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Gillespie B, Dunn A, Sundram S, Hill RA. Investigating 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone to combat maternal immune activation effects on offspring gene expression and behaviour. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111078. [PMID: 38950841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Infection during pregnancy is a substantial risk factor for the unborn child to develop autism or schizophrenia later in life, and is thought to be driven by maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA can be modelled by exposing pregnant mice to Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly-I:C), a viral mimetic that induces an immune response and recapitulates in the offspring many neurochemical features of ASD and schizophrenia, including altered BDNF-TrkB signalling and disruptions to excitatory/inhibitory balance. Therefore, we hypothesised that a BDNF mimetic, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), administered prophylactically to the dam may prevent the neurobehavioural sequelae of disruptions induced by MIA. Dams were treated with 7,8-DHF in the drinking water (0.08 mg/ML) from gestational day (GD) 9-20 and were exposed to Poly-I:C at GD17 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Foetal brains were collected 6 h post Poly-I:C exposure for RT-qPCR analysis of BDNF, cytokine, GABAergic and glutamatergic gene targets. A second adult cohort were tested in a battery of behavioural tests relevant to schizophrenia and the prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus dissected for RT-qPCR analysis. Foetal brains exposed to Poly-I:C showed increased IL-6, but reduced expression of Ntrk2 and multiple GABAergic and glutamatergic markers. Anxiety-like behaviour was observed in adult offspring prenatally exposed to poly-I:C, which was accompanied by altered expression of Gria2 in the prefrontal cortex and Gria4 in the ventral hippocampus. While 7-8 DHF normalised the expression of some glutamatergic (Grm5) and GABAergic (Gabra1) genes in Poly-I:C exposed offspring, it also led to substantial alterations in offspring not exposed to Poly-I:C. Furthermore, mice exposed to 7,8-DHF prenatally showed increased pre-pulse inhibition and reduced working memory in adulthood. These data advance understanding of how 7,8-DHF and MIA prenatal exposure impacts genes critical to excitatory/inhibitory pathways and related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ariel Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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2
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Ngomba RT, Lüttjohann A, Dexter A, Ray S, van Luijtelaar G. The Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptor in Sleep and Wakefulness: Focus on the Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations. Cells 2023; 12:1761. [PMID: 37443795 PMCID: PMC10341329 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential innate but complex behaviour which is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Our knowledge of the distinct neural circuit mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states in the brain are, however, still limited. It is therefore important to understand how these circuits operate during health and disease. This review will highlight the function of mGlu5 receptors within the thalamocortical circuitry in physiological and pathological sleep states. We will also evaluate the potential of targeting mGlu5 receptors as a therapeutic strategy for sleep disorders that often co-occur with epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Lüttjohann
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Aaron Dexter
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
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3
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Li BZ, Sumera A, Booker SA, McCullagh EA. Current Best Practices for Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology and Number in Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1561-1572. [PMID: 37070364 PMCID: PMC10161226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative methods for assessing neural anatomy have rapidly evolved in neuroscience and provide important insights into brain health and function. However, as new techniques develop, it is not always clear when and how each may be used to answer specific scientific questions posed. Dendritic spines, which are often indicative of synapse formation and neural plasticity, have been implicated across many brain regions in neurodevelopmental disorders as a marker for neural changes reflecting neural dysfunction or alterations. In this Perspective we highlight several techniques for staining, imaging, and quantifying dendritic spines as well as provide a framework for avoiding potential issues related to pseudoreplication. This framework illustrates how others may apply the most rigorous approaches. We consider the cost-benefit analysis of the varied techniques, recognizing that the most sophisticated equipment may not always be necessary for answering some research questions. Together, we hope this piece will help researchers determine the best strategy toward using the ever-growing number of techniques available to determine neural changes underlying dendritic spine morphology in health and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zheng Li
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, University
of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Anna Sumera
- Simons
Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, U.K.
| | - Sam A Booker
- Simons
Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth A. McCullagh
- Department
of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Xu J, Marshall JJ, Kraniotis S, Nomura T, Zhu Y, Contractor A. Genetic disruption of Grm5 causes complex alterations in motor activity, anxiety and social behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113378. [PMID: 34029630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Although group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), and in particular mGluR5, have been extensively proposed as potential targets for intervention in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, there has not been a comprehensive analysis of the effect of mGluR5 loss on behaviors typically assessed in autism mouse models thought to be correlates of behavioral symptoms of human disorders. Here we present a behavioral characterization of mice with complete or partial loss of mGluR5 (homozygous or heterozygous null mutations in Grm5 gene). We tested several autism related behaviors including social interaction, repetitive grooming, digging and locomotor behaviors. We found that digging and marble burying behaviors were almost completely abolished in mGluR5 ko mice, although self-grooming was not altered. Social interaction was impaired in ko but not in heterozygote (het) mice. In tests of locomotor activity and anxiety related behaviors, mGluR5 ko mice exhibited hyperactivity and reduced anxiety in the open field test but unexpectedly, showed hypoactivity in the elevated zero-maze test. There was no impairment in motor learning in the accelerating rotarod in both ko and het mutant. Together these results provide support for the importance of mGluR5 in motor and social behaviors that are specifically affected in autism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
| | - John J Marshall
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Stephen Kraniotis
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Yongling Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States.
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Rao MS, Mizuno H. Elucidating mechanisms of neuronal circuit formation in layer 4 of the somatosensory cortex via intravital imaging. Neurosci Res 2020; 167:47-53. [PMID: 33309867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has complex yet perfectly wired neuronal circuits that are important for high-level brain functions such as perception and cognition. The rodent's somatosensory system is widely used for understanding the mechanisms of circuit formation during early developmental periods. In this review, we summarize the developmental processes of circuit formation in layer 4 of the somatosensory cortex, and we describe the molecules involved in layer 4 circuit formation and neuronal activity-dependent mechanisms of circuit formation. We also introduce the dynamic mechanisms of circuit formation in layer 4 revealed by intravital two-photon imaging technologies, which include time-lapse imaging of neuronal morphology and calcium imaging of neuronal activity in newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S Rao
- Laboratory of Multi-dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Mizuno
- Laboratory of Multi-dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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6
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Iwasato T. In vivo imaging of neural circuit formation in the neonatal mouse barrel cortex. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:476-486. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits National Institute of Genetics Mishima Japan
- Department of Genetics SOKENDAI Mishima Japan
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Abstract
Bulimia nervosa (BN) shares central features with substance-related and addictive disorders. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) plays an important role in addiction. Based on similarities between binge eating and substance-related and addictive disorders, we investigated mGlu5 in vivo in 15 female subjects with BN and 15 matched controls. We measured mGlu5 distribution volume ratio (DVR) with positron emission tomography (PET) using [11 C]ABP688. In BN mGlu5 DVR was higher in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), subgenual prefrontal cortex, and straight gyrus (p < 0.05). In BN, higher mGlu5 DVR in various brain regions, including ACC, pallidum, putamen, and caudate, positively correlated with "maturity fears" as assessed using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (p < 0.05). In BN and controls, smokers had globally decreased mGlu5 DVR. We present the first evidence for increased mGlu5 DVR in BN. Our findings suggest that pharmacological agents inhibiting mGlu5 might have a therapeutic potential in BN.
