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Milde T, Fangusaro J, Fisher MJ, Hawkins C, Rodriguez FJ, Tabori U, Witt O, Zhu Y, Gutmann DH. Optimizing preclinical pediatric low-grade glioma models for meaningful clinical translation. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1920-1931. [PMID: 37738646 PMCID: PMC10628935 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common brain tumor in young children. While they are typically associated with good overall survival, children with these central nervous system tumors often experience chronic tumor- and therapy-related morbidities. Moreover, individuals with unresectable tumors frequently have multiple recurrences and persistent neurological symptoms. Deep molecular analyses of pLGGs reveal that they are caused by genetic alterations that converge on a single mitogenic pathway (MEK/ERK), but their growth is heavily influenced by nonneoplastic cells (neurons, T cells, microglia) in their local microenvironment. The interplay between neoplastic cell MEK/ERK pathway activation and stromal cell support necessitates the use of predictive preclinical models to identify the most promising drug candidates for clinical evaluation. As part of a series of white papers focused on pLGGs, we discuss the current status of preclinical pLGG modeling, with the goal of improving clinical translation for children with these common brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Milde
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Fisher
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Uri Tabori
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Medical Science and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Akeret K, Weller M, Krayenbühl N. The anatomy of neuroepithelial tumours. Brain 2023:7171408. [PMID: 37201913 PMCID: PMC10393414 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurological conditions conceal specific anatomical patterns. Their study contributes to the understanding of disease biology and to tailored diagnostics and therapy. Neuroepithelial tumours exhibit distinct anatomical phenotypes and spatiotemporal dynamics that differ from those of other brain tumours. Brain metastases display a preference for the cortico-subcortical boundaries of watershed areas and have a predominantly spherical growth. Primary CNS lymphomas localize to the white matter and generally invade along fibre tracts. In neuroepithelial tumours, topographic probability mapping and unsupervised topological clustering have identified an inherent radial anatomy and adherence to ventriculopial configurations of specific hierarchical orders. Spatiotemporal probability and multivariate survival analyses have identified a temporal and prognostic sequence underlying the anatomical phenotypes of neuroepithelial tumours. Gradual neuroepithelial de-differentiation and declining prognosis follow (i) an expansion into higher order radial units; (ii) a subventricular spread; and (iii) the presence of mesenchymal patterns (expansion along white matter tracts, leptomeningeal or perivascular invasion, CSF spread). While different pathophysiological hypotheses have been proposed, the cellular and molecular mechanisms dictating this anatomical behaviour remain largely unknown. Here we adopt an ontogenetic approach towards the understanding of neuroepithelial tumour anatomy. Contemporary perception of histo- and morphogenetic processes during neurodevelopment permit us to conceptualize the architecture of the brain into hierarchically organized radial units. The anatomical phenotypes in neuroepithelial tumours and their temporal and prognostic sequences share remarkable similarities with the ontogenetic organization of the brain and the anatomical specifications that occur during neurodevelopment. This macroscopic coherence is reinforced by cellular and molecular observations that the initiation of various neuroepithelial tumours, their intratumoural hierarchy and tumour progression are associated with the aberrant reactivation of surprisingly normal ontogenetic programs. Generalizable topological phenotypes could provide the basis for an anatomical refinement of the current classification of neuroepithelial tumours. In addition, we have proposed a staging system for adult-type diffuse gliomas that is based on the prognostically critical steps along the sequence of anatomical tumour progression. Considering the parallels in anatomical behaviour between different neuroepithelial tumours, analogous staging systems may be implemented for other neuroepithelial tumour types and subtypes. Both the anatomical stage of a neuroepithelial tumour and the spatial configuration of its hosting radial unit harbour the potential to stratify treatment decisions at diagnosis and during follow-up. More data on specific neuroepithelial tumour types and subtypes are needed to increase the anatomical granularity in their classification and to determine the clinical impact of stage-adapted and anatomically tailored therapy and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Akeret
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Krayenbühl
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Neuronal and astrocytic protein connections and associated adhesion molecules. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:14-20. [PMID: 36202350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are morphologically complex, with a myriad of processes which allow contact with other astrocytes, blood vessels, and neurons. Adhesion molecules expressed by these cells regulate this connectivity. Adhesion molecules are required to form and maintain functional neural circuits, but their importance and mechanisms of action, particularly in astrocyte-neuron contact, remain unresolved. Several studies of neuron-astrocyte connections have demonstrated the vital functions of adhesion molecules, including neuron-glia cell adhesion molecules, astrotactins, and protocadherins. In this review, we provide an overview and perspective of astrocyte-neuron contacts mediated by adhesion molecules in developing neural circuits and synapse formation, especially in the cerebellum. We also outline a novel mechanism of interaction between neurons and astrocytes in the tripartite synapses that has been recently found by our group.
