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Leavy A, Phelan J, Jimenez-Mateos EM. Contribution of microglia to the epileptiform activity that results from neonatal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109968. [PMID: 38692453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are described as the immune cells of the brain, their immune properties have been extensively studied since first described, however, their neural functions have only been explored over the last decade. Microglia have an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system by surveying their surroundings to detect pathogens or damage cells. While these are the classical functions described for microglia, more recently their neural functions have been defined; they are critical to the maturation of neurons during embryonic and postnatal development, phagocytic microglia remove excess synapses during development, a process called synaptic pruning, which is important to overall neural maturation. Furthermore, microglia can respond to neuronal activity and, together with astrocytes, can regulate neural activity, contributing to the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition through a feedback loop. Hypoxia at birth is a serious neurological condition that disrupts normal brain function resulting in seizures and epilepsy later in life. Evidence has shown that microglia may contribute to this hyperexcitability after neonatal hypoxia. This review will summarize the existing data on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxia and the plausible mechanisms that contribute to the development of hyperexcitability after hypoxia in neonates. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Leavy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessie Phelan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Sekhon MS, Stukas S, Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Thiara S, Schoenthal T, Tymko M, McNagny KM, Wellington C, Hoiland R. Neuroinflammation and the immune system in hypoxic ischaemic brain injury pathophysiology after cardiac arrest. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37639379 DOI: 10.1113/jp284588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is associated with dismal clinical outcomes. To date, most clinical interventions have been geared towards the restoration of cerebral oxygen delivery after resuscitation; however, outcomes in clinical trials are disappointing. Therefore, alternative disease mechanism(s) are likely to be at play, of which the response of the innate immune system to sterile injured tissue in vivo after reperfusion has garnered significant interest. The innate immune system is composed of three pillars: (i) cytokines and signalling molecules; (ii) leucocyte migration and activation; and (iii) the complement cascade. In animal models of hypoxic ischaemic brain injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines are central to propagation of the response of the innate immune system to cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. In particular, interleukin-1 beta and downstream signalling can result in direct neural injury that culminates in cell death, termed pyroptosis. Leucocyte chemotaxis and activation are central to the in vivo response to cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. Both parenchymal microglial activation and possible infiltration of peripherally circulating monocytes might account for exacerbation of an immunopathological response in humans. Finally, activation of the complement cascade intersects with multiple aspects of the innate immune response by facilitating leucocyte activation, further cytokine release and endothelial activation. To date, large studies of immunomodulatory therapies have not been conducted; however, lessons learned from historical studies using therapeutic hypothermia in humans suggest that quelling an immunopathological response might be efficacious. Future work should delineate the precise pathways involved in vivo in humans to target specific signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mypinder S Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Centre for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Centre for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sonny Thiara
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tison Schoenthal
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Tymko
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Centre for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoiland
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for REsearching BRain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Szepanowski RD, Haupeltshofer S, Vonhof SE, Frank B, Kleinschnitz C, Casas AI. Thromboinflammatory challenges in stroke pathophysiology. Semin Immunopathol 2023:10.1007/s00281-023-00994-4. [PMID: 37273022 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of encouraging translational research, ischemic stroke still remains as one of the highest unmet medical needs nowadays, causing a tremendous burden to health care systems worldwide. Following an ischemic insult, a complex signaling pathway emerges leading to highly interconnected thrombotic as well as neuroinflammatory signatures, the so-called thromboinflammatory cascade. Here, we thoroughly review the cell-specific and time-dependent role of different immune cell types, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, T and B cells, as key thromboinflammatory mediators modulating the neuroinflammatory response upon stroke. Similarly, the relevance of platelets and their tight crosstalk with a variety of immune cells highlights the relevance of this cell-cell interaction during microvascular dysfunction, neovascularization, and cellular adhesion. Ultimately, we provide an up-to-date overview of therapeutic approaches mechanistically targeting thromboinflammation currently under clinical translation, especially focusing on phase I to III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Szepanowski
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - S Haupeltshofer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - S E Vonhof
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - B Frank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
| | - C Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany.
| | - A I Casas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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4
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Xie T, Shuang L, Liu G, Zhao S, Yuan Z, Cai H, Jiang L, Huang Z. Insight into the Neuroprotective Effect of Genistein-3'-Sodium Sulfonate Against Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Injury in Rats by Bioinformatics. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:807-819. [PMID: 36370154 PMCID: PMC9849302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only intervention approved for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), but its treatment window is narrow (within 6 h after birth), and its efficacy is not ideal. Thus, alternative treatments are urgently needed. Our previous studies showed that genistein-3'-sodium sulfonate (GSS), a derivative of genistein (Gen), has a strong neuroprotective effect in rats with ischaemic stroke, but its role in HIE is unclear. A hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) brain injury model was established in neonatal male Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, rats treated with GSS were assessed for cerebral infarction, neurological function, and neuronal damage. RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis were used to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regulated signalling pathways, which were subsequently validated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In this study, we found that GSS not only significantly reduced the size of brain infarcts and alleviated nerve damage in rats with HIE but also inhibited neuronal loss and degeneration in neonatal rats with HIE. A total of 2170 DEGs, of which 1102 were upregulated and 1068 were downregulated, were identified in the GSS group compared with the HI group. In an analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) categories, the downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways "Phagosome", "NF-κB signalling", and "Complement and coagulation cascades", amongst others. Meanwhile, the upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways "Neurodegeneration", "Glutamatergic synapse", and "Calcium signalling pathway", amongst others. These results indicate that GSS intervenes in the process of HIE-induced brain injury by participating in multiple pathways, which suggests potential candidate drugs for the treatment of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Graduate School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi China ,First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Liyan Shuang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Graduate School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi China ,First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Gaigai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Graduate School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi China ,Basic Medicine School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Graduate School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 Jiangxi China ,Basic Medicine School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Zhidong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Basic Medicine School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Hao Cai
- First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Lixia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Basic Medicine School, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China ,Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000 China
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5
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Olanzapine Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke-like Pathology in Gerbils and H2O2-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091697. [PMID: 36139770 PMCID: PMC9495525 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLNZ) is used to treat psychotic disorders. To look into the neurological basis of this phenomenon, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of OLNZ in gerbils and SH-SY5Y cells. Gerbils were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) by blocking both common carotid arteries, and OLNZ (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce oxidative-stress-mediated damage in the SH-SY5Y cells. The results indicated that OLNZ administration markedly reduced neuron damage and glial cell triggering within CA1 zone of the hippocampus. We used RNA sequencing to assess the numbers of up-and downregulated genes involved in TGCI. We found that OLNZ treatment downregulated the expression of complement-component-related genes and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the hippocampus. In cells, OLNZ co-treatment significantly improved cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Expression of antioxidant superoxide dismutase-1,2 enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2) was also intensely upregulated by OLNZ, while the expression of MAPKs and NF-κB were reduced. Co-incubation with OLNZ also regulated apoptosis-related proteins Bax/Bcl-2 expression. Finally, the results demonstrated that treatment with OLNZ showed neuroprotective effects and that the MAPK pathway could involve in the protective effects.