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Cai G, Zhu Y, Chen J, Zhao S, Wang L, Wang M, Huang J, Wu S. Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32425829 PMCID: PMC7203659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence indicates that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the development of depression. Notably, the antidepressant effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulation is inconsistent across studies. Here, we attempted to identify the involvement of the gut microbiota and inflammation in mGluR5-/- mice. METHODS mGluR5-/- mice and their wild-type littermates were used in our study. We used the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests to assess anxiety-like behaviors, and we used the two-day forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) to test despair-like behaviors. 16S rDNA was used to analyze the gut microbiota. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of various proteins. RESULTS mGluR5-/- mice had no significant increase or decrease of despair-like behavior in the absence of stress exposure. However, mGluR5-/- mice exhibited despair-like behaviors following stress exposure. No significant changes in other glutamate receptors or representative synaptic proteins were detected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or hippocampus of mGluR5-/- mice. Very similar bacterial groups were observed in mGluR5-/- mice and wild-type controls. In addition, there was no significant difference in the α-diversity of the microbiota between mGluR5-/- mice and wild-type controls. The levels of all measured cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) did not change significantly in the PFCs or colons of mGluR5-/- mice. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we deduced that mGluR5-/- mice are susceptible to despair-like behavior. The systemic knockout of mGluR5 did not affect the gut microbiota or inflammatory factors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Suo Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Müller Herde A, Mihov Y, Krämer SD, Mu L, Adamantidis A, Ametamey SM, Hasler G. Chronic Nicotine Exposure Alters Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5: Longitudinal PET Study and Behavioural Assessment in Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:806-816. [PMID: 31119680 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using positron emission tomography (PET), a profound alteration of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) was found in human smoking addiction and abstinence. As human PET data either reflect the impact of chronic nicotine exposure or a pre-existing vulnerability to nicotine addiction, we designed a preclinical, longitudinal study to investigate the effect of chronic nicotine exposure on mGluR5 with the novel radiotracer [18F]PSS232 using PET. Twelve male dark Agouti rats at the age of 6 weeks were assigned randomly to three groups. From day 0 to day 250 the groups received 0 mg/L, 4 mg/L, or 8 mg/L nicotine solution in the drinking water. From day 250 to 320 all groups received nicotine-free drinking water. PET scans with [18F]PSS232 were performed in all animals on days 0, 250, and 320. To assess locomotion, seven tests in square open field arenas were carried out 72 days after the last PET scan. During the first four tests, rats received 0 mg/L nicotine and for the last three tests 4 mg/L nicotine in the drinking water. After 250 days of nicotine consumption [18F]PSS232 binding was reduced in the striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, and midbrain. At day 320, after nicotine withdrawal, [18F]PSS232 binding increased. These effects were more pronounced in the 4 mg/L nicotine group. Chronic administration of nicotine through the drinking water reduced exploratory behaviour. This preliminary longitudinal PET study demonstrates that chronic nicotine administration alters behaviour and mGluR5 availability. Chronic nicotine administration leads to decreased [18F]PSS232 binding which normalizes after prolonged nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Müller Herde
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences of ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoan Mihov
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, 3000, Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences of ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, 3000, Bern, Switzerland
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI, and USZ, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences of ETH, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Psychiatry Research Unit, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Cardinal-Journet 3, Villars-sur-Glâne, 1752, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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10
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Pittolo S, Lee H, Lladó A, Tosi S, Bosch M, Bardia L, Gómez-Santacana X, Llebaria A, Soriano E, Colombelli J, Poskanzer KE, Perea G, Gorostiza P. Reversible silencing of endogenous receptors in intact brain tissue using 2-photon pharmacology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13680-13689. [PMID: 31196955 PMCID: PMC6613107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900430116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological activity of proteins is often studied with loss-of-function genetic approaches, but the corresponding phenotypes develop slowly and can be confounding. Photopharmacology allows direct, fast, and reversible control of endogenous protein activity, with spatiotemporal resolution set by the illumination method. Here, we combine a photoswitchable allosteric modulator (alloswitch) and 2-photon excitation using pulsed near-infrared lasers to reversibly silence metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor activity in intact brain tissue. Endogenous receptors can be photoactivated in neurons and astrocytes with pharmacological selectivity and with an axial resolution between 5 and 10 µm. Thus, 2-photon pharmacology using alloswitch allows investigating mGlu5-dependent processes in wild-type animals, including synaptic formation and plasticity, and signaling pathways from intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pittolo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hyojung Lee
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lladó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Bardia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gómez-Santacana
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center of Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IC-CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Network Center of Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Fitzgerald ML, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Ultrastructural localization of cannabinoid CB1 and mGluR5 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2730-2741. [PMID: 31008528 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 triggers retrograde signaling of endocannabinoids that activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors on juxtaposing axon terminals. To better understand the synaptic structure that supports mGluR5 mediation of CB1 activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), we examined electron microscopic dual immunolabeling of these receptors in the prelimbic PFC (prPFC) and BLA of adult male rats. CB1 immunoreactivity was detected in axon terminals that were typically large, complex, and contained dense-core and clear synaptic vesicles. Of terminals forming discernible synaptic specializations, 95% were symmetric inhibitory-type in the prPFC and 90% were inhibitory in the BLA. CB1-immunoreactive terminals frequently contacted dendrites containing mGluR5 adjacent to unlabeled terminals forming excitatory-type synapses. Because most CB1-containing terminals form inhibitory-type synapses, the unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses are the likely source of the mGluR5 ligand glutamate. In the prPFC, serial section analysis revealed that GABAergic CB1-containing axon terminals targeted dendrites adjacent to glutamatergic axon terminals, often near dendritic bifurcations. These observations provide ultrastructural evidence that cortical CB1 receptors are strategically positioned for integration of synaptic signaling in response to stimulation of postsynaptic mGluR5 receptors and facilitation of heterosynaptic communication between multiple neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Fitzgerald
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York
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12
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Edfawy M, Guedes JR, Pereira MI, Laranjo M, Carvalho MJ, Gao X, Ferreira PA, Caldeira G, Franco LO, Wang D, Cardoso AL, Feng G, Carvalho AL, Peça J. Abnormal mGluR-mediated synaptic plasticity and autism-like behaviours in Gprasp2 mutant mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1431. [PMID: 30926797 PMCID: PMC6440958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by dysfunction in social interactions, stereotypical behaviours and high co-morbidity with intellectual disability. A variety of syndromic and non-syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders have been connected to alterations in metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) signalling. These receptors contribute to synaptic plasticity, spine maturation and circuit development. Here, we investigate the physiological role of Gprasp2, a gene linked to neurodevelopmental disabilities and involved in the postendocytic sorting of G-protein-coupled receptors. We show that Gprasp2 deletion leads to ASD-like behaviour in mice and alterations in synaptic communication. Manipulating the levels of Gprasp2 bidirectionally modulates the surface availability of mGluR5 and produces alterations in dendritic complexity, spine density and synaptic maturation. Loss of Gprasp2 leads to enhanced hippocampal long-term depression, consistent with facilitated mGluR-dependent activation. These findings demonstrate a role for Gprasp2 in glutamatergic synapses and suggest a possible mechanism by which this gene is linked to neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Edfawy
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta I Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Laranjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário J Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Xian Gao
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Pedro A Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gladys Caldeira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lara O Franco
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dongqing Wang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Biased agonism and allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2323-2338. [PMID: 30389826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to class C G-protein-coupled receptors and consist of eight subtypes that are ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system. In recent years, the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) has emerged as a promising target for a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug discovery programs targetting mGlu5 are primarily focused on development of allosteric modulators that interact with sites distinct from the endogenous agonist glutamate. Significant efforts have seen mGlu5 allosteric modulators progress into clinical trials; however, recent failures due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects indicate a need for a better understanding of the functional consequences of mGlu5 allosteric modulation. Biased agonism is an interrelated phenomenon to allosterism, describing how different ligands acting through the same receptor can differentially influence signaling to distinct transducers and pathways. Emerging evidence demonstrates that allosteric modulators can induce biased pharmacology at the level of intrinsic agonism as well as through differential modulation of orthosteric agonist-signaling pathways. Here, we present key considerations in the discovery and development of mGlu5 allosteric modulators and the opportunities and pitfalls offered by biased agonism and modulation.
