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Alosaimi F, Boonstra JT, Tan S, Temel Y, Jahanshahi A. The role of neurotransmitter systems in mediating deep brain stimulation effects in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998932. [PMID: 36278000 PMCID: PMC9579467 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is among the most successful paradigms in both translational and reverse translational neuroscience. DBS has developed into a standard treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) in recent decades, however, specific mechanisms behind DBS’s efficacy and side effects remain unrevealed. Several hypotheses have been proposed, including neuronal firing rate and pattern theories that emphasize the impact of DBS on local circuitry but detail distant electrophysiological readouts to a lesser extent. Furthermore, ample preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that DBS influences neurotransmitter dynamics in PD, particularly the effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS on striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems; pallidum DBS on striatal dopaminergic and GABAergic systems; pedunculopontine nucleus DBS on cholinergic systems; and STN-DBS on locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system. DBS has additionally been associated with mood-related side effects within brainstem serotoninergic systems in response to STN-DBS. Still, addressing the mechanisms of DBS on neurotransmitters’ dynamics is commonly overlooked due to its practical difficulties in monitoring real-time changes in remote areas. Given that electrical stimulation alters neurotransmitter release in local and remote regions, it eventually exhibits changes in specific neuronal functions. Consequently, such changes lead to further modulation, synthesis, and release of neurotransmitters. This narrative review discusses the main neurotransmitter dynamics in PD and their role in mediating DBS effects from preclinical and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alosaimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Faisal Alosaimi,
| | - Jackson Tyler Boonstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sonny Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Ali Jahanshahi,
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Wu YC, Liao YS, Yeh WH, Liang SF, Shaw FZ. Directions of Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680938. [PMID: 34194295 PMCID: PMC8236576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders and neurological/psychiatric disorders. DBS has been approved for the control of Parkinson disease (PD) and epilepsy. OBJECTIVES A systematic review and possible future direction of DBS system studies is performed in the open loop and closed-loop configuration on PD and epilepsy. METHODS We searched Google Scholar database for DBS system and development. DBS search results were categorized into clinical device and research system from the open-loop and closed-loop perspectives. RESULTS We performed literature review for DBS on PD and epilepsy in terms of system development by the open loop and closed-loop configuration. This study described development and trends for DBS in terms of electrode, recording, stimulation, and signal processing. The closed-loop DBS system raised a more attention in recent researches. CONCLUSION We overviewed development and progress of DBS. Our results suggest that the closed-loop DBS is important for PD and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chang Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Siou Liao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiu Yeh
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fu Liang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Zen Shaw
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Milosevic L, Kalia SK, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Popovic MR, Hutchison WD, Lankarany M. A theoretical framework for the site-specific and frequency-dependent neuronal effects of deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:807-821. [PMID: 33991712 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation is an established therapy for several neurological disorders; however, its effects on neuronal activity vary across brain regions and depend on stimulation settings. Understanding these variable responses can aid in the development of physiologically-informed stimulation paradigms in existing or prospective indications. OBJECTIVE Provide experimental and computational insights into the brain-region-specific and frequency-dependent effects of extracellular stimulation on neuronal activity. METHODS In patients with movement disorders, single-neuron recordings were acquired from the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, ventral intermediate nucleus, or reticular thalamus during microstimulation across various frequencies (1-100 Hz) to assess single-pulse and frequency-response functions. Moreover, a biophysically-realistic computational framework was developed which generated postsynaptic responses under the assumption that electrical stimuli simultaneously activated all convergent presynaptic inputs to stimulation target neurons. The framework took into consideration the relative distributions of excitatory/inhibitory afferent inputs to model site-specific responses, which were in turn embedded within a model of short-term synaptic plasticity to account for stimulation frequency-dependence. RESULTS We demonstrated microstimulation-evoked excitatory neuronal responses in thalamic structures (which have predominantly excitatory inputs) and inhibitory responses in basal ganglia structures (predominantly inhibitory inputs); however, higher stimulation frequencies led to a loss of site-specificity and convergence towards neuronal suppression. The model confirmed that site-specific responses could be simulated by accounting for local neuroanatomical/microcircuit properties, while suppression of neuronal activity during high-frequency stimulation was mediated by short-term synaptic depression. CONCLUSIONS Brain-region-specific and frequency-dependant neuronal responses could be simulated by considering neuroanatomical (local microcircuitry) and neurophysiological (short-term plasticity) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Milosevic
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - William D Hutchison
- CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milad Lankarany
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Wang ZJ, Yasuhara T. An Examination of Mobile Spinal Cord Stimulators on Treating Parkinson Disease. Brain Circ 2021; 7:8-12. [PMID: 34084970 PMCID: PMC8057101 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of Parkinson disease (PD), spinal cord stimulation (SCS) exhibits neuroprotective effects. Recent advancements in SCS technology, most importantly mobile stimulators, allow for the conventional limitations of SCS such as limited stimulation time and restricted animal movements to be bypassed, offering potential avenues for improved clinical translation to PD patients. Small devices that could deliver continuous SCS to freely moving parkinsonian rats were shown to significantly improve behavior, preserve neurons and fibers in the substantia Nigra/striatum, reduce microglia infiltration, and increase laminin-positive area of the cerebral cortex. Through possible anti-inflammatory and angiogenic mechanisms, it has been demonstrated that there are behavioral and histological benefits to continuous SCS in a time-dependent manner. This review will discuss the benefits of this technology as well as focus on the limitations of current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Yang K, Zhao X, Wang C, Zeng C, Luo Y, Sun T. Circuit Mechanisms of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia (LID). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:614412. [PMID: 33776634 PMCID: PMC7988225 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.614412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA is the criterion standard of treatment for Parkinson disease. Although it alleviates some of the Parkinsonian symptoms, long-term treatment induces L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia (LID). Several theoretical models including the firing rate model, the firing pattern model, and the ensemble model are proposed to explain the mechanisms of LID. The “firing rate model” proposes that decreasing the mean firing rates of the output nuclei of basal ganglia (BG) including the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra reticulata, along the BG pathways, induces dyskinesia. The “firing pattern model” claimed that abnormal firing pattern of a single unit activity and local field potentials may disturb the information processing in the BG, resulting in dyskinesia. The “ensemble model” described that dyskinesia symptoms might represent a distributed impairment involving many brain regions, but the number of activated neurons in the striatum correlated most strongly with dyskinesia severity. Extensive evidence for circuit mechanisms in driving LID symptoms has also been presented. LID is a multisystem disease that affects wide areas of the brain. Brain regions including the striatum, the pallidal–subthalamic network, the motor cortex, the thalamus, and the cerebellum are all involved in the pathophysiology of LID. In addition, although both amantadine and deep brain stimulation help reduce LID, these approaches have complications that limit their wide use, and a novel antidyskinetic drug is strongly needed; these require us to understand the circuit mechanism of LID more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changcai Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Trevathan JK, Asp AJ, Nicolai EN, Trevathan JM, Kremer NA, Kozai TDY, Cheng D, Schachter MJ, Nassi JJ, Otte SL, Parker JG, Lujan JL, Ludwig KA. Calcium imaging in freely-moving mice during electrical stimulation of deep brain structures. J Neural Eng 2020; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/abb7a4. [PMID: 32916665 PMCID: PMC8485730 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb7a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After decades of study in humans and animal models, there remains a lack of consensus regarding how the action of electrical stimulation on neuronal and non-neuronal elements - e.g. neuropil, cell bodies, glial cells, etc. - leads to the therapeutic effects of neuromodulation