1
|
Salzer J, Feltri ML, Jacob C. Schwann Cell Development and Myelination. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041360. [PMID: 38503507 PMCID: PMC11368196 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which arise from the neural crest, include axon-associated Schwann cells (SCs) in nerves, synapse-associated SCs at the neuromuscular junction, enteric glia, perikaryon-associated satellite cells in ganglia, and boundary cap cells at the border between the central nervous system (CNS) and the PNS. Here, we focus on axon-associated SCs. These SCs progress through a series of formative stages, which culminate in the generation of myelinating SCs that wrap large-caliber axons and of nonmyelinating (Remak) SCs that enclose multiple, small-caliber axons. In this work, we describe SC development, extrinsic signals from the axon and extracellular matrix (ECM) and the intracellular signaling pathways they activate that regulate SC development, and the morphogenesis and organization of myelinating SCs and the myelin sheath. We review the impact of SCs on the biology and integrity of axons and their emerging role in regulating peripheral nerve architecture. Finally, we explain how transcription and epigenetic factors control and fine-tune SC development and myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Salzer
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
- IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milano 20133, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Sciences, Universita' Degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Claire Jacob
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krauter D, Stausberg D, Hartmann TJ, Volkmann S, Kungl T, Rasche DA, Saher G, Fledrich R, Stassart RM, Nave KA, Goebbels S, Ewers D, Sereda MW. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in rodent models of PMP22 gene-dosage diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:616-640. [PMID: 38383802 PMCID: PMC10940316 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Haplo-insufficiency of the gene encoding the myelin protein PMP22 leads to focal myelin overgrowth in the peripheral nervous system and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). Conversely, duplication of PMP22 causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), characterized by hypomyelination of medium to large caliber axons. The molecular mechanisms of abnormal myelin growth regulation by PMP22 have remained obscure. Here, we show in rodent models of HNPP and CMT1A that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-pathway inhibiting phosphatase PTEN is correlated in abundance with PMP22 in peripheral nerves, without evidence for direct protein interactions. Indeed, treating DRG neuron/Schwann cell co-cultures from HNPP mice with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors reduced focal hypermyelination. When we treated HNPP mice in vivo with the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin, motor functions were improved, compound muscle amplitudes were increased and pathological tomacula in sciatic nerves were reduced. In contrast, we found Schwann cell dedifferentiation in CMT1A uncoupled from PI3K/Akt/mTOR, leaving partial PTEN ablation insufficient for disease amelioration. For HNPP, the development of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors may be considered as the first treatment option for pressure palsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Krauter
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Stausberg
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timon J Hartmann
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Volkmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David A Rasche
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fledrich
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruth M Stassart
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David Ewers
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Research Group "Translational Neurogenetics", Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baldenius M, Kautzmann S, Nanda S, Klämbt C. Signaling Pathways Controlling Axonal Wrapping in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2553. [PMID: 37947631 PMCID: PMC10647682 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of action potentials is an important ability that enables efficient communication within the nervous system. Glial cells influence conduction velocity along axons by regulating the radial axonal diameter, providing electrical insulation as well as affecting the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels. Differentiation of these wrapping glial cells requires a complex set of neuron-glia interactions involving three basic mechanistic features. The glia must recognize the axon, grow around it, and eventually arrest its growth to form single or multiple axon wraps. This likely depends on the integration of numerous evolutionary conserved signaling and adhesion systems. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and underlying signaling pathways that control glial wrapping in Drosophila and compare those to the mechanisms that control glial differentiation in mammals. This analysis shows that Drosophila is a beneficial model to study the development of even complex structures like myelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Terada N, Saitoh Y, Saito M, Yamada T, Kamijo A, Yoshizawa T, Sakamoto T. Recent Progress on Genetically Modified Animal Models for Membrane Skeletal Proteins: The 4.1 and MPP Families. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1942. [PMID: 37895291 PMCID: PMC10606877 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein 4.1 and membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP) families were originally found as components in the erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein complex, which helps maintain the stability of erythrocyte membranes by linking intramembranous proteins and meshwork structures composed of actin and spectrin under the membranes. Recently, it has been recognized that cells and tissues ubiquitously use this membrane skeletal system. Various intramembranous proteins, including adhesion molecules, ion channels, and receptors, have been shown to interact with the 4.1 and MPP families, regulating cellular and tissue dynamics by binding to intracellular signal transduction proteins. In this review, we focus on our previous studies regarding genetically modified animal models, especially on 4.1G, MPP6, and MPP2, to describe their functional roles in the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system, the testis, and bone formation. As the membrane skeletal proteins are located at sites that receive signals from outside the cell and transduce signals inside the cell, it is necessary to elucidate their molecular interrelationships, which may broaden the understanding of cell and tissue functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- School of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
| | - Tomoki Yamada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Basic & Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane City, Nagano 399-4117, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto City, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lian X, Qi J, Yuan M, Li X, Wang M, Li G, Yang T, Zhong J. Study on risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and establishment of a prediction model by machine learning. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:146. [PMID: 37533059 PMCID: PMC10394817 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. Predicting the risk of developing DPN is important for clinical decision-making and designing clinical trials. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of 1278 patients with diabetes treated in two central hospitals from 2020 to 2022. The data included medical history, physical examination, and biochemical index test results. After feature selection and data balancing, the cohort was divided into training and internal validation datasets at a 7:3 ratio. Training was made in logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, decision tree, naive bayes, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) based on machine learning. The k-fold cross-validation was used for model assessment, and the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were adopted to validate the models' discrimination and clinical practicality. The SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) was used to interpret the best-performing model. RESULTS The XGBoost model outperformed other models, which had an accuracy of 0·746, precision of 0·765, recall of 0·711, F1-score of 0·736, and AUC of 0·813. The SHAP results indicated that age, disease duration, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index, 24-h urine protein quantification, and urine protein concentration were risk factors for DPN, while the ratio between 2-h postprandial C-peptide and fasting C-peptide(C2/C0), total cholesterol, activated partial thromboplastin time, and creatinine were protective factors. CONCLUSIONS The machine learning approach helped established a DPN risk prediction model with good performance. The model identified the factors most closely related to DPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lian
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Juanzhi Qi