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14
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Cui Y, Perez S, Venance L. Endocannabinoid-LTP Mediated by CB1 and TRPV1 Receptors Encodes for Limited Occurrences of Coincident Activity in Neocortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:182. [PMID: 30026689 PMCID: PMC6041431 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic efficacy changes, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), underlie various forms of learning and memory. Synaptic plasticity is generally assessed under prolonged activation, whereas learning can emerge from few or even a single trial. Here, we investigated the existence of rapid responsiveness of synaptic plasticity in response to a few number of spikes, in neocortex in a synaptic Hebbian learning rule, the spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). We investigated the effect of lowering the number of pairings from 100 to 50, and 10 on STDP expression, using whole-cell recordings from pyramidal cells in rodent somatosensory cortical brain slices. We found that a low number of paired stimulations induces LTP at neocortical layer 4–2/3 synapses. Besides the asymmetric Hebbian STDP reported in the neocortex induced by 100 pairings, we observed a symmetric anti-Hebbian LTD for 50 pairings and unveiled a unidirectional Hebbian spike-timing-dependent LTP (tLTP) induced by 10–15 pairings. This tLTP was not mediated by NMDA receptor activation but requires CB1 receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) activated by endocannabinoids (eCBs). eCBs have been widely described as mediating short- and long-term synaptic depression. Here, the eCB-tLTP reported at neocortical synapses could constitute a substrate operating in the online learning of new associative memories or during the initial stages of learning. In addition, these findings should provide useful insight into the mechanisms underlying eCB-plasticity occurring during marijuana intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Cui
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
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15
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Dark C, Homman-Ludiye J, Bryson-Richardson RJ. The role of ADHD associated genes in neurodevelopment. Dev Biol 2018; 438:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Luoni A, Gass P, Brambilla P, Ruggeri M, Riva MA, Inta D. Altered expression of schizophrenia-related genes in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:77-87. [PMID: 27581816 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence underlying the so-called glutamatergic hypothesis ranges from NMDA receptor hypofunction to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits in specific brain structures. Among all glutamatergic system components, metabotropic receptors play a main role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated, using qRT-PCR and western blot, consequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal/frontal cortex (PFC/FC) of mice with a genetic deletion of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), addressing key components of the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. We found that mGlu5 knockout (KO) mice showed a significant reduction of reelin, GAD65, GAD67 and parvalbumin mRNA levels, which is specific for the PFC/FC, and that is paralleled by a significant reduction of protein levels in male KO mice. We next analyzed the main NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, namely GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B and GluA1, and we found that mGlu5 deletion determined a significant reduction of their mRNA levels, also within the hippocampus, with differences between the two genders. Our data suggest that neurochemical abnormalities impinging the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems may be responsible for the behavioral phenotype associated with mGlu5 KO animals and point to the close interaction of these molecular players for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. These data could contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of mGlu5 alterations in the molecular imbalance between excitation and inhibition underlying the emergence of a schizophrenic-like phenotype and to understand the potential of mGlu5 modulators in reversing the deficits characterizing the schizophrenic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Luoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Neuropharmacology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Neuropharmacology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Di Menna L, Joffe ME, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Lindsley CW, Mairesse J, Gressèns P, Cannella M, Caraci F, Copani A, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Conn PJ, Nicoletti F. Functional partnership between mGlu3 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:301-313. [PMID: 29079293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
mGlu5 receptors are involved in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and are targeted by drugs developed for the treatment of CNS disorders. We report that mGlu3 receptors, which are traditionally linked to the control of neurotransmitter release, support mGlu5 receptor signaling in neurons and largely contribute to the robust mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in the early postnatal life. In cortical pyramidal neurons, mGlu3 receptor activation potentiated mGlu5 receptor-mediated somatic Ca2+ mobilization, and mGlu3 receptor-mediated long-term depression in the prefrontal cortex required the endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors. The interaction between mGlu3 and mGlu5 receptors was also relevant to mechanisms of neuronal toxicity, with mGlu3 receptors shaping the influence of mGlu5 receptors on excitotoxic neuronal death. These findings shed new light into the complex role played by mGlu receptors in physiology and pathology, and suggest reconsideration of some of the current dogmas in the mGlu receptor field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max E Joffe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Jèrome Mairesse
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressèns
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Oasi Maria SS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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18
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mGluR5 Exerts Cell-Autonomous Influences on the Functional and Anatomical Development of Layer IV Cortical Neurons in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8802-14. [PMID: 27559164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1224-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glutamate neurotransmission refines synaptic connections to establish the precise neural circuits underlying sensory processing. Deleting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in mice perturbs cortical somatosensory map formation in the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex at both functional and anatomical levels. To examine the cell-autonomous influences of mGluR5 signaling in the morphological and functional development of layer IV spiny stellate glutamatergic neurons receiving sensory input, mGluR5 genetic mosaic mice were generated through in utero electroporation. In the S1 cortex of these mosaic brains, we found that most wild-type neurons were located in barrel rings encircling thalamocortical axon (TCA) clusters while mGluR5 knock-out (KO) neurons were placed in the septal area, the cell-sparse region separating barrels. These KO neurons often displayed a symmetrical dendritic morphology with increased dendritic complexity, in contrast to the polarized pattern of wild-type neurons. The dendritic spine density of mGluR5 KO spiny stellate neurons was significantly higher than in wild-type neurons. Whole-cell electrophysiological recordings detected a significant increase in the frequencies of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic events in mGluR5 KO neurons compared with neighboring wild-type neurons. Our mosaic analysis provides strong evidence supporting the cell-autonomous influence of mGluR5 signaling on the functional and anatomical development of cortical glutamatergic neurons. Specifically, mGluR5 is required in cortical glutamatergic neurons for the following processes: (1) the placement of cortical glutamatergic neurons close to TCA clusters; (2) the regulation of dendritic complexity and outgrowth toward TCA clusters; (3) spinogenesis; and (4) tuning of excitatory inputs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glutamatergic transmission plays a critical role in cortical circuit formation. Its dysfunction has been proposed as a core factor in the etiology of many neurological diseases. Here we conducted mosaic analysis to reveal the cell-autonomous role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). We found that mGluR5 is required for several key steps in wiring up the thalamocortical connections to form the cortical somatosensory map. mGluR5-dependent processes during early postnatal brain development affect the following: (1) placement of activity-directed cortical neurons; (2) regulation of polarized dendritic outgrowth toward thalamocortical axons relaying sensory information, (3) synaptogenesis; and (4) development of functional connectivity in spiny stellate neurons. Perturbing mGluR5 expression could lead to abnormal neuronal circuits, which may contribute to neurological and psychiatric disease.
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19
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Martini FJ, Moreno-Juan V, Filipchuk A, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Impact of thalamocortical input on barrel cortex development. Neuroscience 2017; 368:246-255. [PMID: 28412498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of cortical maps requires the balanced interaction between genetically determined programs and input/activity-dependent signals generated spontaneously or triggered from the environment. The somatosensory pathway of mice provides an excellent scenario to study cortical map development because of its highly organized cytoarchitecture, known as the barrel field. This precise organization makes evident even small alterations in the cortical map layout. In this review, we will specially focus on the thalamic factors that control barrel field development. We will summarize the role of thalamic input integration and identity, neurotransmission and spontaneous activity in cortical map formation and early cross-modal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anton Filipchuk
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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20
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Receptor-stimulated transamidation induces activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 and the regulation of dendritic spines. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:93-105. [PMID: 28161375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of dendritic spines is an important component of synaptic function and plasticity whereas dendritic spine dysregulation is related to several psychiatric and neurological diseases. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C receptor-induced Rho family transamidation and activation regulates dendritic spine morphology and that activation of multiple types of receptors can induce transglutaminase (TGase)-catalyzed transamidation of small G proteins. We previously reported a novel 5-HT2A receptor downstream effector, TGase-catalyzed serotonylation of the small G protein Rac1 in A1A1v cells, a rat embryonic cortical cell line. We now extend these findings to rat primary cortical cultures which develop dendritic spines; stimulation of 5-HT2A/2C receptors increased transamidation of Rac1 and Cdc42, but not RhoA. Inhibition of TGases significantly decreased transamidation and activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, suggesting that transamidation led to their activation. In primary cortical cultures, stimulation of 5-HT2A/2C receptors by 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) caused a transient dendritic spine enlargement, which was blocked by TGase inhibition. Stimulation of both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors contributed to DOI-induced Rac1 transamidation in primary cortical cultures as demonstrated by selective antagonists. Furthermore, stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and NMDA receptors also increased TGase-catalyzed Rac1 activation in SH-SY5Y cells and N2a cells, respectively. Receptor-stimulated TGase-catalyzed transamidation of Rac1 occurs at Q61, a site previously reported to be important in the inactivation of Rac1. These studies demonstrate that TGase-catalyzed transamidation and activation of small G proteins results from stimulation of multiple types of receptors and this novel signaling pathway can regulate dendritic spine morphology and plasticity.