therapies. To further our understanding of neuromodulation therapies, there is a critical need for novel methodological approaches using state-of-the-art neuroscience tools to study neuromodulation therapy in preclinical models of disease. In this manuscript we outline one such approach combining chronic behaving single-photon microendoscope recordings in a pathological mouse model with electrical stimulation of a common deep brain stimulation (DBS) target. We describe in detail the steps necessary to realize this approach, as well as discuss key considerations for extending this experimental paradigm to other DBS targets for different therapeutic indications. Additionally, we make recommendations from our experience on implementing and validating the required combination of procedures that includes: the induction of a pathological model (6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease) through an injection procedure, the injection of the viral vector to induce GCaMP expression, the implantation of the GRIN lens and stimulation electrode, and the installation of a baseplate for mounting the microendoscope. We proactively identify unique data analysis confounds occurring due to the combination of electrical stimulation and optical recordings and outline an approach to address these confounds. In order to validate the technical feasibility of this unique combination of experimental methods, we present data to demonstrate that 1) despite the complex multifaceted surgical procedures, chronic optical recordings of hundreds of cells combined with stimulation is achievable over week long periods 2) this approach enables measurement of differences in DBS evoked neural activity between anesthetized and awake conditions and 3) this combination of techniques can be used to measure electrical stimulation induced changes in neural activity during behavior in a pathological mouse model. These findings are presented to underscore the feasibility and potential utility of minimally constrained optical recordings to elucidate the mechanisms of DBS therapies in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Trevathan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Anders J Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M Trevathan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A Kremer
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Takashi DY Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
- NeuroTech Center of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - David Cheng
- Inscopix, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Jones G Parker
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- These authors contributed equally
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NMDA receptors are altered in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and their blockade ameliorates motor deficits in experimental parkinsonism. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Martínez-Fernández R. Letter to the Editor: "Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Impairs Motivation: Implication for Apathy in Parkinson's Disease". Mov Disord 2020; 35:1084. [PMID: 32562457 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Martínez-Fernández
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral en Neurociencias), University Hospital HM Puerta del-CEU San Pablo University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Kuwahara K, Sasaki T, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Okazaki Y, Hosomoto K, Kin I, Okazaki M, Yabuno S, Kawauchi S, Tomita Y, Umakoshi M, Kin K, Morimoto J, Lee JY, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV, Date I. Long-Term Continuous Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Experimental Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:164. [PMID: 32612523 PMCID: PMC7309445 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) exerts neuroprotective effects in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Conventional stimulation techniques entail limited stimulation time and restricted movement of animals, warranting the need for optimizing the SCS regimen to address the progressive nature of the disease and to improve its clinical translation to PD patients. OBJECTIVE Recognizing the limitations of conventional stimulation, we now investigated the effects of continuous SCS in freely moving parkinsonian rats. METHODS We developed a small device that could deliver continuous SCS. At the start of the experiment, thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats received the dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, into the right striatum. The SCS device was fixed below the shoulder area of the back of the animal, and a line from this device was passed under the skin to an electrode that was then implanted epidurally over the dorsal column. The rats were divided into three groups: control, 8-h stimulation, and 24-h stimulation, and behaviorally tested then euthanized for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The 8- and 24-h stimulation groups displayed significant behavioral improvement compared to the control group. Both SCS-stimulated groups exhibited significantly preserved tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers and neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), respectively, compared to the control group. Notably, the 24-h stimulation group showed significantly pronounced preservation of the striatal TH-positive fibers compared to the 8-h stimulation group. Moreover, the 24-h group demonstrated significantly reduced number of microglia in the striatum and SNc and increased laminin-positive area of the cerebral cortex compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the behavioral and histological benefits of continuous SCS in a time-dependent manner in freely moving PD animals, possibly mediated by anti-inflammatory and angiogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kakeru Hosomoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mihoko Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yabuno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yousuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiari Umakoshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Rat subthalamic stimulation: Evaluating stimulation-induced dyskinesias, choosing stimulation currents and evaluating the anti-akinetic effect in the cylinder test. MethodsX 2019; 6:2384-2395. [PMID: 31681539 PMCID: PMC6818350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN HFS), stimulation currents just below the appearance threshold of stimulation-induced dyskinesias has often been used. The behavioral effect of STN HFS can be measured by the reversal of forelimb use asymmetry produced by hemiparkinsonism can be measured with the cylinder test among other tests. We used 18 Wistar rats with 6-hydroxydopamine induced hemiparkinsonism to test a customized scale to rate the severity of stimulation-induced dyskinesia; we then used these ratings to choose low and high stimulation currents. Subsequent cylinder tests showed that stimulation at the higher current, inducing mild and short-lived dyskinesias, was required for robust improvement in forelimb use, contradicting the use of currents below stimulation-induced dyskinesia threshold. It was also beneficial to separately count both all touches and first touches with the cylinder wall; this provided additional sensitivity and robustness to our results. Scoring stimulation-induced dyskinesias can be used as a quantitative measure of dyskinesias and to choose stimulation currents. Cylinder test scoring separately for both first and all touches can improve both sensitivity and reliability. STN HFS at a current producing short-lived dyskinesias was required for robust improvement in forelimb use asymmetry.
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Milosevic L, Kalia SK, Hodaie M, Lozano A, Popovic MR, Hutchison W. Subthalamic suppression defines therapeutic threshold of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:1105-1108. [PMID: 31422369 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is beneficial when delivered at a high frequency. However, the effects of current amplitude and pulse width on subthalamic neuronal activity during high-frequency stimulation have not been investigated. METHODS In 20 patients with Parkinson's disease each undergoing subthalamic DBS, we recorded single-unit subthalamic activity using one microelectrode, while a separate microelectrode was used to deliver 5-10 s trains of stimulation at 100 Hz using varying current amplitudes and pulse widths (44 neurons investigated). RESULTS Analysis of variance tests confirmed significant (p<0.001) main effects of both current amplitude and pulse width on subthalamic neuronal firing during stimulation and on poststimulus inhibitory silent periods. Prolonged silent periods were often followed by postinhibitory rebound burst excitations. Additionally, a significant (p<0.0001) correlation was found between neuronal firing and total electrical energy delivered (TEED). With TEED values≤31.2 µJ/s (associated with DBS parameters of ≤2.0 mA, 130 Hz stimulation frequency and 60 µs pulse width, assuming 1 kΩ impedance), neuronal firing was sustained at a rate of 32.4%±3.3% (mean±SE), while with values>31.2 µJ/s, neurons fired at only 4.3%±1.2%. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal suppression is likely an important mechanism of action of therapeutically beneficial subthalamic DBS, which may underlie clinically relevant behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Milosevic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Hutchison
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lee HJ, Sung JH, Hong JT, Kim IS, Yang SH, Cho CB. Change of Extracellular Glutamate Level in Striatum during Deep Brain Stimulation of the Entopeduncular Nucleus in Rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2019; 62:166-174. [PMID: 30840971 PMCID: PMC6411569 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Globus pallidus interna (GPi) is acknowledged as an essential treatment for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Nonetheless, the neurotransmitter study about its results is undiscovered. The goal of this research was to examine influences of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) stimulation, identical to human GPi, in no-lesioned (NL) rat and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)-lesioned rat on glutamate change in the striatum.