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4
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Khouri-Farah N, Guo Q, Morgan K, Shin J, Li JYH. Integrated single-cell transcriptomic and epigenetic study of cell state transition and lineage commitment in embryonic mouse cerebellum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9156. [PMID: 35363520 PMCID: PMC10938588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using single-cell RNA-sequencing have revealed cellular heterogeneity in the developing mammalian cerebellum, yet the regulatory logic underlying this cellular diversity remains to be elucidated. Using integrated single-cell RNA and ATAC analyses, we resolved developmental trajectories of cerebellar progenitors and identified putative trans- and cis-elements that control cell state transition. We reverse engineered gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of each cerebellar cell type. Through in silico simulations and in vivo experiments, we validated the efficacy of GRN analyses and uncovered the molecular control of a posterior transitory zone (PTZ), a distinct progenitor zone residing immediately anterior to the morphologically defined rhombic lip (RL). We showed that perturbing cell fate specification in the PTZ and RL causes posterior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, the most common cerebellar birth defect in humans. Our study provides a foundation for comprehensive studies of developmental programs of the mammalian cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Kerry Morgan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Jihye Shin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y. H. Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
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5
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Shabanipour S, Jiao X, Rahimi-Balaei M, Aghanoori MR, Chung SH, Ghavami S, Consalez GG, Marzban H. Upregulation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 and Excessive Migration of Purkinje Cells in Cerebellar Cortex. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:804402. [PMID: 35126044 PMCID: PMC8814629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.804402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are large GABAergic projection neurons of the cerebellar cortex, endowed with elaborate dendrites that receive a multitude of excitatory inputs. Being the only efferent neuron of the cerebellar cortex, PCs project to cerebellar nuclei and control behaviors ranging from movement to cognition and social interaction. Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) is widely expressed in the embryonic and postnatal development of the brain and plays essential roles in neuronal migration, axon pathfinding and synapse assembly. However, despite its high expression levels in cerebellum, little is known to date regarding the role(s) of NCAM1 in PCs development. Among other aspects, elucidating how the expression of NCAM1 in PCs could impact their postnatal migration would be a significant achievement. We analyzed the Acp2 mutant mouse (nax: naked and ataxia), which displays excessive PC migration into the molecular layer, and investigated how the excessive migration of PCs along Bergmann glia could correlate to NCAM1 expression pattern in early postnatal days. Our Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis of the whole cerebellum show that the protein and mRNA of NCAM1 in wild type are not different during PC dispersal from the cluster stage to monolayer formation. However, RT-qPCR analysis from FACS-based isolated PCs shows that Ncam1 is significantly upregulated when PCs fail to align and instead overmigrate into the molecular layer. Our results suggest two alternative interpretations: (1) NCAM1 promotes excessive PC migration along Bergmann glia, or (2) NCAM1 upregulation is an attempt to prevent PCs from invading the molecular layer. If the latter scenario proves true, NCAM1 may play a key role in PC monolayer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Shabanipour
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mohamad Reza Aghanoori
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Seung H. Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - G. Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hassan Marzban,
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Mastromoro G, De Luca A, Marchionni E, Spagnuolo A, Ventriglia F, Manganaro L, Pizzuti A. External hydrocephalus as a prenatal feature of noonan syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 2021; 85:249-252. [PMID: 34075583 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain malformations have been reported in RASopathies, including postnatal external hydrocephalus, a nonobstructive form of cerebrospinal fluid accumulation around the brain. It was described in a few patients with mutations of other genes than PTPN11, such as SOS1 and SHOC2 and never in prenatal diagnosis. The aim of this case report is to describe the prenatal presentation of a fetus with Noonan syndrome (NS) and external hydrocephalus. We report on a Noonan syndrome fetus with a de novo pathogenic PTPN11 c.923A>G p.Asn308Ser mutation, showing external hydrocephalus, an extremely rare fetal finding, corpus callosum, and cerebellar vermis under the 10th centile, plus a typical NS cardiopathy. This is the first case of Noonan syndrome prenatal diagnosis in a fetus presenting with external hydrocephalus. Following pathophysiological considerations, we suggest to consider NS in the differential diagnosis of external hydrocephalus, investigating other evocative findings and considering molecular screening for mutations in NS-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Mastromoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Enrica Marchionni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Ventriglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Manganaro
- Department of Radiological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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7
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Abstract
Brain structures change shape dramatically during development. Elucidating the mechanisms of morphogenesis provides insights relevant to understanding brain function in health and disease. The tension-based morphogenesis (TBM) hypothesis posits that mechanical tension along axons, dendrites, and glial processes contributes to many aspects of central nervous system morphogenesis. Since TBM was proposed in 1997, extensive evidence supports a role for tension in diverse cellular phenomena, but tension’s role in cortical folding has been controversial. An extensively revised version of the TBM model for cerebral cortex addresses limitations of the original model, incorporates new features, and can be tested by many experimental approaches. For cerebellar cortex, a revised model accounts for many aspects of its development and adult architecture. Mechanical tension along the length of axons, dendrites, and glial processes has been proposed as a major contributor to morphogenesis throughout the nervous system [D. C. Van Essen, Nature 385, 313–318 (1997)]. Tension-based morphogenesis (TBM) is a conceptually simple and general hypothesis based on physical forces that help shape all living things. Moreover, if each axon and dendrite strive to shorten while preserving connectivity, aggregate wiring length would remain low. TBM can explain key aspects of how the cerebral and cerebellar cortices remain thin, expand in surface area, and acquire their distinctive folds. This article reviews progress since 1997 relevant to TBM and other candidate morphogenetic mechanisms. At a cellular level, studies of diverse cell types in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that tension plays a major role in many developmental events. At a tissue level, I propose a differential expansion sandwich plus (DES+) revision to the original TBM model for cerebral cortical expansion and folding. It invokes tangential tension and “sulcal zipping” forces along the outer cortical margin as well as tension in the white matter core, together competing against radially biased tension in the cortical gray matter. Evidence for and against the DES+ model is discussed, and experiments are proposed to address key tenets of the DES+ model. For cerebellar cortex, a cerebellar multilayer sandwich (CMS) model is proposed that can account for many distinctive features, including its unique, accordion-like folding in the adult, and experiments are proposed to address its specific tenets.
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8
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Abstract
Astrocytes, initially described as merely support cells, are now known as a heterogeneous population of cells actively involved in a variety of biological functions such as: neuronal migration and differentiation; regulation of cerebral blood flow; metabolic control of extracellular potassium concentration; and modulation of synapse formation and elimination; among others. Cerebellar glial cells have been shown to play a significant role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. However, less evidence is available about the role of neuron-astrocyte interactions during cerebellar development and their impact on diseases of the cerebellum. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying cellular interactions, specifically neuron-astrocyte interactions, during cerebellar development, function, and disease. We will discuss how cerebellar glia, astrocytes, and Bergmann glia play a fundamental role in several steps of cerebellar development, such as granule cell migration, axonal growth, neuronal differentiation, and synapse formation, and in diseases associated with the cerebellum. We will focus on how astrocytes and thyroid hormones impact cerebellar development. Furthermore, we will provide evidence of how growth factors secreted by glial cells, such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors, control cerebellar organogenesis. Finally, we will argue that glia are a key mediator of cerebellar development and that identification of molecules and pathways involved in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to a better understanding of cerebellar development and associated disorders.