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21
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Zhang X, Hu M, Zhang L, An J, Yan W, Zhang Z, Liu J, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y. MTEP impedes the neuronal polarization and the activity of the Akt-NF-κB pathway in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1730-1744. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology; Xi'an Center Hospital; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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22
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LaCrosse AL, Taylor SB, Nemirovsky NE, Gass JT, Olive MF. mGluR5 Positive and Negative Allosteric Modulators Differentially Affect Dendritic Spine Density and Morphology in the Prefrontal Cortex. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2016; 14:476-85. [PMID: 25921744 DOI: 10.2174/1871527314666150429112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) are currently being investigated as novel treatments for neuropsychiatric diseases including drug addiction, schizophrenia, and Fragile X syndrome. However, only a handful of studies have examined the effects of mGluR5 PAMs or NAMs on the structural plasticity of dendritic spines in otherwise naïve animals, particularly in brain regions mediating executive function. In the present study, we assessed dendritic spine density and morphology in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) after repeated administration of either the prototypical mGluR5 PAM 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5- yl)benzamide (CDPPB, 20 mg/kg), the clinically utilized mGluR5 NAM 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-methyl-5-oxo-4Himidazol- 2-yl)urea (fenobam, 20 mg/kg), or vehicle in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Following once daily treatment for 10 consecutive days, coronal brain sections containing the mPFC underwent diolistic labeling and 3D image analysis of dendritic spines. Compared to vehicle treated animals, rats administered fenobam exhibited significant increases in dendritic spine density and the overall frequency of spines with small (<0.2 μm) head diameters, decreases in frequency of spines with medium (0.2-0.4 μm) head diameters, and had no changes in frequency of spines with large head diameters (>0.4 μm). Administration of CDPPB had no discernable effects on dendritic spine density or morphology, and neither CDPPB nor fenobam had any effect on spine length or volume. We conclude that mGluR5 PAMs and NAMs differentially affect mPFC dendritic spine structural plasticity in otherwise naïve animals, and additional studies assessing their effects in combination with cognitive or behavioral tasks are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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23
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Sengmany K, Gregory KJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5: molecular pharmacology, allosteric modulation and stimulus bias. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:3001-17. [PMID: 26276909 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5 ) is a family C GPCR that has been implicated in various neuronal processes and, consequently, in several CNS disorders. Over the past few decades, GPCR-based drug discovery, including that for mGlu5 receptors, has turned considerable attention to targeting allosteric binding sites. Modulation of endogenous agonists by allosteric ligands offers the advantages of spatial and temporal fine-tuning of receptor activity, increased selectivity and reduced adverse effects with the potential to elicit improved clinical outcomes. Further, with greater appreciation of the multifaceted nature of the transduction of mGlu5 receptor signalling, it is increasingly apparent that drug discovery must take into consideration unique receptor conformations and the potential for stimulus-bias. This novel paradigm proposes that different ligands may differentially modulate distinct signalling pathways arising from the same receptor. We review our current understanding of the complexities of mGlu5 receptor signalling and regulation, and how these relate to allosteric ligands. Ultimately, a deeper appreciation of these relationships will provide the foundation for targeted drug design of compounds with increased selectivity, not only for the desired receptor but also for the desired signalling outcome from the receptor. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Lai JKY, Doering LC, Foster JA. Developmental expression of the neuroligins and neurexins in fragile X mice. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:807-28. [PMID: 26235839 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins and neurexins are transsynaptic proteins involved in the maturation of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Research has identified synaptic proteins and function as primary contributors to the development of fragile X syndrome. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the protein that is lacking in fragile X syndrome, binds neuroligin-1 and -3 mRNA. Using in situ hybridization, we examined temporal and spatial expression patterns of neuroligin (NLGN) and neurexin (NRXN) mRNAs in the somatosensory (S1) cortex and hippocampus in wild-type (WT) and fragile X knockout (FMR1-KO) mice during the first 5 weeks of postnatal life. Genotype-based differences in expression included increased NLGN1 mRNA in CA1 and S1 cortex, decreased NLGN2 mRNA in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus, and increased NRXN3 mRNA in CA1, DG, and S1 cortex between female WT and FMR1-KO mice. In male mice, decreased expression of NRXN3 mRNA was observed in CA1 and DG regions of FMR1-KO mice. Sex differences in hippocampal expression of NLGN2, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNAs and in S1 cortex expression of NRXN3 mRNAs were observed WT mice, whereas sex differences in NLGN3, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and in NLGN1, NRXN2 and NRXN3 mRNA expression in S1 cortex were detected in FMR1-KO mice. These results provide a neuroanatomical map of NLGN and NRXN expression patterns over postnatal development in WT and FMR1-KO mice. The differences in developmental trajectory of these synaptic proteins could contribute to long-term differences in CNS wiring and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Y Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada.,Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada.,Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada
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25
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Burrows EL, McOmish CE, Buret LS, Van den Buuse M, Hannan AJ. Environmental Enrichment Ameliorates Behavioral Impairments Modeling Schizophrenia in Mice Lacking Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1947-56. [PMID: 25666312 PMCID: PMC4839518 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia arises from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling have been proposed to underlie the emergence of symptoms, in light of various lines of evidence, including the psychotomimetic effects of NMDA receptor antagonists. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) has also been implicated in the disorder, and has been shown to physically interact with NMDA receptors. To clarify the role of mGlu5-dependent behavioral expression by environmental factors, we assessed mGlu5 knockout (KO) mice after exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) or reared under standard conditions. The mGlu5 KO mice showed reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI), long-term memory deficits, and spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity, which were all attenuated by EE. Examining the cellular impact of genetic and environmental manipulation, we show that EE significantly increased pyramidal cell dendritic branching and BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus of wild-type mice; however, mGlu5 KO mice were resistant to these alterations, suggesting that mGlu5 is critical to these responses. A selective effect of EE on the behavioral response to the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 in mGlu5 KO mice was seen. MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion was further potentiated in enriched mGlu5 KO mice and treatment with MK-801 reinstated PPI disruption in EE mGlu5 KO mice only, a response that is absent under standard housing conditions. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for mGlu5 in environmental modulation of schizophrenia-related behavioral impairments. Furthermore, this role of the mGlu5 receptor is mediated by interaction with NMDA receptor function, which may inform development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin E McOmish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Laetitia S Buret
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten Van den Buuse
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia, Tel: +61 3 9035 6638, Fax: +61 3 9348 1707, E-mail:
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26
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D'Amore V, von Randow C, Nicoletti F, Ngomba RT, van Luijtelaar G. Anti-absence activity of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor enhancers and their interaction with a GABA reuptake inhibitor: Effect of local infusions in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1141-51. [PMID: 26040777 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the key neurotransmitter systems in the cortical-thalamocortical network, involved in normal and pathologic oscillations such as spike-wave discharges (SWDs), which characterize different forms of absence epilepsy. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) and GABA receptors are widely expressed within this network. Herein, we examined the effects of two selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors, the GABA reuptake inhibitor, tiagabine, and their interaction in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus on SWDs in WAG/Rij rats. METHODS Male WAG/Rij rats were equipped with bilateral cannulas in the somatosensory cortex (S1po) or the ventrobasal (VB) thalamic nuclei, and with cortical electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes. Rats received a single dose of the mGlu1 receptor PAM, RO0711401, or the mGlu5 receptor PAM, VU0360172, various doses of tiagabine, or VU0360172 combined with tiagabine. RESULTS Both PAMs suppressed SWDs regardless of the site of injection. Tiagabine enhanced SWDs when injected into the thalamus, but, unexpectedly, suppressed SWDs in a dose-dependent manner when injected into the cortex. Intracortical co-injection of VU0360172 and tiagabine produced slightly larger effects as compared to either VU0360172 or tiagabine alone. Intrathalamic co-injections of VU0360172 and subthreshold doses of tiagabine caused an antiabsence effect similar to that exhibited by VU0360172 alone in the first 10 min. At 30 min, however, the antiabsence effect of VU0360172 was prevented by subthreshold doses of tiagabine, and the combination produced a paradoxical proabsence effect at 40 and 50 min. SIGNIFICANCE These data (1) show that mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor PAMs reduce absence seizures acting at both thalamic and cortical levels; (2) demonstrate for the first time that tiagabine, despite its established absence-enhancing effect, reduces SWDs when injected into the somatosensory cortex; and (3) indicate that the efficacy of VU0360172 in the thalamus may be critically affected by the availability of (extra)synaptic GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constanze von Randow