Methods Extracellular glutamate level changes in striatum of NL category, NL with deep brain stimulation (DBS) category, 6-HD category, and 6-HD with DBS category were examined using microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities in substantia nigra and striatum of the four categories were also analyzed.
Results Extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of NL with DBS category and 6-HD with DBS category were significantly increased by EPN stimulation compared to those in the NL category and 6-HD category. EPN stimulation had no significant effect on the expression of TH in NL or 6-HD category.
Conclusion Clinical results of GPi DBS are not only limited to direct inhibitory outflow to thalamus. They also include extensive alteration within basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Taek Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Sup Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Bum Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Fischer DL, Sortwell CE. BDNF provides many routes toward STN DBS-mediated disease modification. Mov Disord 2018; 34:22-34. [PMID: 30440081 PMCID: PMC6587505 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) may be disease modifying in Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. Several clinical trials that enrolled subjects with late‐stage PD have come to disparate conclusions on this matter. In contrast, some clinical studies in early‐ to midstage subjects have suggested a disease‐modifying effect. Dopaminergic innervation of the putamen is essentially absent in PD subjects within 4 years after diagnosis, indicating that any neuroprotective therapy, including STN DBS, will require intervention within the immediate postdiagnosis interval. Preclinical prevention and early intervention paradigms support a neuroprotective effect of STN DBS on the nigrostriatal system via increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). STN DBS‐induced increases in BDNF provide a multitude of mechanisms capable of ameliorating dysfunction and degeneration in the parkinsonian brain. A biomarker for measuring brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling, though, is not available for clinical research. If a prospective clinical trial were to examine whether STN DBS is disease modifying, we contend the strongest rationale is not dependent on a preclinical neuroprotective effect per se, but on the myriad potential mechanisms whereby STN DBS‐elicited brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling could provide disease modification. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Distinct Populations of Motor Thalamic Neurons Encode Action Initiation, Action Selection, and Movement Vigor. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6563-6573. [PMID: 29934350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0463-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor thalamus (Mthal) comprises the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral medial thalamic nuclei in rodents. This subcortical hub receives input from the basal ganglia (BG), cerebellum, and reticular thalamus in addition to connecting reciprocally with motor cortical regions. Despite the central location of Mthal, the mechanisms by which it influences movement remain unclear. To determine its role in generating ballistic, goal-directed movement, we recorded single-unit Mthal activity as male rats performed a two-alternative forced-choice task. A large population of Mthal neurons increased their firing briefly near movement initiation and could be segregated into functional groups based on their behavioral correlates. The activity of "initiation" units was more tightly locked to instructional cues than movement onset, did not predict which direction the rat would move, and was anticorrelated with reaction time (RT). Conversely, the activity of "execution" units was more tightly locked to movement onset than instructional cues, predicted which direction the rat would move, and was anticorrelated with both RT and movement time. These results suggest that Mthal influences choice RT performance in two stages: short latency, nonspecific action initiation followed by action selection/invigoration. We discuss the implications of these results for models of motor control incorporating BG and cerebellar circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motor thalamus (Mthal) is a central node linking subcortical and cortical motor circuits, though its precise role in motor control is unclear. Here, we define distinct populations of Mthal neurons that either encode movement initiation, or both action selection and movement vigor. These results have important implications for understanding how basal ganglia, cerebellar, and motor cortical signals are integrated. Such an understanding is critical to defining the pathophysiology of a range of BG- and cerebellum-linked movement disorders, as well as refining pharmacologic and neuromodulatory approaches to their treatment.
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Shehab S, D'souza C, Ljubisavljevic M, Redgrave P. Activation of the subthalamic nucleus suppressed by high frequency stimulation: A c-Fos immunohistochemical study. Brain Res 2018; 1685:42-50. [PMID: 29421187 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation applied at high frequency (HFS) to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is used to ameliorate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The mechanism by which this is achieved remains controversial. In particular, it is uncertain whether HFS has a suppressive or excitatory action locally within the STN. Brief exposure of rats to ether anesthesia evokes pathological burst firing and associated expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos in STN neurons. We used this ether model of STN activation to test the effect of a range of HFS parameters on c-Fos expression evoked by the anesthetic. The elevated baseline of c-Fos expression afforded the possibility of detecting further excitatory, or suppressive effects of STN HFS. Four HFS protocols were examined; 130, 200 and 260 Hz with 60 µs, and 130 Hz with 90 µs pulse width (HFS intensity:150-300 µA). All HFS protocols were applied for 20 min while the animals were exposed to ether. Ether-evoked expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity was suppressed by HFS at 200 and 260 Hz with a pulse width of 60 µs, and by 130 Hz when the pulse width was increased to 90 µs. HFS at 130 Hz with the 60 µs pulse width had no significant effect and HFS alone caused negligible c-Fos expression in the STN. These findings suggest that HFS of the STN causes significant suppression of evoked neuronal activity. It remains to be determined whether this locally suppressive property of HFS is associated with the efficacy of STN deep brain stimulation to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, PO BOX 17666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Crystal D'souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, PO BOX 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, PO BOX 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, PO BOX 17666, United Arab Emirates
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McIntyre CC, Anderson RW. Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: the control of network activity via neurochemistry modulation. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:338-345. [PMID: 27273305 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has revolutionized the clinical care of late-stage Parkinson's disease and shows promise for improving the treatment of intractable neuropsychiatric disorders. However, after over 25 years of clinical experience, numerous questions still remain on the neurophysiological basis for the therapeutic mechanisms of action. At their fundamental core, the general purpose of electrical stimulation therapies in the nervous system are to use the applied electric field to manipulate the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium channels on neurons, generate stimulation induced action potentials, and subsequently, control the release of neurotransmitters in targeted pathways. Historically, DBS mechanisms research has focused on characterizing the effects of stimulation on neurons and the resulting impact on neuronal network activity. However, when electrodes are placed within the central nervous system, glia are also being directly (and indirectly) influenced by the stimulation. Mounting evidence shows that non-neuronal tissue can play an important role in modulating the neurochemistry changes induced by DBS. The goal of this review is to evaluate how DBS effects on both neuronal and non-neuronal tissue can potentially work together to suppress oscillatory activity (and/or information transfer) between brain regions. These resulting effects of ~ 100 Hz electrical stimulation help explain how DBS can disrupt pathological network activity in the brain and generate therapeutic effects in patients. Deep brain stimulation is an effective clinical technology, but detailed therapeutic mechanisms remain undefined. This review provides an overview of the leading hypotheses, which focus on stimulation-induced disruption of network oscillations and integrates possible roles for non-neuronal tissue in explaining the clinical response to therapeutic stimulation. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Ross W Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Etemadi L, Mohammed M, Thorbergsson PT, Ekstrand J, Friberg A, Granmo M, Pettersson LME, Schouenborg J. Embedded Ultrathin Cluster Electrodes for Long-Term Recordings in Deep Brain Centers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155109. [PMID: 27159159 PMCID: PMC4861347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural interfaces which allow long-term recordings in deep brain structures in awake freely moving animals have the potential of becoming highly valuable tools in neuroscience. However, the recording quality usually deteriorates over time, probably at least partly due to tissue reactions caused by injuries during implantation, and subsequently micro-forces due to a lack of mechanical compliance between the tissue and neural interface. To address this challenge, we developed a gelatin embedded neural interface comprising highly flexible electrodes and evaluated its long term recording properties. Bundles of ultrathin parylene C coated platinum electrodes (N = 29) were embedded in a hard gelatin based matrix shaped like a needle, and coated with Kollicoat™ to retard dissolution of gelatin during the implantation. The implantation parameters were established in an in vitro model of the brain (0.5% agarose). Following a craniotomy in the anesthetized rat, the gelatin embedded electrodes were stereotactically inserted to a pre-target position, and after gelatin dissolution the electrodes were further advanced and spread out in the area of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The performance of the implanted electrodes was evaluated under anesthesia, during 8 weeks. Apart from an increase in the median-noise level during the first 4 weeks, the electrode impedance and signal-to-noise ratio of single-units remained stable throughout the experiment. Histological postmortem analysis confirmed implantation in the area of STN in most animals. In conclusion, by combining novel biocompatible implantation techniques and ultra-flexible electrodes, long-term neuronal recordings from deep brain structures with no significant deterioration of electrode function were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemadi
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohsin Mohammed
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MM); (JS); (LP)
| | - Palmi Thor Thorbergsson
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ekstrand
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Friberg
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Granmo
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lina M. E. Pettersson
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MM); (JS); (LP)
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MM); (JS); (LP)
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18
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Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 25:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chassain C, Melon C, Salin P, Vitale F, Couraud S, Durif F, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Gubellini P. Metabolic, synaptic and behavioral impact of 5-week chronic deep brain stimulation in hemiparkinsonian rats. J Neurochem 2015; 136:1004-16. [PMID: 26576509 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The long-term effects and action mechanisms of subthalamic nucleus (STN) high-frequency stimulation (HFS) for Parkinson's disease still remain poorly characterized, mainly due to the lack of experimental models relevant to clinical application. To address this issue, we performed a multilevel study in freely moving hemiparkinsonian rats undergoing 5-week chronic STN HFS, using a portable constant-current microstimulator. In vivo metabolic neuroimaging by (1) H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (11.7 T) showed that STN HFS normalized the tissue levels of the neurotransmission-related metabolites glutamate, glutamine and GABA in both the striatum and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), which were significantly increased in hemiparkinsonian rats, but further decreased nigral GABA levels below control values; taurine levels, which were not affected in hemiparkinsonian rats, were significantly reduced. Slice electrophysiological recordings revealed that STN HFS was, uniquely among antiparkinsonian treatments, able to restore both forms of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity, i.e. long-term depression and potentiation, which were impaired in hemiparkinsonian rats. Behavior analysis (staircase test) showed a progressive recovery of motor skill during the stimulation period. Altogether, these data show that chronic STN HFS efficiently counteracts metabolic and synaptic defects due to dopaminergic lesion in both the striatum and SNr. Comparison of chronic STN HFS with acute and subchronic treatment further suggests that the long-term benefits of this treatment rely both on the maintenance of acute effects and on delayed actions on the basal ganglia network. We studied the effects of chronic (5 weeks) continuous subthalamic nucleus (STN) high-frequency stimulation (HFS) in hemiparkinsonian rats. The levels of glutamate and GABA in the striatum () and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) (), measured by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS), were increased by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion, which also disrupted corticostriatal synaptic plasticity () and impaired forepaw skill () in the staircase test. Five-week STN HFS normalized glutamate and GABA levels and restored both synaptic plasticity and motor function. A partial behavioral recovery was observed at 2-week STN HFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Chassain
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand and Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Flora Vitale
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Couraud
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand and Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Gubellini
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
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20
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Bastide MF, Meissner WG, Picconi B, Fasano S, Fernagut PO, Feyder M, Francardo V, Alcacer C, Ding Y, Brambilla R, Fisone G, Jon Stoessl A, Bourdenx M, Engeln M, Navailles S, De Deurwaerdère P, Ko WKD, Simola N, Morelli M, Groc L, Rodriguez MC, Gurevich EV, Quik M, Morari M, Mellone M, Gardoni F, Tronci E, Guehl D, Tison F, Crossman AR, Kang UJ, Steece-Collier K, Fox S, Carta M, Angela Cenci M, Bézard E. Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately experienced by the vast majority of patients. In addition, psychiatric conditions often manifested as compulsive behaviours, are emerging as a serious problem in the management of L-dopa therapy. The present review attempts to provide an overview of our current understanding of dyskinesia and other L-dopa-induced dysfunctions, a field that dramatically evolved in the past twenty years. In view of the extensive literature on LID, there appeared a critical need to re-frame the concepts, to highlight the most suitable models, to review the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry that may be involved, and to propose a pathophysiological framework was timely and necessary. An updated review to clarify our understanding of LID and other L-dopa-related side effects was therefore timely and necessary. This review should help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the generation of dyskinetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Feyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Alcacer
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvia Navailles
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Cruz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia and Neuroscience Unit, Bio Donostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine & The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S8, Canada
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, UK.
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Regulation of the Neurodegenerative Process Associated to Parkinson's Disease by CD4+ T-cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:561-75. [PMID: 26018603 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process involved in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglial cells play a central role in the outcome of neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current evidence indicates that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) in PD, where they play a critical role determining the functional phenotype of microglia, thus regulating the progression of the neurodegenerative process. Here, we first analysed the pathogenic role of inflammatory phenotypes and the beneficial role of anti-inflammatory phenotypes of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells involved in the physiopathology of PD. Next, we discussed how alterations of neurotransmitter levels observed in the basal ganglia throughout the time course of PD progression could be strongly affecting the behaviour of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells and thereby the outcome of the neuroinflammatory process and the consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Afterward, we integrated the evidence indicating the involvement of an antigen-specific immune response mediated by T-cells and B-cells against CNS-derived self-constituents in PD. Consistent with the involvement of a relevant autoimmune component in PD, we also reviewed the polymorphisms of both, class I and class II major histocompatibility complexes, associated to the risk of PD. Overall, this study gives an overview of how an autoimmune component involved in PD plays a fundamental role in the progression of the neurodegenerative process.
