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Willardsen MI, Link BA. Cell biological regulation of division fate in vertebrate neuroepithelial cells. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1865-79. [PMID: 21761474 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing nervous system derives from neuroepithelial progenitor cells that divide to generate all of the mature neuronal types. For the proper complement of cell types to form, the progenitors must produce postmitotic cells, yet also replenish the progenitor pool. Progenitor divisions can be classified into three general types: symmetric proliferative (producing two progenitors), asymmetric neurogenic (producing one progenitor and one postmitotic cell), and symmetric neurogenic (producing two postmitotic cells). The appropriate ratios for these modes of cell division require intrinsic polarity, which is one of the characteristics that define neuroepithelial progenitor cells. The type of division an individual progenitor undergoes can be influenced by cellular features, or behaviors, which are heterogeneous within the population of progenitors. Here we review three key cellular parameters, asymmetric inheritance, cell cycle kinetics, and interkinetic nuclear migration, and the possible mechanisms for how these features influence progenitor fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde I Willardsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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2
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Doh ST, Hao H, Loh SC, Patel T, Tawil HY, Chen DK, Pashkova A, Shen A, Wang H, Cai L. Analysis of retinal cell development in chick embryo by immunohistochemistry and in ovo electroporation techniques. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:8. [PMID: 20089190 PMCID: PMC2822752 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Retinal cell development has been extensively investigated; however, the current knowledge of dynamic morphological and molecular changes is not yet complete. Results This study was aimed at revealing the dynamic morphological and molecular changes in retinal cell development during the embryonic stages using a new method of targeted retinal injection, in ovo electroporation, and immunohistochemistry techniques. A plasmid DNA that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was delivered into the sub-retinal space to transfect the chick retinal stem/progenitor cells at embryonic day 3 (E3) or E4 with the aid of pulses of electric current. The transfected retinal tissues were analyzed at various stages during chick development from near the start of neurogenesis at E4 to near the end of neurogenesis at E18. The expression of GFP allowed for clear visualization of cell morphologies and retinal laminar locations for the indication of retinal cell identity. Immunohistochemistry using cell type-specific markers (e.g., Visinin, Xap-1, Lim1+2, Pkcα, NeuN, Pax6, Brn3a, Vimentin, etc.) allowed further confirmation of retinal cell types. The composition of retinal cell types was then determined over time by counting the number of GFP-expressing cells observed with morphological characteristics specific to the various retinal cell types. Conclusion The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E3 - E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons, e.g., bipolar cells at a level of single cells, which has been difficult with a conventional method with injection and electroporation at E1.5. Based on data collected from analyses of cell morphology, laminar locations in the retina, immunohistochemistry, and cell counts of GFP-expressing cells, the time-line and dynamic morphological and molecular changes of retinal cell development were determined. These data provide more complete information on retinal cell development, and they can serve as a reference for the investigations in normal retinal development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Doh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Abstract
The regulation of self-renewal, cell diversity, and differentiation can occur by modulating symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Remarkably, asymmetric cell divisions can arise through multiple processes in which molecules in the cytoplasm and nucleus, as well as template "immortal" DNA strands, can segregate to one daughter cell during cell division. Explaining how these events direct distinct daughter cell fates is a major challenge to understanding how the organism is assembled and maintained for a lifetime. Numerous technical issues that are associated with assessing how distinct cell fates are executed in vivo have resulted in divergent interpretations of experimental findings. This review addresses some of these points and considers different developmental model systems that attempt to investigate how cell fate decisions are determined, as well as the molecules that guide these choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental Biology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Jing X, Malicki J. Zebrafish ale oko, an essential determinant of sensory neuron survival and the polarity of retinal radial glia, encodes the p50 subunit of dynactin. Development 2009; 136:2955-64. [PMID: 19666822 DOI: 10.1242/dev.037739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although microtubule-dependent motors are known to play many essential functions in eukaryotic cells, their role in the context of the developing vertebrate embryo is less well understood. Here we show that the zebrafish ale oko (ako) locus encodes the p50 component of the dynactin complex. Loss of ako function results in a degeneration of photoreceptors and mechanosensory hair cells. Additionally, mutant Müller cells lose apical processes and their perikarya translocate rapidly towards the vitreal surface of the retina. This is accompanied by the accumulation of the apical determinants Nok and Has/aPKC in their cell bodies. ako is required cell-autonomously for the maintenance of the apical process but not for cell body positioning in Müller glia. At later stages, the retinotectal projection also degenerates in ako mutants. These results indicate that the p50 component of the dynactin complex is essential for the survival of sensory neurons and the maintenance of ganglion cell axons, and functions as a major determinant of apicobasal polarity in retinal radial glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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5