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Kalinowska M, Chávez AE, Lutzu S, Castillo PE, Bukauskas FF, Francesconi A. Actinin-4 Governs Dendritic Spine Dynamics and Promotes Their Remodeling by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15909-20. [PMID: 25944910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are dynamic, actin-rich protrusions in neurons that undergo remodeling during neuronal development and activity-dependent plasticity within the central nervous system. Although group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are critical for spine remodeling under physiopathological conditions, the molecular components linking receptor activity to structural plasticity remain unknown. Here we identify a Ca(2+)-sensitive actin-binding protein, α-actinin-4, as a novel group 1 mGluR-interacting partner that orchestrates spine dynamics and morphogenesis in primary neurons. Functional silencing of α-actinin-4 abolished spine elongation and turnover stimulated by group 1 mGluRs despite intact surface receptor expression and downstream ERK1/2 signaling. This function of α-actinin-4 in spine dynamics was underscored by gain-of-function phenotypes in untreated neurons. Here α-actinin-4 induced spine head enlargement, a morphological change requiring the C-terminal domain of α-actinin-4 that binds to CaMKII, an interaction we showed to be regulated by group 1 mGluR activation. Our data provide mechanistic insights into spine remodeling by metabotropic signaling and identify α-actinin-4 as a critical effector of structural plasticity within neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kalinowska
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Stefano Lutzu
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Feliksas F Bukauskas
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Anna Francesconi
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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28
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Wang GX, Smith SJ, Mourrain P. Fmr1 KO and fenobam treatment differentially impact distinct synapse populations of mouse neocortex. Neuron 2015; 84:1273-86. [PMID: 25521380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in fragile X syndrome (FXS) are attributed to molecular abnormalities of the brain's vast and heterogeneous synapse populations. Unfortunately, the density of synapses coupled with their molecular heterogeneity presents formidable challenges in understanding the specific contribution of synapse changes in FXS. We demonstrate powerful new methods for the large-scale molecular analysis of individual synapses that allow quantification of numerous specific changes in synapse populations present in the cortex of a mouse model of FXS. Analysis of nearly a million individual synapses reveals distinct, quantitative changes in synaptic proteins distributed across over 6,000 pairwise metrics. Some, but not all, of these synaptic alterations are reversed by treatment with the candidate therapeutic fenobam, an mGluR5 antagonist. These patterns of widespread, but diverse synaptic protein changes in response to global perturbation suggest that FXS and its treatment must be understood as a networked system at the synapse level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon X Wang
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen J Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, 75005, France
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29
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Louhivuori LM, Jansson L, Turunen PM, Jäntti MH, Nordström T, Louhivuori V, Åkerman KE. Transient receptor potential channels and their role in modulating radial glial-neuronal interaction: a signaling pathway involving mGluR5. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:701-13. [PMID: 25347706 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidance of developing neurons to the right position in the central nervous system is of central importance in brain development. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are thought to mediate turning responses of growth cones to guidance cues through fine control of calcium transients. Proliferating and 1- to 5-day-differentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) showed expression of Trpc1 and Trpc3 mRNA, while Trpc4-7 was not clearly detected. Time-lapse imaging showed that the motility pattern of neuronal cells was phasic with bursts of rapid movement (>60 μm/h), changes in direction, and intermittent slow phases or stallings (<40 μm/h), which frequently occurred in close contact with radial glial processes. Genetic interference with the TRPC3 and TRPC1 channel enhanced the motility of NPCs (burst frequency/stalling frequency). TRPC3-deficient cells or cells treated with the TRPC3 blocker pyr3 infrequently changed direction and seldom contacted radial glial processes. TRPC channels are also activated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5). As shown here, pyr3 blocked the calcium response mediated through mGluR5 in radial glial processes. Furthermore, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine, a blocker of mGluR5, affected the motility pattern in a similar way as TRPC3/6 double knockout or pyr3. The results suggest that radial glial cells exert attractant signals to migrating neuronal cells, which alter their motility pattern. Our results suggest that mGluR5 acting through TRPC3 is of central importance in radial glial-mediated neuronal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri M Louhivuori
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Loerwald KW, Patel AB, Huber KM, Gibson JR. Postsynaptic mGluR5 promotes evoked AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission onto neocortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons during development. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:786-95. [PMID: 25392167 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00465.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Both short- and long-term roles for the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor number 5 (mGluR5) have been examined for the regulation of cortical glutamatergic synapses. However, how mGluR5 sculpts neocortical networks during development still remains unclear. Using a single cell deletion strategy, we examined how mGluR5 regulates glutamatergic synaptic pathways in neocortical layer 2/3 (L2/3) during development. Electrophysiological measurements were made in acutely prepared slices to obtain a functional understanding of the effects stemming from loss of mGluR5 in vivo. Loss of postsynaptic mGluR5 results in an increase in the frequency of action potential-independent synaptic events but, paradoxically, results in a decrease in evoked transmission in two separate synaptic pathways providing input to the same pyramidal neurons. Synaptic transmission through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, but not N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, is specifically decreased. In the local L2/3 pathway, the decrease in evoked transmission appears to be largely due to a decrease in cell-to-cell connectivity and not in the strength of individual cell-to-cell connections. This decrease in evoked transmission correlates with a decrease in the total dendritic length in a region of the dendritic arbor that likely receives substantial input from these two pathways, thereby suggesting a morphological correlate to functional alterations. These changes are accompanied by an increase in intrinsic membrane excitability. Our data indicate that total mGluR5 function, incorporating both short- and long-term processes, promotes the strengthening of AMPA receptor-mediated transmission in multiple neocortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer W Loerwald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ankur B Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jay R Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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31
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Shostak Y, Wenger A, Mavity-Hudson J, Casagrande VA. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 shows different patterns of localization within the parallel visual pathways in macaque and squirrel monkeys. Eye Brain 2014; 6:29-43. [PMID: 25774086 PMCID: PMC4356996 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s51817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is used as an excitatory neurotransmitter by the koniocellular (K), magnocellular (M), and parvocellular (P) pathways to transfer signals from the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to primary visual cortex (V1). Glutamate acts through both fast ionotropic receptors, which appear to carry the main sensory message, and slower, modulatory metabotropic receptors (mGluRs). In this study, we asked whether mGluR5 relates in distinct ways to the K, M, and P LGN axons in V1. To answer this question, we used light microscopic immunocytochemistry and preembedding electron microscopic immunogold labeling to determine the localization of mGluR5 within the layers of V1 in relation to the K, M, and P pathways in macaque and squirrel monkeys. These pathways were labeled separately via wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injections targeting the LGN layers. mGluR5 is of interest because it: 1) has been shown to be expressed in the thalamic input layers; 2) appears to be responsible for some types of oscillatory firing, which could be important in the binding of visual features; and 3) has been associated with a number of sensory-motor gating-related pathologies, including schizophrenia and autism. Our results demonstrated the presence of mGluR5 in the neuropil of all V1 layers. This protein was lowest in IVCα (M input) and the infragranular layers. In layer IVC, mGluR5 also was found postsynaptic to about 30% of labeled axons, but the distribution was uneven, such that postsynaptic mGluR5 label tended to occur opposite smaller (presumed P), and not larger (presumed M) axon terminals. Only in the K pathway in layer IIIB, however, was mGluR5 always found in the axon terminals themselves. The presence of mGluR5 in K axons and not in M and P axons, and the presence of mGluR5 postsynaptic mainly to smaller P and not larger M axons suggest that the response to the release of glutamate is modulated in distinct ways within and between the parallel visual pathways of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shostak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Foreign Trade Unitary Enterprise, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Ashley Wenger
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julia Mavity-Hudson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivien A Casagrande
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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32