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Deep brain stimulation in tinnitus: current and future perspectives. Brain Res 2015; 1608:51-65. [PMID: 25758066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tinnitus, also known as ringing in the ears, affects up to 15% of the adults and causes a serious socio-economic burden. At present, there is no treatment available which substantially reduces the perception of this phantom sound. In the past few years, preclinical and clinical studies have unraveled central mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of tinnitus, replacing the classical periphery-based hypothesis. In subcortical auditory and non-auditory regions, increased spontaneous activity, neuronal bursting and synchrony were found. When reaching the auditory cortex, these neuronal alterations become perceptually relevant and consequently are perceived as phantom sound. A therapy with a potential to counteract deeply located pathological activity is deep brain stimulation, which has already been demonstrated to be effective in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. In this review, several brain targets are discussed as possible targets for deep brain stimulation in tinnitus. The potential applicability of this treatment in tinnitus is discussed with examples from the preclinical field and clinical case studies.
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23
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Melon C, Chassain C, Bielicki G, Renou JP, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P, Durif F. Progressive brain metabolic changes under deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in parkinsonian rats. J Neurochem 2015; 132:703-12. [PMID: 25533782 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an efficient neurosurgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. Non-invasive metabolic neuroimaging during the course of DBS in animal models may contribute to our understanding of its action mechanisms. Here, DBS was adapted to in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 11.7 T in the rat to follow metabolic changes in main basal ganglia structures, the striatum, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Measurements were repeated OFF and ON acute and subchronic (7 days) STN-DBS in control and parkinsonian (6-hydroxydopamine lesion) conditions. Acute DBS reversed the increases in glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels induced by the dopamine lesion in the striatum but not in the SNr. Subchronic DBS normalized GABA in both the striatum and SNr, and glutamate in the striatum. Taurine levels were markedly decreased under subchronic DBS in the striatum and SNr in both lesioned and unlesioned rats. Microdialysis in the striatum further showed that extracellular taurine was increased. These data reveal that STN-DBS has duration-dependent metabolic effects in the basal ganglia, consistent with development of adaptive mechanisms. In addition to counteracting defects induced by the dopamine lesion, prolonged DBS has proper effects independent of the pathological condition. Non-invasive metabolic neuroimaging might be useful to understand the physiological mechanisms of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of repeated high-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of basal ganglia structures under subthalamic nucleus DBS in control and parkinsonian rats. Results show that DBS has both rapid and delayed effects either dependent or independent of disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Melon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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Carcenac C, Favier M, Vachez Y, Lacombe E, Carnicella S, Savasta M, Boulet S. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation differently alters striatal dopaminergic receptor levels in rats. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1739-49. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Carcenac
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Mathieu Favier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Yvan Vachez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Emilie Lacombe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Sébastien Carnicella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
| | - Marc Savasta
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - Sabrina Boulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base Grenoble France
- Grenoble University; Grenoble France
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Sriram A, Foote KD, Oyama G, Kwak J, Zeilman PR, Okun MS. Brittle Dyskinesia Following STN but not GPi Deep Brain Stimulation. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 4:242. [PMID: 24932426 PMCID: PMC4050173 DOI: 10.7916/d8ks6ppr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of difficult to manage dyskinesia associated with subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). A small subset of STN DBS patients experience troublesome dyskinesia despite optimal programming and medication adjustments. This group of patients has been referred to by some practitioners as brittle STN DBS-induced dyskinesia, drawing on comparisons with brittle diabetics experiencing severe blood sugar regulation issues and on a single description by McLellan in 1982. We sought to describe, and also to investigate how often the “brittle” phenomenon occurs in a relatively large DBS practice. Methods An Institutional Review Board-approved patient database was reviewed, and all STN and globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS patients who had surgery at the University of Florida from July 2002 to July 2012 were extracted for analysis. Results There were 179 total STN DBS patients and, of those, four STN DBS (2.2%) cases were identified as having dyskinesia that could not be managed without the induction of an “off state,” or by the precipitation of a severe dyskinesia despite vigorous stimulation and medication adjustments. Of 75 GPi DBS cases reviewed, none (0%) was identified as having brittle dyskinesia. One STN DBS patient was successfully rescued by bilateral GPi DBS. Discussion Understanding the potential risk factors for postoperative troublesome and brittle dyskinesia may have an impact on the initial surgical target selection (STN vs. GPI) in DBS therapy. Rescue GPi DBS therapy may be a viable treatment option, though more cases will be required to verify this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sriram
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelly D Foote
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Genko Oyama
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua Kwak
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pam R Zeilman
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:358-67. [PMID: 23399912 PMCID: PMC5116056 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that is thought to cause the classical motor symptoms of this disease. However, motivational and affective impairments are also often observed in PD patients. These are usually attributed to a psychological reaction to the general motor impairment and to a loss of some of the neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We induced selective lesions of the VTA and SNc DA neurons that did not provoke motor deficits, and showed that bilateral dopamine loss within the SNc, but not within the VTA, induces motivational deficits and affective impairments that mimicked the symptoms of PD patients. Thus, motivational and affective deficits are a core impairment of PD, as they stem from the loss of the major group of neurons that degenerates in this disease (DA SNc neurons) and are independent of motor deficits.
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Favier M, Carcenac C, Drui G, Boulet S, El Mestikawy S, Savasta M. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modifies the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters in basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:152. [PMID: 24308494 PMCID: PMC4234365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that glutamatergic system hyperactivity may be related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1-3) import glutamate into synaptic vesicles and are key anatomical and functional markers of glutamatergic excitatory transmission. Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 have been identified as definitive markers of glutamatergic neurons, but VGLUT 3 is also expressed by non glutamatergic neurons. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are thought to be expressed in a complementary manner in the cortex and the thalamus (VL/VM), in glutamatergic neurons involved in different physiological functions. Chronic high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the neurosurgical therapy of choice for the management of motor deficits in patients with advanced PD. STN-HFS is highly effective, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study examines the effect of STN-HFS on VGLUT1-3 expression in different brain nuclei involved in motor circuits, namely the basal ganglia (BG) network, in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. Results Here we report that: 1) Dopamine(DA)-depletion did not affect VGLUT1 and VGLUT3 expression but significantly decreased that of VGLUT2 in almost all BG structures studied; 2) STN-HFS did not change VGLUT1-3 expression in the different brain areas of normal rats while, on the contrary, it systematically induced a significant increase of their expression in DA-depleted rats and 3) STN-HFS reversed the decrease in VGLUT2 expression induced by the DA-depletion. Conclusions These results show for the first time a comparative analysis of changes of expression for the three VGLUTs induced by STN-HFS in the BG network of normal and hemiparkinsonian rats. They provide evidence for the involvement of VGLUT2 in the modulation of BG cicuits and in particular that of thalamostriatal and thalamocortical pathways suggesting their key role in its therapeutic effects for alleviating PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Favier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, Cedex 9, France.