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Agathocleous M, Harris WA. From Progenitors to Differentiated Cells in the Vertebrate Retina. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2009; 25:45-69. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Agathocleous
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
- Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TA, United Kingdom;
| | - William A. Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
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Kitambi SS, Malicki JJ. Spatiotemporal features of neurogenesis in the retina of medaka, Oryzias latipes. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3870-81. [PMID: 19035349 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is very well conserved in evolution. Its structure and functional features are very similar in phyla as different as primates and teleost fish. Here, we describe the spatiotemporal characteristics of neurogenesis in the retina of a teleost, medaka, and compare them with other species, primarily the zebrafish. Several intriguing differences are observed between medaka and zebrafish. For example, photoreceptor differentiation in the medaka retina starts independently in two different areas, and at more advanced stages of differentiation, medaka and zebrafish retinae display obviously different patterns of the photoreceptor cell mosaic. Medaka and zebrafish evolutionary lineages are thought to have separated from each other 110 million years ago, and so the differences between these species are not unexpected, and may be exploited to gain insight into the architecture of developmental pathways. Importantly, this work highlights the benefits of using multiple teleost models in parallel to understand a developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish S Kitambi
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns University College, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Raji B, Dansault A, Vieira V, de la Houssaye G, Lacassagne E, Kobetz A, Arbogast L, Dufier J, Blumer J, Menasche M, Abitbol M. Analysis of partner of inscuteable (mPins) expression in the developing mouse eye. Mol Vis 2008; 14:2575-96. [PMID: 19122831 PMCID: PMC2613078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is the fundamental mechanism underlying the generation of cellular diversity in invertebrates and vertebrates. During Drosophila neuroblast division, this process involves stabilization of the apical complex and interaction between the Inscuteable (Insc) and Partner of inscuteable (Pins) proteins. Both cell-intrinsic factors and cell-cell interactions seem to contribute to cell fate decisions in the retina. The Pins protein is known to play a major role in the asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants during development of the central nervous system in general, but its role in asymmetric cell divisions and retinoblast cell fate has never been explored. The primary aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution and time course of mouse homolog of Drosophila Partner of Inscuteable (mPins) expression in the developing and adult mouse eye. METHODS The expression pattern of mPins was studied in the mouse eye from embryonic (E) stage E11.5 until adulthood, by semiquantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, variations in mRNA and protein levels for mPins were analyzed in the developing postnatal and adult lens, by semiquantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We detected mPins mRNA at early stages of mouse embryonic eye development, particularly in the neuroblastic layer. In early postnatal development, mPins mRNA was still detected in the neuroblastic layer, but also began to be detectable in the ganglion cell layer. Thereafter, mPins mRNA was found throughout the retina. This pattern was maintained in differentiated adult retina. Immunohistochemical studies showed that mPins protein was present in the neuroblastic layer and the ganglion cell layer during the early stages of postnatal retinal development. At these stages, mPins protein was colocalized with Numb protein, a marker of the ACD. At later postnatal stages, mPins protein was present in all retinal nuclear layers and in the inner plexiform layer. It continued to be detected in these layers in the differentiated retina; the outer plexiform layer and the photoreceptor inner segments also began to display positive immunostaining for mPins. In the adult retina, mPins was also detected in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal melanocytes. Throughout development, mPins protein was detected in nonretinal tissues, including the cornea, ciliary body, and lens. We focused our attention on lens development and showed that mPins protein was first detected at E14.5. The most striking results obtained concerned the lens, in which mPins protein distribution switched from the anterior to the posterior region of the lens during embryonic development. Interestingly, in the postnatal and adult lens, mPins protein was detected in all lens cells and fibers. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first demonstration that mPins protein is expressed from embryonic stages until adulthood in the mouse eye. These results suggest that mPins plays important roles in eye development. This work provides preliminary evidence strongly supporting a role for mPins in the asymmetric division of retinoblasts, and in the structure and functions of adult mouse retina. However, the link between the presence of mPins in different ocular compartments and the possible occurrence of asymmetric cell divisions in these compartments remains to be clarified. Further studies are required to elucidate the in vitro and in vivo functions of mPins in the developing and adult human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Raji
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - A. Dansault
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V. Vieira
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - G. de la Houssaye
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - E. Lacassagne
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - A. Kobetz