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Vitali I, Jabaudon D. Synaptic biology of barrel cortex circuit assembly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:156-64. [PMID: 25080022 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mature neuronal circuits arise from the coordinated interplay of cell-intrinsic differentiation programs, target-derived signals and activity-dependent processes. Typically, cell-intrinsic mechanisms predominate at early stages of differentiation, while input-dependent processes modulate circuit formation at later stages of development. The whisker barrel cortex of rodents is particularly well suited to study this latter phase. During the first few days after birth, thalamocortical axons (TCA) from the somatosensory ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) form synapses onto layer 4 (L4) neurons, which aggregate to form barrels, whose spatial organization corresponds to the distribution of the whiskers on the snout. Besides specific genetic programs, which control TCA and L4 neuron specification, the establishment of the barrel pattern also depends on the information resulting from whisker activation. The plasticity of this system during the first few days after birth is critical for barrel formation: damage to the sensory periphery impairs TCA patterning, while lesions after this period have less pronounced effects. Here, we will review the role and position of L4 neurons within cortical columnar circuits and synaptogenesis during barrel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vitali
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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33
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Lokmane L, Garel S. Map transfer from the thalamus to the neocortex: inputs from the barrel field. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:147-55. [PMID: 25020201 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensory perception relies on the formation of stereotyped maps inside the brain. This feature is particularly well illustrated in the mammalian neocortex, which is subdivided into distinct cortical sensory areas that comprise topological maps, such as the somatosensory homunculus in humans or the barrel field of the large whiskers in rodents. How somatosensory maps are formed and relayed into the neocortex remain essential questions in developmental neuroscience. Here, we will present our current knowledge on whisker map transfer in the mouse model, with the goal of linking embryonic and postnatal studies into a comprehensive framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Lokmane
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France.
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34
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A role for dendritic mGluR5-mediated local translation of Arc/Arg3.1 in MEF2-dependent synapse elimination. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1589-1600. [PMID: 24857654 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience refines synaptic connectivity through neural activity-dependent regulation of transcription factors. Although activity-dependent regulation of transcription factors has been well described, it is unknown whether synaptic activity and local, dendritic regulation of the induced transcripts are necessary for mammalian synaptic plasticity in response to transcription factor activation. Neuronal depolarization activates the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors that suppresses excitatory synapse number. We report that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) on the dendrites, but not cell soma, of hippocampal CA1 neurons is required for MEF2-induced functional and structural synapse elimination. We present evidence that mGluR5 is necessary for synapse elimination to stimulate dendritic translation of the MEF2 target gene Arc/Arg3.1. Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) is required for MEF2-induced synapse elimination, where it plays an acute, cell-autonomous, and postsynaptic role. This work reveals a role for dendritic activity in local translation of specific transcripts in synapse refinement.
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35
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D'Amore V, Santolini I, Celli R, Lionetto L, De Fusco A, Simmaco M, van Rijn CM, Vieira E, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Bosco P, Nicoletti F, van Luijtelaar G, Ngomba RT. Head-to head comparison of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor activation in chronic treatment of absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:91-103. [PMID: 24859611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute treatment with positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu1 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (RO0711401 and VU0360172, respectively) reduces the incidence of spike-and wave discharges in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy. However, from the therapeutic standpoint, it was important to establish whether tolerance developed to the action of these drugs. We administered either VU0360172 (3 mg/kg, s.c.) or RO0711401 (10 mg/kg, s.c.) to WAG/Rij rats twice daily for ten days. VU0360172 maintained its activity during the treatment, whereas rats developed tolerance to RO0711401 since the 3rd day of treatment and were still refractory to the drug two days after treatment withdrawal. In response to VU0360172, expression of mGlu5 receptors increased in the thalamus of WAG/Rij rats after 1 day of treatment, and remained elevated afterwards. VU0360172 also enhanced mGlu5 receptor expression in the cortex after 8 days of treatment without changing the expression of mGlu1a receptors. Treatment with RO0711401 enhanced the expression of both mGlu1a and mGlu5 receptors in the thalamus and cortex of WAG/Rij rats after 3-8 days of treatment. These data were different from those obtained in non-epileptic rats, in which repeated injections of RO0711401 and VU0360172 down-regulated the expression of mGlu1a and mGlu5 receptors. Levels of VU0360172 in the thalamus and cortex remained unaltered during the treatment, whereas levels of RO0711401 were reduced in the cortex at day 8 of treatment. These findings suggest that mGlu5 receptor PAMs are potential candidates for the treatment of absence epilepsy in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticonvulsants/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Tolerance
- Electrodes, Implanted
- Electroencephalography
- Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy
- Epilepsy, Absence/physiopathology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Niacinamide/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/genetics
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Thalamus/drug effects
- Thalamus/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- V D'Amore
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - I Santolini
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - R Celli
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - L Lionetto
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, St. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - A De Fusco
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - M Simmaco
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, St. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - C M van Rijn
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Vieira
- pRED Discovery Chemistry F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Division, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P J Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Bosco
- IRCCS Oasi Maria SS Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Italy
| | - F Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - G van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R T Ngomba
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077 Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
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36
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Chen CC, Bajnath A, Brumberg JC. The impact of development and sensory deprivation on dendritic protrusions in the mouse barrel cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 25:1638-53. [PMID: 24408954 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic protrusions (spines and filopodia) are structural indicators of synapses that have been linked to neuronal learning and memory through their morphological alterations induced by development and experienced-dependent activities. Although previous studies have demonstrated that depriving sensory experience leads to structural changes in neocortical organization, the more subtle effects on dendritic protrusions remain unclear, mostly due to focus on only one specific cell type and/or age of manipulation. Here, we show that sensory deprivation induced by whisker trimming influences the dendritic protrusions of basilar dendrites located in thalamocortical recipient lamina (IV and VI) of the mouse barrel cortex in a layer-specific manner. Following 1 month of whisker trimming after birth, the density of dendritic protrusions increased in layer IV, but decreased in layer VI. Whisker regrowth for 1 month returned protrusion densities to comparable level of age-matched controls in layer VI, but not in layer IV. In adults, chronic sensory deprivation led to an increase in protrusion densities in layer IV, but not in layer VI. In addition, chronic pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) increased protrusion density in both layers IV and VI, which returned to the control level after 1 month of drug withdrawal. Our data reveal that different cortical layers respond to chronic sensory deprivation in different ways, with more pronounced effects during developmental critical periods than adulthood. We also show that chronically blocking NMDARs activity during developmental critical period also influences the protrusion density and morphology in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adesh Bajnath
- Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joshua C Brumberg
- Neuropsychology Subprogram Neuroscience Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA Department of Psychology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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37
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Laminar and columnar development of barrel cortex relies on thalamocortical neurotransmission. Neuron 2013; 79:970-86. [PMID: 24012009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic interplay between intrinsic regional molecular cues and extrinsic factors from the thalamus shape multiple features of early cortical development. It remains uncertain and controversial, however, whether the initial formation of cortical columns depends on neuronal activity, and there is little evidence that cortical lamination or neuronal differentiation is influenced by extrinsic activity. We examined the role of thalamic-derived factors in cortical development by selectively eliminating glutamatergic synaptic transmission from thalamocortical neurons in mice and found that eliminating thalamocortical neurotransmission prevented the formation of "barrel" columns in somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, based on cytoarchitectonic criteria and genetic markers, blocking thalamocortical neurotransmission also perturbed the development of superficial cortical lamina and the morphologic development of neurons. These experiments demonstrate that barrels and aspects of the layer-dependent pattern of cortical cytoarchitecture, gene expression, and neuronal differentiation depend on thalamocortical neurotransmission, extending the apparent influence of extrinsic, presumably activity-dependent factors, on cortical development.
