used perioperative analgesic in China. In general, dezocine is well-tolerated, with relatively minimal risk of fatal respiratory depression. To our knowledge, there are no reports of dezocine addiction, which suggests that the abuse liability of dezocine is low. The overarching goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel formulation of dezocine (Cyc-dezocine), developed for intraperitoneal or intranasal administration, to reduce voluntary opioid taking in rats. One cohort of male rats self-administered intravenous oxycodone on a fixed-ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Once oxycodone taking stabilized, rats were pretreated with systemic injections of vehicle or Cyc-dezocine. Cyc-dezocine dose-dependently reduced intravenous oxycodone self-administration. A second cohort of male and female rats self-administered oral oxycodone from drinking water. Once oxycodone taking stabilized, rats were pretreated with intra-nasal Cyc-dezocine. Consistent with the effects of i.p. Cyc-dezocine in our intravenous oxycodone studies, intra-nasal Cyc-dezocine attenuated oral oxycodone self-administration. Together, these findings support the need for further studies investigating the therapeutic potential of Cyc-dezocine for treating opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giulia Zanni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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4
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Doyle MR, Martinez AR, Qiao R, Dirik S, Di Ottavio F, Pascasio G, Martin-Fardon R, Benner C, George O, Telese F, de Guglielmo G. Strain and sex-related behavioral variability of oxycodone dependence in rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 237:109635. [PMID: 37327971 PMCID: PMC10353778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the escalating prescription of opioid medications for pain management has culminated in a widespread opioid epidemic, significantly impacting public health, social dynamics, and economic stability. The urgent need for improved treatments for opioid addiction necessitates a deeper understanding of its biological underpinnings, with genetic variations playing a crucial role in individual susceptibility to opioid use disorder (OUD) and influencing clinical practices. In this study, we leverage the genetic diversity of four rat strains (ACI/N, BN/NHsd, WKY/N, and F344/N) to examine the contribution of genetic factors to oxycodone metabolism and addiction-like behaviors. We used the extended access to intravenous oxycodone self-administration procedure (12 h/day, 0.15 mg/kg/injection) to comprehensively characterize oxycodone-related behaviors and pharmacokinetics. We measured escalation of oxycodone self-administration, motivation for drug consumption, tolerance to the analgesic effects of oxycodone, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression. Additionally, we examined oxycodone-seeking behavior after four weeks of withdrawal by reintroducing the animals to environmental and cue stimuli previously associated with oxycodone self-administration. The findings revealed notable strain differences in several behavioral measures, including oxycodone metabolism. Intriguingly, BN/NHsd and WKY/N strains exhibited similar drug intake and escalation patterns but displayed significant disparities in oxycodone and oxymorphone metabolism. Minimal sex differences were observed within strains, primarily relating to oxycodone metabolism. In conclusion, this study identifies strain differences in the behavioral responses and pharmacokinetics associated with oxycodone self-administration in rats, providing a robust foundation for identifying genetic and molecular variants associated with various facets of the opioid addiction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelica R Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ran Qiao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Selen Dirik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Di Ottavio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Pascasio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rémi Martin-Fardon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Zhu Y, Wang K, Ma T, Ji Y, Lou Y, Fu X, Lu Y, Liu Y, Dang W, Zhang Q, Yin F, Wang K, Yu B, Zhang H, Lai J, Wang Y. Nucleus accumbens D1/D2 circuits control opioid withdrawal symptoms in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163266. [PMID: 37561576 PMCID: PMC10503809 DOI: 10.1172/jci163266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is the most promising target for drug use disorder treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of NAc is effective for drug use disorder treatment. However, the mechanisms by which DBS produces its therapeutic effects remain enigmatic. Here, we define a behavioral cutoff criterion to distinguish depressive-like behaviors and non-depressive-like behaviors in mice after morphine withdrawal. We identified a basolateral amygdala (BLA) to NAc D1 medium spiny neuron (MSN) pathway that controls depressive-like behaviors after morphine withdrawal. Furthermore, the paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (PVT) to NAc D2 MSN pathway controls naloxone-induced acute withdrawal symptoms. Optogenetically induced long-term potentiation with κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism enhanced BLA to NAc D1 MSN signaling and also altered the excitation/inhibition balance of NAc D2 MSN signaling. We also verified that a new 50 Hz DBS protocol reversed morphine withdrawal-evoked abnormal plasticity in NAc. Importantly, this refined DBS treatment effectively alleviated naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms and depressive-like behaviors and prevented stress-induced reinstatement. Taken together, the results demonstrated that input- and cell type-specific synaptic plasticity underlies morphine withdrawal, which may lead to novel targets for the treatment of opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Zhu
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kejia Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Regeneration Medicine, Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yin Lou
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ye Lu
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yige Liu
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Dang
- The Sixth Ward, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fangyuan Yin
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kena Wang
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianghua Lai
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- College of Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for Forensic Science, National Biosafety Evidence Foundation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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6
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Salas-Estrada L, Provasi D, Qiu X, Kaniskan HÜ, Huang XP, DiBerto JF, Lamim Ribeiro JM, Jin J, Roth BL, Filizola M. De Novo Design of κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists Using a Generative Deep-Learning Framework. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5056-5065. [PMID: 37555591 PMCID: PMC10466374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Likely effective pharmacological interventions for the treatment of opioid addiction include attempts to attenuate brain reward deficits during periods of abstinence. Pharmacological blockade of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has been shown to abolish brain reward deficits in rodents during withdrawal, as well as to reduce the escalation of opioid use in rats with extended access to opioids. Although KOR antagonists represent promising candidates for the treatment of opioid addiction, very few potent selective KOR antagonists are known to date and most of them exhibit significant safety concerns. Here, we used a generative deep-learning framework for the de novo design of chemotypes with putative KOR antagonistic activity. Molecules generated by models trained with this framework were prioritized for chemical synthesis based on their predicted optimal interactions with the receptor. Our models and proposed training protocol were experimentally validated by binding and functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Salas-Estrada
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Davide Provasi
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Husnu Ümit Kaniskan
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National
Institute of Mental Health, Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey F. DiBerto
- National
Institute of Mental Health, Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - João Marcelo Lamim Ribeiro
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Mount
Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Oncological
Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- National
Institute of Mental Health, Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department
of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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7
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Salas-Estrada L, Provasi D, Qui X, Kaniskan HÜ, Huang XP, DiBerto JF, Ribeiro JML, Jin J, Roth BL, Filizola M. De Novo Design of κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists Using a Generative Deep Learning Framework. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.537995. [PMID: 37162828 PMCID: PMC10168226 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.537995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Likely effective pharmacological interventions for the treatment of opioid addiction include attempts to attenuate brain reward deficits during periods of abstinence. Pharmacological blockade of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has been shown to abolish brain reward deficits in rodents during withdrawal, as well as to reduce the escalation of opioid use in rats with extended access to opioids. Although KOR antagonists represent promising candidates for the treatment of opioid addiction, very few potent selective KOR antagonists are known to date and most of them exhibit significant safety concerns. Here, we used a generative deep learning framework for the de novo design of chemotypes with putative KOR antagonistic activity. Molecules generated by models trained with this framework were prioritized for chemical synthesis based on their predicted optimal interactions with the receptor. Our models and proposed training protocol were experimentally validated by binding and functional assays.