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqian Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingchen Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seixas AI, Morais MRG, Brakebusch C, Relvas JB. A RhoA-mediated biomechanical response in Schwann cells modulates peripheral nerve myelination. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102481. [PMID: 37315917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelin improves axonal conduction velocity and is essential for nerve development and regeneration. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells depend on bidirectional mechanical and biochemical signaling to form the myelin sheath but the mechanism underlying this process is not understood. Rho GTPases are integrators of "outside-in" signaling that link cytoskeletal dynamics with cellular architecture to regulate morphology and adhesion. Using Schwann cell-specific gene inactivation in the mouse, we discovered that RhoA promotes the initiation of myelination, and is required to both drive and terminate myelin growth at different stages of peripheral myelination, suggesting developmentally-specific modes of action. In Schwann cells, RhoA targets actin filament turnover, via Cofilin 1, actomyosin contractility and cortical actin-membrane attachments. This mechanism couples actin cortex mechanics with the molecular organization of the cell boundary to target specific signaling networks that regulate axon-Schwann cell interaction/adhesion and myelin growth. This work shows that RhoA is a key component of a biomechanical response required to control Schwann cell state transitions for proper myelination of peripheral nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Seixas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel R G Morais
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - João B Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Dept of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duong P, Ramesh R, Schneider A, Won S, Cooper AJ, Svaren J. Modulation of Schwann cell homeostasis by the BAP1 deubiquitinase. Glia 2023; 71:1466-1480. [PMID: 36790040 PMCID: PMC10073320 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell programming during myelination involves transcriptional networks that activate gene expression but also repress genes that are active in neural crest/embryonic differentiation of Schwann cells. We previously found that a Schwann cell-specific deletion of the EED subunit of the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC2) led to inappropriate activation of many such genes. Moreover, some of these genes become re-activated in the pro-regenerative response of Schwann cells to nerve injury, and we found premature activation of the nerve injury program in a Schwann cell-specific knockout of Eed. Polycomb-associated histone modifications include H3K27 trimethylation formed by PRC2 and H2AK119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119ub1), deposited by Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). We recently found dynamic regulation of H2AK119ub1 in Schwann cell genes after injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that H2AK119 deubiquitination modulates the dynamic polycomb repression of genes involved in Schwann cell maturation. To determine the role of H2AK119 deubiquitination, we generated a Schwann cell-specific knockout of the H2AK119 deubiquitinase Bap1 (BRCA1-associated protein). We found that loss of Bap1 causes tomacula formation, decreased axon diameters and eventual loss of myelinated axons. The gene expression changes are accompanied by redistribution of H2AK119ub1 and H3K27me3 modifications to extragenic sites throughout the genome. BAP1 interacts with OGT in the PR-DUB complex, and our data suggest that the PR-DUB complex plays a multifunctional role in repression of the injury program. Overall, our results indicate Bap1 is required to restrict the spread of polycomb-associated histone modifications in Schwann cells and to promote myelin homeostasis in peripheral nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phu Duong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raghu Ramesh
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew Schneider
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seongsik Won
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron J Cooper
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department Of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Botticelli E, Guerriero C, Fucile S, De Stefano ME, Matera C, Dallanoce C, De Amici M, Tata AM. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors May Improve Schwann Cell Regenerating Potential via Metabotropic Signaling Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:1494. [PMID: 37296615 PMCID: PMC10253098 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells (SCs) are glial cells involved in peripheral axon myelination. SCs also play a strategic role after peripheral nerve injury, regulating local inflammation and axon regeneration. Our previous studies demonstrated the presence of cholinergic receptors in SCs. In particular, the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in SCs after peripheral axotomy, suggesting their involvement in the regulation of SC-regenerating properties. To clarify the role that α7 nAChRs may play after peripheral axon damage, in this study we investigated the signal transduction pathways triggered by receptor activation and the effects produced by their activation. METHODS Both ionotropic and metabotropic cholinergic signaling were analyzed by calcium imaging and Western blot analysis, respectively, following α7 nAChR activation. In addition, the expression of c-Jun and α7 nAChRs was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Finally, the cell migration was studied by a wound healing assay. RESULTS Activation of α7 nAChRs, activated by the selective partial agonist ICH3, did not induce calcium mobilization but positively modulated the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 axis. Activation of the mTORC1 complex was also supported by the up-regulated expression of its specific p-p70 S6KThr389 target. Moreover, up-regulation of p-AMPKThr172, a negative regulator of myelination, was also observed concomitantly to an increased nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor c-Jun. Cell migration and morphology analyses proved that α7 nAChR activation also promotes SC migration. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that α7 nAChRs, expressed by SCs only after peripheral axon damage and/or in an inflammatory microenvironment, contribute to improve the SCs regenerating properties. Indeed, α7 nAChR stimulation leads to an upregulation of c-Jun expression and promotes Schwann cell migration by non-canonical pathways involving the mTORC1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Botticelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.G.); (M.E.D.S.)
| | - Claudia Guerriero
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.G.); (M.E.D.S.)
| | - Sergio Fucile
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.G.); (M.E.D.S.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Matera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.G.); (M.E.D.S.)
- Research Centre of Neurobiology “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Bazzal L, Ghata A, Estève C, Gadacha J, Quintana P, Castro C, Roeckel-Trévisiol N, Lembo F, Lenfant N, Mégarbané A, Borg JP, Lévy N, Bartoli M, Poitelon Y, Roubertoux PL, Delague V, Bernard-Marissal N. Imbalance of NRG1-ERBB2/3 signalling underlies altered myelination in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 4H. Brain 2023; 146:1844-1858. [PMID: 36314052 PMCID: PMC10151191 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders, affecting either axons from the motor and/or sensory neurons or Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and caused by more than 100 genes. We previously identified mutations in FGD4 as responsible for CMT4H, an autosomal recessive demyelinating form of CMT disease. FGD4 encodes FRABIN, a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor, particularly for the small GTPase Cdc42. Remarkably, nerves from patients with CMT4H display excessive redundant myelin figures called outfoldings that arise from focal hypermyelination, suggesting that FRABIN could play a role in the control of PNS myelination. To gain insights into the role of FGD4/FRABIN in Schwann cell myelination, we generated a knockout mouse model (Fgd4SC-/-), with conditional ablation of Fgd4 in Schwann cells. We show that the specific deletion of FRABIN in Schwann cells leads to aberrant myelination in vitro, in dorsal root ganglia neuron/Schwann cell co-cultures, as well as in vivo, in distal sciatic nerves from Fgd4SC-/- mice. We observed that those myelination defects are related to an upregulation of some interactors of the NRG1 type III/ERBB2/3 signalling pathway, which is known to ensure a proper level of myelination in the PNS. Based on a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified SNX3 as a new partner of FRABIN, which is involved in the regulation of endocytic trafficking. Interestingly, we showed that the loss of FRABIN impairs endocytic trafficking, which may contribute to the defective NRG1 type III/ERBB2/3 signalling and myelination. Using RNA-Seq, in vitro, we identified new potential effectors of the deregulated pathways, such as ERBIN, RAB11FIP2 and MAF, thereby providing cues to understand how FRABIN contributes to proper ERBB2 trafficking or even myelin membrane addition through cholesterol synthesis. Finally, we showed that the re-establishment of proper levels of the NRG1 type III/ERBB2/3 pathway using niacin treatment reduces myelin outfoldings in nerves of CMT4H mice. Overall, our work reveals a new role of FRABIN in the regulation of NRG1 type III/ERBB2/3 NRG1signalling and myelination and opens future therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of the NRG1 type III/ERBB2/3 pathway to reduce CMT4H pathology and more generally other demyelinating types of CMT disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara El-Bazzal