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Henderson C, Wijetunge L, Kinoshita MN, Shumway M, Hammond RS, Postma FR, Brynczka C, Rush R, Thomas A, Paylor R, Warren ST, Vanderklish PW, Kind PC, Carpenter RL, Bear MF, Healy AM. Reversal of disease-related pathologies in the fragile X mouse model by selective activation of GABAB receptors with arbaclofen. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:152ra128. [PMID: 22993295 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism, results from the transcriptional silencing of FMR1 and loss of the mRNA translational repressor protein fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Patients with FXS exhibit changes in neuronal dendritic spine morphology, a pathology associated with altered synaptic function. Studies in the mouse model of fragile X have shown that loss of FMRP causes excessive synaptic protein synthesis, which results in synaptic dysfunction and altered spine morphology. We tested whether the pharmacologic activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptor could correct or reverse these phenotypes in Fmr1-knockout mice. Basal protein synthesis, which is elevated in the hippocampus of Fmr1-knockout mice, was corrected by the in vitro application of the selective GABA(B) receptor agonist STX209 (arbaclofen, R-baclofen). STX209 also reduced to wild-type values the elevated AMPA receptor internalization in Fmr1-knockout cultured neurons, a known functional consequence of increased protein synthesis. Acute administration of STX209 in vivo, at doses that modify behavior, decreased mRNA translation in the cortex of Fmr1-knockout mice. Finally, the chronic administration of STX209 in juvenile mice corrected the increased spine density in Fmr1-knockout mice without affecting spine density in wild-type mice. Thus, activation of the GABA(B) receptor with STX209 corrected synaptic abnormalities considered central to fragile X pathophysiology, a finding that suggests that STX209 may be a potentially effective therapy to treat the core symptoms of FXS.
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Wijetunge LS, Chattarji S, Wyllie DJA, Kind PC. Fragile X syndrome: from targets to treatments. Neuropharmacology 2012; 68:83-96. [PMID: 23257237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most prevalent and well-studied monogenetic causes of intellectual disability and autism and, although rare, its high penetrance makes it a desirable model for the study of neurodevelopmental disorders more generally. Indeed recent studies suggest that there is functional convergence of a number of genes that are implicated in intellectual disability and autism indicating that an understanding of the cellular and biochemical dysfunction that occurs in monogenic forms of these disorders are likely to reveal common targets for therapeutic intervention. Fundamental research into FXS has provided a wealth of information about how the loss of function of the fragile X mental retardation protein results in biochemical, anatomical and physiological dysfunction leading to the discovery of interventions that correct many of the core pathological phenotypes associated with animal models of FXS. Most promisingly such strategies have led to development of drugs that are now in clinical trials. This review highlights how progress in understanding disorders such as FXS has led to a new era in which targeted molecular treatment towards neurodevelopmental disorders is becoming a reality. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasani S Wijetunge
- Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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40
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Inta D, Vogt MA, Luoni A, Filipović D, Lima-Ojeda JM, Pfeiffer N, Gasparini F, Riva MA, Gass P. Significant increase in anxiety during aging in mGlu5 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 241:27-31. [PMID: 23228523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic mechanisms regulate neuronal circuits implicated in mood and anxiety. Emotional disorders as anxiety and depression are particularly difficult to treat during aging and mechanisms underlying emotional disturbances in the brain of the elderly are poorly understood. This may result from the small number of studies investigating these disorders in aged animals. Among glutamate receptors, metabotropic mGlu5 receptors are thought to play an important role, since their pharmacological blockade induces strong anxiolytic effects. However, the implication of mGlu5 in regulating anxiety is not yet completely understood. Here we analyzed both young adult and aged mice lacking mGlu5 receptors, to clarify, if genetic deletion of the receptor induces similar to pharmacological blockade anxiolytic effects. Unexpectedly, mGlu5 receptor knockout (KO) mice showed increased anxiety accentuating with aging. In contrast, young adult mice displayed an anti-depressive-like phenotype that was no longer detectable in aged animals. Our data support important distinct roles of mGlu5 receptors in modulating anxiety and depression during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Inta
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Lise S, Clarkson Y, Perkins E, Kwasniewska A, Sadighi Akha E, Parolin Schnekenberg R, Suminaite D, Hope J, Baker I, Gregory L, Green A, Allan C, Lamble S, Jayawant S, Quaghebeur G, Cader MZ, Hughes S, Armstrong RJE, Kanapin A, Rimmer A, Lunter G, Mathieson I, Cazier JB, Buck D, Taylor JC, Bentley D, McVean G, Donnelly P, Knight SJL, Jackson M, Ragoussis J, Németh AH. Recessive mutations in SPTBN2 implicate β-III spectrin in both cognitive and motor development. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003074. [PMID: 23236289 PMCID: PMC3516553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-III spectrin is present in the brain and is known to be important in the function of the cerebellum. Heterozygous mutations in SPTBN2, the gene encoding β-III spectrin, cause Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 5 (SCA5), an adult-onset, slowly progressive, autosomal-dominant pure cerebellar ataxia. SCA5 is sometimes known as "Lincoln ataxia," because the largest known family is descended from relatives of the United States President Abraham Lincoln. Using targeted capture and next-generation sequencing, we identified a homozygous stop codon in SPTBN2 in a consanguineous family in which childhood developmental ataxia co-segregates with cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment could result from mutations in a second gene, but further analysis using whole-genome sequencing combined with SNP array analysis did not reveal any evidence of other mutations. We also examined a mouse knockout of β-III spectrin in which ataxia and progressive degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells has been previously reported and found morphological abnormalities in neurons from prefrontal cortex and deficits in object recognition tasks, consistent with the human cognitive phenotype. These data provide the first evidence that β-III spectrin plays an important role in cortical brain development and cognition, in addition to its function in the cerebellum; and we conclude that cognitive impairment is an integral part of this novel recessive ataxic syndrome, Spectrin-associated Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxia type 1 (SPARCA1). In addition, the identification of SPARCA1 and normal heterozygous carriers of the stop codon in SPTBN2 provides insights into the mechanism of molecular dominance in SCA5 and demonstrates that the cell-specific repertoire of spectrin subunits underlies a novel group of disorders, the neuronal spectrinopathies, which includes SCA5, SPARCA1, and a form of West syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lise
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Clarkson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Perkins
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Kwasniewska
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elham Sadighi Akha
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Parolin Schnekenberg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jilly Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Baker
- Russell Cairns Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Gregory
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angie Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Allan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardine Quaghebeur
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zameel Cader
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hughes
- Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. E. Armstrong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Royal Berkshire Foundation Trust Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Buck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gilean McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. L. Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Jackson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea H. Németh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Piers TM, Kim DH, Kim BC, Regan P, Whitcomb DJ, Cho K. Translational Concepts of mGluR5 in Synaptic Diseases of the Brain. Front Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23205012 PMCID: PMC3506921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor family of glutamate receptors, termed metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), are implicated in numerous cellular mechanisms ranging from neural development to the processing of cognitive, sensory, and motor information. Over the last decade, multiple mGluR-related signal cascades have been identified at excitatory synapses, indicating their potential roles in various forms of synaptic function and dysfunction. This review highlights recent studies investigating mGluR5, a subtype of group I mGluRs, and its association with a number of developmental, psychiatric, and senile synaptic disorders with respect to associated synaptic proteins, with an emphasis on translational pre-clinical studies targeting mGluR5 in a range of synaptic diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Piers
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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43
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mGluR5 knockout mice display increased dendritic spine densities. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:65-8. [PMID: 22819970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dendritic spine densities and morphologies have been correlated with the abnormal functioning of the synapse. Specifically the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been implicated in dendrogenesis and spineogenesis, since its activation triggers various signaling cascades that have been demonstrated to play roles in synaptic maturation and plasticity. Here we used the Golgi impregnation technique to analyze the dendritic spines of mGluR5(-/-) knockout mice in comparison to their heterozygote mGluR5(+/-) littermates. mGluR5(-/-) mice had elevated spine densities irrespective of spine type or location along their dendritic trees in comparison to mGluR5(+/-) animals. Such anatomical changes may underlie the hyperexcitability observed in mGluR5 total knockout mice.