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - L. Arbogast
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - J.L. Dufier
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France,Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - J.B. Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - M. Menasche
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - M. Abitbol
- Université Paris-Descartes, Centre de Recherche Thérapeutique en Ophtalmologie de la Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Equipe d’accueil n°2502 du Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AP-HP, CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France,Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Signaling networks during development: the case of asymmetric cell division in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Biol 2008; 321:1-17. [PMID: 18586022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress in genetics and molecular biology has made possible the sequencing of the genomes from numerous species. In the post-genomic era, technical developments in the fields of proteomics and bioinformatics are poised to further catapult our understanding of protein structure, function and organization into complex signaling networks. One of the greatest challenges in the field now is to unravel the functional signaling networks and their spatio-temporal regulation in living cells. Here, the need for such in vivo system-wide level approach is illustrated in relation to the mechanisms that underlie the biological process of asymmetric cell division. Genomic, post-genomic and live imaging techniques are reviewed in light of the huge impact they are having on this field for the discovering of new proteins and for the in vivo analysis of asymmetric cell division. The proteins, signals and the emerging networking of functional connections that is arising between them during this process in the Drosophila nervous system will be also discussed.
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Wakamatsu Y, Nakamura N, Lee JA, Cole GJ, Osumi N. Transitin, a nestin-like intermediate filament protein, mediates cortical localization and the lateral transport of Numb in mitotic avian neuroepithelial cells. Development 2007; 134:2425-33. [PMID: 17522158 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelium is an apicobasally polarized tissue that contains neural stem cells and gives rise to neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. The cleavage orientation of neural stem cells is thought to be important for asymmetric segregation of fate-determinants, such as Numb. Here, we show that an intermediate filament protein, transitin, colocalizes with Numb in the cell cortex of mitotic neuroepithelial cells, and that transitin anchors Numb via a physical interaction. Detailed immunohistological and time-lapse analyses reveal that basal Numb-transitin complexes shift laterally during mitosis, allowing asymmetric segregation of Numb-transitin to one of the daughter cells, even when the cell cleavage plane is perpendicular to the ventricular surface. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of the transitin gene reveals its involvement in neurogenesis. These results indicate that transitin has important roles in determining the intracellular localization of Numb, which regulates neurogenesis in the developing nervous system of avian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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10
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Abstract
The mitotic spindle is the cellular scaffold that facilitates proper segregation of genetic material during cell division. Far from being static, the spindle is a dynamically regulated tool that can alter its size, shape and position during mitosis. Work in both insect and vertebrate systems has shown that regulation of this structure involves an array of highly conserved proteins. Moreover, it is now clear that tight regulation of the spindle during the process of neurogenesis is paramount to proper cell division and generation of the nervous system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Buchman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Araki M, Suzuki H, Layer P. Differential enhancement of neural and photoreceptor cell differentiation of cultured pineal cells by FGF-1, IGF-1, and EGF. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1641-54. [PMID: 17577207 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are several common features between the pineal organ and the lateral eye in their developmental and evolutionary aspects. The avian pineal is a photoendocrine organ that originates from the diencephalon roof and represents a transitional type between the photosensory organ of lower vertebrates and the endocrine gland of mammals. Previous cell culture studies have shown that embryonic avian pineal cells retain a wide spectrum of differentiative capacities, although little is known about the mechanisms involved in their fate determination. In the present study, we investigated the effects of various cell growth factors on the differentiation of photoreceptor and neural cell types using pineal cell cultures from quail embryos. The results show that IGF-1 promotes differentiation of rhodopsin-immunoreactive cells, but had no effect on neural cell differentiation. Simultaneous administration of EGF and IGF-1 further enhanced differentiation of rhodopsin-immunoreactive cells, although the mechanism of the synergistic effect is unknown. FGF-1 did not stimulate proliferation of neural progenitor cells, but intensively promoted and maintained expression of a neural cell phenotype. FGF-1 appeared to lead to the conversion from an epithelial (endocrinal) to a neuronal type. It also enhanced phenotypic expression of retinal ganglion cell markers but rather suppressed expression of an amacrine cell marker. These results indicate that growth factors are important regulatory cues for pineal cell differentiation and suggest that they play roles in determining the fate of the pineal organ and the eye. It can be speculated that the differences in environmental cues between the retina and pineal may result in the transition of the pineal primordium from a potentially ocular (retinal) organ to a photoendocrine organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masasuke Araki