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8
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Cao DN, Li F, Wu N, Li J. Insights into the mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder and potential treatment strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:862-878. [PMID: 34128238 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden. Strategies for treating opioid use disorder can be divided into those that target the opioid receptor system and those that target non-opioid receptor systems, including the dopamine and glutamate receptor systems. Currently, the clinical drugs used to treat opioid use disorder include the opioid receptor agonists methadone and buprenorphine, which are limited by their abuse liability, and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is limited by poor compliance. Therefore, the development of effective medications with lower abuse liability and better potential for compliance is urgently needed. Based on recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder, potential treatment strategies and targets have emerged. This review focuses on the progress made in identifying potential targets and developing medications to treat opioid use disorder, including progress made by our laboratory, and provides insights for future medication development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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9
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Estave PM, Sun H, Peck EG, Holleran KM, Chen R, Jones SR. Cocaine self-administration augments kappa opioid receptor system-mediated inhibition of dopamine activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:129-137. [PMID: 36748012 PMCID: PMC9898071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies examining the effects of cocaine on the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (Dyn/KOR) system primarily focus on non-contingent cocaine exposure, but the effects of self-administration, which more closely reflects human drug-taking behaviors, are not well studied. In this study we characterized the effects of escalated intravenous cocaine self-administration on the functional state of the Dyn/KOR system and its interaction with mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Rats self-administered cocaine in an extended access, limited intake cocaine procedure, in which animals obtained 40 infusions per day (1.5 mg/kg/inf) for 5 consecutive days to ensure comparable consumption levels. Following single day tests of cue reactivity and progressive ratio responding, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure levels of Oprk and Pdyn transcripts in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Additionally, after self-administration, ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the NAc was used to examine the ability of the KOR agonist U50,488 to inhibit dopamine release. We found that KOR-induced inhibition of dopamine release was enhanced in animals that self-administered cocaine compared to controls, suggesting upregulated Dyn/KOR activity after cocaine self-administration. Furthermore, expression levels of Pdyn in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, and Oprk in the nucleus accumbens, were elevated in cocaine animals compared to controls. Additionally, Pdyn expression in the nucleus accumbens was negatively correlated with progressive ratio breakpoints, a measure of motivation to self-administer cocaine. Overall, these data suggest that cocaine self-administration elevates KOR/Dyn system activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara R. Jones
- Correspondence to: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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10
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Pomrenze MB, Cardozo Pinto DF, Neumann PA, Llorach P, Tucciarone JM, Morishita W, Eshel N, Heifets BD, Malenka RC. Modulation of 5-HT release by dynorphin mediates social deficits during opioid withdrawal. Neuron 2022; 110:4125-4143.e6. [PMID: 36202097 PMCID: PMC9789200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation during opioid withdrawal is a major contributor to the current opioid addiction crisis. We find that sociability deficits during protracted opioid withdrawal in mice require activation of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) medial shell. Blockade of release from dynorphin (Pdyn)-expressing dorsal raphe neurons (DRPdyn), but not from NAcPdyn neurons, prevents these deficits in prosocial behaviors. Conversely, optogenetic activation of DRPdyn neurons reproduced NAc KOR-dependent decreases in sociability. Deletion of KORs from serotonin (5-HT) neurons, but not from NAc neurons or dopamine (DA) neurons, prevented sociability deficits during withdrawal. Finally, measurements with the genetically encoded GRAB5-HT sensor revealed that during withdrawal KORs block the NAc 5-HT release that normally occurs during social interactions. These results define a neuromodulatory mechanism that is engaged during protracted opioid withdrawal to induce maladaptive deficits in prosocial behaviors, which in humans contribute to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomrenze
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel F Cardozo Pinto
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter A Neumann
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre Llorach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason M Tucciarone
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wade Morishita
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neir Eshel
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Boris D Heifets
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Guha SK, Alonso-Caraballo Y, Driscoll GS, Babb JA, Neal M, Constantino NJ, Lintz T, Kinard E, Chartoff EH. Ranking the contribution of behavioral measures comprising oxycodone self-administration to reinstatement of drug-seeking in male and female rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1035350. [PMID: 36505730 PMCID: PMC9731098 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1035350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence are among the highest for opioid use disorder (OUD). In preclinical studies, reinstatement to drug-seeking has been extensively studied as a model of relapse-but the work has been primarily in males. We asked whether biological sex contributes to behaviors comprising self-administration of the prescription opioid oxycodone in rats, and we calculated the relative contribution of these behavioral measures to reinstatement in male and female rats. Materials and methods Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone (8 days, training phase), after which we examined oxycodone self-administration behaviors for an additional 14 days under three conditions in male and female rats: short access (ShA, 1 h/d), long access (LgA, 6 h/d), and saline self-administration. All rats were then tested for cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking after a 14-d forced abstinence period. We quantified the # of infusions, front-loading of drug intake, non-reinforced lever pressing, inter-infusion intervals, escalation of intake, and reinstatement responding on the active lever. Results Both male and female rats in LgA and ShA conditions escalated oxycodone intake to a similar extent. However, males had higher levels of non-reinforced responding than females under LgA conditions, and females had greater levels of reinstatement responding than males. We then correlated each addiction-related measure listed above with reinstatement responding in males and females and ranked their respective relative contributions. Although the majority of behavioral measures associated with oxycodone self-administration did not show sex differences on their own, when analyzed together using partial least squares regression, their relative contributions to reinstatement were sex-dependent. Front-loading behavior was calculated to have the highest relative contribution to reinstatement in both sexes, with long and short inter-infusion intervals having the second greatest contribution in females and males, respectively. Discussion Our results demonstrate sex differences in some oxycodone self-administration measures. More importantly, we demonstrate that a sex- dependent constellation of self-administration behaviors can predict the magnitude of reinstatement, which holds great promise for relapse prevention in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman K. Guha
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Yanaira Alonso-Caraballo
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Gillian S. Driscoll
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Babb
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan Neal
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Constantino
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Tania Lintz
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kinard
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Elena H. Chartoff
- Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Elena H. Chartoff,
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12
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Higginbotham JA, Markovic T, Massaly N, Morón JA. Endogenous opioid systems alterations in pain and opioid use disorder. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1014768. [PMID: 36341476 PMCID: PMC9628214 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory, gastrointestinal function, and pain relief. Endogenous opioid systems are present ubiquitously throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. They are composed of four families, namely the μ (MOPR), κ (KOPR), δ (DOPR), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOPR) opioid receptors systems. These receptors signal through the action of their endogenous opioid peptides β-endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins, and nociceptins, respectfully, to maintain homeostasis under normal physiological states. Due to their prominent role in pain regulation, exogenous opioids-primarily targeting the MOPR, have been historically used in medicine as analgesics, but their ability to produce euphoric effects also present high risks for abuse. The ability of pain and opioid use to perturb endogenous opioid system function, particularly within the central nervous system, may increase the likelihood of developing opioid use disorder (OUD). Today, the opioid crisis represents a major social, economic, and public health concern. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature on the function, expression, pharmacology, and regulation of endogenous opioid systems in pain. Additionally, we discuss the adaptations in the endogenous opioid systems upon use of exogenous opioids which contribute to the development of OUD. Finally, we describe the intricate relationship between pain, endogenous opioid systems, and the proclivity for opioid misuse, as well as potential advances in generating safer and more efficient pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Higginbotham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Jessica A. Higginbotham,
| | - Tamara Markovic
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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13
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Altered Accumbal Dopamine Terminal Dynamics Following Chronic Heroin Self-Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158106. [PMID: 35897682 PMCID: PMC9332320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of heroin results in the engagement of multiple brain regions and the rewarding and addictive effects are mediated, at least partially, through activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. However, less is known about dopamine system function following chronic exposure to heroin. Withdrawal from chronic heroin exposure is likely to drive a state of low dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as previously observed during withdrawal from other drug classes. Thus, we aimed to investigate alterations in NAc dopamine terminal function following chronic heroin self-administration to identify a mechanism for dopaminergic adaptations. Adult male Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer heroin (0.05 mg/kg/inf, IV) and then placed on a long access (FR1, 6-h, unlimited inf, 0.05 mg/kg/inf) protocol to induce escalation of intake. Following heroin self-administration, rats had decreased basal extracellular levels of dopamine and blunted dopamine response following a heroin challenge (0.1 mg/kg/inf, IV) in the NAc compared to saline controls. FSCV revealed that heroin-exposed rats exhibited reduced stimulated dopamine release during tonic-like, single-pulse stimulations, but increased phasic-like dopamine release during multi-pulse stimulation trains (5 pulses, 5–100 Hz) in addition to an altered dynamic range of release stimulation intensities when compared to controls. Further, we found that presynaptic D3 autoreceptor and kappa-opioid receptor agonist responsivity were increased following heroin self-administration. These results reveal a marked low dopamine state following heroin exposure and suggest the combination of altered dopamine release dynamics may contribute to increased heroin seeking.