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Fliegel S, Brand I, Spanagel R, Noori HR. Ethanol-induced alterations of amino acids measured by in vivo microdialysis in rats: a meta-analysis. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 25505652 PMCID: PMC4230485 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years in vivo microdialysis has become an important method in research studies investigating the alterations of neurotransmitters in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Based on the major involvement of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mediating a variety of alcohol effects in the mammalian brain, numerous microdialysis studies have focused on the dynamical behavior of these systems in response to alcohol. METHODS Here we performed multiple meta-analyses on published datasets from the rat brain: (i) we studied basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate and GABA in brain regions that belong to a neurocircuitry involved in neuropsychiatric diseases, especially in alcoholism (Noori et al., Addict Biol 17:827-864, 2012); (ii) we examined the effect of acute ethanol administration on glutamate and GABA levels within this network and (iii) we studied alcohol withdrawal-induced alterations in glutamate and GABA levels within this neurocircuitry. RESULTS For extraction of basal concentrations of these neurotransmitters, datasets of 6932 rats were analyzed and the absolute basal glutamate and GABA levels were estimated for 18 different brain sites. In response to different doses of acute ethanol administration, datasets of 529 rats were analyzed and a non-linear dose response (glutamate and GABA release) relationship was observed in several brain sites. Specifically, glutamate in the nucleus accumbens shows a decreasing logarithmic dose response curve. Finally, regression analysis of 11 published reports employing brain microdialysis experiments in 104 alcohol-dependent rats reveals very consistent augmented extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in various brain sites that correlate with the intensity of the withdrawal response were identified. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results provide standardized basal values for future experimental and in silico studies on neurotransmitter release in the rat brain and may be helpful to understand the effect of ethanol on neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of meta-analyses using the generalization of a wide range of preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fliegel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ines Brand
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Daneault JF, Carignan B, Sadikot AF, Panisset M, Duval C. Drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Should success in clinical management be a function of improvement of motor repertoire rather than amplitude of dyskinesia? BMC Med 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 23514355 PMCID: PMC3751666 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyskinesia, a major complication in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), can require prolonged monitoring and complex medical management. DISCUSSION The current paper proposes a new way to view the management of dyskinesia in an integrated fashion. We suggest that dyskinesia be considered as a factor in a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equation where the signal is the voluntary movement and the noise is PD symptomatology, including dyskinesia. The goal of clinicians should be to ensure a high SNR in order to maintain or enhance the motor repertoire of patients. To understand why such an approach would be beneficial, we first review mechanisms of dyskinesia, as well as their impact on the quality of life of patients and on the health-care system. Theoretical and practical bases for the SNR approach are then discussed. SUMMARY Clinicians should not only consider the level of motor symptomatology when assessing the efficacy of their treatment strategy, but also breadth of the motor repertoire available to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Daneault
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Aleksandrova LR, Creed MC, Fletcher PJ, Lobo DSS, Hamani C, Nobrega JN. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases premature responding in a rat gambling task. Behav Brain Res 2013; 245:76-82. [PMID: 23434606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a treatment option for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, several recent studies have found an association between STN-DBS and increased impulsivity. Currently, it is not clear whether the observed increase in impulsivity results from STN-DBS per se, or whether it involves an interaction with the underlying PD neuropathology and/or intake of dopaminergic drugs. We investigated the effects of STN-DBS on performance of intact rats on two tasks measuring impulsive responding: a novel rat gambling task (rGT) and a differential reinforcement of low rate responding (DRL20s) schedule. Following initial behavioural training, animals received electrode implantation into the STN (n=24) or sham surgery (n=24), and were re-tested on their assigned behavioural task, with or without STN-DBS. Bilateral STN-DBS administered for two hours immediately prior to testing, had no effects on rGT choice behaviour or on DRL response inhibition (p>0.05). However, STN-DBS significantly increased premature responding in the rGT task (p=0.0004), an effect that took several sessions to develop and persisted in subsequent trials when no stimulation was given. Consistent with the notion of distinct facets of impulsivity with unique neurochemical underpinnings, we observed differential effects of STN-DBS in the two tasks employed. These results suggest that STN-DBS in the absence of parkinsonism may not lead to a general loss of inhibitory control, but may instead affect impulsivity under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily R Aleksandrova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Effects of L-DOPA and STN-HFS dyskinesiogenic treatments on NR2B regulation in basal ganglia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:379-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Brun Y, Karachi C, Fernandez-Vidal S, Jodoin N, Grabli D, Bardinet E, Mallet L, Agid Y, Yelnik J, Welter ML. Does unilateral basal ganglia activity functionally influence the contralateral side? What we can learn from STN stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:1575-83. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00254.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the control of voluntary movement, in which the corticobasal ganglia (BG) circuitry participates, is mainly lateralized. However, several studies have suggested that both the contralateral and ipsilateral BG systems are implicated during unilateral movement. Bilateral improvement of motor signs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported with unilateral lesion or high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the internal part of the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS). To decipher the mechanisms of production of ipsilateral movements induced by the modulation of unilateral BG circuitry activity, we recorded left STN neuronal activity during right STN-HFS in PD patients operated for bilateral deep brain stimulation. Left STN single cells were recorded in the operating room during right STN-HFS while patients experienced, or did not experience, right stimulation-induced dyskinesias. Most of the left-side STN neurons (64%) associated with the presence of right dyskinesias were inhibited, with a significant decrease in burst and intraburst frequencies. In contrast, left STN neurons not associated with right dyskinesias were mainly activated (48%), with a predominant increase 4–5 ms after the stimulation pulse and a decrease in oscillatory activity. This suggests that unilateral neuronal STN modulation is associated with changes in the activity of the contralateral STN. The fact that one side of the BG system can influence the functioning of the other could explain the occurrence of bilateral dyskinesias and motor improvement observed in PD patients during unilateral STN-HFS, as a result of a bilateral disruption of the pathological activity in the corticosubcortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Brun
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernandez-Vidal
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Jodoin
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - David Grabli
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Yves Agid
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Yelnik
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
| | - Marie-Laure Welter
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épiniere, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and
- Département de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Aliane V, Pérez S, Deniau JM, Kemel ML. Raclopride or high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus stops cocaine-induced motor stereotypy and restores related alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3235-45. [PMID: 22845853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Motor stereotypy is a key symptom of various neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroleptics or the promising treatment using deep brain stimulation stops stereotypies but the mechanisms underlying their actions are unclear. In rat, motor stereotypies are linked to an imbalance between prefrontal and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Indeed, cortico-nigral transmission was reduced in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor basal ganglia circuits and dopamine and acetylcholine release was altered in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor territory of the dorsal striatum. Furthermore, cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum plays a crucial role in the arrest of motor stereotypy. Here we found that, as previously observed for raclopride, high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS STN) rapidly stopped cocaine-induced motor stereotypies in rat. Importantly, raclopride and HFS STN exerted a strong effect on cocaine-induced alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Raclopride restored the cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum and the cortico-nigral information transmissions in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. HFS STN also restored the N-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-evoked release of acetylcholine and dopamine in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum. However, in contrast to raclopride, HFS STN did not restore the cortico-substantia nigra pars reticulata transmissions but exerted strong inhibitory and excitatory effects on neuronal activity in the prefrontal subdivision of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Thus, both raclopride and HFS STN stop cocaine-induced motor stereotypy, but exert different effects on the related alterations in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits.