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Miyata T. Asymmetric cell division during brain morphogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 45:121-42. [PMID: 17585499 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69161-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The division patterns of neural progenitor cells in developing vertebrate brains have traditionally been classified into three types: (i) "symmetric" divisions producing two progenitor cells (P/P division), (ii) "symmetric" divisions producing two neurons (N/N division), and (iii) "asymmetric" divisions producing one progenitor cell and one neuron (P/N division). Many studies examining the mechanism(s) regulating P/N divisions have focused on mitotic cleavage orientation and the possible uneven distribution of cell-fate determining molecules such as Numb. Although these two factors may intrinsically determine daughter cell fate arising from M-phase progenitor cells, no unified explanations have yet to be put forth incorporating all available data. In this review, I will discuss recent advances in techniques allowing the more detailed monitoring of daughter cell behavior in a heterogeneously pseudostratified neuroepithelium that demonstrate previously unrecognized asymmetries in P/P divisions. Careful observations of daughter cell behavior suggest that, immediately after their birth at the apical surface of the neuroepithelium, generated cells may not yet be fate committed but rather integrate extrinsic and intrinsic signals during GI phase before continuing down a developmental pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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13
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Cayouette M, Poggi L, Harris WA. Lineage in the vertebrate retina. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:563-70. [PMID: 16920202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent results are changing the way we think about cell-fate decision mechanisms in the retina. For a long time it was accepted that lineage was not important in retinal cellular determination but, as we review here, new data show that lineage programmes might be at the heart of this process. These programmes are intrinsic, but they are also plastic and are influenced by extrinsic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.
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Poggi L, Vitorino M, Masai I, Harris WA. Influences on neural lineage and mode of division in the zebrafish retina in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 171:991-9. [PMID: 16365165 PMCID: PMC2171316 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200509098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell determination in the retina has been under intense investigation since the discovery that retinal progenitors generate clones of apparently random composition (Price, J., D. Turner, and C. Cepko. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:156–160; Holt, C.E., T.W. Bertsch, H.M. Ellis, and W.A. Harris. 1988. Neuron. 1:15–26; Wetts, R., and S.E. Fraser. 1988. Science. 239:1142–1145). Examination of fixed tissue, however, sheds little light on lineage patterns or on the relationship between the orientation of division and cell fate. In this study, three-dimensional time-lapse analyses were used to trace lineages of retinal progenitors expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the ath5 promoter. Surprisingly, these cells divide just once along the circumferential axis to produce two postmitotic daughters, one of which becomes a retinal ganglion cell (RGC). Interestingly, when these same progenitors are transplanted into a mutant environment lacking RGCs, they often divide along the central-peripheral axis and produce two RGCs. This study provides the first insight into reproducible lineage patterns of retinal progenitors in vivo and the first evidence that environmental signals influence the orientation of cell division and the lineage of neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Poggi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
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Tibber MS, Whitmore AV, Jeffery G. Cell division and cleavage orientation in the developing retina are regulated by L-DOPA. J Comp Neurol 2006; 496:369-81. [PMID: 16566005 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted a potential link between the cleavage orientation of a dividing neuroblast and the regulation of daughter cell fate in the developing vertebrate retina. There is evidence to suggest that this process is at least partially regulated by the presence of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or RPE-derived factors. In addition to a lack of melanin in the RPE, the albino retina is characterized by abnormal patterns of cell proliferation and cellular organization during development as well as cell-type specific deficits in the adult. We examined mitotic spindle orientation in vivo in developing pigmented and albino rat retinae along with other parameters of cell division to determine whether RPE abnormalities in the albino influence these aspects of retinal development. In the albino, mitotic indices were elevated, an excess of cells remained in the cell cycle, dividing cells were not so tightly apposed to the ventricular margin, and an excessive proportion of divisions was vertically oriented (i.e., with the mitotic spindle aligned perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelium). Administration of L-DOPA (a melanin precursor found at reduced concentrations in the hypopigmented eye) regulated the distribution of spindle orientations and reduced levels of mitosis in a manner consistent with an endogenous role in the control of these processes. These findings highlight the multiple roles that L-DOPA plays in the regulation of retinal development and cast light on the diversity of anatomical abnormalities found in the albino visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:369-381, 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Tibber
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