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6
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Rayasam A, Fukuzaki Y, Vexler ZS. Microglia-leucocyte axis in cerebral ischaemia and inflammation in the developing brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13674. [PMID: 33991400 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is reliant on the proper function of numerous intricately orchestrated mechanisms that mature independently, including constant communication between the CNS and the peripheral immune system. This review summarizes experimental knowledge of how cerebral ischaemia in infants and children alters physiological communication between leucocytes, brain immune cells, microglia and the neurovascular unit (NVU)-the "microglia-leucocyte axis"-and contributes to acute and long-term brain injury. We outline physiological development of CNS barriers in relation to microglial and leucocyte maturation and the plethora of mechanisms by which microglia and peripheral leucocytes communicate during postnatal period, including receptor-mediated and intracellular inflammatory signalling, lipids, soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We focus on the "microglia-leucocyte axis" in rodent models of most common ischaemic brain diseases in the at-term infants, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and focal arterial stroke and discuss commonalities and distinctions of immune-neurovascular mechanisms in neonatal and childhood stroke compared to stroke in adults. Given that hypoxic and ischaemic brain damage involve Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, we discuss the modulatory role of viral and bacterial TLR2/3/4-mediated infection in HIE, perinatal and childhood stroke. Furthermore, we provide perspective of the dynamics and contribution of the axis in cerebral ischaemia depending on the CNS maturational stage at the time of insult, and modulation independently and in consort by individual axis components and in a sex dependent ways. Improved understanding on how to modify crosstalk between microglia and leucocytes will aid in developing age-appropriate therapies for infants and children who suffered cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Yumi Fukuzaki
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Zinaida S. Vexler
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
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7
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Rawish E, Sauter M, Sauter R, Nording H, Langer HF. Complement, inflammation and thrombosis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2892-2904. [PMID: 33817781 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutual relationship exists between immune activation and mechanisms of thrombus formation. In particular, elements of the innate immune response such as the complement system can modulate platelet activation and subsequently thrombus formation. Several components of the complement system including C3 or the membrane attack complex have been reported to be associated with platelets and become functionally active in the micromilieu of platelet activation. The exact mechanisms how this interplay is regulated and its consequences for tissue inflammation, damage or recovery remain to be defined. This review addresses the current state of knowledge on this topic and puts it into context with diseases featuring both thrombosis and complement activation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Rawish
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.,University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manuela Sauter
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Reinhard Sauter
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Nording
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harald F Langer
- Cardioimmunology Group, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.,University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Ziabska K, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Pawelec P, Sypecka J, Zalewska T. Aberrant Complement System Activation in Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4675. [PMID: 33925147 PMCID: PMC8125564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an assembly of proteins that collectively participate in the functions of the healthy and diseased brain. The complement system plays an important role in the maintenance of uninjured (healthy) brain homeostasis, contributing to the clearance of invading pathogens and apoptotic cells, and limiting the inflammatory immune response. However, overactivation or underregulation of the entire complement cascade within the brain may lead to neuronal damage and disturbances in brain function. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the role that this cascading pathway plays in the neuropathology of a diverse array of brain disorders (e.g., acute neurotraumatic insult, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disturbances) in which interruption of neuronal homeostasis triggers complement activation. Dysfunction of the complement promotes a disease-specific response that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. Despite recent advances, the explicit link between complement component regulation and brain disorders remains unclear. Therefore, a comprehensible understanding of such relationships at different stages of diseases could provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate or slow progression of currently intractable disorders in the nervous system. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the emerging role of the complement system in certain brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Zalewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, NeuroRepair Department, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.Z.); (M.Z.-N.); (P.P.); (J.S.)
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9
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Shah TA, Pallera HK, Kaszowski CL, Bass WT, Lattanzio FA. Therapeutic Hypothermia Inhibits the Classical Complement Pathway in a Rat Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:616734. [PMID: 33642979 PMCID: PMC7907466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.616734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement activation is instrumental in the pathogenesis of Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a significant cause of neonatal mortality and disability worldwide. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT), the only available treatment for HIE, only modestly improves outcomes. Complement modulation as a therapeutic adjunct to HT has been considered, but is challenging due to the wide-ranging role of the complement system in neuroinflammation, homeostasis and neurogenesis in the developing brain. We sought to identify potential therapeutic targets by measuring the impact of treatment with HT on complement effector expression in neurons and glia in neonatal HIE, with particular emphasis on the interactions between microglia and C1q. METHODS The Vannucci model was used to induce HIE in term-equivalent rat pups. At P10-12, pups were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups: Sham (control), normothermia (NT), and hypothermia (HT) treatment. Local and systemic complement expression and neuronal apoptosis were measured by ELISA, TUNEL and immunofluorescence labeling, and differences compared between groups. RESULTS Treatment with HT is associated with decreased systemic and microglial expression of C1q, decreased systemic C5a levels, and decreased microglial and neuronal deposition of C3 and C9. The effect of HT on cytokines was variable with decreased expression of pro and anti-inflammatory effectors. HT treatment was associated with decreased C1q binding on cells undergoing apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the extreme complexity of the immune response in neonatal HIE. We propose modulation of downstream effectors C3a and C5a as a therapeutic adjunct to HT to enhance neuroprotection in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar A. Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Children’s Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Haree K. Pallera
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | | | - William Thomas Bass
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Children’s Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Frank A. Lattanzio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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10
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Chen T, Lennon VA, Liu YU, Bosco DB, Li Y, Yi MH, Zhu J, Wei S, Wu LJ. Astrocyte-microglia interaction drives evolving neuromyelitis optica lesion. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4025-4038. [PMID: 32568214 DOI: 10.1172/jci134816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe inflammatory autoimmune CNS disorder triggered by binding of an IgG autoantibody to the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channel on astrocytes. Activation of cytolytic complement has been implicated as the major effector of tissue destruction that secondarily involves myelin. We investigated early precytolytic events in the evolving pathophysiology of NMO in mice by continuously infusing IgG (NMO patient serum-derived or AQP4-specific mouse monoclonal), without exogenous complement, into the spinal subarachnoid space. Motor impairment and sublytic NMO-compatible immunopathology were IgG dose dependent, AQP4 dependent, and, unexpectedly, microglia dependent. In vivo spinal cord imaging revealed a striking physical interaction between microglia and astrocytes that required signaling from astrocytes by the C3a fragment of their upregulated complement C3 protein. Astrocytes remained viable but lost AQP4. Previously unappreciated crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia involving early-activated CNS-intrinsic complement components and microglial C3a receptor signaling appears to be a critical driver of the precytolytic phase in the evolving NMO lesion, including initial motor impairment. Our results indicate that microglia merit consideration as a potential target for NMO therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanda A Lennon
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Immunology, and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Immunology, and.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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11
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Yang P, Zhu Z, Zang Y, Bu X, Xu T, Zhong C, Wang A, Peng H, Guo D, Zheng X, Xu T, Chen J, Zhang Y, He J. Increased Serum Complement C3 Levels Are Associated With Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52:868-877. [PMID: 33517703 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Complement C3 has been implicated in inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its impact on the prognosis of ischemic stroke remains unclear. Aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between serum complement C3 and adverse clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke. METHODS We measured serum complement C3 levels for 3474 patients with ischemic stroke in 26 participating hospitals and collected data of clinical outcomes at 3 months after ischemic stroke. The primary outcome was composite outcome of death and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 months after stroke onset and secondary outcomes included major disability, death, and vascular events. RESULTS During 3 months of follow-up, 866 participants (25.4%) developed primary outcome. After multivariate adjustment, elevated serum complement C3 levels were associated with increased risk of primary outcome (odds ratio, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.02-1.65]; Ptrend=0.038) when 2 extreme tertiles were compared. Each SD increase of log-transformed complement C3 was associated with 13% (95% CI, 2%-25%) increased risk of primary outcome. Multivariable-adjusted spline regression model showed a linear relationship between serum complement C3 and the risk of primary outcome (Plinearity=0.022). Addition of serum complement C3 to conventional risk factors significantly improved the risk prediction of primary outcome (net reclassification index: 8.87%, P=0.028; integrated discrimination index: 0.19%, P=0.029). CONCLUSIONS High serum complement C3 levels at baseline were associated with increased risks of adverse clinical outcomes at 3 months after ischemic stroke, suggesting that serum complement C3 may be a valuable prognostic biomarker for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinni Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Zhengbao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (Z.Z., D.G., J.C., J.H.)
| | - Yuhan Zang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqing Bu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, Chongqing Medical University, China (X.B.)