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9
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Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030757. [PMID: 32168822 PMCID: PMC7141261 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurodegenerative syndrome, which can emerge as a major element of a disease or represent a symptom of more complex multisystemic disorders. It comprises several forms with a highly variegated etiology, mainly united by motor, balance, and speech impairments and, at the tissue level, by cerebellar atrophy and Purkinje cells degeneration. For this reason, the contribution of astrocytes to this disease has been largely overlooked in the past. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, growing evidences are pointing to cerebellar astrocytes as crucial players not only in the progression but also in the onset of distinct forms of ataxia. Although the current knowledge on this topic is very fragmentary and ataxia type-specific, the present review will attempt to provide a comprehensive view of astrocytes’ involvement across the distinct forms of this pathology. Here, it will be highlighted how, through consecutive stage-specific mechanisms, astrocytes can lead to non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration and, consequently, to the behavioral impairments typical of this disease. In light of that, treating astrocytes to heal neurons will be discussed as a potential complementary therapeutic approach for ataxic patients, a crucial point provided the absence of conclusive treatments for this disease.
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10
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Yang F, Xu M, Wang S, Song L, Yu D, Li Y, Cao R, Xiong Z, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Wang S. Gain-Of-Function E76K-Mutant SHP2 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Metastasis, And Tumor Growth In Glioblastoma Through Activation Of The ERK/CREB Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9435-9447. [PMID: 31807022 PMCID: PMC6844267 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s222881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gain-of-function (GOF) E76K-mutant Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) on the biological behaviors of glioblastoma (GBM) cells, and explore the molecular mechanisms of GBM progression. Methods Firstly, a negative control vector and vectors overexpressing SHP2 and E76K-mutant SHP2 were transduced into GBM cells (U87 and A172) using a lentivirus. The effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 on proliferation was measured using the MTT assay, flow cytometry, colony formation assay, and soft agar assay. Moreover, the migration and invasion of GBM cells were determined through the transwell assay. Related proteins of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element binding protein (ERK/CREB) pathway were detected by Western blotting analysis. A xenograft model was established to confirm the tumor-promoting effect of GOF-mutant SHP2 in vivo. Finally, ERK was inhibited using a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor (U0126) to further explore the molecular mechanism of GOF-mutant SHP2 affecting GBM cells. Results After transduction, the expression of SHP2 in the SHP2-mutant and SHP2-overexpression groups was higher than that observed in the control and normal groups. Our data indicated that GOF-mutant SHP2 enhanced the abilities of GBM cells for proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the ERK/CREB pathway was activated, and the levels of relevant proteins were increased in the SHP2-mutant group. Furthermore, following inhibition of ERK in the GOF-SHP2 mutant group, the activation of CREB was also depressed, and the malignant biological behaviors were weakened accordingly. Conclusion The GOF-mutant SHP2 promoted GBM cell proliferation, metastasis, and tumor growth through the ERK/CREB pathway, providing a promising target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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11
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Hughes LJ, Park R, Lee MJ, Terry BK, Lee DJ, Kim H, Cho SH, Kim S. Yap/Taz are required for establishing the cerebellar radial glia scaffold and proper foliation. Dev Biol 2019; 457:150-162. [PMID: 31586559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yap/Taz are well-established downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, known to regulate organ size by directing proliferation and apoptosis. Although the functions of Yap/Taz have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in brain development. Here, through genetic ablation, we show that Yap/Taz are required for cerebellar morphogenesis. Yap/Taz deletion in neural progenitors causes defects in secondary fissure formation, leading to abnormal folia development. Although they seemed very likely to serve an important function in the development of cerebellar granule cell precursors, Yap/Taz are dispensable for their proliferation. Furthermore, Yap/Taz loss does not rescue the medulloblastoma phenotype caused by constitutively active Smoothened. Importantly, Yap/Taz are highly expressed in radial glia and play a crucial role in establishing the radial scaffold and cellular polarity of neural progenitors during embryogenesis. We found that Yap/Taz are necessary to establish and maintain junctional integrity of cerebellar neuroepithelium as prominent junction proteins are not maintained at the apical junction in the absence of Yap/Taz. Our study identifies a novel function of Yap/Taz in cerebellar foliation and finds that they are required to establish the radial glia scaffold and junctional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Bethany K Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hansol Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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12
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Penisson M, Ladewig J, Belvindrah R, Francis F. Genes and Mechanisms Involved in the Generation and Amplification of Basal Radial Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31481878 PMCID: PMC6710321 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex relies on different types of progenitor cell. Among them, the recently described basal radial glial cell (bRG) is suggested to be of critical importance for the development of the brain in gyrencephalic species. These cells are highly numerous in primate and ferret brains, compared to lissencephalic species such as the mouse in which they are few in number. Their somata are located in basal subventricular zones in gyrencephalic brains and they generally possess a basal process extending to the pial surface. They sometimes also have an apical process directed toward the ventricular surface, similar to apical radial glial cells (aRGs) from which they are derived, and whose somata are found more apically in the ventricular zone. bRGs share similarities with aRGs in terms of gene expression (SOX2, PAX6, and NESTIN), whilst also expressing a range of more specific genes (such as HOPX). In primate brains, bRGs can divide multiple times, self-renewing and/or generating intermediate progenitors and neurons. They display a highly specific cytokinesis behavior termed mitotic somal translocation. We focus here on recently identified molecular mechanisms associated with the generation and amplification of bRGs, including bRG-like cells in the rodent. These include signaling pathways such as the FGF-MAPK cascade, SHH, PTEN/AKT, PDGF pathways, and proteins such as INSM, GPSM2, ASPM, TRNP1, ARHGAP11B, PAX6, and HIF1α. A number of these proteins were identified through transcriptome comparisons in human aRGs vs. bRGs, and validated by modifying their activities or expression levels in the mouse. This latter experiment often revealed enhanced bRG-like cell production, even in some cases generating folds (gyri) on the surface of the mouse cortex. We compare the features of the identified cells and methods used to characterize them in each model. These important data converge to indicate pathways essential for the production and expansion of bRGs, which may help us understand cortical development in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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13