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14
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Brice-Tutt AC, Eans SO, Yakovlev D, Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. An analog of [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 exhibits kappa opioid receptor antagonism following oral administration and prevents stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 217:173405. [PMID: 35584724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) relapse rates are discouragingly high, underscoring the need for new treatment options. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide natural product CJ-15,208 and its stereoisomer [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 demonstrate kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist activity upon oral administration which prevents stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. In order to further explore the structure-activity relationships and expand the potential therapeutic applications of KOR antagonism for the treatment of OUD, we screened a series of 24 analogs of [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 with the goal of enhancing KOR antagonist activity. From this screening, analog 22 arose as a compound of interest, demonstrating dose-dependent KOR antagonism after central and oral administration lasting at least 2.5 h. In further oral testing, analog 22 lacked respiratory, locomotor, or reinforcing effects, consistent with the absence of opioid agonism. Pretreatment with analog 22 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference and reduced some signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in mice physically dependent on morphine. Collectively, these data support the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists to support abstinence in OUD and ameliorate opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana C Brice-Tutt
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Shainnel O Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Yakovlev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America.
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15
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Massaly N, Markovic T, Creed M, Al-Hasani R, Cahill CM, Moron JA. Pain, negative affective states and opioid-based analgesics: Safer pain therapies to dampen addiction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 157:31-68. [PMID: 33648672 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Across centuries and civilizations opioids have been used to relieve pain. In our modern societies, opioid-based analgesics remain one of the most efficient treatments for acute pain. However, the long-term use of opioids can lead to the development of analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, opioid use disorders, and overdose, which can ultimately produce respiratory depressant effects with fatal consequences. In addition to the nociceptive sensory component of pain, negative affective states arising from persistent pain represent a risk factor for developing an opioid use disorder. Several studies have indicated that the increase in prescribed opioid analgesics since the 1990s represents the root of our current opioid epidemic. In this review, we will present our current knowledge on the endogenous opioid system within the pain neuroaxis and the plastic changes occurring in this system that may underlie the occurrence of pain-induced negative affect leading to misuse and abuse of opioid medications. Dissecting the allostatic neuronal changes occurring during pain is the most promising avenue to uncover novel targets for the development of safer pain medications. We will discuss this along with current and potential approaches to treat pain-induced negative affective states that lead to drug misuse. Moreover, this chapter will provide a discussion on potential avenues to reduce the abuse potential of new analgesic drugs and highlight a basis for future research and drug development based on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Tamara Markovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meaghan Creed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, United States; Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jose A Moron
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, Pain Center, St. Louis, MO, United States; Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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16
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Best KM, Mojena MM, Barr GA, Schmidt HD, Cohen AS. Endogenous Opioid Dynorphin Is a Potential Link between Traumatic Brain Injury, Chronic Pain, and Substance Use Disorder. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1-19. [PMID: 34751584 PMCID: PMC8978570 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem associated with numerous physical and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Chronic pain is prevalent and interferes with post-injury functioning and quality of life, whereas substance use disorder (SUD) is the third most common neuropsychiatric diagnosis after TBI. Neither of these conditions has a clear mechanistic explanation based on the known pathophysiology of TBI. Dynorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide that is significantly dysregulated after TBI. Both dynorphin and its primary receptor, the ĸ-opioid receptor (KOR), are implicated in the neuropathology of chronic pain and SUD. Here, we review the known roles of dynorphin and KORs in chronic pain and SUDs. We synthesize this information with our current understanding of TBI and highlight potential mechanistic parallels between and across conditions that suggest a role for dynorphin in long-term sequelae after TBI. In pain studies, dynorphin/KOR activation has either antinociceptive or pro-nociceptive effects, and there are similarities between the signaling pathways influenced by dynorphin and those underlying development of chronic pain. Moreover, the dynorphin/KOR system is considered a key regulator of the negative affective state that characterizes drug withdrawal and protracted abstinence in SUD, and molecular and neurochemical changes observed during the development of SUD are mirrored by the pathophysiology of TBI. We conclude by proposing hypotheses and directions for future research aimed at elucidating the potential role of dynorphin/KOR in chronic pain and/or SUD after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Best
- Department of Nursing and Clinical Care Services, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marissa M. Mojena
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon A. Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heath D. Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Address correspondence to: Akiva S. Cohen, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Room 816-I, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Avila JA, Memos N, Aslan A, Andrejewski T, Luine VN, Serrano PA. Voluntary oral methamphetamine increases memory deficits and contextual sensitization during abstinence associated with decreased PKMζ and increased κOR in the hippocampus of female mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:1240-1252. [PMID: 34587831 PMCID: PMC9083019 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211048285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female populations exhibit vulnerabilities to psychostimulant addiction, as well as cognitive dysfunction following bouts of abuse. AIMS The goal for this study was to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that produce sex disparities in drug addiction. METHODS We used an animal model for voluntary oral methamphetamine administration (VOMA) and focused on male and female mice that consumed 7.6-8.2 mg/kg of methamphetamine (MA) per day during the last 18 days of the paradigm. RESULTS The VOMA-exposed female mice displayed increased locomotor activity in the drug-administration context compared to male mice, demonstrating sex-specific changes in contextual sensitization. During 2 weeks of forced abstinence, mice underwent further behavioral testing. We show that abstinence increased open-arm entries on the elevated plus maze in both sexes. There were no differences in immobility on the tail suspension test. In a hippocampal-dependent radial arm maze task, VOMA-treated female mice, but not male mice, showed working memory deficits. Hippocampal tissue was collected and analyzed using Western blotting. VOMA-exposed female mice exhibited increased kappa opioid receptor (κOR) expression in the hippocampus compared to male mice, suggesting a vulnerability toward abstinence-induced dysphoria. Female VOMA mice also exhibited a decrease in the memory protein marker, protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals sex-specific effects following abstinence from chronic MA consumption on hippocampal κOR and PKMζ expression, suggesting that these neural changes in female mice may underlie spatial memory deficits and identify an increased susceptibility to dysregulated neural mechanisms. These data validate VOMA as a model sensitive to sex differences in behavior and hippocampal neurochemistry following chronic MA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Avila
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nicoletta Memos
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Abdurrahman Aslan
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA,Department of Pharmacology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tytus Andrejewski