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Huttner WB, Kosodo Y. Symmetric versus asymmetric cell division during neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate central nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 17:648-57. [PMID: 16243506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The type and number of cell divisions of neuronal progenitors determine the number of neurons generated during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system. Over the past several years, there has been substantial progress in characterizing the various kinds of neuronal progenitors and the types of symmetric and asymmetric divisions they undergo. The understanding of the cell-biological basis of symmetric versus asymmetric progenitor cell division has been consolidated, and the molecular machinery controlling these divisions is beginning to be unravelled. Other recent advances include comparative studies of brain development in rodents and primates, as well as the identification of gene mutations in humans that affect the balance between the various types of cell division of neuronal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
The vertebrate nervous system contains an immense diversity of distinct cellular components that are organized into precise spatial patterns. The importance of accurate neuronal architecture is particularly obvious in the retina, where it is necessary for the formation of visual images. The retina is structured in a distinct layered pattern that is remarkably conserved in evolution, including phyla as diverse as primates and teleost fish. Genetic analysis in zebrafish reveals mechanisms that are essential for the formation of this architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Pujic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02110, USA.
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Kriegstein AR, Castañeda-Castellanos DR, Noctor SC. Patterns of cortical neurogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Bardin AJ, Le Borgne R, Schweisguth F. Asymmetric localization and function of cell-fate determinants: a fly's view. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14:6-14. [PMID: 15018932 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism to generate daughter cells with distinct fates is the asymmetric inheritance of regulatory proteins, leading to differential gene regulation in the daughter cells. This mode of cell division is termed 'asymmetric cell division.' The nervous system of the fly employs asymmetric cell division, both in the central nervous system, to generate neural precursors, neurons and glial cells; and in the peripheral nervous system, to create sensory organs that are composed of multiple cell types. These cell lineages are excellent models to examine the gene expression program that leads to fate acquisition, the cell-fate determinants that control these programs and how these determinants, in turn, are distributed through cell polarity machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Bardin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8542, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
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20
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a conserved mechanism for partitioning information during mitosis. Over the past several years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of how cells establish polarity during asymmetric cell division and how determinants, in the form of localized proteins and mRNAs, are segregated. In particular, genetic studies in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have linked cell polarity, G protein signaling and regulation of the cytoskeleton to coordination of mitotic spindle orientation and localization of determinants. Also, several new studies have furthered our understanding of how asymmetrically localized cell fate determinants, such as the Numb, a negative regulator Notch signaling, functions in biasing cell fates in the developing nervous system in Drosophila. In vertebrates, analysis of dividing neural progenitor cells by in vivo imaging has raised questions about the role of asymmetric cell divisions during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Roegiers
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, California, 94122, USA
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21
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Abstract
Notch is a key regulator of vertebrate neurogenesis and the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Numb is a modulator of the Notch signaling pathway. To address the role of murine Numb in development of the central nervous system, we used a conditional gene ablation approach. We show that Numb is involved in the maturation of cerebellar granule cells. Although the specification of neural cell fates in the cerebellum is not affected in the absence of Numb, the transition from a mitotic progenitor to a mature granule cell is aberrant and migration of postmitotic granule cells to the internal granule cell layer is delayed. In some animals, this results in a complete agenesis of granule cells and a strong ataxia. We confirmed these findings in vitro and found that Numb-deficient cerebellar progenitor cells show a marked delay in granule cell maturation. Our results suggest that Numb plays a role in the transition of a mitotic progenitor to a fully differentiated granule cell in the cerebellum. In addition, the maturation of Purkinje cells is also delayed in Numb-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laurence Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Embryology, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Malicki J. Cell fate decisions and patterning in the vertebrate retina: the importance of timing, asymmetry, polarity and waves. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14:15-21. [PMID: 15018933 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of distinct cell populations in the retina is a multi-step process that involves cell cycle exit, migration, and dramatic changes of cell morphology. All these steps are tightly controlled by multiple regulatory pathways, which involve both cell-autonomous networks of transcription factors and cell-cell signaling events. Additional regulatory inputs into cell fate decisions have been recently suggested: accumulating evidence shows that the timing of cell cycle exit, the orientation of the mitotic spindle during the last cell division, and the polarity of neuronal progenitor cells could play important roles in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarema Malicki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02110, USA