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Chongke Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Daoxia Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (Z.Z., D.G., J.C., J.H.)
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, China (T.X.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA (Z.Z., D.G., J.C., J.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (J.C., J.H.)
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (P.Y., Z.Z., Y. Zang, X.B., T.X., C.Z., A.W., H.P., D.G., X.Z., T.X., Y. Zhang, X.Z.)
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12
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Ma Y, Jiang L, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Lu W, Shi R, Zhang L, Fu Z, Qu M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation alleviated ischemic brain injury via inhibiting C3/C3aR pathway in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2374-2386. [PMID: 31865842 PMCID: PMC7820683 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19892777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach in brain ischemia. However, whether the therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cells is via affecting complement activation is unknown. We established a mouse focal ischemia model (n = 111) and transplanted endothelial progenitor cells into the peri-infarct region immediately after brain ischemia. Neurological outcomes and brain infarct/atrophy volume were examined after ischemia. Expression of C3, C3aR and pro-inflammatory factors were further examined to explore the role of endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic brain. We found that endothelial progenitor cells improved neurological outcomes and reduced brain infarct/atrophy volume after 1 to 14 days of ischemia compared to the control (p < 0.05). C3 and C3aR expression in the brain was up-regulated at 1 day up to 14 days (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cells reduced astrocyte-derived C3 (p < 0.05) and C3aR expression (p < 0.05) after ischemia. Endothelial progenitor cells also reduced inflammatory response after ischemia (p < 0.05). Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation reduced astrocyte-derived C3 expression in the brain after ischemic stroke, together with decreased C3aR and inflammatory response contributing to neurological function recovery. Our results indicate that modulating complement C3/C3aR pathway is a novel therapeutic target for the ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubing Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingling Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Serdar M, Kempe K, Herrmann R, Picard D, Remke M, Herz J, Bendix I, Felderhoff-Müser U, Sabir H. Involvement of CXCL1/CXCR2 During Microglia Activation Following Inflammation-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats. Front Neurol 2020; 11:540878. [PMID: 33123073 PMCID: PMC7573390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.540878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microglia are key mediators of inflammation during perinatal brain injury. As shown experimentally after inflammation-sensitized hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury, microglia are activated into a pro-inflammatory status 24 h after HI involving the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and its cognate receptor, CXCR2, have been shown to be involved in NLRP3 activation, although their specific role during perinatal brain injury remains unclear. In this study we investigated the involvement of CXCL1/CXCR2 in brain tissue and microglia and brain tissue after inflammation-sensitized HI brain injury of newborn rats. Methods: Seven-day old Wistar rat pups were either injected with vehicle (NaCl 0.9%) or E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by left carotid ligation combined with global hypoxia (8% O2 for 50 min). Pups were randomized into four different treatment groups: (1) Sham group (n = 21), (2) LPS only group (n = 20), (3) Veh/HI group (n = 39), and (4) LPS/HI group (n = 42). Twenty-four hours post hypoxia transcriptome and gene expression analysis were performed on ex vivo isolated microglia cells in our model. Additionally protein expression was analyzed in different brain regions at the same time point. Results: Transcriptome analyses showed a significant microglial upregulation of the chemokine CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 in the LPS/HI group compared with the other groups. Gene expression analysis showed a significant upregulation of CXCL1 and NLRP3 in microglia cells after inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Additionally, protein expression of CXCL1 was significantly upregulated in cortex of male pups from the LPS/HI group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the CXCL1/CXCR2 pathway may be involved during pro-inflammatory microglia activation following inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. This may lead to new treatment options altering CXCR2 activation early after HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meray Serdar
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karina Kempe
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Herrmann
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Josephine Herz
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hemmen Sabir
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology and Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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14
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Li H, Kittur FS, Hung CY, Li PA, Ge X, Sane DC, Xie J. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Beneficial Effects of Low Glucose on Neuronal Cell Survival in an in vitro Ischemic Penumbral Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:272. [PMID: 33033473 PMCID: PMC7491318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding proteomic changes in the ischemic penumbra are crucial to rescue those salvageable cells and reduce the damage of an ischemic stroke. Since the penumbra region is dynamic with heterogeneous cells/tissues, tissue sampling from animal models of stroke for the molecular study is a challenge. In this study, cultured hippocampal HT22 cells under hypoxia treatment for 17.5 h with 0.69 mM low glucose (H+LG) could mimic ischemic penumbral cells since they had much higher cell viability and viable cell number compared to hypoxia without glucose (H-G) treatment. To validate established cell-based ischemic penumbral model and understand the beneficial effects of low glucose (LG), quantitative proteomics analysis was performed on H+LG, H-G, and normoxia with normal 22 mM glucose (N+G) treated cells. We identified 427 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between H-G and N+G and further identified 105 DAPs between H+LG and H-G. Analysis of 105 DAPs revealed that LG promotes cell survival by activating HIF1α to enhance glycolysis; preventing the dysregulations of extracellular matrix remodeling, cell cycle and division, and antioxidant and detoxification; as well as attenuating inflammatory reaction response, protein synthesis and neurotransmission activity. Our results demonstrated that this established cell-based system could mimic penumbral conditions and can be used for molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Farooqahmed S Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xinghong Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - David C Sane
- Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Ahmad S, Kindelin A, Khan SA, Ahmed M, Hoda MN, Bhatia K, Ducruet AF. C3a Receptor Inhibition Protects Brain Endothelial Cells Against Oxygen-glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:216-228. [PMID: 31138990 PMCID: PMC6526115 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a central component of innate immunity which plays a critical role in brain inflammation. Complement C3a receptor (C3aR) is a key mediator of post-ischemic cerebral injury, and pharmacological antagonism of the C3a receptor is neuroprotective in stroke. Cerebral ischemia injures brain endothelial cells, causing blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption which further exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury. In this study, we used an in vitro model of ischemia (oxygen glucose deprivation; OGD) to investigate the protective effect of a C3aR antagonist (C3aRA, SB290157) on brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3). Following 24 hours of reperfusion, OGD-induced cell death was assessed by TUNEL and Caspase-3 staining. Western blot and immunocytochemistry were utilized to demonstrate that OGD upregulates inflammatory, oxidative stress and antioxidant markers (ICAM-1, Cox-2, Nox-2 and MnSOD) in endothelial cells and that C3aRA treatment significantly attenuate these markers. We also found that C3aRA administration restored the expression level of the tight junction protein occludin in endothelial cells following OGD. Interestingly, OGD/reperfusion injury increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and C3aR inhibition significantly reduced the activation of ERK suggesting that endothelial C3aR may act via ERK signaling. Furthermore, exogenous C3a administration stimulates these same inflammatory mechanisms both with and without OGD, and C3aRA suppresses these C3a-mediated responses, supporting an antagonist role for C3aRA. Based on these results, we conclude that C3aRA administration attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, ERK activation, and protects brain endothelial cells following experimental brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ahmad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Adam Kindelin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.,Oman Medical College, Muscat 130, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Maaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhatia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA.,School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Dignity Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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16
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurologic disorder that can affect the fetus, the preterm, and the term-born infant. It carries significant long-term disabilities. Herein we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology and classification, different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of different brain imaging modalities in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. In recent years there has been progress in treatments, making early diagnosis and the understanding of likely morbidities imperative. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family in the light of present knowledge.