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Ghata
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jihane Gadacha
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Frédérique Lembo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - André Mégarbané
- Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chhabra S, Mehan S. Matrine exerts its neuroprotective effects by modulating multiple neuronal pathways. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1471-1499. [PMID: 37103719 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that misfolding, clumping, and accumulation of proteins in the brain may be common causes and pathogenic mechanism for several neurological illnesses. This causes neuronal structural deterioration and disruption of neural circuits. Research from various fields supports this idea, indicating that developing a single treatment for several severe conditions might be possible. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants play an essential part in maintaining the brain's chemical equilibrium by affecting the proximity of neurons. Matrine is a tetracyclo-quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the plant Sophora flavescens Aiton. Matrine has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and various other neurological disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated that matrine protects neurons by altering multiple signalling pathways and crossing the blood-brain barrier. As a result, matrine may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of a variety of neurocomplications. This work aims to serve as a foundation for future clinical research by reviewing the current state of matrine as a neuroprotective agent and its potential therapeutic application in treating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Future research will answer many concerns and lead to fascinating discoveries that could impact other aspects of matrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Zhang T, Li C, Xu W, Guan Y, Li X, Cheng H, Chen S, Yang B, Liu Y, Ren Z, Song X, Jia Z, Wang Y, Tang J. Electrical stimulation accelerates Wallerian degeneration and promotes nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury. Glia 2023; 71:758-774. [PMID: 36484493 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury (PNI), Wallerian degeneration (WD) in the distal stump can generate a microenvironment favorable for nerve regeneration. Brief low-frequency electrical stimulation (ES) is an effective treatment for PNI, but the mechanism underlying its effect on WD remains unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that ES could enhance nerve regeneration by accelerating WD. To verify this hypothesis, we used a rat model of sciatic nerve transection and provided ES at the distal stump of the injured nerve. The injured nerve was then evaluated after 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days post injury (dpi). The results showed that ES significantly promoted the degeneration and clearance of axons and myelin, and the dedifferentiation of Schwann cells. It upregulated the expression of BDNF and NGF and increased the number of monocytes and macrophages. Through transcriptome sequencing, we systematically investigated the effect of ES on the molecular processes involved in WD at 4 dpi. Evaluation of nerves bridged using silicone tubing after transection showed that ES accelerated early axonal and vascular regeneration while delaying gastrocnemius atrophy. These results demonstrate that ES promotes nerve regeneration by accelerating WD and upregulating the expression of neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Li
- The School of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Tieyuan Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chaochao Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Haofeng Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Boyao Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Ren
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Song
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhibo Jia
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Beijing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinshu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cristobal CD, Lee HK. Development of myelinating glia: An overview. Glia 2022; 70:2237-2259. [PMID: 35785432 PMCID: PMC9561084 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is essential to nervous system function, playing roles in saltatory conduction and trophic support. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs) form myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems respectively and follow different developmental paths. OLs are neural stem-cell derived and follow an intrinsic developmental program resulting in a largely irreversible differentiation state. During embryonic development, OL precursor cells (OPCs) are produced in distinct waves originating from different locations in the central nervous system, with a subset developing into myelinating OLs. OPCs remain evenly distributed throughout life, providing a population of responsive, multifunctional cells with the capacity to remyelinate after injury. SCs derive from the neural crest, are highly dependent on extrinsic signals, and have plastic differentiation states. SC precursors (SCPs) are produced in early embryonic nerve structures and differentiate into multipotent immature SCs (iSCs), which initiate radial sorting and differentiate into myelinating and non-myelinating SCs. Differentiated SCs retain the capacity to radically change phenotypes in response to external signals, including becoming repair SCs, which drive peripheral regeneration. While several transcription factors and myelin components are common between OLs and SCs, their differentiation mechanisms are highly distinct, owing to their unique lineages and their respective environments. In addition, both OLs and SCs respond to neuronal activity and regulate nervous system output in reciprocal manners, possibly through different pathways. Here, we outline their basic developmental programs, mechanisms regulating their differentiation, and recent advances in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo D. Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical SciencesBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children's HospitalHoustonTexasUSA,Department of PediatricsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA,Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranceviene D, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Inokaitis H, Saburkina I, Plekhanova K, Sabeckiene D, Sabeckis I, Azukaite J, Pauza DH, Pauziene N. Early structural alterations of intrinsic cardiac ganglionated plexus in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:955-970. [PMID: 35356999 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Persistent arterial hypertension leads to structural and functional remodeling of the heart resulting in myocardial ischemia, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and eventually heart failure. Previous studies have shown that individual neurons composing the intracardiac ganglia are hypertrophied in the failing human, dog, and rat hearts, indicating that this process involves changes in cardiac innervation. However, despite a wealth of data on changes in intrinsic cardiac ganglionated plexus (GP) in late-stage disease models, little is known about the effects of hypertension on cardiac innervation during the early onset of heart failure development. Thus, we examined the impact of early hypertension on the structural organization of the intrinsic cardiac ganglionated plexus in juvenile (8-9 weeks) and adult (12-18 weeks) spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. GP was studied using a combination of immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in whole-mount preparations and tissue sections. Here, we report intrinsic cardiac GP of SH rats to display multiple structural alterations: (i) a decrease in the intracardiac neuronal number, (ii) a marked reduction in axonal diameters and their proportion within intracardiac nerves, (iii) an increased density of myocardial nerve fibers, and (iv) neuropathic abnormalities in cardiac glial cells. These findings represent early neurological changes of the intrinsic ganglionated plexus of the heart introduced by early-onset arterial hypertension in young adult SH rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ranceviene
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Hermanas Inokaitis
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga Saburkina
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Khrystyna Plekhanova
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Deimante Sabeckiene
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ignas Sabeckis
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joana Azukaite
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius H Pauza
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Pauziene
- Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lysko DE, Meireles AM, Folland C, McNamara E, Laing NG, Lamont PJ, Ravenscroft G, Talbot WS. Partial loss-of-function variant in neuregulin 1 identified in family with heritable peripheral neuropathy. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1216-1223. [PMID: 35485770 PMCID: PMC9357049 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 signals are essential for the development and function of Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath on peripheral axons. Disruption of myelin in the peripheral nervous system can lead to peripheral neuropathy, which is characterized by reduced axonal conduction velocity and sensorimotor deficits. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of heritable peripheral neuropathies that may be caused by variants in nearly 100 genes. Despite the evidence that Neuregulin 1 is essential for many aspects of Schwann cell development, previous studies have not reported variants in the neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1) in patients with peripheral neuropathy. We have identified a rare missense variant in NRG1 that is homozygous in a patient with sensory and motor deficits consistent with mixed axonal and de-myelinating peripheral neuropathy. Our in vivo functional studies in zebrafish indicate that the patient variant partially reduces NRG1 function. This study tentatively suggests that variants at the NRG1 locus may cause peripheral neuropathy and that NRG1 should be investigated in families with peripheral neuropathy of unknown cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lysko
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ana M Meireles
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chiara Folland
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Elyshia McNamara
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McLean JW, Wilson JA, Tian T, Watson JA, VanHart M, Bean AJ, Scherer SS, Crossman DK, Ubogu E, Wilson SM. Disruption of Endosomal Sorting in Schwann Cells Leads to Defective Myelination and Endosomal Abnormalities Observed in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5085-5101. [PMID: 35589390 PMCID: PMC9233440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2481-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting plays a fundamental role in directing neural development. By altering the temporal and spatial distribution of membrane receptors, endosomes regulate signaling pathways that control the differentiation and function of neural cells. Several genes linked to inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathies, known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, encode proteins that directly interact with components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Our previous studies demonstrated that a point mutation in the ESCRT component hepatocyte growth-factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HGS), an endosomal scaffolding protein that identifies internalized cargo to be sorted by the endosome, causes a peripheral neuropathy in the neurodevelopmentally impaired teetering mice. Here, we constructed a Schwann cell-specific deletion of Hgs to determine the role of endosomal sorting during myelination. Inactivation of HGS in Schwann cells resulted in motor and sensory deficits, slowed nerve conduction velocities, delayed myelination and hypomyelinated axons, all of which occur in demyelinating forms of CMT. Consistent with a delay in Schwann cell maturation, HGS-deficient sciatic nerves displayed increased mRNA levels for several promyelinating genes and decreased mRNA levels for genes that serve as markers of myelinating Schwann cells. Loss of HGS also altered the abundance and activation of the ERBB2/3 receptors, which are essential for Schwann cell development. We therefore hypothesize that HGS plays a critical role in endosomal sorting of the ERBB2/3 receptors during Schwann cell maturation, which further implicates endosomal dysfunction in inherited peripheral neuropathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Schwann cells myelinate peripheral axons, and defects in Schwann cell function cause inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathies known as CMT. Although many CMT-linked mutations are in genes that encode putative endosomal proteins, little is known about the requirements of endosomal sorting during myelination. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of HGS disrupts the endosomal sorting pathway in Schwann cells, resulting in hypomyelination, aberrant myelin sheaths, and impairment of the ERBB2/3 receptor pathway. These findings suggest that defective endosomal trafficking of internalized cell surface receptors may be a common mechanism contributing to demyelinating CMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W McLean
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Julie A Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Tina Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jennifer A Watson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Mary VanHart
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Andrew J Bean
- Graduate College, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Eroboghene Ubogu
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Scott M Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang S, Wang Y, Zou S. A Glance at the Molecules That Regulate Oligodendrocyte Myelination. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2194-2216. [PMID: 35678678 PMCID: PMC9164040 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) myelination is a critical process for the neuronal axon function in the central nervous system. After demyelination occurs because of pathophysiology, remyelination makes repairs similar to myelination. Proliferation and differentiation are the two main stages in OL myelination, and most factors commonly play converse roles in these two stages, except for a few factors and signaling pathways, such as OLIG2 (Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2). Moreover, some OL maturation gene mutations induce hypomyelination or hypermyelination without an obvious function in proliferation and differentiation. Herein, three types of factors regulating myelination are reviewed in sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunqi Wang
- Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yingxing Wang
- Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Suqi Zou
- Institute of Life Science & School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (S.W.); (Y.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu H, Shi J, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Huang S, Wang S, Wei J, Huang J, Li C, Ji L. Icariin Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology by Alleviating Myelin Injury in 3 × Tg-AD Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1049-1059. [PMID: 35037164 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by excessive deposition of β amyloid (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal cell death. Recent studies have shown that myelin cell damage, which leads to cognitive dysfunction, occurs before AD-related pathological changes. Here, we examine the effect of icariin (ICA), a prenylated flavonol glycoside, in improving cognitive function in AD model mice. ICA has been reported to exhibit cardiovascular protective functions and antiaging effects. In this study, we used 3 × Tg-AD mice as an AD model. The Morris water maze and Y maze tests were performed to assess the learning and memory of the mice. Immunofluorescence analysis of Aβ1-42 deposition and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in the mouse hippocampus was performed. Tau protein phosphorylation and MBP protein expression in the hippocampus were further analyzed by Western blotting. Myelin damage in the mouse optic nerve was evaluated by electron microscopy, and LFB staining was performed to assess myelin morphology in the mouse corpus callosum. MBP, Mpp5, and Egr2 transcript levels were quantified by qPCR. We observed that ICA treatment improved the learning and memory of 3 × Tg-AD mice and reduced Aβ deposition and tau protein phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Moreover, this treatment protocol increased myelin-related gene expression and reduced myelin damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jianhong Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yiyou Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yehui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qihang Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Suo Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Sichen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiale Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Changyu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Liting Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Enhanced re-myelination in transthyretin null mice following cuprizone mediated demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2022; 766:136287. [PMID: 34634393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) impact nearly every tissue in the body, including the adult and developing central nervous system. The distribution of THs around the body is facilitated by specific TH distributor proteins including transthyretin (TTR). In addition to being produced in the liver, TTR is synthesized in the choroid plexus of the brain. The synthesis of TTR by choroid plexus epithelial cells allows transport of THs from the blood into the brain. Adequate supply of THs to the brain is required for developmental myelination of axons and the maintenance of mature myelin throughout adult life, essential for the proper conduction of nerve impulses. Insufficient THs in developing mice results in hypo-myelination (thinner myelin around axons). However, confounding evidence demonstrated that in developing brain of TTR