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23
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Tibber MS, Kralj-Hans I, Savage J, Mobbs PG, Jeffery G. The orientation and dynamics of cell division within the plane of the developing vertebrate retina. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:497-504. [PMID: 14984400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of a dividing cell within the plane of the tissue plays an essential role in regulating cell fate in a range of developing structures. To assess its potential role in the developing vertebrate retina we used standard confocal microscopy of fixed tissue and time-lapse confocal imaging of living tissue to examine the orientation of cell division and mitotic spindle rotation within the plane of the retinal neuroepithelium. Based on the study of three rat strains and chick, we report in contrast to recent findings that during the main phase of cell production (E18-P4 in the rat and E6-E11 in the chick) dividing cells are randomly orientated with respect to key anatomical landmarks as well as the orientation of their dividing neighbours. Results from live imaging of neonatal rat retinae support these findings and suggest that unlike the developing cortex, in which metaphase plates often rotate extensively before coming to rest in anaphase, retinal mitotic spindle rotations prior to cell division are minimal. Furthermore, the orientation of metaphase entry largely defines that which is finally adopted during anaphase. Hence, the dynamics of metaphase progression through to anaphase in the retina appear to differ markedly from the brain, and cell divisions within the plane of the tissue are randomly orientated. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that suggests that the current paradigm with respect to asymmetric division derived from the study of invertebrates cannot be generalized to the developing vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Tibber
- Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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24
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Abstract
For a long time, it has been understood that neurogenesis is linked to proliferation and thus to the cell cycle. Recently, the gears that mediate this linkage have become accessible to molecular investigation. This review describes some of the progress that has been made in understanding how the molecular machinery of the cell cycle is used in the processes of size regulation in the brain, histogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and the maintenance of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Ohnuma
- Department of Oncology, The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, United Kingdom.
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25
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Abstract
The majority of cells that build the nervous system of animals are generated early in embryonic development in a process called neurogenesis. Although the vertebrate nervous system is much more complex than that of insects, the underlying principles of neurogenesis are intriguingly similar. In both cases, neuronal cells are derived from polarized progenitor cells that divide asymmetrically. One daughter cell will continue to divide and the other daughter cell leaves the cell cycle and starts to differentiate as a neuron or a glia cell. In Drosophila, this process has been analyzed in great detail and several of the key players that control asymmetric cell division in the developing nervous system have been identified over the past years. Asymmetric cell division in vertebrate neurogenesis has been studied mostly at a descriptive level and so far little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control this process. In this review we will focus on recent findings dealing with asymmetric cell division during neurogenesis in Drosophila and vertebrates and will discuss common principles and apparent differences between both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wodarz
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
RaxL is a paired-like homeobox gene involved in vertebrate eye morphogenesis. We examined RaxL protein expression patterns during chick retinal development in combination with ganglion cell markers including the RA4 antigen, cBrn-3, Islet-1 and neuronal type III beta-tubulin. Double-immunostaining demonstrated that downregulation of RaxL protein correlates with upregulation of ganglion cell markers in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). To explore this correlation in vivo, we performed gain- and loss-of-function experiments by electroporating retroviral vectors encoding wild-type and dominant-negative-RaxL into the optic vesicles of stage 10 chick embryos. Infection with virus expressing RaxL led to a 35% decrease in Islet-1-positive ganglion cells at E5.0 and a complete loss of ganglion cells at E15, with no effect on displaced amacrine cells in the GCL. When dominant-negative RaxL was expressed, the total number of cells in the GCL increased by approximately 40% at E5.0 but was reduced to 40% at E15, due to ectopic apoptosis in the GCL from E9 to E15. These results suggest that RaxL gives an inhibitory effect on ganglion cell development and that the loss of RaxL expression is required for maintenance of ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyo Sakagami
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
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27