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Lawton AK, Engstrom T, Rohrbach D, Omura M, Turnbull DH, Mamou J, Zhang T, Schwarz JM, Joyner AL. Cerebellar folding is initiated by mechanical constraints on a fluid-like layer without a cellular pre-pattern. eLife 2019; 8:e45019. [PMID: 30990415 PMCID: PMC6467563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Models based in differential expansion of elastic material, axonal constraints, directed growth, or multi-phasic combinations have been proposed to explain brain folding. However, the cellular and physical processes present during folding have not been defined. We used the murine cerebellum to challenge folding models with in vivo data. We show that at folding initiation differential expansion is created by the outer layer of proliferating progenitors expanding faster than the core. However, the stiffness differential, compressive forces, and emergent thickness variations required by elastic material models are not present. We find that folding occurs without an obvious cellular pre-pattern, that the outer layer expansion is uniform and fluid-like, and that the cerebellum is under radial and circumferential constraints. Lastly, we find that a multi-phase model incorporating differential expansion of a fluid outer layer and radial and circumferential constraints approximates the in vivo shape evolution observed during initiation of cerebellar folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Lawton
- Developmental Biology ProgramSloan Kettering InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tyler Engstrom
- Department of PhysicsSyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Daniel Rohrbach
- Lizzi Center for Biomedical EngineeringRiverside ResearchNew YorkUnited States
| | - Masaaki Omura
- Lizzi Center for Biomedical EngineeringRiverside ResearchNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Radiology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Daniel H Turnbull
- Department of Radiology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNYU School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jonathan Mamou
- Lizzi Center for Biomedical EngineeringRiverside ResearchNew YorkUnited States
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringSyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - J M Schwarz
- Department of PhysicsSyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology ProgramSloan Kettering InstituteNew YorkUnited States
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical SciencesCornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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14
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The Molecular Pathway Regulating Bergmann Glia and Folia Generation in the Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:42-48. [PMID: 29218544 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of complex behaviors in higher vertebrates and primates require the development of sophisticated neuronal circuitry and the expansion of brain surface area to accommodate the vast number of neuronal and glial populations. To achieve these goals, the neocortex in primates and the cerebellum in amniotes have developed specialized types of basal progenitors to aid the folding of their cortices. In the cerebellum, Bergmann glia constitute such a basal progenitor population, having a distinctive morphology and playing a critical role in cerebellar corticogenesis. Here, we review recent studies on the induction of Bergmann glia and their crucial role in mediating folding of the cerebellar cortex. These studies uncover a key function of FGF-ERK-ETV signaling cascade in the transformation of Bergmann glia from radial glia in the ventricular zone. Remarkably, in the neocortex, the same signaling axis operates to facilitate the transformation of ventricular radial glia into basal radial glia, a Bergmann glia-like basal progenitor population, which have been implicated in the establishment of neocortical gyri. These new findings draw a striking similarity in the function and ontogeny of the two basal progenitor populations born in distinct brain compartments.
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15
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Bergen H, Kong J, Marzban H. Neuronal Migration During Development of the Cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:484. [PMID: 30618631 PMCID: PMC6304365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process in central nervous system (CNS) development. The assembly of functioning neuronal circuits relies on neuronal migration occurring in the appropriate spatio-temporal pattern. A defect in the neuronal migration may result in a neurological disorder. The cerebellum, as a part of the CNS, plays a pivotal role in motor coordination and non-motor functions such as emotion, cognition and language. The excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the cerebellum originate from different distinct germinal zones and migrate through complex routes to assemble in a well-defined neuronal organization in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. In this review article, the neuronal migration modes and pathways from germinal zones to the final position in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei will be described. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cerebellar neuronal migration during development will also be reviewed. Finally, some diseases and animal models associated with defects in neuronal migration will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hugo Bergen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Miterko LN, Lackey EP, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Shaping Diversity Into the Brain's Form and Function. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:83. [PMID: 30364100 PMCID: PMC6191489 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains a large diversity of unique cell types that use specific genetic programs to control development and instruct the intricate wiring of sensory, motor, and cognitive brain regions. In addition to their cellular diversity and specialized connectivity maps, each region's dedicated function is also expressed in their characteristic gross external morphologies. The folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are classic examples. But, to what extent does structure relate to function and at what spatial scale? We discuss the mechanisms that sculpt functional brain maps and external morphologies. We also contrast the cryptic structural defects in conditions such as autism spectrum disorders to the overt microcephaly after Zika infections, taking into consideration that both diseases disrupt proper cognitive development. The data indicate that dynamic processes shape all brain areas to fit into jigsaw-like patterns. The patterns in each region reflect circuit connectivity, which ultimately supports local signal processing and accomplishes multi-areal integration of information processing to optimize brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Cerrato V, Parmigiani E, Figueres-Oñate M, Betizeau M, Aprato J, Nanavaty I, Berchialla P, Luzzati F, de’Sperati C, López-Mascaraque L, Buffo A. Multiple origins and modularity in the spatiotemporal emergence of cerebellar astrocyte heterogeneity. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005513. [PMID: 30260948 PMCID: PMC6178385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological, molecular, and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes is under intense scrutiny, but how this diversity is ontogenetically achieved remains largely unknown. Here, by quantitative in vivo clonal analyses and proliferation studies, we demonstrate that the major cerebellar astrocyte types emerge according to an unprecedented and remarkably orderly developmental program comprising (i) a time-dependent decline in both clone size and progenitor multipotency, associated with clone allocation first to the hemispheres and then to the vermis(ii) distinctive clonal relationships among astrocyte types, revealing diverse lineage potentials of embryonic and postnatal progenitors; and (iii) stereotyped clone architectures and recurrent modularities that correlate to layer-specific dynamics of postnatal proliferation/differentiation. In silico simulations indicate that the sole presence of a unique multipotent progenitor at the source of the whole astrogliogenic program is unlikely and rather suggest the involvement of additional committed components. Astrocytes are abundant cells of the brain essential to support and shape neuronal activity. They can be grouped in different subclasses based on their remarkable variety of morphologies, molecular profiles, and specialized functions. Although different astrocyte types likely display specialized interactions with distinct neuron categories, the different classes of astrocytes have only partially been unmasked. How astrocyte heterogeneity is ontogenetically achieved remains largely unknown. Here we approached this question by studying the development of the main astrocyte types of the cerebellum. The reconstruction of developmental lineages in the mouse embryo combined with proliferation studies and computational modeling demonstrate that cerebellar astrocyte types emerge according to an unprecedented and remarkably orderly developmental program. Embryonic progenitor cells produce either only a single astrocyte type or more types. These distinct astrocyte lineages display stereotyped architectures and recurrent modularities. Moreover, the generation of astrocytes follows a well-defined spatiotemporal pattern, defined by a time-dependent allocation of astrocytes to distinct cerebellar territories and an inside-out sequence of differentiation, coupled with a decline over time in both progenitor amplification and capability to produce distinct astrocyte types. These results provide the first evidence that an ontogenetic program, tightly regulated in space and time, determines astrocyte heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - María Figueres-Oñate