null mice, hyper-myelination of axons was observed in the corpus callosum. This raised the question whether increased myelination occurs during re-myelination in the adult brain following targeted demyelination. To investigate the effect of TTR during re-myelination, cuprizone induced depletion of myelin in the corpus callosum of adult mice was initiated, followed by a period of myelin repair. Myelin thickness was measured to assess re-myelination rates for 6 weeks. TTR null mice displayed expedited rates of early re-myelination, preferentially re-myelinating smaller axons compared to those of wild type mice. Furthermore, TTR null mice produced thicker myelin than wild type mice during re-myelination. These results may have broader implications in understanding mechanisms governing re-myelination, particularly in potential therapeutic contexts for acquired demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Myelin is a key evolutionary specialization and adaptation of vertebrates formed by the plasma membrane of glial cells, which insulate axons in the nervous system. Myelination not only allows rapid and efficient transmission of electric impulses in the axon by decreasing capacitance and increasing resistance but also influences axonal metabolism and the plasticity of neural circuits. In this review, we will focus on Schwann cells, the glial cells which form myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we will describe the main extrinsic and intrinsic signals inducing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination and how myelin biogenesis is achieved. Finally, we will also discuss how the study of human disorders in which molecules and pathways relevant for myelination are altered has enormously contributed to the current knowledge on myelin biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bolino
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Della-Flora Nunes G, Wilson ER, Hurley E, He B, O'Malley BW, Poitelon Y, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. Activation of mTORC1 and c-Jun by Prohibitin1 loss in Schwann cells may link mitochondrial dysfunction to demyelination. eLife 2021; 10:e66278. [PMID: 34519641 PMCID: PMC8478418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) mitochondria are quickly emerging as an important regulator of myelin maintenance in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, the mechanisms underlying demyelination in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction in the PNS are incompletely understood. We recently showed that conditional ablation of the mitochondrial protein Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) in SCs causes a severe and fast progressing demyelinating peripheral neuropathy in mice, but the mechanism that causes failure of myelin maintenance remained unknown. Here, we report that mTORC1 and c-Jun are continuously activated in the absence of Phb1, likely as part of the SC response to mitochondrial damage. Moreover, we demonstrate that these pathways are involved in the demyelination process, and that inhibition of mTORC1 using rapamycin partially rescues the demyelinating pathology. Therefore, we propose that mTORC1 and c-Jun may play a critical role as executioners of demyelination in the context of perturbations to SC mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
| | - Edward Hurley
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
| | - Bin He
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical CollegeAlbanyUnited States
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at BuffaloBuffaloUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Magalhães J, Eira J, Liz MA. The role of transthyretin in cell biology: impact on human pathophysiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6105-6117. [PMID: 34297165 PMCID: PMC11073172 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is an extracellular protein mainly produced in the liver and choroid plexus, with a well-stablished role in the transport of thyroxin and retinol throughout the body and brain. TTR is prone to aggregation, as both wild-type and mutated forms of the protein can lead to the accumulation of amyloid deposits, resulting in a disease called TTR amyloidosis. Recently, novel activities for TTR in cell biology have emerged, ranging from neuronal health preservation in both central and peripheral nervous systems, to cellular fate determination, regulation of proliferation and metabolism. Here, we review the novel literature regarding TTR new cellular effects. We pinpoint TTR as major player on brain health and nerve biology, activities that might impact on nervous systems pathologies, and assign a new link between TTR and angiogenesis and cancer. We also explore the molecular mechanisms underlying TTR activities at the cellular level, and suggest that these might go beyond its most acknowledged carrier functions and include interaction with receptors and activation of intracellular signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhães
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessica Eira
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Almeida Liz
- Neurodegeneration Team, Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dysregulation of myelin synthesis and actomyosin function underlies aberrant myelin in CMT4B1 neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009469118. [PMID: 33653949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009469118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B1 (CMT4B1) is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with childhood onset, caused by loss-of-function mutations in the myotubularin-related 2 (MTMR2) gene. MTMR2 is a ubiquitously expressed catalytically active 3-phosphatase, which in vitro dephosphorylates the 3-phosphoinositides PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P 2, with a preference for PtdIns(3,5)P 2 A hallmark of CMT4B1 neuropathy are redundant loops of myelin in the nerve termed myelin outfoldings, which can be considered the consequence of altered growth of myelinated fibers during postnatal development. How MTMR2 loss and the resulting imbalance of 3'-phosphoinositides cause CMT4B1 is unknown. Here we show that MTMR2 by regulating PtdIns(3,5)P 2 levels coordinates mTORC1-dependent myelin synthesis and RhoA/myosin II-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics to promote myelin membrane expansion and longitudinal myelin growth. Consistent with this, pharmacological inhibition of PtdIns(3,5)P 2 synthesis or mTORC1/RhoA signaling ameliorates CMT4B1 phenotypes. Our data reveal a crucial role for MTMR2-regulated lipid turnover to titrate mTORC1 and RhoA signaling thereby controlling myelin growth.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ishii A, Furusho M, Bansal R. Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling plays both independent and cooperative roles in Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and dysmyelination. Glia 2021; 69:2429-2446. [PMID: 34157170 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple signals are involved in the regulation of developmental myelination by Schwann cells and in the maintenance of a normal myelin homeostasis throughout adult life, preserving the integrity of the axons in the PNS. Recent studies suggest that Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR intracellular signaling pathways play important, often overlapping roles in the regulation of myelination in the PNS. In addition, hyperactivation of these signaling pathways in Schwann cells leads to a late onset of various pathological changes in the sciatic nerves. However, it remains poorly understood whether these pathways function independently or sequentially or converge using a common mechanism to facilitate Schwann cell differentiation and myelin growth during development and in causing pathological changes in the adult animals. To address these questions, we analyzed multiple genetically modified mice using simultaneous loss- and constitutive gain-of-function approaches. We found that during development, the Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK pathway plays a primary role in Schwann cell differentiation, distinct from mTOR. However, during active myelination, ERK1/2 is dependent on mTOR signaling to drive the growth of the myelin sheath and regulate its thickness. Finally, our data suggest that peripheral nerve pathology during adulthood caused by hyperactivation of Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK or PI3K is likely to be independent or dependent on mTOR-signaling in different contexts. Thus, this study highlights the complexities in the roles played by two major intracellular signaling pathways in Schwann cells that affect their differentiation, myelination, and later PNS pathology and predicts that potential therapeutic modulation of these pathways in PNS neuropathies could be a complex process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miki Furusho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saiki T, Nakamura N, Miyabe M, Ito M, Minato T, Sango K, Matsubara T, Naruse K. The Effects of Insulin on Immortalized Rat Schwann Cells, IFRS1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115505. [PMID: 34071138 PMCID: PMC8197103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells play an important role in peripheral nerve function, and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and other demyelinating diseases. The physiological functions of insulin in Schwann cells remain unclear and therefore define the aim of this study. By using immortalized adult Fischer rat Schwann cells (IFRS1), we investigated the mechanism of the stimulating effects of insulin on the cell proliferation and expression of myelin proteins (myelin protein zero (MPZ) and myelin basic protein (MBP). The application of insulin to IFRS1 cells increased the proliferative activity and induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, but not P38-MAPK. The proliferative potential of insulin-stimulated IFRS1 was significantly suppressed by the addition of LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor. The insulin-stimulated increase in MPZ expression was significantly suppressed by the addition of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor. Furthermore, insulin-increased MBP expression was significantly suppressed by the addition of LY294002. These findings suggest that both PI3-K/Akt and ERK/MEK pathways are involved in insulin-induced cell growth and upregulation of MPZ and MBP in IFRS1 Schwann cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Saiki