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18
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Lai W, Xie X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chu K, Brown J, Chen L, Hong G. Inhibition of Complement Drives Increase in Early Growth Response Proteins and Neuroprotection Mediated by Salidroside After Cerebral Ischemia. Inflammation 2018; 41:449-463. [PMID: 29198014 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside is neuroprotective across a wide therapeutic time-window after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Here, we investigated the role of complement in mediating effects of salidroside after cerebral IRI in rats. Rats were administrated with vehicle or salidroside 50 mg/kg, given daily for either 24 or 48 h, after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and reperfusion for 1 h. Levels of proteins in ischemic brain were measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting. We observed early increases in the deposition of immunoglobulin M, mannose-binding lectin 2, and annexin IV on cerebral endothelial cells, induction of the complement components C3 and C3a, by 24 h after IRI, and a later significant increase in the complement component C1q by 48 h. Salidroside prevented these changes. The neuroplasticity-related early growth response proteins Egr1, Egr2, and Egr4 and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein increased transiently in the first 6 h after IRI but then decreased below baseline by 48 h after IRI. Neither salidroside nor a C3a receptor antagonist (C3aRA) affected these proteins 24 h after IRI, but both reversed their later decreases to similar and non-additive extents. Salidroside and C3aRA increased NeuN in a non-additive manner after IRI. Our results suggest that salidroside exerts neuroprotection by reducing early activation of the lectin pathway on the cerebral endothelium and inhibiting the gradual activation of the classical pathway after cerebral IRI. This prolonged neuroprotection may depend, at least in part, on increased expression of neuroplasticity-related genes driven by reduced complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - XiuLi Xie
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingzheng Wang
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kedan Chu
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - John Brown
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Hong
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huatou Road, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China.
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19
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Prenatal inflammation and risk for schizophrenia: A role for immune proteins in neurodevelopment. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1157-1178. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrenatal inflammation is an established risk factor for schizophrenia. However, the specific inflammatory pathways that mediate this association remain unclear. Potential candidate systems include inflammatory markers produced by microglia, such as cytokines and complement. Accumulating evidence suggests that these markers play a role in typical neurodevelopmental processes, such as synapse formation and interneuron migration. Rodent models demonstrate that altered marker levels during the prenatal period can cause lasting deficits in these systems, leading to cognitive deficits that resemble schizophrenia. This review assesses the potential role of prenatal cytokine and complement elevations on the etiology of schizophrenia. The current neurobiological understanding of the development of schizophrenia is reviewed to identify candidate cellular mechanisms that may be influenced by prenatal inflammation. We discuss the functions that cytokines and complement may play in prenatal neurodevelopment, review evidence that links exposure to these factors with risk for schizophrenia, and consider how these markers may interact with genetic vulnerabilities to influence the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. We consider how prenatal inflammatory exposure may influence childhood and adolescent developmental risk trajectories for schizophrenia. Finally, we identify areas of further research needed to support the development of anti-inflammatory treatments to prevent the development of schizophrenia in at-risk neonates.
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20
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Reichhardt MP, Meri S. Intracellular complement activation-An alarm raising mechanism? Semin Immunol 2018; 38:54-62. [PMID: 29631809 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that the complement system, being an ancient defense mechanism, is not operative only in the extracellular milieu but also intracellularly. In addition to the known synthetic machinery in the liver and by macrophages, many other cell types, including lymphocytes, adipocytes and epithelial cells produce selected complement components. Activation of e.g. C3 and C5 inside cells may have multiple effects ranging from direct antimicrobial defense to cell differentiation and possible influence on metabolism. Intracellular activation of C3 and C5 in T cells is involved in the maintenance of immunological tolerance and promotes differentiation of T helper cells into Th1-type cells that activate cell-mediated immune responses. Adipocytes are unique in producing many complement sensor proteins (like C1q) and Factor D (adipsin), the key enzyme in promoting alternative pathway amplification. The effects of complement activation products are mediated by intracellular and cell membrane receptors, like C3aR, C5aR1, C5aR2 and the complement regulator MCP/CD46, often jointly with other receptors like the T cell receptor, Toll-like receptors and those of the inflammasomes. These recent observations link complement activation to cellular metabolic processes, intracellular defense reactions and to diverse adaptive immune responses. The complement components may thus be viewed as intracellular alarm molecules involved in the cellular danger response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Reichhardt
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Microglia and Neonatal Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 405:68-76. [PMID: 29352997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are now recognized as the "gate-keepers" of healthy brain microenvironment with their disrupted functions adversely affecting neurovascular integrity, neuronal homeostasis, and network connectivity. The perception that these cells are purely toxic under neurodegenerative conditions has been challenged by a continuously increasing understanding of their complexity, the existence of a broad array of microglial phenotypes, and their ability to rapidly change in a context-dependent manner to attenuate or exacerbate injuries of different nature. Recent studies have demonstrated that microglial cells exert crucial physiological functions during embryonic and postnatal brain development, some of these functions being unique to particular stages of development, and extending far beyond sensing dangerous signals and serving as antigen presenting cells. In this focused review we cover the roles of microglial cells in regulating embryonic vasculogenesis, neurogenesis, and establishing network connectivity during postnatal brain development. We further discuss context-dependent microglial contribution to neonatal brain injuries associated with prenatal and postnatal infection and inflammation, in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and arterial focal stroke. We also emphasize microglial phenotypic diversity, notably at the ultrastructural level, and their sex-dependent influence on the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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22
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Yao Y, Song W, Deng Q, Zhang H, Wang J, Liu H, Zhou Y. General regulatory effects of hypoxia on human cartilage endplate‑derived stem cells: A genome‑wide analysis of differential gene expression and alternative splicing events. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3001-3009. [PMID: 28677762 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration of is considered to be initiated by the degeneration of the cartilage endplate (CEP). CEP‑derived stem cells (CESCs) with the capacity for osteochondrogenic differentiation may be responsible for CEP cartilage restoration. As CEP is avascular and hypoxic, and hypoxia can greatly influence biological activities of stem cells, physiological hypoxia may serve important roles in regulating the physiological functions of CESCs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of hypoxia‑regulated CESCs fate by using the Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 system to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and alternatively spliced genes (ASGs) in CESCs cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The high‑throughput analysis of both DEGs and ASGs were notably enriched in the immune response signal, which so far has not been investigated in IVD cells, due to their avascular nature and low immunogenicity. The present results provided a referential study direction of the mechanisms of hypoxia‑regulated CESC fate at the level of gene expression and alternative splicing, which may aid in our understanding of the processes of CEP degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Weilin Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qiyue Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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23
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Yao Y, Deng Q, Sun C, Song W, Liu H, Zhou Y. A genome-wide analysis of the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing events during the hypoxia-regulated osteogenic differentiation of human cartilage endplate-derived stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1991-2001. [PMID: 28656244 PMCID: PMC5562021 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that intervertebral disc degeneration is initiated by degeneration of the cartilage endplate (CEP), which is characterized by cartilage ossification. CEP‑derived stem cells (CESCs), with the potential for chondro‑osteogenic differentiation, may be responsible for the balance between chondrification and ossification in the CEP. The CEP remains in an avascular and hypoxic microenvironment; the present study observed that hypoxia was able to markedly inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of CESCs. This tissue‑specific CESC differentiation in response to a hypoxic microenvironment was physiologically important for the prevention of ossification in the CEP. In order to study the hypoxia‑regulated mechanisms underlying osteogenic differentiation of CESCs, a Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 was used to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and alternatively spliced genes (ASGs) during the osteogenic differentiation of CESCs under hypoxia, compared with those induced under normoxia. High‑throughput analysis of DEGs and ASGs demonstrated that genes in the complement pathway were enriched, which may be a potential mechanism underlying hypoxia inhibition of CESCs osteogenesis. The results of the present study may provide a basis for future mechanistic studies regarding gene expression levels and alternative splicing events during the hypoxia‑regulated inhibition of osteogenesis, which may be helpful in identifying targets for CEP degeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Qiyue Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Weiling Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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24