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute -CSIC-, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marion Betizeau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich Irchel, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Aprato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ishira Nanavaty
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Luzzati
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio de’Sperati
- Laboratory of Action, Perception and Cognition, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute -CSIC-, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
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18
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Reeber SL, Arancillo M, Sillitoe RV. Bergmann Glia are Patterned into Topographic Molecular Zones in the Developing and Adult Mouse Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:392-403. [PMID: 24906823 PMCID: PMC4291305 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar circuits are patterned into an array of topographic parasagittal domains called zones. Zones are best revealed by gene expression, circuit anatomy, and cellular degeneration patterns. Thus far, the study of zones has been focused heavily on how neurons are organized. Because of this, detailed neuronal patterning maps have been established for Purkinje cells, granule cells, Golgi cells, unipolar brush cells, and also for the terminal field organization of climbing fiber and mossy fiber afferents. In comparison, however, it remains poorly understood if glial cells are also organized into zones. We have identified an Npy-Gfp BAC transgenic mouse line (Tau-Sapphire Green fluorescent protein (Gfp) is under the control of the neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene regulatory elements) that can be used to label Bergmann glial cells with Golgi-like resolution. In these adult transgenic mice, we found that Npy-Gfp expression was localized to Bergmann glia mainly in lobules VI/VII and IX/X. Using double immunofluorescence, we show that in these lobules, Npy-Gfp expression in the Bergmann glia overlaps with the pattern of the small heat shock protein HSP25, a Purkinje cell marker for zones located in lobules VI/VII and IX/X. Developmental analysis starting from the day of birth showed that HSP25 and Npy-Gfp expression follow a similar program of spatial and temporal patterning. However, loss of Npy signaling did not alter the patterning of Purkinje cell zones. We conclude that Bergmann glial cells are zonally organized and their patterns are restricted by boundaries that also confine cerebellar neurons into a topographic circuit map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Reeber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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19
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Schilling K. Moving into shape: cell migration during the development and histogenesis of the cerebellum. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:13-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Zheng H, Yu WM, Waclaw RR, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG, Qu CK. Gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 induce hydrocephalus in a catalytically dependent manner. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/522/eaao1591. [PMID: 29559584 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically activating mutations in Ptpn11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, cause 50% of Noonan syndrome (NS) cases, whereas inactivating mutations in Ptpn11 are responsible for nearly all cases of the similar, but distinct, developmental disorder Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML; formerly called LEOPARD syndrome). However, both types of disease mutations are gain-of-function mutations because they cause SHP2 to constitutively adopt an open conformation. We found that the catalytic activity of SHP2 was required for the pathogenic effects of gain-of-function, disease-associated mutations on the development of hydrocephalus in the mouse. Targeted pan-neuronal knockin of a Ptpn11 allele encoding the active SHP2 E76K mutant resulted in hydrocephalus due to aberrant development of ependymal cells and their cilia. These pathogenic effects of the E76K mutation were suppressed by the additional mutation C459S, which abolished the catalytic activity of SHP2. Moreover, ependymal cells in NSML mice bearing the inactive SHP2 mutant Y279C were also unaffected. Mechanistically, the SHP2 E76K mutant induced developmental defects in ependymal cells by enhancing dephosphorylation and inhibition of the transcription activator STAT3. Whereas STAT3 activity was reduced in Ptpn11E76K/+ cells, the activities of the kinases ERK and AKT were enhanced, and neural cell-specific Stat3 knockout mice also manifested developmental defects in ependymal cells and cilia. These genetic and biochemical data demonstrate a catalytic-dependent role of SHP2 gain-of-function disease mutants in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronald R Waclaw
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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21
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Transcriptional Regulator ZEB2 Is Essential for Bergmann Glia Development. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1575-1587. [PMID: 29326173 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2674-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergmann glia facilitate granule neuron migration during development and maintain the cerebellar organization and functional integrity. At present, molecular control of Bergmann glia specification from cerebellar radial glia is not fully understood. In this report, we show that ZEB2 (aka, SIP1 or ZFHX1B), a Mowat-Wilson syndrome-associated transcriptional regulator, is highly expressed in Bergmann glia, but hardly detectable in astrocytes in the cerebellum. The mice lacking Zeb2 in cerebellar radial glia exhibit severe deficits in Bergmann glia specification, and develop cerebellar cortical lamination dysgenesis and locomotion defects. In developing Zeb2-mutant cerebella, inward migration of granule neuron progenitors is compromised, the proliferation of glial precursors is reduced, and radial glia fail to differentiate into Bergmann glia in the Purkinje cell layer. In contrast, Zeb2 ablation in granule neuron precursors or oligodendrocyte progenitors does not affect Bergmann glia formation, despite myelination deficits caused by Zeb2 mutation in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Transcriptome profiling identified that ZEB2 regulates a set of Bergmann glia-related genes and FGF, NOTCH, and TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway components. Our data reveal that ZEB2 acts as an integral regulator of Bergmann glia formation ensuring maintenance of cerebellar integrity, suggesting that ZEB2 dysfunction in Bergmann gliogenesis might contribute to motor deficits in Mowat-Wilson syndrome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bergmann glia are essential for proper cerebellar organization and functional circuitry, however, the molecular mechanisms that control the specification of Bergmann glia remain elusive. Here, we show that transcriptional factor ZEB2 is highly expressed in mature Bergmann glia, but not in cerebellar astrocytes. The mice lacking Zeb2 in cerebellar radial glia, but not oligodendrocyte progenitors or granular neuron progenitors, exhibit severe defects in Bergmann glia formation. The orderly radial scaffolding formed by Bergmann glial fibers critical for cerebellar lamination was not established in Zeb2 mutants, displaying motor behavior deficits. This finding demonstrates a previously unrecognized critical role for ZEB2 in Bergmann glia specification, and points to an important contribution of ZEB2 dysfunction to cerebellar motor disorders in Mowat-Wilson syndrome.