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victoria N. Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter A. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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Nguyen JD, Grant Y, Taffe MA. Paradoxical changes in brain reward status during oxycodone self-administration in a novel test of the negative reinforcement hypothesis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3797-3812. [PMID: 33948939 PMCID: PMC8387405 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The extra medical use of, and addiction to, prescription opioid analgesics is a growing health problem. To characterize how prescription opioid abuse develops, this study investigated the affective consequences of escalating prescription opioid use using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) reward and oxycodone intravenous self-administration (IVSA) models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were given access to oxycodone IVSA (0.15 mg·kg-1 per infusion, i.v.) in short-access (ShA; 1 h) or long-access (LgA; 12 h) sessions for five sessions per week followed by intermittent 60-h discontinuations from drug access, a novel explicit test of the negative reinforcement hypothesis. Separate groups were first trained in the ICSS procedure and then in oxycodone IVSA in 11-h LgA sessions. KEY RESULTS Rats given LgA to oxycodone escalated their responding more than ShA rats, with further significant increases observed following each 60-h discontinuation. Presession brain reward thresholds increased with sequential daily LgA IVSA sessions, consistent with a growing negative affective state consequent to successive daily intoxication/abstinence cycles. A 1-h oxycodone IVSA interval was sufficient to normalize these elevated reward thresholds, as was, paradoxically, a 60-h weekend abstinence. The increase in ICSS thresholds was attenuated in a group treated with the long-acting κ-opioid antagonist norbinaltorphimine prior to IVSA training. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Changes in brain reward function during escalation of oxycodone self-administration are driven by an interplay between κ-opioid receptor-mediated negative affective state associated with escalated oxycodone intake and dynamic restoration of brain reward status during longer periods of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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19
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Vanderschuren LJMJ, Ahmed SH. Animal Models of the Behavioral Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a040287. [PMID: 32513674 PMCID: PMC8327824 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To more effectively manage substance use disorders, it is imperative to understand the neural, genetic, and psychological underpinnings of addictive behavior. To contribute to this understanding, considerable efforts have been made to develop translational animal models that capture key behavioral characteristics of addiction on the basis of DSM5 criteria of substance use disorders. In this review, we summarize empirical evidence for the occurrence of addiction-like behavior in animals. These symptoms include escalation of drug use, neurocognitive deficits, resistance to extinction, exaggerated motivation for drugs, increased reinstatement of drug seeking after extinction, preference for drugs over nondrug rewards, and resistance to punishment. The occurrence of addiction-like behavior in laboratory animals has opened the opportunity to investigate the neural, genetic, and psychological background of key aspects of addiction, which may ultimately contribute to the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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20
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Nosova O, Bazov I, Karpyak V, Hallberg M, Bakalkin G. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Control of the Opioid Prodynorphine Gene: In-Depth Analysis in the Human Brain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113458. [PMID: 34200173 PMCID: PMC8201134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides serve as neurohormones and local paracrine regulators that control neural networks regulating behavior, endocrine system and sensorimotor functions. Their expression is characterized by exceptionally restricted profiles. Circuit-specific and adaptive expression of neuropeptide genes may be defined by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms controlled by cell type and subtype sequence-specific transcription factors, insulators and silencers. The opioid peptide dynorphins play a critical role in neurological and psychiatric disorders, pain processing and stress, while their mutations cause profound neurodegeneration in the human brain. In this review, we focus on the prodynorphin gene as a model for the in-depth epigenetic and transcriptional analysis of expression of the neuropeptide genes. Prodynorphin studies may provide a framework for analysis of mechanisms relevant for regulation of neuropeptide genes in normal and pathological human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Nosova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (O.N.); (G.B.)
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21
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Marchette RCN, Gregory-Flores A, Tunstall BJ, Carlson ER, Jackson SN, Sulima A, Rice KC, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. κ-Opioid receptor antagonism reverses heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in male and female rats. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100325. [PMID: 33997152 PMCID: PMC8095052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although opioids are potent analgesics, a consequence of chronic opioid use is hyperalgesia during withdrawal, which may contribute to opioid misuse. Dynorphin, the endogenous ligand of κ-opioid receptors (KORs), is upregulated in opioid-dependent rats and in animal models of chronic pain. However, the role of KORs in opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia remains to be determined. We hypothesized that KOR antagonism would reverse opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia in opioid-dependent rats. Male and female Wistar rats received daily injections of heroin (2-6 mg/kg, SC) and were tested for mechanical sensitivity in the electronic von Frey test 4-6 h into withdrawal. Female rats required significantly more heroin than male rats to reach comparable levels of both heroin-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia (6 mg/kg vs. 2 mg/kg). Once hyperalgesia was established, we tested the effects of the KOR antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (norBNI; 30 mg/kg, SC) and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (5'GNTI; 30 mg/kg, SC). When the animals continued to receive their daily heroin treatment (or saline treatment in the repeated saline group) five times per week throughout the experiment, both KOR antagonists reversed heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The anti-hyperalgesia effect of norBNI was more prolonged in males than in females (14 days vs. 7 days), whereas 5'GNTI had more prolonged effects in females than in males (14 days vs. 4 days). The behavioral effects of 5'GNTI coincided with higher 5'GNTI levels in the brain than in plasma when measured at 24 h, whereas 5'GNTI did not reverse hyperalgesia at 30 min posttreatment when 5'GNTI levels were higher in plasma than in the brain. Finally, we tested the effects of 5'GNTI on naloxone-induced and spontaneous signs of opioid withdrawal and found no effect in either male or female rats. These findings indicate a functional role for KORs in heroin withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia that is observed in rats of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C N Marchette
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erika R Carlson
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Structural Biology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Pantazis CB, Gonzalez LA, Tunstall BJ, Carmack SA, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. Cues conditioned to withdrawal and negative reinforcement: Neglected but key motivational elements driving opioid addiction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/15/eabf0364. [PMID: 33827822 PMCID: PMC8026136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating disorder that affects millions of people. Neutral cues can acquire motivational properties when paired with the positive emotional effects of drug intoxication to stimulate relapse. However, much less research has been devoted to cues that become conditioned to the aversive effects of opioid withdrawal. We argue that environmental stimuli promote motivation for opioids when cues are paired with withdrawal (conditioned withdrawal) and generate opioid consumption to terminate conditioned withdrawal (conditioned negative reinforcement). We review evidence that cues associated with pain drive opioid consumption, as patients with chronic pain may misuse opioids to escape physical and emotional pain. We highlight sex differences in withdrawal-induced stress reactivity and withdrawal cue processing and discuss neurocircuitry that may underlie withdrawal cue processing in dependent individuals. These studies highlight the importance of studying cues associated with withdrawal in dependent individuals and point to areas for exploration in OUD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Pantazis
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Luis A Gonzalez
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Carmack
- Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Drug addiction co-morbidity with alcohol: Neurobiological insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 157:409-472. [PMID: 33648675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder that consists of a three-stage cycle of binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages involve, respectively, neuroadaptations in brain circuits involved in incentive salience and habit formation, stress surfeit and reward deficit, and executive function. Much research on addiction focuses on the neurobiology underlying single drug use. However, alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be co-morbid with substance use disorder (SUD), called dual dependence. The limited epidemiological data on dual dependence indicates that there is a large population of individuals suffering from addiction who are dependent on more than one drug and/or alcohol, yet dual dependence remains understudied in addiction research. Here, we review neurobiological data on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that are known to contribute to addiction pathology and how the involvement of these systems is consistent or divergent across drug classes. In particular, we highlight the dopamine, opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, hypocretin/orexin, glucocorticoid, neuroimmune signaling, endocannabinoid, glutamate, and GABA systems. We also discuss the limited research on these systems in dual dependence. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the use of multiple drugs can produce neuroadaptations that are distinct from single drug use. Further investigation into the neurobiology of dual dependence is necessary to develop effective treatments for addiction to multiple drugs.