- Department of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University Dental Hospital, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-759-2111; Fax: +81-52-759-2168
| | - Megumi Miyabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Mizuho Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Tomomi Minato
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aichi Gakuin University Dental Hospital, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (T.M.); (K.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Comprehensive Analysis of Age-related Changes in Lipid Metabolism and Myelin Sheath Formation in Sciatic Nerves. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2310-2323. [PMID: 33492614 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular changes related to myelin formation and lipid metabolism in the sciatic nerve in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats during aging. Thirty-six healthy male SD rats were divided into five groups according to age: 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Sciatic nerves were collected from 1-month-old and 24-month-old SD rats (n = 3) to perform next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics analysis. Specimens from each group were harvested and analyzed by qPCR, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) related to myelin and lipid metabolism were constructed. DEmRNAs in subnetworks were verified using qPCR. A total of 4580 DEmRNAs were found during aging. The top enriched GO biological processes were primarily clustered in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, including the cholesterol biosynthetic process (RF = 3.16), sterol biosynthetic process (RF = 3.03), cholesterol metabolic process (RF = 2.15), sterol metabolic process (RF = 2.11), fatty acid biosynthetic process (RF = 2.09), and lipid biosynthetic process (RF = 1.79). The mRNA levels of MBP, PMP22, and MPZ were downregulated during aging, while the protein expression of MBP showed an increasing trend. The TEM results showed thin myelin sheaths and an increased number of unmyelinated axons in the 1-week-old rats, and the sheaths became thickened with degenerated axons appearing in older animals. Forty PPI subnetworks related to lipid metabolism were constructed, including one primary subnetwork and two smaller subnetworks. The hub genes were mTOR in sub-network 1, Akt1 in sub-network 2, and SIRT1 in sub-network 3. No gene expression was found consistent with the sequencing results, while in the downregulated genes, AKT1, CEBPA, LIPE, LRP5, PHB, and Rara were significantly downregulated in 24-month-old rats. Lipid metabolism might play an important role in maintaining the structure and physiological function in sciatic nerves during aging and could be candidates for nerve aging research.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen Y, Zheng Z, Mei A, Huang H, Lin F. Claudin-1 and Claudin-3 as Molecular Regulators of Myelination in Leukoaraiosis Patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2167. [PMID: 34008771 PMCID: PMC8101689 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leukoaraiosis is described as white matter lesions that are associated with cognitive dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Myelin depletion is a salient pathological feature of, and the loss of oligodendrocytes is one of the most robust alterations evident in, white matter degeneration. Recent studies have revealed that claudin proteins are aberrantly expressed in leukoaraiosis and regulate oligodendrocyte activity. However, the roles of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in oligodendrocytes and leukoaraiosis are still not well-defined. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1), claudin-3 (CLDN3), and myelinogenesis-related genes such as myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) in leukoaraiosis patients (n=122) and healthy controls (n=122). The expression of claudin-1 and claudin-3 was either ectopically silenced or augmented in Oli-neu oligodendrocytes, and colony formation, apoptosis, and migration assays were performed. Finally, the expression of myelin proteins was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Our results revealed that in addition to SOX10, the expression levels of claudin-1, claudin-3, and myelinogenesis-related proteins were prominently downregulated in leukoaraiosis patients, compared to those in healthy controls. Furthermore, the growth and migration of Oli-neu cells were downregulated upon silencing claudin-1 or claudin-3. However, the overexpression of claudin-1 or claudin-3 resulted in the reduction of the degree of apoptosis in Oli-neu cells. In addition, claudin-1 and claudin-3 promoted the expression of MBP, OLIG2, PLP, and SOX10 at the translational level. CONCLUSION Our data has demonstrated that the abnormal expression of claudin-1 and claudin-3 regulates the pathological progression of leukoaraiosis by governing the viability and myelination of oligodendrocytes. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the roles of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in leukoaraiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ainong Mei
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
A Golgi-associated lipid kinase controls peripheral nerve myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30873-30875. [PMID: 33188090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021130117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
28
|
Muppirala AN, Limbach LE, Bradford EF, Petersen SC. Schwann cell development: From neural crest to myelin sheath. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e398. [PMID: 33145925 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous system function requires glial cells, including myelinating glia that insulate axons and provide trophic support that allows for efficient signal propagation by neurons. In vertebrate peripheral nervous systems, neural crest-derived glial cells known as Schwann cells (SCs) generate myelin by encompassing and iteratively wrapping membrane around single axon segments. SC gliogenesis and neurogenesis are intimately linked and governed by a complex molecular environment that shapes their developmental trajectory. Changes in this external milieu drive developing SCs through a series of distinct morphological and transcriptional stages from the neural crest to a variety of glial derivatives, including the myelinating sublineage. Cues originate from the extracellular matrix, adjacent axons, and the developing SC basal lamina to trigger intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression changes that specify stages and transitions in SC development. Here, we integrate the findings from in vitro neuron-glia co-culture experiments with in vivo studies investigating SC development, particularly in zebrafish and mouse, to highlight critical factors that specify SC fate. Ultimately, we connect classic biochemical and mutant studies with modern genetic and visualization tools that have elucidated the dynamics of SC development. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoohya N Muppirala
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scapin C, Ferri C, Pettinato E, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Feltri ML, Kaufman RJ, Wrabetz L, D'Antonio M. Phosphorylation of eIF2α Promotes Schwann Cell Differentiation and Myelination in CMT1B Mice with Activated UPR. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8174-8187. [PMID: 32973043 PMCID: PMC7574653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0957-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin Protein Zero (MPZ/P0) is the most abundant glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin. P0 is synthesized by myelinating Schwann cells, processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and delivered to myelin via the secretory pathway. The mutant P0S63del (deletion of serine 63 in the extracellular domain of P0), that causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B (CMT1B) neuropathy in humans and a similar demyelinating neuropathy in transgenic mice, is instead retained the ER where it activates an unfolded protein response. Under ER-stress conditions, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) to attenuate global translation, thus reducing the misfolded protein overload in the ER. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of Gadd34 (damage-inducible protein 34), a subunit of the PP1 phosphatase complex that promotes the dephosphorylation of eIF2α, prolonged eIF2α phosphorylation and improved motor, neurophysiological, and morphologic deficits in S63del mice. However, PERK ablation in S63del Schwann cells ameliorated, rather than worsened, S63del neuropathy despite reduced levels of phosphorylated eIF2α. These contradictory findings prompted us to genetically explore the role of eIF2α phosphorylation in P0S63del-CMT1B neuropathy through the generation of mice in which eIF2α cannot be phosphorylated specifically in Schwann cells. Morphologic and electrophysiological analysis of male and female S63del mice showed a worsening of the neuropathy in the absence of eIF2α phosphorylation. However, we did not detect significant changes in ER stress levels, but rather a dramatic increase of the MEK/ERK/c-Jun pathway accompanied by a reduction in expression of myelin genes and a delay in Schwann cell differentiation. Our results support the hypothesis that eIF2α phosphorylation is protective in CMT1B and unveil a possible cross talk between eIF2α and the MEK/ERK pathway in neuropathic nerves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the P0S63del (deletion of serine 63 in the extracellular domain of P0) mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B (CMT1B), the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Gadd34 (damage-inducible protein 34) prolonged eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, leading to a proteostatic rebalance that significantly ameliorated the neuropathy. Yet, ablation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) also ameliorated the S63del neuropathy, despite reduced levels of eIF2α phosphorylation (P-eIF2α). In this study, we provide genetic evidence that eIF2α phosphorylation has a protective role in CMT1B Schwann cells by limiting ERK/c-Jun hyperactivation. Our data support the targeting of the P-eIF2α/Gadd34 complex as a therapeutic avenue in CMT1B and also suggest that PERK may hamper myelination via mechanisms outside its role in the unfolded protein response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Scapin
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pettinato
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, California 92130
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Maurizio D'Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee JW. Protonic conductor: better understanding neural resting and action potential. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1029-1044. [PMID: 32816602 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00281.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the employment of the transmembrane electrostatic proton localization theory with a new membrane potential equation, neural resting and action potential is now much better understood as the voltage contributed by the localized protons/cations at a neural liquid- membrane interface. Accordingly, the neural resting/action potential is essentially a protonic/cationic membrane capacitor behavior. It is now understood with a newly formulated action potential equation: when action potential is <0 (negative number), the localized protons/cations charge density at the liquid-membrane interface along the periplasmic side is >0 (positive number); when the action potential is >0, the concentration of the localized protons and localized nonproton cations is <0, indicating a "depolarization" state. The nonlinear curve of the localized protons/cations charge density in the real-time domain of an action potential spike appears as an inverse mirror image to the action potential. The newly formulated action potential equation provides biophysical insights for neuron electrophysiology, which may represent a complementary development to the classic Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. With the use of the action potential equation, the biological significance of axon myelination is now also elucidated as to provide protonic insulation and prevent any ions both inside and outside of the neuron from interfering with the action potential signal, so that the action potential can quickly propagate along the axon with minimal (e.g., 40 times less) energy requirement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The newly formulated action potential equation provides biophysical insights for neuron electrophysiology, which may represent a complementary development to the classic Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. The nonlinear curve of the localized protons/cations charge density in the real-time domain of an action potential spike appears as an inverse mirror image to the action potential. The biological significance of axon myelination is now elucidated as to provide protonic insulation and prevent any ions from interfering with action potential signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Weifu Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li XX, Zhang SJ, Man KY, Chiu AP, Lo LH, To JC, Chiu CH, Chan CO, Mok DK, Rowlands DK, Keng VW. Schwann cell-specific Pten inactivation reveals essential role of the sympathetic nervous system activity in adipose tissue development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:118-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
32
|
Reed CB, Frick LR, Weaver A, Sidoli M, Schlant E, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. Deletion of Calcineurin in Schwann Cells Does Not Affect Developmental Myelination, But Reduces Autophagy and Delays Myelin Clearance after Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6165-6176. [PMID: 32641402 PMCID: PMC7406276 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0951-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the PNS, myelination occurs postnatally when Schwann cells (SCs) contact axons. Axonal factors, such as Neuregulin-1 Type III, trigger promyelinating signals that upregulate myelin genes. Neuregulin-1 Type III has been proposed to activate calcineurin signaling in immature SCs to initiate differentiation and myelination. However, little is known about the role of calcineurin in promyelinating SCs after birth. By creating a SC conditional KO of calcineurin B (CnBscko), we assessed the effects of CnB ablation on peripheral myelination after birth in both male and female mice. Surprisingly, CnBscko mice have minimal myelination defects, no alteration of myelin thickness, and normal KROX20 expression. In contrast, we did find a unique role for calcineurin in SCs after nerve injury. Following nerve crush, CnBscko mice have slower degeneration of myelin compared with WT mice. Furthermore, absence of CnB in primary SCs delays clearance of myelin debris. SCs clear myelin via autophagy and recent literature has demonstrated that calcineurin can regulate autophagy via dephosphorylation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. We demonstrate that loss of CnB reduces autophagic flux in primary SCs, indicating a possible mechanism for impaired myelin clearance. In addition, ablation of CnB impairs TFEB translocation to the nucleus 3 d after crush, suggesting that calcineurin may regulate autophagy in SCs via TFEB activation. Together, our data indicate that calcineurin is not essential for myelination but has a novel role in myelin clearance after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our data offer a novel mechanism for activation of autophagy after peripheral nerve injury. Efficient clearance of myelin after injury by Schwann cells is important for axonal regrowth and remyelination, which is one reason why the PNS is significantly better at recovery compared with the CNS. Improved understanding of myelin clearance allows for the identification of pathways that are potentially accessible to increase myelin clearance and improve remyelination and recovery. Finally, this paper clarifies the role of calcineurin in Schwann cells and myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Neurology
| | - Luciana R Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Neurology
| | | | - Mariapaola Sidoli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Elizabeth Schlant
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sawade L, Grandi F, Mignanelli M, Patiño-López G, Klinkert K, Langa-Vives F, Di Guardo R, Echard A, Bolino A, Haucke V. Rab35-regulated lipid turnover by myotubularins represses mTORC1 activity and controls myelin growth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2835. [PMID: 32503983 PMCID: PMC7275063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) represent a broad group of disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies characterized by defects primarily arising in myelin, axons, or both. The molecular mechanisms by which mutations in nearly 100 identified IPN/CMT genes lead to neuropathies are poorly understood. Here we show that the Ras-related GTPase Rab35 controls myelin growth via complex formation with the myotubularin-related phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-phosphatases MTMR13 and MTMR2, encoded by genes responsible for CMT-types 4B2 and B1 in humans, and found that it downregulates lipid-mediated mTORC1 activation, a pathway known to crucially regulate myelin biogenesis. Targeted disruption of Rab35 leads to hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling caused by elevated levels of PI 3-phosphates and to focal hypermyelination in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate synthesis or mTORC1 signaling ameliorates this phenotype. These findings reveal a crucial role for Rab35-regulated lipid turnover by myotubularins to repress mTORC1 activity and to control myelin growth. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) is an inherited peripheral neuropathy. Here, the authors show that Rab35 forms a complex with genes implicated in CMT, MTMR13 and MTMR2, which regulates myelin growth by controlling mTORC1 signaling through lipid turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sawade