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Shah TA, Nejad JE, Pallera HK, Lattanzio FA, Farhat R, Kumar PS, Hair PS, Bass WT, Krishna NK. Therapeutic hypothermia modulates complement factor C3a and C5a levels in a rat model of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:654-662. [PMID: 28002390 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is the only intervention that improves outcomes in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, the multifactorial mechanisms by which HT impacts HIE are incompletely understood. The complement system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injuries such as HIE. We have previously demonstrated that HT modulates complement activity in vitro. METHODS Term equivalent rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid ligation followed by hypoxia (8% O2) for 45 min to simulate HIE. A subset of animals was subjected to HT (31-32°C for 6 h). Plasma and brain levels of C3a and C5a were measured. Receptors for C3a (C3aR) and C5a (C5aR) along with C1q, C3, and C9 were characterized in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. RESULTS We found that HT increased systemic expression of C3a and decreased expression of C5a after HIE. In the brain, C3aR and C5aR are predominantly expressed on microglia after HIE. HT increased local expression of C3aR and decreased expression on C5aR after HIE. Furthermore, HT decreased local expression of C1q, C3-products, and C9 in the brain. CONCLUSION HT is associated with significant alteration of complement effectors and their cognate receptors. Complement modulation may improve outcomes in neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar A Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, Virginia.,Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Jasmine E Nejad
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Haree K Pallera
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Frank A Lattanzio
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Rawad Farhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Parvathi S Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - W Thomas Bass
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, Virginia.,Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Neel K Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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25
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Brennan FH, Lee JD, Ruitenberg MJ, Woodruff TM. Therapeutic targeting of complement to modify disease course and improve outcomes in neurological conditions. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:292-308. [PMID: 27049459 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that complement proteins are abundantly present and can have pathological roles in neurological conditions offers broad scope for therapeutic intervention. Accordingly, an increasing number of experimental investigations have explored the potential of harnessing the unique activation pathways, proteases, receptors, complexes, and natural inhibitors of complement, to mitigate pathology in acute neurotrauma and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review mechanisms of complement activation in the central nervous system (CNS), and explore the effects of complement inhibition in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We consider the challenges and opportunities arising from these studies. As complement therapies approach clinical translation, we provide perspectives on how promising complement-targeted therapeutics could become part of novel and effective future treatment options to improve outcomes in the initiation and progression stages of these debilitating CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Trauma, Critical Care and Recovery, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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26
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Wu F, Zou Q, Ding X, Shi D, Zhu X, Hu W, Liu L, Zhou H. Complement component C3a plays a critical role in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment into the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 26822321 PMCID: PMC4731990 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is becoming increasingly recognized as a key participant in many neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Complement-deficient animals exhibit reduced neuroinflammation. METHODS In the present study, we administered intracerebroventricularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic local infection of the brain and investigated the role of key complement component C3 in brain vasculature endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment. The degree of neutrophil infiltration was determined by esterase staining. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were measured using intravital microscopy. Cerebral endothelial activation was evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Neutrophil infiltration into the brain cortex and hippocampus was significantly reduced in C3(-/-) mice and C3aR(-/-) mice but not in C6(-/-) mice. We detected markedly attenuated leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the brain microvasculature of C3(-/-) mice. Accordingly, in response to LPS administration, the brain microvasculature in these mice had decreased expression of P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Depletion of C3 from the circulation also caused reduction in VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression and leukocyte recruitment, suggesting that C3 in the circulation contributed to brain endothelial activation. Furthermore, C3(-/-) mice exhibited decreased leukocyte recruitment into the brain upon tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. C3a activated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and induced the upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in murine primary cerebral endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that C3a plays a critical role in cerebral endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaodan Ding
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
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27
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Alawieh A, Elvington A, Tomlinson S. Complement in the Homeostatic and Ischemic Brain. Front Immunol 2015; 6:417. [PMID: 26322048 PMCID: PMC4533015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a component of the immune system involved in both recognition and response to pathogens, and it is implicated in an increasing number of homeostatic and disease processes. It is well documented that reperfusion of ischemic tissue results in complement activation and an inflammatory response that causes post-reperfusion injury. This occurs following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and triggers secondary damage that extends beyond the initial infarcted area, an outcome that has rationalized the use of complement inhibitors as candidate therapeutics after stroke. In the central nervous system, however, recent studies have revealed that complement also has essential roles in synaptic pruning, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. In the context of recovery after stroke, these apparent divergent functions of complement may account for findings that the protective effect of complement inhibition in the acute phase after stroke is not always maintained in the subacute and chronic phases. The development of effective stroke therapies based on modulation of the complement system will require a detailed understanding of complement-dependent processes in both early neurodegenerative events and delayed neuro-reparatory processes. Here, we review the role of complement in normal brain physiology, the events initiating complement activation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the contribution of complement to both injury and recovery. We also discuss how the design of future experiments may better characterize the dual role of complement in recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alawieh
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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28
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Girardi G, Fraser J, Lennen R, Vontell R, Jansen M, Hutchison G. Imaging of activated complement using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO)--conjugated vectors: an in vivo in utero non-invasive method to predict placental insufficiency and abnormal fetal brain development. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1017-26. [PMID: 25245499 PMCID: PMC4288949 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we have developed a magnetic resonance imaging-based method for non-invasive detection of complement activation in placenta and foetal brain in vivo in utero. Using this method, we found that anti-complement C3-targeted ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles bind within the inflamed placenta and foetal brain cortical tissue, causing a shortening of the T2* relaxation time. We used two mouse models of pregnancy complications: a mouse model of obstetrics antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and a mouse model of preterm birth (PTB). We found that detection of C3 deposition in the placenta in the APS model was associated with placental insufficiency characterised by increased oxidative stress, decreased vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor levels and intrauterine growth restriction. We also found that foetal brain C3 deposition was associated with cortical axonal cytoarchitecture disruption and increased neurodegeneration in the mouse model of APS and in the PTB model. In the APS model, foetuses that showed increased C3 in their brains additionally expressed anxiety-related behaviour after birth. Importantly, USPIO did not affect pregnancy outcomes and liver function in the mother and the offspring, suggesting that this method may be useful for detecting complement activation in vivo in utero and predicting placental insufficiency and abnormal foetal neurodevelopment that leads to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Girardi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, King's College London St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK,Women's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J Fraser
- Centre for Nano Safety, Napier University Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Lennen
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Vontell
- Centrer for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Jansen
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Hutchison