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24
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Curtis GR, Oakes K, Barson JR. Expression and Distribution of Neuropeptide-Expressing Cells Throughout the Rodent Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:634163. [PMID: 33584216 PMCID: PMC7873951 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.634163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) has been shown to make significant contributions to affective and motivated behavior, but a comprehensive description of the neurochemicals expressed in the cells of this brain region has never been presented. While the PVT is believed to be composed of projection neurons that primarily use as their neurotransmitter the excitatory amino acid, glutamate, several neuropeptides have also been described in this brain region. In this review article, we combine published literature with our observations from the Allen Brain Atlas to describe in detail the expression and distribution of neuropeptides in cells throughout the mouse and rat PVT, with a special focus on neuropeptides known to be involved in behavior. Several themes emerge from this investigation. First, while the majority of neuropeptides are expressed across the antero-posterior axis of the PVT, they generally exist in a gradient, in which expression is most dense but not exclusive in either the anterior or posterior PVT, although other neuropeptides display somewhat more equal expression in the anterior and posterior PVT but have reduced expression in the middle PVT. Second, we find overall that neuropeptides involved in arousal are more highly expressed in the anterior PVT, those involved in depression-like behavior are more highly expressed in the posterior PVT, and those involved in reward are more highly expressed in the medial PVT, while those involved in the intake of food and drugs of abuse are distributed throughout the PVT. Third, the pattern and content of neuropeptide expression in mice and rats appear not to be identical, and many neuropeptides found in the mouse PVT have not yet been demonstrated in the rat. Thus, while significantly more work is required to uncover the expression patterns and specific roles of individual neuropeptides in the PVT, the evidence thus far supports the existence of a diverse yet highly organized system of neuropeptides in this nucleus. Determined in part by their location within the PVT and their network of projections, the function of the neuropeptides in this system likely involves intricate coordination to influence both affective and motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve R Curtis
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen Oakes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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25
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Lueptow LM, Shashkova EC, Miller MG, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Insights into the Neurobiology of Craving in Opioid Use Disorder. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 10:378-387. [PMID: 33424457 DOI: 10.1007/s40140-020-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Opioids remain the most potent form of pain relief currently available, yet have a high abuse liability. Here we discuss underlying neurobiological changes in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) that likely contribute to drug craving, which in turn drives continued drug use and relapse. Recent findings Craving has emerged as a strong indicator in drug-seeking and relapse. Studies have demonstrated a number of allostatic changes in circuitry that facilitate learning of drug-stimuli relationships, thereby augmenting cue-triggered drug use and relapse. Summary This review will focus on key neurobiological changes in underlying circuitry observed during the initial and continued exposure to opioids that result in an increase in neural-reactivity to drug-related intrinsic and extrinsic drug cues, and to enhanced learning of drug-context correlations. This sensitized learning state may be an indication of the underlying framework that drives craving and ultimately, motivates increased salience of drug cues and drives drug-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Lueptow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Psychology at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Shashkova
- Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Margaret G Miller
- Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Shirley and Stefan Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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26
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Koob GF. Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:163-201. [PMID: 33318153 PMCID: PMC7770492 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation) and three domains of dysfunction (incentive salience/pathologic habits, negative emotional states, and executive function, respectively) via changes in the basal ganglia, extended amygdala/habenula, and frontal cortex, respectively. This review focuses on neurochemical/neurocircuitry dysregulations that contribute to hyperkatifeia, defined as a greater intensity of negative emotional/motivational signs and symptoms during withdrawal from drugs of abuse in the withdrawal/negative affect stage of the addiction cycle. Hyperkatifeia provides an additional source of motivation for compulsive drug seeking via negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement reflects an increase in the probability of a response to remove an aversive stimulus or drug seeking to remove hyperkatifeia that is augmented by genetic/epigenetic vulnerability, environmental trauma, and psychiatric comorbidity. Neurobiological targets for hyperkatifeia in addiction involve neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala and its connections via within-system neuroadaptations in dopamine, enkephalin/endorphin opioid peptide, and γ-aminobutyric acid/glutamate systems and between-system neuroadaptations in prostress corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, glucocorticoid, dynorphin, hypocretin, and neuroimmune systems and antistress neuropeptide Y, nociceptin, endocannabinoid, and oxytocin systems. Such neurochemical/neurocircuitry dysregulations are hypothesized to mediate a negative hedonic set point that gradually gains allostatic load and shifts from a homeostatic hedonic state to an allostatic hedonic state. Based on preclinical studies and translational studies to date, medications and behavioral therapies that reset brain stress, antistress, and emotional pain systems and return them to homeostasis would be promising new targets for medication development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus of this review is on neurochemical/neurocircuitry dysregulations that contribute to hyperkatifeia, defined as a greater intensity of negative emotional/motivational signs and symptoms during withdrawal from drugs of abuse in the withdrawal/negative affect stage of the drug addiction cycle and a driving force for negative reinforcement in addiction. Medications and behavioral therapies that reverse hyperkatifeia by resetting brain stress, antistress, and emotional pain systems and returning them to homeostasis would be promising new targets for medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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27
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Gutierrez A, Nguyen JD, Creehan KM, Taffe MA. Female rats self-administer heroin by vapor inhalation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173061. [PMID: 33164848 PMCID: PMC7725943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the United States has experienced a significant increase in the medical and non-medical use of opioid drugs, resulting in record numbers of opioid-related overdoses and deaths. There was an initial increase in non-medical use of prescription opioids around 2002, followed later by increased heroin use and then most recently fentanyl. Inhalation is a common route of administration for opioids, with a documented history spanning back to Mediterranean antiquity and up through modern use with e-cigarette devices. Unfortunately, preclinical studies using inhalation as the route of administration remain relatively few. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of e-cigarette vapor inhalation of heroin in rats. Non-contingent exposure to heroin or methadone vapor produced anti-nociceptive efficacy in male and female rats. Female rats were trained to self-administer heroin vapor; the most-preferring half of the distribution obtained more vapor reinforcers when the concentration of heroin was reduced in the vapor vehicle and when pre-treated with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. The anti-nociceptive effect of heroin self-administered by vapor was identical in magnitude to that produced by intravenous self-administration. Finally, anxiety-like behavior increased 24-48 h after last heroin vapor access, consistent with withdrawal signs observed after intravenous self-administration. In sum, these studies show that rewarding and anti-nociceptive effects of heroin are produced in rats by vapor inhalation using e-cigarette technology. Importantly, self-administration models by this route can be deployed to determine health effects of inhaled heroin or other opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Gutierrez
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Improving translation of animal models of addiction and relapse by reverse translation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:625-643. [PMID: 33024318 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking, intermittent drug access, choice between drug and non-drug rewards, and assessment of individual differences based on criteria in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Combined with new technologies, these models advanced our understanding of brain mechanisms of drug self-administration and relapse, but these mechanistic gains have not led to improvements in addiction treatment. This problem is not unique to addiction neuroscience, but it is an increasing source of disappointment and calls to regroup. Here we first summarize behavioural and neurobiological results from the animal models mentioned above. We then propose a reverse translational approach, whose goal is to develop models that mimic successful treatments: opioid agonist maintenance, contingency management and the community-reinforcement approach. These reverse-translated 'treatments' may provide an ecologically relevant platform from which to discover new circuits, test new medications and improve translation.