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22
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Abstract
With the growing recognition of the extent and prevalence of human cerebellar disorders, an understanding of developmental programs that build the mature cerebellum is necessary. In this chapter we present an overview of the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs of cerebellar development. These include early patterning of the cerebellar territory, the genesis of cerebellar cells from multiple spatially distinct germinal zones, and the extensive migration and coordinated cellular rearrangements that result in the formation of the exquisitely foliated and laminated mature cerebellum. This knowledge base is founded on extensive analysis of animal models, particularly mice, due in large part to the ease of genetic manipulation of this important model organism. Since cerebellar structure and function are largely conserved across species, mouse cerebellar development is highly relevant to humans and has led to important insights into the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar disorders. Human fetal cerebellar development remains largely undescribed; however, several human-specific developmental features are known which are relevant to human disease and underline the importance of ongoing human fetal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Derek Dang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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23
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Zhu Y, Shen J, Sun T, Jiang H, Xu K, Samuthrat T, Xie Y, Weng Y, Li Y, Xie Q, Zhan R. Loss of Shp2 within radial glia is associated with cerebral cortical dysplasia, glial defects of cerebellum and impaired sensory‑motor development in newborn mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3170-3177. [PMID: 29257282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glia are key neural progenitors involved in the development of the central nervous system. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non‑receptor type 11 (Shp2) is a widely expressed intracellular enzyme with multiple cellular functions. Previous studies have revealed the critical role of Shp2 in a variety of neural cell types; however, further investigation into the function of Shp2 within radial glia is required. In the present study, a conditional knockout mouse was generated using a human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP)‑Cre driver, in which the Shp2 genes were deleted within radial glia. Loss of Shp2 within radial glia was associated with developmental retardation, postnatal lethality, reduced brain size and thinner cerebral cortices in newborn mice. Deletion of Shp2 also led to an increase in gliogenesis, a reduction in neural genesis and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase signaling within the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, glial cell defects within the cerebellum of Shp2 mutants were observed, with abnormal granular cell retention and glial cell alignment in the external granular layer. In addition, Shp2 mutants exhibited impaired sensory‑motor development. The results of the present study suggested that Shp2 may have an important role within radial glia, and regulate cerebral cortical and cerebellar development in newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Tianfu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kangli Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Thiti Samuthrat
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yongda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qiangmin Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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24
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Heng X, Guo Q, Leung AW, Li JY. Analogous mechanism regulating formation of neocortical basal radial glia and cerebellar Bergmann glia. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28489004 PMCID: PMC5457141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical basal radial glia (bRG) and cerebellar Bergmann glia (BG) are basal progenitors derived from ventricular apical radial glia (aRG) that selectively lose their apical processes. bRG and BG have been implicated in the expansion and folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. Here, we analyzed the molecular characteristics and development of bRG and BG. Transcriptomic comparison revealed striking similarity of the molecular features of bRG and BG. We found that heightened ERK signaling activity in aRG is tightly linked to the temporal formation and the relative abundance of bRG in human and mouse cortices. Forced activation of an FGF-ERK-ETV axis that is crucial to BG induction specifically induced bRG with canonical human bRG features in mice. Therefore, our data point to a common mechanism of bRG and BG generation, bearing implications to the role for these basal progenitors in the evolution of cortical folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23253.001 The outer layer of the brain of a mammal, called the cortex, helps support mental abilities such as memory, attention and thought. In rodents, the cortex is smooth whereas in primates it is organized into folds. These folds increase the surface area of the brain and thus the number of neurons it can contain, which may in turn increase its processing power. Folding occurs as the brain develops in the womb. Specialized cells called basal or outer radial glia, which are more abundant in humans than in rodents, are believed to trigger the folding process. Another area of the brain, called the cerebellum, is intricately folded in both rodents and humans. As the brain develops, cells within the cerebellum called Bergmann glia cause the tissue to fold. Bergmann glia and basal radial glia share a number of similarities, but it was not known whether the same molecular pathway might regulate both types of cell. Now, Heng et al. show that Bergmann glia in the cerebellums of mice and basal radial glia in human cortex contain similar sets of active genes. Moreover, the molecular pathway that gives rise to Bergmann glia in mice is also active in the cortex of both mice and humans. However, it is much more active in humans, leading Heng et al. to speculate that high levels of activity in this pathway might give rise to basal radial glia. Consistent with this prediction, artificially activating the pathway at high levels in mouse cortex triggered the formation of basal radial glia in mice too. These results thus suggest that a common mechanism generates both types of glial cells involved in brain folding. The work of Heng et al. lays the foundations for further studies into how these cells fold the brain and thus how they contribute to more complex mental abilities. Remaining questions to address are whether other species with Bergmann glia also have folded cerebellums, and whether incorrect development of basal radial glia in humans leads to disorders in which the cortex folds abnormally. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23253.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Heng