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Barat E, Boisseau S, Bouyssières C, Appaix F, Savasta M, Albrieux M. Subthalamic nucleus electrical stimulation modulates calcium activity of nigral astrocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41793. [PMID: 22848608 PMCID: PMC3407058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a major output nucleus of the basal ganglia, delivering inhibitory efferents to the relay nuclei of the thalamus. Pathological hyperactivity of SNr neurons is known to be responsible for some motor disorders e.g. in Parkinson's disease. One way to restore this pathological activity is to electrically stimulate one of the SNr input, the excitatory subthalamic nucleus (STN), which has emerged as an effective treatment for parkinsonian patients. The neuronal network and signal processing of the basal ganglia are well known but, paradoxically, the role of astrocytes in the regulation of SNr activity has never been studied. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we developed a rat brain slice model to study the influence of spontaneous and induced excitability of afferent nuclei on SNr astrocytes calcium activity. Astrocytes represent the main cellular population in the SNr and display spontaneous calcium activities in basal conditions. Half of this activity is autonomous (i.e. independent of synaptic activity) while the other half is dependent on spontaneous glutamate and GABA release, probably controlled by the pace-maker activity of the pallido-nigral and subthalamo-nigral loops. Modification of the activity of the loops by STN electrical stimulation disrupted this astrocytic calcium excitability through an increase of glutamate and GABA releases. Astrocytic AMPA, mGlu and GABA(A) receptors were involved in this effect. SIGNIFICANCE Astrocytes are now viewed as active components of neural networks but their role depends on the brain structure concerned. In the SNr, evoked activity prevails and autonomous calcium activity is lower than in the cortex or hippocampus. Our data therefore reflect a specific role of SNr astrocytes in sensing the STN-GPe-SNr loops activity and suggest that SNr astrocytes could potentially feedback on SNr neuronal activity. These findings have major implications given the position of SNr in the basal ganglia network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Barat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Sylvie Boisseau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Céline Bouyssières
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Florence Appaix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
| | - Marc Savasta
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, BP217, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Mireille Albrieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Ganglions de la Base, Grenoble F-38043, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble F- 38042, France
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Sgambato-Faure V, Cenci MA. Glutamatergic mechanisms in the dyskinesias induced by pharmacological dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:69-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ledonne A, Mango D, Bernardi G, Berretta N, Mercuri NB. A continuous high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus determines a suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission in nigral dopaminergic neurons recorded in vitro. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Deniau JM, Degos B, Bosch C, Maurice N. Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1080-91. [PMID: 21039947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of neurological diseases including neuropsychiatry. Behavioural observation that electrical high-frequency stimulation of a given brain area induces an effect similar to a lesion suggested a mechanism of functional inhibition. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as per operative recordings in patients have revealed a variety of effects involving local changes of neuronal excitability as well as widespread effects throughout the connected network resulting from activation of axons, including antidromic activation. Here we review current data regarding the local and network activity changes induced by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and discuss this in the context of motor restoration in Parkinson's disease. Stressing the important functional consequences of axonal activation in deep brain stimulation mechanisms, we highlight the importance of developing anatomical knowledge concerning the fibre connections of the putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Deniau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.667, Dynamique et Physiopathologie des Réseaux Neuronaux, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France.
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Kringelbach ML, Green AL, Owen SLF, Schweder PM, Aziz TZ. Sing the mind electric - principles of deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1070-9. [PMID: 21039946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for a range of treatment-resistant disorders is still not matched by a comparable understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. Some progress has been made using translational research with a range of neuroscientific techniques, and here we review the most promising emerging principles. On balance, DBS appears to work by restoring normal oscillatory activity between a network of key brain regions. Further research using this causal neuromodulatory tool may provide vital insights into fundamental brain function, as well as guide targets for future treatments. In particular, DBS could have an important role in restoring the balance of the brain's default network and thus repairing the malignant brain states associated with affective disorders, which give rise to serious disabling problems such as anhedonia, the lack of pleasure. At the same time, it is important to proceed with caution and not repeat the errors from the era of psychosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten L Kringelbach
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Steece-Collier K, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Kemp CJ, Cole-Strauss A, Levine ND, Gombash SE, Thompson VB, Lipton JW, Sortwell CE. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation increases brain derived neurotrophic factor in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2011; 1:123-136. [PMID: 22328911 PMCID: PMC3275429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the effects of long-term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) as a therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly understood. The present study examined whether functionally effective, long-term STN DBS modulates glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in both unlesioned and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Lesioned rats that received two weeks of continuous unilateral STN DBS exhibited significant improvements in parkinsonian motor behaviors in tests of forelimb akinesia and rearing activity. Unilateral STN DBS did not increase GDNF in the nigrostriatal system, primary motor cortex (M1), or hippocampus of unlesioned rats. In contrast, unilateral STN DBS increased BDNF protein 2-3 fold bilaterally in the nigrostriatal system with the location (substantia nigra vs. striatum) dependent upon lesion status. Further, BDNF protein was bilaterally increased in M1 cortex by as much as 2 fold regardless of lesion status. STN DBS did not impact cortical regions that receive less input from the STN. STN DBS also was associated with bilateral increases in BDNF mRNA in the substantia nigra (SN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). The increase observed in GPi was completely blocked by pretreatment with 5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), suggesting that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was involved in this phenomenon. The upregulation of BDNF associated with long term STN DBS suggest that this therapy may exert pronounced and underappreciated effects on plasticity in the basal ganglia circuitry that may play a role in the symptomatic effects of this therapy as well as support the neuroprotective effect of stimulation documented in this rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Spieles-Engemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michael M. Behbehani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J. Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Susan L. Wohlgenant
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J. Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan D. Levine
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sara E. Gombash
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Valerie B. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jack W. Lipton
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University and The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE. A functionally relevant and long-term model of deep brain stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus: advantages and considerations. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Quintana A, Melon C, Goff LKL, Salin P, Savasta M, Sgambato-Faure V. Forelimb dyskinesia mediated by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is linked to rapid activation of the NR2B subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:423-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jouve L, Salin P, Melon C, Goff LKL. Deep brain stimulation of the center median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus has efficient anti-parkinsonian action associated with widespread cellular responses in the basal ganglia network in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9919-28. [PMID: 20660274 PMCID: PMC6632817 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1404-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic centromedian-parafascicular (CM/Pf) complex, mainly represented by Pf in rodents, is proposed as an interesting target for the neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined the functional impact of subchronic high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of Pf in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rat model. Pf-HFS had significant anti-akinetic action, evidenced by alleviation of limb use asymmetry (cylinder test). Whereas this anti-akinetic action was moderate, Pf-HFS totally reversed lateralized neglect (corridor task), suggesting potent action on sensorimotor integration. At the cellular level, Pf-HFS partially reversed the dopamine denervation-induced increase in striatal preproenkephalin A mRNA levels, a marker of the neurons of the indirect pathway, without interfering with the markers of the direct pathway (preprotachykinin and preprodynorphin). Pf-HFS totally reversed the lesion-induced changes in the gene expression of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the subthalamic nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and partially in the entopeduncular nucleus. Unlike HFS of the subthalamic nucleus, Pf-HFS did not induce per se dyskinesias and directly, although partially, alleviated L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced forelimb dyskinesia. Conversely, L-DOPA treatment negatively interfered with the anti-parkinsonian effect of Pf-HFS. Altogether, these data show that Pf-DBS, by recruiting a large basal ganglia circuitry, provides moderate to strong anti-parkinsonian benefits that might, however, be affected by L-DOPA. The widespread behavioral and cellular outcomes of Pf-HFS evidenced here demonstrate that CM/Pf is an important node for modulating the pathophysiological functioning of basal ganglia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loréline Jouve
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6216 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de la Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille, France
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Steece-Collier K, Paumier K, Daley BF, Gombash S, Madhavan L, Mandybur GT, Lipton JW, Terpstra BT, Sortwell CE. Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:105-15. [PMID: 20307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is efficacious in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of STN-DBS on the progression of PD is unknown. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that STN-DBS can attenuate the degeneration of a relatively intact nigrostriatal system from dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxins. The present study examined whether STN-DBS can provide neuroprotection in the face of prior significant nigral DA neuron loss similar to PD patients at the time of diagnosis. STN-DBS between 2 and 4 weeks after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provided significant sparing of DA neurons in the SN of rats. This effect was not due to inadvertent lesioning of the STN and was dependent upon proper electrode placement. Since STN-DBS appears to have significant neuroprotective properties, initiation of STN-DBS earlier in the course of PD may provide added neuroprotective benefits in addition to its ability to provide symptomatic relief.