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29
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Paton KF, Atigari DV, Kaska S, Prisinzano T, Kivell BM. Strategies for Developing κ Opioid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Pain with Fewer Side Effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:332-348. [PMID: 32913006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant need to find effective, nonaddictive pain medications. κ Opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists have been studied for decades but have recently received increased attention because of their analgesic effects and lack of abuse potential. However, a range of side effects have limited the clinical development of these drugs. There are several strategies currently used to develop safer and more effective KOPr agonists. These strategies include identifying G-protein-biased agonists, developing peripherally restricted KOPr agonists without centrally mediated side effects, and developing mixed opioid agonists, which target multiple receptors at specific ratios to balance side-effect profiles and reduce tolerance. Here, we review the latest developments in research related to KOPr agonists for the treatment of pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses strategies for developing safer κ opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists with therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain. Although one strategy is to modify selective KOPr agonists to create peripherally restricted or G-protein-biased structures, another approach is to combine KOPr agonists with μ, δ, or nociceptin opioid receptor activation to obtain mixed opioid receptor agonists, therefore negating the adverse effects and retaining the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Diana V Atigari
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Sophia Kaska
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Thomas Prisinzano
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
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30
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Joshi DD, Puaud M, Fouyssac M, Belin‐Rauscent A, Everitt B, Belin D. The anterior insular cortex in the rat exerts an inhibitory influence over the loss of control of heroin intake and subsequent propensity to relapse. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4115-4126. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval D. Joshi
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Mickaël Puaud
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Maxime Fouyssac
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Barry Everitt
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - David Belin
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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31
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Xu L, Nan J, Lan Y. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Common Target in the Comorbidity of Depression and Addiction. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32694984 PMCID: PMC7338554 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted extensive attention. Numerous studies have suggested that depression and addiction share common mechanisms and anatomical pathways. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has long been considered a key brain region for regulating many behaviors, especially those related to depression and addiction. In this review article, we focus on the association between addiction and depression, highlighting the potential mediating role of the NAc in this comorbidity via the regulation of changes in the neural circuits and molecular signaling. To clarify the mechanisms underlying this association, we summarize evidence from overlapping reward neurocircuitry, the resemblance of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and common treatments. Understanding the interplay between these disorders should help guide clinical comorbidity prevention and the search for a new target for comorbidity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
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32
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Delery EC, Edwards S. Neuropeptide and cytokine regulation of pain in the context of substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108153. [PMID: 32470337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are frequently accompanied by affective symptoms that promote negative reinforcement mechanisms contributing to SUD maintenance or progression. Despite their widespread use as analgesics, chronic or excessive exposure to alcohol, opioids, and nicotine produces heightened nociceptive sensitivity, termed hyperalgesia. This review focuses on the contributions of neuropeptide (CRF, melanocortin, opioid peptide) and cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, chemokine) systems in the development and maintenance of substance-induced hyperalgesia. Few effective therapies exist for either chronic pain or SUD, and the common interaction of these disease states likely complicates their effective treatment. Here we highlight promising new discoveries as well as identify gaps in research that could lead to more effective and even simultaneous treatment of SUDs and co-morbid hyperalgesia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Delery
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Verholleman A, Victorri-Vigneau C, Laforgue E, Derkinderen P, Verstuyft C, Grall-Bronnec M. Naltrexone Use in Treating Hypersexuality Induced by Dopamine Replacement Therapy: Impact of OPRM1 A/G Polymorphism on Its Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21083002. [PMID: 32344532 PMCID: PMC7215378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersexuality is a well-known adverse side effect of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT), and anti-craving drugs could be an effective therapeutic option. Our aim was to update the knowledge on this issue, particularly on the influence of an Opioid Receptor Mu 1 (OPRM1) genetic polymorphism. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We also analyzed a case of iatrogenic hypersexuality that occurred in a patient treated with DRT. An analysis of the OPRM1 gene was performed on said patient. Our search identified 597 publications, of which only 7 were included in the final data synthesis. All seven publications involved naltrexone use. Five of them were case reports. None of the publications mentioned DRT side effects, nor did they report genetic data. Regarding our case report, the introduction of naltrexone corresponded with the resolution of the patient’s hypersexuality. Moreover, the patient carried the A/G genotype, which has been reported to be associated with a stronger response to naltrexone for patients with an alcohol use disorder. Although studies are inconclusive so far, naltrexone could be an interesting therapeutic option for resistant hypersexuality due to DRT. Carrying the A/G genotype could help explain a good response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Verholleman
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.V.); (E.L.)
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Inserm UMR-1246, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, 44200 Nantes, France;
- Pharmacology Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Edouard Laforgue
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.V.); (E.L.)
- Inserm UMR-1246, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, 44200 Nantes, France;
- Pharmacology Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Neurology Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Inserm UMR-1235, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Celine Verstuyft
- Inserm UMR-1178, CESP, Université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.V.); (E.L.)
- Inserm UMR-1246, Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, 44200 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-40846116; Fax: +33-(0)2-40846118
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Escobar ADP, Casanova JP, Andrés ME, Fuentealba JA. Crosstalk Between Kappa Opioid and Dopamine Systems in Compulsive Behaviors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32132923 PMCID: PMC7040183 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of goal-oriented behaviors is regulated by midbrain dopamine neurons. Dysfunctions of dopaminergic circuits are observed in drug addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compulsive behavior is a feature that both disorders share, which is associated to a heightened dopamine neurotransmission. The activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is principally regulated by the homeostatic action of dopamine through D2 receptors (D2R) that decrease the firing of neurons as well as dopamine synthesis and release. Dopamine transmission is also regulated by heterologous neurotransmitter systems such as the kappa opioid system, among others. Much of our current knowledge of the kappa opioid system and its influence on dopamine transmission comes from preclinical animal models of brain diseases. In 1988, using cerebral microdialysis, it was shown that the acute activation of the Kappa Opioid Receptors (KOR) decreases synaptic levels of dopamine in the striatum. This inhibitory effect of KOR opposes to the facilitating influence of drugs of abuse on dopamine release, leading to the proposition of the use of KOR agonists as pharmacological therapy for compulsive drug intake. Surprisingly, 30 years later, KOR antagonists are instead proposed to treat drug addiction. What may have happened during these years that generated this drastic change of paradigm? The collected evidence suggested that the effect of KOR on synaptic dopamine levels is complex, depending on the frequency of KOR activation and timing with other incoming stimuli to dopamine neurons, as well as sex and species differences. Conversely to its acute effect, chronic KOR activation seems to facilitate dopamine neurotransmission and dopamine-mediated behaviors. The opposing actions exerted by acute versus chronic KOR activation have been associated with an initial aversive and a delayed rewarding effect, during the exposure to drugs of abuse. Compulsive behaviors induced by repeated activation of D2R are also potentiated by the sustained co-activation of KOR, which correlates with decreased synaptic levels of dopamine and sensitized D2R. Thus, the time-dependent activation of KOR impacts directly on dopamine levels affecting the tuning of motivated behaviors. This review analyzes the contribution of the kappa opioid system to the dopaminergic correlates of compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Del Pilar Escobar
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Patricio Casanova
- Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio NUMIND Biology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Estela Andrés
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Antonio Fuentealba