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Alan W Leung
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - James Yh Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, United States
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25
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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26
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Dee A, Li K, Heng X, Guo Q, Li JYH. Regulation of self-renewing neural progenitors by FGF/ERK signaling controls formation of the inferior colliculus. Development 2016; 143:3661-3673. [PMID: 27578777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic tectum displays an anteroposterior gradient in development and produces the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus. Studies suggest that partition of the tectum is controlled by different strengths and durations of FGF signals originated from the so-called isthmic organizer at the mid/hindbrain junction; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We show that deleting Ptpn11, which links FGF with the ERK pathway, prevents inferior colliculus formation by depleting a previously uncharacterized stem cell zone. The stem-zone loss is attributed to shortening of S phase and acceleration of cell cycle exit and neurogenesis. Expression of a constitutively active Mek1 (Mek1DD), the known ERK activator, restores the tectal stem zone and the inferior colliculus without Ptpn11. By contrast, Mek1DD expression fails to rescue the tectal stem zone and the inferior colliculus in the absence of Fgf8 and the isthmic organizer, indicating that FGF and Mek1DD initiate qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinctive signaling. Together, our data show that the formation of the inferior colliculus relies on the provision of new cells from the tectal stem zone. Furthermore, distinctive ERK signaling mediates Fgf8 in the control of cell survival, tissue polarity and cytogenetic gradient during the development of the tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Kairong Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Xin Heng
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y H Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA .,Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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27
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Park JY, Hughes LJ, Moon UY, Park R, Kim SB, Tran K, Lee JS, Cho SH, Kim S. The apical complex protein Pals1 is required to maintain cerebellar progenitor cells in a proliferative state. Development 2015; 143:133-46. [PMID: 26657772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Through their biased localization and function within the cell, polarity complex proteins are necessary to establish the cellular asymmetry required for tissue organization. Well-characterized germinal zones, mitogenic signals and cell types make the cerebellum an excellent model for addressing the crucial function of polarity complex proteins in the generation and organization of neural tissues. Deletion of the apical polarity complex protein Pals1 in the developing cerebellum results in a remarkably undersized cerebellum with disrupted layers in poorly formed folia and strikingly reduced granule cell production. We demonstrate that Pals1 is not only essential for cerebellum organogenesis, but also for preventing premature differentiation and thus maintaining progenitor pools in cerebellar germinal zones, including cerebellar granule neuron precursors in the external granule layer. In the Pals1 mouse mutants, the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle was diminished, correlating with the loss of the proliferating cell population of germinal zones. Furthermore, enhanced Shh signaling through activated Smo cannot overcome impaired cerebellar cell generation, arguing for an epistatic role of Pals1 in proliferation capacity. Our study identifies Pals1 as a novel intrinsic factor that regulates the generation of cerebellar cells and Pals1 deficiency as a potential inhibitor of overactive mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sang-Bae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khoi Tran
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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28
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Heterogeneity and Bipotency of Astroglial-Like Cerebellar Progenitors along the Interneuron and Glial Lineages. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7388-402. [PMID: 25972168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5255-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar GABAergic interneurons in mouse comprise multiple subsets of morphologically and neurochemically distinct phenotypes located at strategic nodes of cerebellar local circuits. These cells are produced by common progenitors deriving from the ventricular epithelium during embryogenesis and from the prospective white matter (PWM) during postnatal development. However, it is not clear whether these progenitors are also shared by other cerebellar lineages and whether germinative sites different from the PWM originate inhibitory interneurons. Indeed, the postnatal cerebellum hosts another germinal site along the Purkinje cell layer (PCL), in which Bergmann glia are generated up to first the postnatal weeks, which was proposed to be neurogenic. Both PCL and PWM comprise precursors displaying traits of juvenile astroglia and neural stem cell markers. First, we examine the proliferative and fate potential of these niches, showing that different proliferative dynamics regulate progenitor amplification at these sites. In addition, PCL and PWM differ in the generated progeny. GABAergic interneurons are produced exclusively by PWM astroglial-like progenitors, whereas PCL precursors produce only astrocytes. Finally, through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo clonal analyses we provide evidence that the postnatal PWM hosts a bipotent progenitor that gives rise to both interneurons and white matter astrocytes.