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44
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D'Amore V, Santolini I, van Rijn CM, Biagioni F, Molinaro G, Prete A, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Zhou Y, Vinson PN, Rodriguez AL, Jones CK, Stauffer SR, Nicoletti F, van Luijtelaar G, Ngomba RT. Potentiation of mGlu5 receptors with the novel enhancer, VU0360172, reduces spontaneous absence seizures in WAG/Rij rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:330-8. [PMID: 22705340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Absence epilepsy is generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical network, which undergoes a finely tuned regulation by metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. We have shown previously that potentiation of mGlu1 receptors reduces spontaneous occurring spike and wave discharges (SWDs) in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy, whereas activation of mGlu2/3 and mGlu4 receptors produces the opposite effect. Here, we have extended the study to mGlu5 receptors, which are known to be highly expressed within the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. We used presymptomatic and symptomatic WAG/Rij rats and aged-matched ACI rats. WAG/Rij rats showed a reduction in the mGlu5 receptor protein levels and in the mGlu5-receptor mediated stimulation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in the ventrobasal thalamus, whereas the expression of mGlu5 receptors was increased in the somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, these changes preceded the onset of the epileptic phenotype, being already visible in pre-symptomatic WAG/Rij rats. SWDs in symptomatic WAG/Rij rats were not influenced by pharmacological blockade of mGlu5 receptors with MTEP (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.), but were significantly decreased by mGlu5 receptor potentiation with the novel enhancer, VU0360172 (3 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.), without affecting motor behaviour. The effect of VU0360172 was prevented by co-treatment with MTEP. These findings suggest that changes in mGlu5 receptors might lie at the core of the absence-seizure prone phenotype of WAG/Rij rats, and that mGlu5 receptor enhancers are potential candidates to the treatment of absence epilepsy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D'Amore
- I.R.C.C.S., NEUROMED, Neuropharmacology Unit, Parco Tecnologico, Località Camerelle 86077, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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45
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Xie YF, Pflueger M, Feng S, Lin SX, Kwan CL, Galasko G, Sessle BJ, Yu XM. Locally released small (non-protein) ninhydrin-reacting molecules underlie developmental differences of cultured medullary versus spinal dorsal horn neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 122:605-18. [PMID: 22612377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurons located in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) play crucial roles in pain and sensorimotor functions in the orofacial region. Because of many anatomical and functional similarities with the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), Vc has been termed the medullary dorsal horn--analogous to the SDH. Here, we report that when compared with embryonic SDH neurons in culture, neurons isolated from the Vc region showed significantly slower growth, lower glutamate receptor activity, and more cells undergoing cell death. SDH neuron development was inhibited in co-cultures of SDH and Vc tissues while Vc neuron development was promoted by co-culture with SDH tissues. Furthermore, we identified that small (non-protein) ninhydrin-reacting molecules purified from either embryonic or post-natal Vc-conditioned medium inhibited neuronal growth whereas ninhydrin-reacting molecules from SDH-conditioned medium promoted neuronal growth. These findings suggest the involvement of locally released factors in the region-specific regulation of neuronal development in Vc and SDH, central nervous system regions playing critical roles in pain, and point to novel avenues for investigating central nervous system regionalization and for designing therapeutic approaches to manage neurodegenerative diseases and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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46
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Wu CS, Ballester Rosado CJ, Lu HC. What can we get from 'barrels': the rodent barrel cortex as a model for studying the establishment of neural circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 34:1663-76. [PMID: 22103423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensory inputs triggered by external stimuli are projected into discrete arrays of neuronal modules in the primary sensory cortex. This whisker-to-barrel pathway has gained in popularity as a model system for studying the development of cortical circuits and sensory processing because its clear patterns facilitate the identification of genetically modified mice with whisker map deficits and make possible coordinated in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological studies. Numerous whisker map determinants have been identified in the past two decades. In this review, we summarize what have we learned from the detailed studies conducted in various mutant mice with cortical whisker map deficits. We will specifically focus on the anatomical and functional establishment of the somatosensory thalamocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Till SM, Wijetunge LS, Seidel VG, Harlow E, Wright AK, Bagni C, Contractor A, Gillingwater TH, Kind PC. Altered maturation of the primary somatosensory cortex in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2143-56. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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48
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Choudhury PR, Lahiri S, Rajamma U. Glutamate mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:841-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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49
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Abstract
The somatosensory cortex of many rodents, lagomorphs, and marsupials contains distinct cytoarchitectonic features named "barrels" that reflect the pattern of large facial whiskers on the snout. Barrels are composed of clustered thalamocortical afferents relaying sensory information from one whisker surrounded by cell-dense walls or "barrels" in layer 4 of the cortex. In many ways, barrels are a simple and relatively accessible canonical cortical column, making them a common model system for the examination of cortical development and function. Despite their experimental accessibility and popularity, we still lack a basic understanding of how and why barrels form in the first place. In this review, we will examine what is known about mechanisms of barrel development, focusing specifically on the recent literature using the molecular-genetic power of mice as a model system for examining brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Ngomba RT, Santolini I, Salt TE, Ferraguti F, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, van Luijtelaar G. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the thalamocortical network: strategic targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1211-22. [PMID: 21569017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are positioned at synapses of the thalamocortical network that underlie the development of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) associated with absence epilepsy. The modulatory role of individual mGlu receptor subtypes on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuitry makes subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands potential candidates as novel antiabsence drugs. Some of these compounds are under clinical development for the treatment of numerous neurologic and psychiatric disorders, and might be soon available for clinical studies in patients with absence seizures refractory to conventional medications. Herein we review the growing evidence that links mGlu receptors to the pathophysiology of pathologic SWDs moving from the anatomic localization and function of distinct mGlu receptor subtypes in the cortico-thalamo-cortical network to in vivo studies in mouse and rat models of absence epilepsy.
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