- Department of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Substance use disorders represent a global public health issue. This mental health disorder is hypothesized to result from neurobiological changes as a result of chronic drug exposure and clinically manifests as inappropriate behavioral allocation toward the procurement and use of the abused substance and away from other behaviors maintained by more adaptive nondrug reinforcers (e.g., social relationships, work). The dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is one receptor system that has been altered following chronic exposure to drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine, opioids, alcohol) in both laboratory animals and humans, implicating the dynorphin/KOR system in the expression, mechanisms, and treatment of substance use disorders. KOR antagonists have reduced drug self-administration in laboratory animals under certain experimental conditions, but not others. Recently, several human laboratory and clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of KOR antagonists as candidate pharmacotherapies for cocaine or tobacco use disorder to test hypotheses generated from preclinical studies. KOR antagonists failed to significantly alter drug use metrics in humans suggesting translational discordance between some preclinical drug self-administration studies and consistent with other preclinical drug self-administration studies that provide concurrent access to an alternative nondrug reinforcer (e.g., food). The implications of this translational discordance and future directions for examining the therapeutic potential of KOR agonists or antagonists as candidate substance use disorder pharmacotherapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Koob GF. Neurobiology of Opioid Addiction: Opponent Process, Hyperkatifeia, and Negative Reinforcement. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:44-53. [PMID: 31400808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry neuroadaptations within the same reward system. However, they also engage the brain systems for stress and pain (somatic and emotional) while producing hyperalgesia and hyperkatifeia, which drive pronounced drug-seeking behavior via processes of negative reinforcement. Hyperkatifeia (derived from the Greek "katifeia" for dejection or negative emotional state) is defined as an increase in intensity of the constellation of negative emotional or motivational signs and symptoms of withdrawal from drugs of abuse. In animal models, repeated extended access to drugs or opioids results in negative emotion-like states, reflected by the elevation of reward thresholds, lower pain thresholds, anxiety-like behavior, and dysphoric-like responses. Such negative emotional states that drive negative reinforcement are hypothesized to derive from the within-system dysregulation of key neurochemical circuits that mediate incentive-salience and/or reward systems (dopamine, opioid peptides) in the ventral striatum and from the between-system recruitment of brain stress systems (corticotropin-releasing factor, dynorphin, norepinephrine, hypocretin, vasopressin, glucocorticoids, and neuroimmune factors) in the extended amygdala. Hyperkatifeia can extend into protracted abstinence and interact with learning processes in the form of conditioned withdrawal to facilitate relapse to compulsive-like drug seeking. Compelling evidence indicates that plasticity in the brain pain emotional systems is triggered by acute excessive drug intake and becomes sensitized during the development of compulsive drug taking with repeated withdrawal. It then persists into protracted abstinence and contributes to the development and persistence of compulsive opioid-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Addiction and stress: An allostatic view. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:245-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ishiuji Y. Addiction and the itch‐scratch cycle. What do they have in common? Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1448-1454. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Ishiuji
- Department of Dermatology The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Coussens NP, Sittampalam GS, Jonson SG, Hall MD, Gorby HE, Tamiz AP, McManus OB, Felder CC, Rasmussen K. The Opioid Crisis and the Future of Addiction and Pain Therapeutics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:396-408. [PMID: 31481516 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid misuse and addiction are a public health crisis resulting in debilitation, deaths, and significant social and economic impact. Curbing this crisis requires collaboration among academic, government, and industrial partners toward the development of effective nonaddictive pain medications, interventions for opioid overdose, and addiction treatments. A 2-day meeting, The Opioid Crisis and the Future of Addiction and Pain Therapeutics: Opportunities, Tools, and Technologies Symposium, was held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to address these concerns and to chart a collaborative path forward. The meeting was supported by the NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-TermSM (HEAL) Initiative, an aggressive, trans-agency effort to speed scientific solutions to stem the national opioid crisis. The event was unique in bringing together two research disciplines, addiction and pain, in order to create a forum for crosscommunication and collaboration. The output from the symposium will be considered by the HEAL Initiative; this article summarizes the scientific presentations and key takeaways. Improved understanding of the etiology of acute and chronic pain will enable the discovery of novel targets and regulatable pain circuits for safe and effective therapeutics, as well as relevant biomarkers to ensure adequate testing in clinical trials. Applications of improved technologies including reagents, assays, model systems, and validated probe compounds will likely increase the delivery of testable hypotheses and therapeutics to enable better health outcomes for patients. The symposium goals were achieved by increasing interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate solutions for this pressing public health challenge and provide a framework for focused efforts within the research community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article summarizes key messages and discussions resulting from a 2-day symposium focused on challenges and opportunities in developing addiction- and pain-related medications. Speakers and attendees came from 40 states in the United States and 15 countries, bringing perspectives from academia, industry, government, and healthcare by researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and patient advocates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Coussens
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - G Sitta Sittampalam
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Samantha G Jonson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Heather E Gorby
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Amir P Tamiz
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Owen B McManus
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
| | - Kurt Rasmussen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland (N.P.C., G.S.S., S.G.J., M.D.H.); Orvos Communications, LLC (H.E.G.); National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (A.P.T.) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (K.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Q-State Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts (O.B.M.); and VP Discovery Research, Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts (C.C.F.)
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Dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor control of dopamine dynamics: Implications for negative affective states and psychiatric disorders. Brain Res 2019; 1713:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mavrikaki M, Anastasiadou E, Ozdemir RA, Potter D, Helmholz C, Slack FJ, Chartoff EH. Overexpression of miR-9 in the Nucleus Accumbens Increases Oxycodone Self-Administration. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:383-393. [PMID: 30989210 PMCID: PMC6545539 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to identify factors that increase vulnerability to opioid addiction to help stem the opioid epidemic and develop more efficient pharmacotherapeutics. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level and have been implicated in chronic drug-taking in humans and in rodent models. Recent evidence has shown that chronic opioid treatment regulates the microRNA miR-9. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that miR-9 in the nucleus accumbens potentiates oxycodone addictive-like behavior. METHODS We utilized adeno-associated virus (AAV) to overexpress miR-9 in the nucleus accumbens of male rats and tested the effects on intravenous self-administration of the highly abused prescription opioid, oxycodone, in 1-hour short-access followed by 6-h long-access sessions, the latter of which leads to escalation of drug intake. In separate rats, we assessed the effects of nucleus accumbens miR-9 overexpression on mRNA targets including RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), which have been shown to be regulated by drugs of abuse. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-9 in the nucleus accumbens significantly increased oxycodone self-administration compared with rats expressing a control, scrambled microRNA. Analysis of the pattern of oxycodone intake revealed that miR-9 overexpression increased "burst" episodes of intake and decreased the inter-infusion interval. Furthermore, miR-9 overexpression decreased the expression of REST and increased DRD2 in the nucleus accumbens at time points that coincided with behavioral effects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nucleus accumbens miR-9 regulates oxycodone addictive-like behavior as well as the expression of genes that are involved in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrikaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Recep A Ozdemir
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Carolin Helmholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Correspondence: Elena H. Chartoff, PhD, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont 02478, MA ()
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Caputi FF, Caffino L, Candeletti S, Fumagalli F, Romualdi P. Short-term withdrawal from repeated exposure to cocaine during adolescence modulates dynorphin mRNA levels and BDNF signaling in the rat nucleus accumbens. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:127-133. [PMID: 30818133 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life stressful events affect the neurobiological maturation of cerebral circuitries including the endogenous opioid system and the effects elicited by adolescent cocaine exposure on this system have been poorly investigated. Here, we evaluated whether cocaine exposure during adolescence causes short- or long-term alterations in mRNAs codifying for selected elements belonging to the opioid system. Moreover, since brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may undergo simultaneous alterations with the opioid peptide dynorphin, we also evaluated its signaling pathway as well. METHODS Adolescent male rats were exposed to cocaine (20 mg/kg/day) from post-natal day (PND) 28 to PND42, approximately corresponding to human adolescence. After short- (PND45) or long-term (PND90) abstinence, prodynorphin-κ-opioid receptor (pDYN-KOP) and pronociceptin-nociceptin receptor (pN/OFQ-NOP) gene expression were evaluated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus (Hip) together with the analysis of BDNF signaling pathways. RESULTS In the NAc of PND45 rats, pDYN mRNA levels were up-regulated, an effect paralled by increased BDNF signaling. Differently from NAc, pDYN mRNA levels were down-regulated in the Hip of PND45 rats without significant changes of BDNF pathway. At variance from PND45 rats, we did not find any significant alteration of the investigated parameters either in NAc and Hip of PND90 rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the short-term withdrawal from adolescent cocaine exposure is characterized by a parallel pDYN mRNA and BDNF signaling increase in the NAc. Given the depressive-like state experienced during short abstinence in humans, we hypothesize that such changes may contribute to promote the risk of cocaine abuse escalation and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Caffino
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Yuferov V, Randesi M, Butelman ER, van den Brink W, Blanken P, van Ree JM, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Association of variants of prodynorphin promoter 68-bp repeats in caucasians with opioid dependence diagnosis: Effect on age trajectory of heroin use. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:100-105. [PMID: 30936032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (Dyn/KOR) system is involved in reward processing and dysphoria/anhedonia. Exposure to mu-opioid receptor agonists such as heroin increases expression of the prodynorphin gene (PDYN) in the brain. In this study in a Caucasian cohort, we examined the association of the functional PDYN 68-bp repeat polymorphism with opioid use disorders. In this case-control study, 554 subjects with Caucasian ancestry (142 healthy controls, 153 opioid-exposed, but never opioid dependent, NOD, and 259 with an opioid dependence diagnosis, OD) were examined for association of the PDYN 68-bp repeats with the diagnosis of opioid dependence (DSM-IV criteria), with a dimensional measure of heroin exposure (KMSK scale), and age trajectory parameters of heroin use (age of heroin first use, and age of onset of heaviest use). The PDYN 68-bp repeat genotype (classified as: "short-short" [SS], "long-long" [LL], and "short-long" [SL], based on the number of repeats) was not associated with categorical opioid dependence diagnoses. However, the LL genotype was associated with later age of first heroin use than the SS + SL genotype (19 versus 18 years; p < 0.01). This was also confirmed by a significant positive correlation between the number of repeats and the age of first use of heroin, in volunteers with OD (Spearman r = 0.16; p = 0.01). This suggests that the functional PDYN 68-bp repeat genotype is associated with the age of first use of heroin in Caucasians diagnosed with opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Matthew Randesi