- Centre for Nano Safety, Napier University Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Peng F, Muzik O, Gatson J, Kernie SG, Diaz-Arrastia R. Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury by Increased 64Cu Uptake on 64CuCl2 PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1252-7. [PMID: 26112025 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Copper is a nutritional trace element required for cell proliferation and wound repair. METHODS To explore increased copper uptake as a biomarker for noninvasive assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), experimental TBI in C57BL/6 mice was induced by controlled cortical impact, and (64)Cu uptake in the injured cortex was assessed with (64)CuCl2 PET/CT. RESULTS At 24 h after intravenous injection of the tracer, uptake was significantly higher in the injured cortex of TBI mice (1.15 ± 0.53 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue [%ID/g]) than in the uninjured cortex of mice without TBI (0.53 ± 0.07 %ID/g, P = 0.027) or the cortex of mice that received an intracortical injection of zymosan A (0.62 ± 0.22 %ID/g, P = 0.025). Furthermore, uptake in the traumatized cortex of untreated TBI mice (1.15 ± 0.53 %ID/g) did not significantly differ from that in minocycline-treated TBI mice (0.93 ± 0.30 %ID/g, P = 0.33). CONCLUSION Overall, the data suggest that increased (64)Cu uptake in traumatized brain tissues holds potential as a new biomarker for noninvasive assessment of TBI with (64)CuCl2 PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Peng
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Otto Muzik
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joshua Gatson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Center for Neurosciences and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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30
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Wei XJ, Li F, Yang FY, Duan CH. Serum protein biomarkers screening in patients with ischemic stroke by LC-MS/MS. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:692-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1033713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Rocha-Ferreira E, Hristova M. Antimicrobial peptides and complement in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induced brain damage. Front Immunol 2015; 6:56. [PMID: 25729383 PMCID: PMC4325932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a clinical condition in the neonate, resulting from oxygen deprivation around the time of birth. HIE affects 1-5/1000 live births worldwide and is associated with the development of neurological deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. Even though the brain is considered as an immune-privileged site, it has innate and adaptive immune response and can produce complement (C) components and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Dysregulation of cerebral expression of AMPs and C can exacerbate or ameliorate the inflammatory response within the brain. Brain ischemia triggers a prolonged inflammatory response affecting the progression of injury and secondary energy failure and involves both innate and adaptive immune systems, including immune-competent and non-competent cells. Following injury to the central nervous system (CNS), including neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), resident microglia, and astroglia are the main cells providing immune defense to the brain in a stimulus-dependent manner. They can express and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and therefore trigger prolonged inflammation, resulting in neurodegeneration. Microglial cells express and release a wide range of inflammation-associated molecules including several components of the complement system. Complement activation following neonatal HI injury has been reported to contribute to neurodegeneration. Astrocytes can significantly affect the immune response of the CNS under pathological conditions through production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulatory AMPs. Astrocytes express β-defensins, which can chemoattract and promote maturation of dendritic cells (DC), and can also limit inflammation by controlling the viability of these same DC. This review will focus on the balance of complement components and AMPs within the CNS following neonatal HI injury and the effect of that balance on the subsequent brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London , London , UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Institute for Women's Health, University College London , London , UK
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32
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Andreeva K, Zhang M, Fan W, Li X, Chen Y, Rebolledo-Mendez JD, Cooper NG. Time-dependent Gene Profiling Indicates the Presence of Different Phases for Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Retina. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2014; 6:43-54. [PMID: 25210480 PMCID: PMC4149383 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury has been associated with several retinal pathologies, and a few genes/gene products have been linked to IR injury. However, the big picture of temporal changes, regarding the affected gene networks, pathways, and processes remains to be determined. The purpose of the present study was to investigate initial, intermediate, and later stages to characterize the etiology of IR injury in terms of the pathways affected over time. Analyses indicated that at the initial stage, 0-hour reperfusion following the ischemic period, the ischemia-associated genes were related to changes in metabolism. In contrast, at the 24-hour time point, the signature events in reperfusion injury include enhanced inflammatory and immune responses as well as cell death indicating that this would be a critical period for the development of any interventional therapeutic strategies. Genes in the signal transduction pathways, particularly transmitter receptors, are downregulated at this time. Activation of the complement system pathway clearly plays an important role in the later stages of reperfusion injury. Together, these results demonstrate that the etiology of injury related to IR is characterized by the appearance of specific patterns of gene expression at any given time point during retinal IR injury. These results indicate that evaluation of treatment strategies with respect to time is very critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Andreeva
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yinlu Chen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jovan D Rebolledo-Mendez
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nigel G Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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33
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Correlation between clinical and histologic findings in the human neonatal hippocampus after perinatal asphyxia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:324-34. [PMID: 24607964 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy after perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in infants. Here, we evaluated pathologic changes in the hippocampi of a cohort of 16 deceased full-term asphyxiated infants who died from January 2000 to January 2009. Histochemical and immunocytochemical results for glial and neuronal cells were compared between cases with or without seizures and to adult and sudden infant death syndrome cases (n = 3 each). All asphyxiated infants displayed neuronal cell damage and reactive glial changes. Strong aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity was seen on astroglial cells within hippocampi in 50% of cases. In patients with seizures, the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors was increased in glial cells. Cases with seizures displayed increased microglial activation and greater expression of the inflammatory markers interleukin 1β and complement 1q compared with those in cases without seizures. All cases with seizures displayed alterations in the blood-brain barrier, as assessed by immunohistochemistry for albumin. These findings confirm the complex cascade of cellular and molecular changes occurring in the human neonatal hippocampus after perinatal asphyxia. These changes may contribute to seizure development leading to secondary brain damage. These data may aid in the development of therapeutic targets for neonatal seizures.
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34
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Muller AJ, Marks JD. Hypoxic ischemic brain injury: Potential therapeutic interventions for the future. Neoreviews 2014; 15:e177-e186. [PMID: 25177211 DOI: 10.1542/neo.15-5-e177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a common problem with potentially devastating impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes. While therapeutic hypothermia, the first available treatment for this disease, reduces the risk of death or major neurodevelopmental disability, the risk of major neurologic morbidity following HI remains significant. Basic research has identified cellular mechanisms that mediate neuronal death. This article reviews the cellular processes induced that lead to brain injury following HI, and identify treatments currently under investigation for potential translation to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Muller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago 900 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
| | - Jeremy D Marks
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago 900 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
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High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts neuroprotective effect in the rat model of neonatal asphyxia. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:612-7. [PMID: 24488088 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal asphyxia is one of the leading causes of death in newborn and permanent neurological disabilities in surviving children. The underlying hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury triggers an inflammatory response leading to neuronal damage. Here, we tested the hypothesis that high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) could exert immunomodulatory effect in rat pups subjected to HI injury. METHODS HI injury was induced in 7-d-old pups by ligating the common carotid artery followed by exposure to 8% oxygen for 2 h. Brain infarction was evaluated by imaging stained coronal brain sections. Neurological deficits were assessed in weeks 1 through 4 after HI. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess complement fragment deposition in the brain tissue. RESULTS Treatment with IVIG at 2 g/kg significantly and in a dose-responsive manner reduced brain infarction size as well as mortality and neurological deficits caused by HI. Anatomical and functional improvements in IVIG-treated pups correlated with decreased deposition of C3b complement fragments in the injured brain hemisphere. CONCLUSION IVIG significantly improved the outcome of HI injury in rat pups and could potentially be used for the treatment of human neonatal asphyxia to target proinflammatory complement fragments.