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Baunez C, Gubellini P. Effects of GPi and STN inactivation on physiological, motor, cognitive and motivational processes in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:235-58. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Goff LKL, Jouve L, Melon C, Salin P. Rationale for targeting the thalamic centre-median parafascicular complex in the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15 Suppl 3:S167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Wright AK, Garcia-Munoz M, Arbuthnott GW. Slowly progressive dopamine cell loss--a model on which to test neuroprotective strategies for Parkinson's disease? Rev Neurosci 2009; 20:85-94. [PMID: 19774787 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2009.20.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Making animal models of human disease is a very flawed process. Aspects of the disease can be imitated but models do not necessarily give reliable leads for treatment strategies. When Ungerstedt in Sweden first described the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated rat model of Parkinson's disease /89/ we knew that the symptoms would not map readily to those of the human disease--rats have four legs after all. On the other hand, the neuropathology looked exactly like end-stage Parkinsonian pathology. That remained true even as we explored other types of neuropathology in the rats /24,43-46,80/. Many of today's treatments for Parkinsonism are developed from pharmacological studies on that model of rats with a chemically induced lesion. However, the 6-OHDA model does not address the important issue of a cure for the disease. The triggers and the time-course of dopamine (DA) cell death in rats are known for nearly every disease model - but for the human disease there is no equivalent knowledge. In the human, the neurons have been dying for a considerable time before the symptoms become obvious and they go on dying even with adequate symptomatic relief /94/, but after intracerebral administration of 6-OHDA to an animal the cells die quickly; all cells are destroyed in less than 5 days /42,88,89/. Thus, we were interested in developing an animal model of DA cell death with a slower time-course. After ibotenic acid injections into rat globus pallidus (GP), DA cells are lost from the ipsilateral substantia nigra over the slower time scale of about six weeks. This time scale has allowed us to test some interventions to prevent the cells from dying. Although some attempts have succeeded, cell death is prevented only for three weeks -beyond that treatments fail and DA cells die. At the moment, this model has at least opened a window into causes of neuronal death in a slower time scale /94/ than previous rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Wright
- Brain Mechanisms for Behaviour Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, Initial Research Project, Okinawa, Japan
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47
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Lacombe E, Khaindrava V, Melon C, Oueslati A, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P. Different functional basal ganglia subcircuits associated with anti-akinetic and dyskinesiogenic effects of antiparkinsonian therapies. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Akita H, Honda Y, Ogata M, Noda K, Saji M. Activation of the NMDA receptor involved in the alleviating after-effect of repeated stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on motor deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2009; 1306:159-67. [PMID: 19766606 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the cellular mechanism whereby chronic deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) induces the improvement of motor deficits lasting after stimulation in the hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rat involves the NMDA receptor-dependent processes in neurons receiving afferents from the STN, we examined whether the NMDA receptor antagonist prevents the alleviating after-effect of repeated STN-DBS on motor deficits in hemi-PD. The cylinder test was performed before and after repeated STN-DBS over 3 days in hemi-PD that received a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle 3 weeks prior to STN-DBS experiments. No significant improvement in the reduced frequency of forelimb use and forelimb-use asymmetry was seen in the cylinder test after the single STN-DBS, while, when the STN-DBS was applied three times at intervals of 24 h, the improvement became apparent and significant only in the reduced frequency of forelimb use (akinesia) after termination of the stimulation, suggesting the alleviating after-effect of chronic stimulation. Then, the effects of intraperitoneal administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP on the alleviating after-effect of the STN-DBS were examined in cylinder tests performed before and after repeated STN-DBS for 3 days in hemi-PD. Both MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) and CPP (0.5 mg/kg) completely prevented the improvement of the akinetic motor deficit after repeated STN-DBS. These results support the hypothesis that activation of the NMDA receptor and subsequent cellular processes in neurons receiving the afferents from the STN may involve in the mechanism underlying the alleviating after-effect of chronic STN-DBS on the akinetic motor deficit in hemi-PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanao Akita
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 228-8555, Japan
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Gubellini P, Salin P, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Baunez C. Deep brain stimulation in neurological diseases and experimental models: From molecule to complex behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:79-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bernay B, Gaillard MC, Guryca V, Emadali A, Kuhn L, Bertrand A, Detraz I, Carcenac C, Savasta M, Brouillet E, Garin J, Elalouf JM. Discovering new bioactive neuropeptides in the striatum secretome using in vivo microdialysis and versatile proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:946-58. [PMID: 19164277 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800501-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum, a major component of the brain basal nuclei, is central for planning and executing voluntary movements and undergoes lesions in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington disease. To perform highly integrated tasks, the striatum relies on a complex network of communication within and between brain regions with a key role devoted to secreted molecules. To characterize the rat striatum secretome, we combined in vivo microdialysis together with proteomics analysis of trypsin digests and peptidomics studies of native fragments. This versatile approach, carried out using different microdialysis probes and mass spectrometer devices, allowed evidencing with high confidence the expression of 88 proteins and 100 processed peptides. Their secretory pathways were predicted by in silico analysis. Whereas high molecular weight proteins were mainly secreted by the classical mode (94%), low molecular weight proteins equally used classical and non-classical modes (53 and 47%, respectively). In addition, our results suggested alternative secretion mechanisms not predicted by bioinformatics tools. Based on spectrum counting, we performed a relative quantification of secreted proteins and peptides in both basal and neuronal depolarization conditions. This allowed detecting a series of neuropeptide precursors and a 6-fold increase for neurosecretory protein VGF and proenkephalin (PENK) levels. A focused investigation and a long peptide experiment led to the identification of new secreted non-opioid PENK peptides, referred to as PENK 114-133, PENK 239-260, and PENK 143-185. Moreover we showed that injecting synthetic PENK 114-133 and PENK 239-260 into the striatum robustly increased glutamate release in this region. Thus, the combination of microdialysis and versatile proteomics methods shed new light on the secreted protein repertoire and evidenced novel neuropeptide transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bernay
- Laboratoire de PhysioGénomique, Service de Biologie Intégrative et Génétique Moléculaire (SBIGeM), Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay (iBiTec-S), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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