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Lyons DA, Guy AT, Clarke JDW. Monitoring neural progenitor fate through multiple rounds of division in an intact vertebrate brain. Development 2003; 130:3427-36. [PMID: 12810590 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour of neural progenitors in the intact vertebrate brain and spinal cord is poorly understood, chiefly because of the inaccessibility and poor optical qualities inherent in many model systems. To overcome these problems we have studied the optically superior brain of the zebrafish embryo and have monitored the in vivo behaviour of fluorescently labelled neural progenitors and their daughter cells throughout a substantial period of hindbrain development. We find the majority (84%) of hindbrain neurons are born from progenitor divisions that generate two neurons and 68% of reconstructed lineage trees contained no asymmetric stem cell-like divisions. No progenitors divided in the manner expected of a classic stem cell; i.e. one that repeatedly self-renews and generates a differentiated cell type by asymmetric division. We also analysed the orientation of progenitor divisions relative to the plane of the ventricular zone (VZ) and find that this does not correlate with the fate of the daughter cells. Our results suggest that in this vertebrate system the molecular determinants that control whether a cell will become a neuron are usually not linked to a mechanism that generates asymmetric divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lyons
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Dynamics, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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28
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Chalmers AD, Strauss B, Papalopulu N. Oriented cell divisions asymmetrically segregate aPKC and generate cell fate diversity in the early Xenopus embryo. Development 2003; 130:2657-68. [PMID: 12736210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of early vertebrate development is the formation of superficial, epithelial cells that overlie non-epithelial deep cells. In Xenopus, deep and superficial cells show a range of differences, including a different competence for primary neurogenesis. We show that the two cell populations are generated during the blastula stages by perpendicularly oriented divisions. These take place during several cell divisions, in a variable pattern, but at a percentage that varies little between embryos and from one division to the next. The orientation of division correlates with cell shape suggesting that simple geometric rules may control the orientation of division in this system. We show that dividing cells are molecularly polarised such that aPKC is localised to the external, apical, membrane. Membrane localised aPKC can be seen as early as the one-cell stage and during the blastula divisions, it is preferentially inherited by superficial cells. Finally, we show that when 64-cell stage isolated blastomeres divide perpendicularly and the daughters are cultured separately, only the progeny of the cells that inherit the apical membrane turn on the bHLH gene, ESR6e. We conclude that oriented cell divisions generate the superficial and deep cells and establish cell fate diversity between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Chalmers
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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29
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Cayouette M, Raff M. The orientation of cell division influences cell-fate choice in the developing mammalian retina. Development 2003; 130:2329-39. [PMID: 12702648 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants during cell division plays an important part in generating cell diversity in invertebrates. We showed previously that cells in the neonatal rat retina divide at various orientations and that some dividing cells asymmetrically distribute the cell-fate determinant Numb to the two daughter cells. Here, we test the possibility that such asymmetric divisions contribute to retinal cell diversification. We have used long-term videomicroscopy of green-fluorescent-protein (GFP)-labeled retinal explants from neonatal rats to visualize the plane of cell division and follow the differentiation of the daughter cells. We found that cells that divided with a horizontal mitotic spindle, where both daughter cells should inherit Numb, tended to produce daughters that became the same cell type, whereas cells that divided with a vertical mitotic spindle, where only one daughter cell should inherit Numb, tended to produce daughters that became different. Moreover, overexpression of Numb in the dividing cells promoted the development of photoreceptor cells at the expense of interneurons and Müller glial cells. These findings indicate that the plane of cell division influences cell-fate choice in the neonatal rat retina and support the hypothesis that the asymmetric segregation of Numb normally influences some of these choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cayouette
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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30
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Das T, Payer B, Cayouette M, Harris WA. In vivo time-lapse imaging of cell divisions during neurogenesis in the developing zebrafish retina. Neuron 2003; 37:597-609. [PMID: 12597858 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation microscopy was used to reconstruct cell divisions in living zebrafish embryonic retinas. Contrary to proposed models for vertebrate asymmetric divisions, no apico-basal cell divisions take place in the zebrafish retina during the generation of postmitotic neurons. However, a surprising shift in the orientation of cell division from central-peripheral to circumferential occurs within the plane of the ventricular surface. In the sonic you (syu) and lakritz (lak) mutants, the shift from central-peripheral to circumferential divisions is absent or delayed, correlating with the delay in neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis in these mutants. The reconstructions here show that mitotic cells always remain in contact with the opposite basal surface by means of a thin basal process that can be inherited asymmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Das
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
A key question in developmental neurobiology is how the diversity of cell types that make up the mature nervous system are generated from a common set of progenitor cells. Drosophila genes governing temporal cell fate determination and asymmetric cell divisions involving numb may represent evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for regulating cell fate diversification in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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