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Blanken
- Parnassia Addiction Research Centre, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Ree
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jürg Ott
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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45
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Zjawiony JK, Machado AS, Menegatti R, Ghedini PC, Costa EA, Pedrino GR, Lukas SE, Franco OL, Silva ON, Fajemiroye JO. Cutting-Edge Search for Safer Opioid Pain Relief: Retrospective Review of Salvinorin A and Its Analogs. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:157. [PMID: 30971961 PMCID: PMC6445891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, pain has contributed to low life quality, poor health, and economic loss. Opioids are very effective analgesic drugs for treating mild, moderate, or severe pain. Therapeutic application of opioids has been limited by short and long-term side effects. These side effects and opioid-overuse crisis has intensified interest in the search for new molecular targets and drugs. The present review focuses on salvinorin A and its analogs with the aim of exploring their structural and pharmacological profiles as clues for the development of safer analgesics. Ethnopharmacological reports and growing preclinical data have demonstrated the antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A and some of its analogs. The pharmacology of analogs modified at C-2 dominates the literature when compared to the ones from other positions. The distinctive binding affinity of these analogs seems to correlate with their chemical structure and in vivo antinociceptive effects. The high susceptibility of salvinorin A to chemical modification makes it an important pharmacological tool for cellular probing and developing analogs with promising analgesic effects. Additional research is still needed to draw reliable conclusions on the therapeutic potential of salvinorin A and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan K Zjawiony
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Antônio S Machado
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ghedini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elson A Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Scott E Lukas
- McLean Imaging Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Osmar N Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - James O Fajemiroye
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Centro Universitário de Anápolis, Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil
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46
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Becker JB, Chartoff E. Sex differences in neural mechanisms mediating reward and addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:166-183. [PMID: 29946108 PMCID: PMC6235836 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from occasional to compulsive use, withdrawal-associated negative affective states, craving, and relapse. There is also evidence that many qualitative aspects of the addiction phases do not differ significantly between males and females, but one sex may be more likely to exhibit a trait than the other, resulting in population differences. The conceptual framework of this review is to focus on hormonal, chromosomal, and epigenetic organizational and contingent, sex-dependent mechanisms of four neural systems that are known-primarily in males-to be key players in addiction: dopamine, mu-opioid receptors (MOR), kappa opioid receptors (KOR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We highlight data demonstrating sex differences in development, expression, and function of these neural systems as they relate-directly or indirectly-to processes of reward and addictive behavior, with a focus on psychostimulants and opioids. We identify gaps in knowledge about how these neural systems interact with sex to influence addictive behavior, emphasizing throughout that the impact of sex can be highly nuanced and male/female data should be reported regardless of the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Becker
- Department of Psychology and the Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elena Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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47
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Victorri-Vigneau C, Spiers A, Caillet P, Bruneau M, Ignace-Consortium, Challet-Bouju G, Grall-Bronnec M. Opioid Antagonists for Pharmacological Treatment of Gambling Disorder: Are they Relevant? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1418-1432. [PMID: 28721822 PMCID: PMC6295935 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170718144058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, no drugs have been approved for gambling disorder. Numerous publications have described the value of opioid antagonists. Indeed, the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway has been suggested as the underlying cause of reward-seeking behaviour, and it is modulated by the opioid system. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the relevance of opioid antagonists for treating GD. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted. A search of the PubMed electronic database, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Systematic Review Database without any limits was performed. Results: There is little information concerning the effects of opioid antagonists on GD. The total search with “nalmefene and gambling” without any limits revealed only 11 articles. The search with “naltrexone and gambling” without any limits gener-ated 47 articles. Nevertheless, the best available data support the use of opioid antagonists, particularly in individuals with a history of alcohol use disorder or strong gambling urges. Conclusion: Future trials are still needed. Indeed, opioid antagonists effectiveness has been investigated in only a limited number of patients, clinical trials do not reflect the heterogeneity of GD and there is little knowledge of the predictive factors of response to treatments. Moreover, differential affinity to nalmefene for kappa receptors may be associated with a particular effect in a yet to be defined addiction phenotype. Head to head comparisons between naltrexone and nalmefene would be helpful in combining other medication or psychotherapy. The identification of subgroups of patients that are more likely to benefit from opioid antagonists should be a goal
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR1246 SPHERE Methods in Patients-centered outcomes and Health Research, University of Nantes and Tours, Nantes, France
| | - Andrew Spiers
- Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Caillet
- Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Mélanie Bruneau
- Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Ignace-Consortium
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Institut de Biologie, 9 quai moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- INSERM UMR1246 SPHERE Methods in Patients-centered outcomes and Health Research, University of Nantes and Tours, Nantes, France.,Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- INSERM UMR1246 SPHERE Methods in Patients-centered outcomes and Health Research, University of Nantes and Tours, Nantes, France.,Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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48
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Adolescent cannabinoid exposure induces irritability-like behavior and cocaine cross-sensitization without affecting the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13893. [PMID: 30224774 PMCID: PMC6141462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is typically initiated during adolescence and is a significant risk factor for the development of cocaine use in adulthood. However, no preclinical studies have examined the effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure on cocaine dependence in adulthood using the escalation model of cocaine self-administration and the assessment of negative emotional states. In the present study, we found that exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in adolescence produced irritability-like behavior and psychomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine in adolescence. In adulthood, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine. The acquisition of cocaine self-administration was lower in rats with adolescent WIN exposure compared with controls. However, both WIN-exposed and control rats escalated their cocaine intake at the same rate, had similar responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, and had similar psychomotor responses to cocaine. Interestingly, the increase in irritability-like behavior that was previously observed in adolescence after WIN exposure persisted into adulthood. Whether the persisting increase in irritability-like behavior after WIN exposure has translational relevance remains to be studied. In summary, these results suggest that psychoactive cannabinoid exposure during adolescence is unlikely to have a major effect on the escalation of cocaine intake or the development of compulsive-like responding per se in adulthood in a rat model of cocaine self-administration. However, whether the persisting irritability-like behavior may predispose an individual to mood-related impairments in adulthood or predict such impairments warrants further investigation.
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49
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Abstract
Drug addiction or substance-use disorder is a chronically relapsing disorder that progresses through binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages. These stages represent diverse neurobiological mechanisms that are differentially involved in the transition from recreational to compulsive drug use and from positive to negative reinforcement. The progression from recreational to compulsive substance use is associated with downregulation of the brain reward systems and upregulation of the brain stress systems. Individual differences in the neurobiological systems that underlie the processing of reward, incentive salience, habits, stress, pain, and executive function may explain (i) the vulnerability to substance-use disorder; (ii) the diversity of emotional, motivational, and cognitive profiles of individuals with substance-use disorders; and (iii) heterogeneous responses to cognitive and pharmacological treatments. Characterization of the neuropsychological mechanisms that underlie individual differences in addiction-like behaviors is the key to understanding the mechanisms of addiction and development of personalized pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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50
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Bossert JM, Hoots JK, Fredriksson I, Adhikary S, Zhang M, Venniro M, Shaham Y. Role of mu, but not delta or kappa, opioid receptors in context‐induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2075-2085. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Bossert
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jennifer K. Hoots
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Ida Fredriksson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Sweta Adhikary
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Michelle Zhang
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch IRP/NIDA/NIH 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200 Baltimore MD USA
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