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Shin HY, Kim H, Kwon MJ, Hwang DH, Lee K, Kim BG. Molecular and cellular changes in the lumbar spinal cord following thoracic injury: regulation by treadmill locomotor training. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88215. [PMID: 24520355 PMCID: PMC3919755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to debilitating loss of locomotor function. Neuroplasticity of spinal circuitry underlies some functional recovery and therefore represents a therapeutic target to improve locomotor function following SCI. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating neuroplasticity below the lesion level are not fully understood. The present study performed a gene expression profiling in the rat lumbar spinal cord at 1 and 3 weeks after contusive SCI at T9. Another group of rats received treadmill locomotor training (TMT) until 3 weeks, and gene expression profiles were compared between animals with and without TMT. Microarray analysis showed that many inflammation-related genes were robustly upregulated in the lumbar spinal cord at both 1 and 3 weeks after thoracic injury. Notably, several components involved in an early complement activation pathway were concurrently upregulated. In line with the microarray finding, the number of microglia substantially increased not only in the white matter but also in the gray matter. C3 and complement receptor 3 were intensely expressed in the ventral horn after injury. Furthermore, synaptic puncta near ventral motor neurons were frequently colocalized with microglia after injury, implicating complement activation and microglial cells in synaptic remodeling in the lumbar locomotor circuitry after SCI. Interestingly, TMT did not influence the injury-induced upregulation of inflammation-related genes. Instead, TMT restored pre-injury expression patterns of several genes that were downregulated by injury. Notably, TMT increased the expression of genes involved in neuroplasticity (Arc, Nrcam) and angiogenesis (Adam8, Tie1), suggesting that TMT may improve locomotor function in part by promoting neurovascular remodeling in the lumbar motor circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Shin
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosil Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Hwang
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - KiYoung Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KYL); (BGK)
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KYL); (BGK)
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Stahel PF, Barnum SR. The role of the complement system in CNS inflammatory diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:445-56. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bhalala US, Koehler RC, Kannan S. Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation after acute hypoxic-ischemic injury of developing brain. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:144. [PMID: 25642419 PMCID: PMC4294124 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury to developing brain results from birth asphyxia in neonates and from cardiac arrest in infants and children. It is associated with varying degrees of neurologic sequelae, depending upon the severity and length of HI. Global HI triggers a series of cellular and biochemical pathways that lead to neuronal injury. One of the key cellular pathways of neuronal injury is inflammation. The inflammatory cascade comprises activation and migration of microglia - the so-called "brain macrophages," infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the brain, and release of cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokines. In this article, we review the inflammatory and immune mechanisms of secondary neuronal injury after global HI injury to developing brain. Specifically, we highlight the current literature on microglial activation in relation to neuronal injury, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory/restorative pathways, the role of peripheral immune cells, and the potential use of immunomodulators as neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal S Bhalala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period with an incidence of 1/4000 live births. Biochemical events such as energy failure, membrane depolarization, brain edema, an increase of neurotransmitter release and inhibition of uptake, an increase of intracellular Ca(2+), production of oxygen-free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and a decrease of blood flow are triggered by hypoxia-ischemia and may lead to brain dysfunction and neuronal death. These abnormalities can result in mental impairments, seizures, and permanent motor deficits, such as cerebral palsy. The physical and emotional strain that is placed on the children affected and their families is enormous. The care that these individuals need is not only confined to childhood, but rather extends throughout their entire life span, so it is very important to understand the pathophysiology that follows a hypoxic-ischemic insult. This review will highlight many of the mechanisms that lead to neuronal death and include the emerging area of white matter injury as well as the role of inflammation and will provide a summary of therapeutic strategies. Hypothermia and oxygen will also be discussed as treatments that currently lack a specific target in the hypoxic/ischemic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Järlestedt K, Rousset CI, Ståhlberg A, Sourkova H, Atkins AL, Thornton C, Barnum SR, Wetsel RA, Dragunow M, Pekny M, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Pekna M. Receptor for complement peptide C3a: a therapeutic target for neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:3797-804. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Hana Sourkova
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Alison L. Atkins
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Scott R. Barnum
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Rick A. Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune DiseasesInstitute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human DiseasesUniversity of Texas‐HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- The National Research Centre for Growth and DevelopmentFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal CenterSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal CenterSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Centre for the Developing BrainKing's CollegeLondonUK
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Leslie JD, Mayor R. Complement in animal development: unexpected roles of a highly conserved pathway. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:39-46. [PMID: 23665279 PMCID: PMC3989114 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The complement pathway is most famous for its role in immunity, orchestrating an exquisitely refined system for immune surveillance. At its core lies a cascade of proteolytic events that ultimately serve to recognise microbes, infected cells or debris and target them for elimination. Mounting evidence has shown that a number of the proteolytic intermediaries in this cascade have, in themselves, other functions in the body, signalling through receptors to drive events that appear to be unrelated to immune surveillance. It seems, then, that the complement system not only functions as an immunological effector, but also has cell-cell signalling properties that are utilised by a number of non-immunological processes. In this review we examine a number of these processes in the context of animal development, all of which share a requirement for precise control of cell behaviour in time and space. As we will see, the scope of the complement system's function is indeed much greater than we might have imagined only a few years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Leslie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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42
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Yang J, Ahn HN, Chang M, Narasimhan P, Chan PH, Song YS. Complement component 3 inhibition by an antioxidant is neuroprotective after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. J Neurochem 2012. [PMID: 23199288 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress after stroke is associated with the inflammatory system activation in the brain. The complement cascade, especially the degradation products of complement component 3, is a key inflammatory mediator of cerebral ischemia. We have shown that pro-inflammatory complement component 3 is increased by oxidative stress after ischemic stroke in mice using DNA array. In this study, we investigated whether up-regulation of complement component 3 is directly related to oxidative stress after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation in brain cells. Persistent up-regulation of complement component 3 expression was reduced in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice, and manganese-superoxide dismutase knock-out mice showed highly increased complement component 3 levels after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Antioxidant N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone treatment suppressed complement component 3 expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Accumulation of complement component 3 in neurons and microglia was decreased by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone, which reduced infarct volume and impaired neurological deficiency after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. Small interfering RNA specific for complement component 3 transfection showed a significant increase in brain cells viability after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Our study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of antioxidants through complement component 3 suppression is a new strategy for potential therapeutic approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Role for complement in the development of seizures following acute viral infection. J Virol 2010; 84:6452-60. [PMID: 20427530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00422-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, part of the innate immune system, acts to remove pathogens and unwanted host material. Complement is known to function in all tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrated the importance of the complement system within the CNS in the development of behavioral seizures following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. C57BL/6 mice, deficient in complement component C3, developed significantly fewer behavioral seizures following TMEV infection, whereas mice depleted of complement component C3 in the periphery through treatment with cobra venom factor had a seizure rate comparable to that of control mice. These studies indicate that C3 participates in the induction of acute seizures during viral encephalitis.