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29
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Dong B, Gao Y, Zheng X, Gao G, Gu H, Chen X, Zhang J. T cell activation is reduced by the catalytically inactive form of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6568-6577. [PMID: 26131287 PMCID: PMC4483852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase implicated in many different signaling pathways involving cytokine receptors and T and B cell receptors; however, the precise functional role of SHP-2 in T cell signaling is not entirely clear. In this study, we overexpressed a catalytically inactive form of SHP-2 with a classic cysteine 459-to-serine mutation (dnSHP-2) to elucidate the in vivo effects of SHP-2 on T cells. We found that mice overexpressing dnSHP-2 showed reduced T cell activation, presumably due to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Grb2-binding protein (Gab2) and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. SHP-2 appears to be a positive regulator of the MAPK pathway in T cells, likely through coupling of the multimeric complex to the Ras/MAPK pathway. However, SHP-2 does not appear to affect T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-evoked calcium mobilization, stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun N-terminal kinases (SAPK/JNKs) activation, or overall tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxia Dong
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yubo Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongtao Gu
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiequn Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai HospitalOntario, Canada
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30
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Kim E, Wang Y, Kim SJ, Bornhorst M, Jecrois ES, Anthony TE, Wang C, Li YE, Guan JL, Murphy GG, Zhu Y. Transient inhibition of the ERK pathway prevents cerebellar developmental defects and improves long-term motor functions in murine models of neurofibromatosis type 1. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25535838 PMCID: PMC4297949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) frequently exhibit cognitive and motor impairments and characteristics of autism. The cerebellum plays a critical role in motor control, cognition, and social interaction, suggesting that cerebellar defects likely contribute to NF1-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we show that Nf1 inactivation during early, but not late stages of cerebellar development, disrupts neuronal lamination, which is partially caused by overproduction of glia and subsequent disruption of the Bergmann glia (BG) scaffold. Specific Nf1 inactivation in glutamatergic neuronal precursors causes premature differentiation of granule cell (GC) precursors and ectopic production of unipolar brush cells (UBCs), indirectly disrupting neuronal migration. Transient MEK inhibition during a neonatal window prevents cerebellar developmental defects and improves long-term motor performance of Nf1-deficient mice. This study reveals essential roles of Nf1 in GC/UBC migration by generating correct numbers of glia and controlling GC/UBC fate-specification/differentiation, identifying a therapeutic prevention strategy for multiple NF1-associcated developmental abnormalities. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05151.001 Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a condition characterized by the growth of tumors along the nerves of the body. It is caused by mutations in a gene called NF1, which codes for a protein that normally works to inhibit the activity of another protein called Ras. In healthy cells, Ras is needed to stimulate the cells to grow and divide. However, if the Ras protein is not turned off at the right time or if it is activated at the wrong time, it can force cells to keep growing and dividing; this leads to the growth of tumors. Along with being prone to developing cancer, individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 also develop a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that alter their learning, motor skills and social interactions. Some also exhibit behaviors that are associated with autism. This led Kim, Wang et al. to investigate whether a region of the brain—called the cerebellum—that has recently been associated with autism is also affected in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1. The cerebellum is best known for its role in coordinating movement, although it also has functions in cognition, behavior and other processes. Ras is involved in the development of the cerebellum; and so Kim, Wang et al. asked whether the loss of the Nf1 gene from cells in the mouse cerebellum might cause the neurodevelopmental defects associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Loss of Nf1 during early (but not in late) development of the cerebellum disrupted the normal organization of the nerve cells (or neurons) into specific cell layers. These defects were caused, in part, by the over-growth of a type of supporting cell—called glia cells—at a specific developmental stage—that would normally form a scaffold to help neurons migrate to their correct position. Nf1 also controls the generation of the correct types of neurons in the right time and at right location during the early development of the cerebellum. Next, Kim, Wang et al. treated newborn mice with a compound that inhibits Ras signaling via their mother's milk for 3 weeks. In mice with an inactive Nf1 gene, the treatment helped to prevent some defects in the cerebellum and the mice had improved motor coordination several months later. Whether this could form the basis of a preventative treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in humans remains a question for future work. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05151.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kim
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sun-Jung Kim
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Miriam Bornhorst
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Emmanuelle S Jecrois
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Todd E Anthony
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Yi E Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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31
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Haldipur P, Gillies GS, Janson OK, Chizhikov VV, Mithal DS, Miller RJ, Millen KJ. Foxc1 dependent mesenchymal signalling drives embryonic cerebellar growth. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25513817 PMCID: PMC4281880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Foxc1 is associated with Dandy-Walker malformation, the most common human cerebellar malformation characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia and an enlarged posterior fossa and fourth ventricle. Although expressed in the mouse posterior fossa mesenchyme, loss of Foxc1 non-autonomously induces a rapid and devastating decrease in embryonic cerebellar ventricular zone radial glial proliferation and concurrent increase in cerebellar neuronal differentiation. Subsequent migration of cerebellar neurons is disrupted, associated with disordered radial glial morphology. In vitro, SDF1α, a direct Foxc1 target also expressed in the head mesenchyme, acts as a cerebellar radial glial mitogen and a chemoattractant for nascent Purkinje cells. Its receptor, Cxcr4, is expressed in cerebellar radial glial cells and conditional Cxcr4 ablation with Nes-Cre mimics the Foxc1-/- cerebellar phenotype. SDF1α also rescues the Foxc1-/- phenotype. Our data emphasizes that the head mesenchyme exerts a considerable influence on early embryonic brain development and its disruption contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Gwendolyn S Gillies
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Olivia K Janson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Divakar S Mithal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States
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32
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Meier F, Giesert F, Delic S, Faus-Kessler T, Matheus F, Simeone A, Hölter SM, Kühn R, Weisenhorn DMV, Wurst W, Prakash N. FGF/FGFR2 signaling regulates the generation and correct positioning of Bergmann glia cells in the developing mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101124. [PMID: 24983448 PMCID: PMC4077754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular organization and layering of the vertebrate cerebellum is established during embryonic and early postnatal development by the interplay of a complex array of genetic and signaling pathways. Disruption of these processes and of the proper layering of the cerebellum usually leads to ataxic behaviors. Here, we analyzed the relative contribution of Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-mediated signaling to cerebellar development in conditional Fgfr2 single mutant mice. We show that during embryonic mouse development, Fgfr2 expression is higher in the anterior cerebellar primordium and excluded from the proliferative ventricular neuroepithelium. Consistent with this finding, conditional Fgfr2 single mutant mice display the most prominent defects in the anterior lobules of the adult cerebellum. In this context, FGFR2-mediated signaling is required for the proper generation of Bergmann glia cells and the correct positioning of these cells within the Purkinje cell layer, and for cell survival in the developing cerebellar primordium. Using cerebellar microexplant cultures treated with an FGFR agonist (FGF9) or antagonist (SU5402), we also show that FGF9/FGFR-mediated signaling inhibits the outward migration of radial glia and Bergmann glia precursors and cells, and might thus act as a positioning cue for these cells. Altogether, our findings reveal the specific functions of the FGFR2-mediated signaling pathway in the generation and positioning of Bergmann glia cells during cerebellar development in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabit Delic
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Matheus
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Centre of Genetics Engineering (CEINGE) Biotecnologie Avanzate, European School of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela M. Vogt. Weisenhorn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, München, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, München, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail: (WW) (WW); (NP) (NP)
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WW) (WW); (NP) (NP)
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