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Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Tomimatsu T, Mimura K, Kanagawa T, Shimoya K, Murata Y, Kimura T. Human C-reactive protein enhances vulnerability of immature rats to hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: a preliminary study. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:419-25. [PMID: 20220110 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110361379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In utero exposure to infection or inflammation is a strong and independent predictor of cerebral palsy. Using a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy, we investigated the hypothesis that C-reactive protein (CRP), which is not specific for infection, aggravates vulnerability of the immature brain to HI. Seven-day-old rats were divided into human CRP treated and control groups. After injection of each solution, they underwent left common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% hypoxia for 40 minutes. Human CRP, rat CRP, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 30 to 60 minutes after injection of each solution. Four days later, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) immunostaining was used to examine the brains for neuronal damage. Human CRP treatment significantly reduced the MAP-2 positive area ratio, compared with control group ( P < .05), suggesting that human CRP-enhanced susceptibility to HI-induced brain damage. Mean serum human CRP concentration in the human CRP group was 1823 +/- 520 ng/mL (range: 365-3964 ng/mL). Interleukin 6 concentrations in serum were moderately elevated in both groups, without significant differences, and rat CRP concentrations were within normal range. C-reactive protein makes the immature brain susceptible to HI insult, even if the insult causes little or no injury by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kinugasa-Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Harhausen D, Khojasteh U, Stahel PF, Morgan BP, Nietfeld W, Dirnagl U, Trendelenburg G. Membrane attack complex inhibitor CD59a protects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:15. [PMID: 20202211 PMCID: PMC2839971 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system is a crucial mediator of inflammation and cell lysis after cerebral ischemia. However, there is little information about the exact contribution of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and its inhibitor-protein CD59. Methods Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in young male and female CD59a knockout and wild-type mice. Two models of MCAO were applied: 60 min MCAO and 48 h reperfusion, as well as 30 min MCAO and 72 h reperfusion. CD59a knockout animals were compared to wild-type animals in terms of infarct size, edema, neurological deficit, and cell death. Results and Discussion CD59a-deficiency in male mice caused significantly increased infarct volumes and brain swelling when compared to wild-type mice at 72 h after 30 min-occlusion time, whereas no significant difference was observed after 1 h-MCAO. Moreover, CD59a-deficient mice had impaired neurological function when compared to wild-type mice after 30 min MCAO. Conclusion We conclude that CD59a protects against ischemic brain damage, but depending on the gender and the stroke model used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Harhausen
- Experimentelle Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Margolis E, Yates A, Levin BR. The ecology of nasal colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus: the role of competition and interactions with host's immune response. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:59. [PMID: 20178591 PMCID: PMC2844402 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first step in invasive disease caused by the normally commensal bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae is their colonization of the nasal passages. For any population to colonize a new habitat it is necessary for it to be able to compete with the existing organisms and evade predation. In the case of colonization of these species the competition is between strains of the same and different species of bacteria and the predation is mediated by the host's immune response. Here, we use a neonatal rat model to explore these elements of the ecology of nasal colonization by these occasionally invasive bacteria. Results When neonatal rats are colonized by any one of these species the density of bacteria in the nasal passage rapidly reaches a steady-state density that is species-specific but independent of inoculum size. When novel populations of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae are introduced into the nasal passages of neonatal rats with established populations of the same species, residents and invaders coexisted. However, this was not the case for S. aureus - the established population inhibited invasion of new S. aureus populations. In mixed-species introductions, S. aureus or S. pneumoniae facilitated the invasion of another H. influenzae population; for other pairs the interaction was antagonistic and immune-mediated. For example, under some conditions H. influenzae promoted an immune response which limited the invasion of S. pneumoniae. Conclusions Nasal colonization is a dynamic process with turnover of new strains and new species. These results suggest that multiple strains of either H. influenzae or S. pneumoniae can coexist; in contrast, S. aureus strains require a host to have no other S. aureus present to colonize. Levels of colonization (and hence the possible risk of invasive disease) by H. influenzae are increased in hosts pre-colonized with either S. aureus or S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Margolis
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Purcell EK, Singh A, Kipke DR. Alginate composition effects on a neural stem cell-seeded scaffold. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 15:541-50. [PMID: 19368511 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of alginate composition on the neurotrophic factor release, viability, and proliferation of encapsulated neural stem cells (NSCs), as well as on the mechanical stability of the scaffold itself. Four compositions were tested: a high guluronic acid (68%) and a high mannuronic acid (54%) content alginate, with or without a poly-L-lysine (PLL) coating layer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor from the encapsulated cells. All three factors were detected from encapsulated cells only when a high L-guluronic acid alginate without PLL was used. Additionally, capsules with this composition remained intact more frequently when exposed to solutions of low osmolarity, potentially indicating superior mechanical stability. Alginate beads with a PLL-coated, high D-mannuronic acid composition were the most prone to breakage in the osmotic pressure test, and were too fragile for histology and proliferation assays after 1 week in vitro. NSCs survived and proliferated in the three remaining alginate compositions similarly over the 21-day study course irrespective of scaffold condition. NSC-seeded alginate beads with a high L-guluronic acid, non-PLL-coated composition may be useful in the repair of injured nervous tissue, where the mechanism is the secretion of neuroprotective factors. We verify the neuroprotective effects of medium conditioned by NSC-seeded alginate beads on the serum withdrawal-mediated death of PC-12 cells here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
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Zacharia BE, Hickman ZL, Grobelny BT, DeRosa PA, Ducruet AF, Connolly ES. Complement inhibition as a proposed neuroprotective strategy following cardiac arrest. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2009:124384. [PMID: 20150958 PMCID: PMC2817500 DOI: 10.1155/2009/124384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a devastating disease process with neurological injury accounting for a disproportionate amount of the morbidity and mortality following return of spontaneous circulation. A dearth of effective treatment strategies exists for global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (GCI/R) injury following successful resuscitation from OHCA. Emerging preclinical as well as recent human clinical evidence suggests that activation of the complement cascade plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of GCI/R injury following OHCA. In addition, it is well established that complement inhibition improves outcome in both global and focal models of brain ischemia. Due to the profound impact of GCI/R injury following OHCA, and the relative lack of effective neuroprotective strategies for this pathologic process, complement inhibition provides an exciting opportunity to augment existing treatments to improve patient outcomes. To this end, this paper will explore the pathophysiology of complement-mediated GCI/R injury following OHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad E Zacharia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Dimayuga PC, Cesena FHY, Chyu KY, Yano J, Amorn A, Fishbein MC, Shah PK, Cercek B. Natural antibodies and complement modulate intimal thickening after arterial injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1593-600. [PMID: 19776252 PMCID: PMC3774189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune factors are involved in modulating neointimal response to arterial wall injury, but the role of individual immune effectors in this response remains unclear. Using a carotid cuff injury model in mice, we tested the role of immunoglobulin isotypes in modulating intimal thickening by using adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT mice, or the direct administration of IgG or IgM into immune-deficient Rag-1-/- [Rag-1 knockout (Rag-1KO)] mice. The direct role of complement was also tested by depletion of complement. Splenocytes from WT mice were isolated and adoptively transferred to Rag-1KO mice subjected to carotid cuff arterial injury. Transfer of splenocytes to Rag-1KO mice resulted in increased serum IgM and IgG within 48 h and were comparable to WT levels by 21 days after injury. Splenocyte transfer in Rag-1KO decreased intimal area by 40% compared with Rag-1KO mice without cell transfer. To further differentiate the relative contribution of IgM or IgG in reducing intimal thickening, additional groups of Rag-1KO mice were subjected to injury and given intravenous injections of pooled mouse IgG or IgM. Both IgG and IgM treatment significantly reduced intimal thickening compared with untreated Rag-1KO mice. Immunoglobulin treatments modified serum complement C3 profile and decreased C3 presence in injured arteries. Depletion of C3 using cobra venom factor in Rag-1KO mice significantly decreased intimal thickening. Our results identify the direct role of natural IgG and IgM, and complement in the modulation of neointimal response to arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles 90048, USA.
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Woodruff TM, Ager RR, Tenner AJ, Noakes PG, Taylor SM. The role of the complement system and the activation fragment C5a in the central nervous system. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 12:179-92. [PMID: 19763906 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a pivotal component of the innate immune system which protects the host from infection and injury. Complement proteins can be induced in all cell types within the central nervous system (CNS), where the pathway seems to play similar roles in host defense. Complement activation produces the C5 cleavage fragment C5a, a potent inflammatory mediator, which recruits and activates immune cells. The primary cellular receptor for C5a, the C5a receptor (CD88), has been reported to be on all CNS cells, including neurons and glia, suggesting a functional role for C5a in the CNS. A second receptor for C5a, the C5a-like receptor 2 (C5L2), is also expressed on these cells; however, little is currently known about its potential role in the CNS. The potent immune and inflammatory actions of complement activation are necessary for host defense. However, if over-activated, or left unchecked it promotes tissue injury and contributes to brain disease pathology. Thus, complement activation, and subsequent C5a generation, is thought to play a significant role in the progression of CNS disease. Paradoxically, complement may also exert a neuroprotective role in these diseases by aiding in the elimination of aggregated and toxic proteins and debris which are a principal hallmark of many of these diseases. This review will discuss the expression and known roles for complement in the CNS, with a particular focus on the pro-inflammatory end-product, C5a. The possible overarching role for C5a in diseases of the CNS is reviewed, and the therapeutic potential of blocking C5a/CD88 interaction is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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