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Grandi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Mignanelli
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez. C.P, 06720, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Kerstin Klinkert
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Di Guardo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Bolino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (InSpe), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Grove M, Lee H, Zhao H, Son YJ. Axon-dependent expression of YAP/TAZ mediates Schwann cell remyelination but not proliferation after nerve injury. eLife 2020; 9:50138. [PMID: 32436841 PMCID: PMC7259960 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that YAP/TAZ promote not only proliferation but also differentiation of immature Schwann cells (SCs), thereby forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around peripheral axons (Grove et al., 2017). Here we show that YAP/TAZ are required for mature SCs to restore peripheral myelination, but not to proliferate, after nerve injury. We find that YAP/TAZ dramatically disappear from SCs of adult mice concurrent with axon degeneration after nerve injury. They reappear in SCs only if axons regenerate. YAP/TAZ ablation does not impair SC proliferation or transdifferentiation into growth promoting repair SCs. SCs lacking YAP/TAZ, however, fail to upregulate myelin-associated genes and completely fail to remyelinate regenerated axons. We also show that both YAP and TAZ are redundantly required for optimal remyelination. These findings suggest that axons regulate transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ in adult SCs and that YAP/TAZ are essential for functional regeneration of peripheral nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grove
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Poitelon Y, Kopec AM, Belin S. Myelin Fat Facts: An Overview of Lipids and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040812. [PMID: 32230947 PMCID: PMC7226731 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is critical for the proper function of the nervous system and one of the most complex cell–cell interactions of the body. Myelination allows for the rapid conduction of action potentials along axonal fibers and provides physical and trophic support to neurons. Myelin contains a high content of lipids, and the formation of the myelin sheath requires high levels of fatty acid and lipid synthesis, together with uptake of extracellular fatty acids. Recent studies have further advanced our understanding of the metabolism and functions of myelin fatty acids and lipids. In this review, we present an overview of the basic biology of myelin lipids and recent insights on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and functions in myelinating cells. In addition, this review may serve to provide a foundation for future research characterizing the role of fatty acids and lipids in myelin biology and metabolic disorders affecting the central and peripheral nervous system.
Collapse
|
36
|
Guzman KM, Brink LE, Rodriguez-Bey G, Bodnar RJ, Kuang L, Xing B, Sullivan M, Park HJ, Koppes E, Zhu H, Padiath Q, Cambi F. Conditional depletion of Fus in oligodendrocytes leads to motor hyperactivity and increased myelin deposition associated with Akt and cholesterol activation. Glia 2020; 68:2040-2056. [PMID: 32187401 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a predominantly nuclear multifunctional RNA/DNA-binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of gene expression. FUS mutations are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) and frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) in humans. At the molecular level, the mutated FUS protein is reduced in the nucleus but accumulates in cytoplasmic granules. Oligodendrocytes (OL) carrying clinically relevant FUS mutations contribute to non-cell autonomous motor neuron disease progression, consistent with an extrinsic mechanism of disease mediated by OL. Knocking out FUS globally or in neurons lead to behavioral abnormalities that are similar to those present in FTLD. In this study, we sought to investigate whether an extrinsic mechanism mediated by loss of FUS function in OL contributes to the behavioral phenotype. We have generated a novel conditional knockout (cKO) in which Fus is selectively depleted in OL (FusOL cKO). The FusOL cKO mice show increased novelty-induced motor activity and enhanced exploratory behavior, which are reminiscent of some manifestations of FTLD. The phenotypes are associated with greater myelin thickness, higher number of myelinated small diameter axons without an increase in the number of mature OL. The expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis (HMGCR) is increased in white matter tracts of the FusOL cKO and results in higher cholesterol content. In addition, phosphorylation of Akt, an important regulator of myelination is increased in the FusOL cKO. Collectively, this work has uncovered a novel role of oligodendrocytic Fus in regulating myelin deposition through activation of Akt and cholesterol biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Guzman
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren E Brink
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guillermo Rodriguez-Bey
- Department of Human Genetics Graduate, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard J Bodnar
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Kuang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bin Xing
- GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mara Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun J Park
- Department of Human Genetics, Biostatistics and Biomedical Informatics, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erik Koppes
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Quasar Padiath
- Department of Human Genetics Graduate, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Research Department, Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology/PIND, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Scapin C, Ferri C, Pettinato E, Zambroni D, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Belin S, Caruso D, Mitro N, Pellegatta M, Taveggia C, Schwab MH, Nave KA, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L, D'Antonio M. Enhanced axonal neuregulin-1 type-III signaling ameliorates neurophysiology and hypomyelination in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:992-1006. [PMID: 30481294 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies are a group of genetic disorders that affect the peripheral nervous system with heterogeneous pathogenesis and no available treatment. Axonal neuregulin 1 type III (Nrg1TIII) drives peripheral nerve myelination by activating downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk that converge on master transcriptional regulators of myelin genes, such as Krox20. We reasoned that modulating Nrg1TIII activity may constitute a general therapeutic strategy to treat CMTs that are characterized by reduced levels of myelination. Here we show that genetic overexpression of Nrg1TIII ameliorates neurophysiological and morphological parameters in a mouse model of demyelinating CMT1B, without exacerbating the toxic gain-of-function that underlies the neuropathy. Intriguingly, the mechanism appears not to be related to Krox20 or myelin gene upregulation, but rather to a beneficial rebalancing in the stoichiometry of myelin lipids and proteins. Finally, we provide proof of principle that stimulating Nrg1TIII signaling, by pharmacological suppression of the Nrg1TIII inhibitor tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17), also ameliorates the neuropathy. Thus, modulation of Nrg1TIII by TACE/ADAM17 inhibition may represent a general treatment for hypomyelinating neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Bianchi
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB-Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB-Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Laura Feltri
- DIBIT, Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology.,Hunter James Kelly Research Institute.,Department of Neurology.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- DIBIT, Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology.,Hunter James Kelly Research Institute.,Department of Neurology.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alshehri B, Pagnin M, Lee JY, Petratos S, Richardson SJ. The Role of Transthyretin in Oligodendrocyte Development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4189. [PMID: 32144308 PMCID: PMC7060235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein that binds and distributes thyroid hormones (THs) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Previously, two reports identified TTR null mice as hypothyroid in the central nervous system (CNS). This prompted our investigations into developmentally regulated TH-dependent processes in brains of wildtype and TTR null mice. Despite logical expectations of a hypomyelinating phenotype in the CNS of TTR null mice, we observed a hypermyelination phenotype, synchronous with an increase in the density of oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and anterior commissure of TTR null mice during postnatal development. Furthermore, absence of TTR enhanced proliferation and migration of OPCs with decreased apoptosis. Neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone of TTR null mice at P21 revealed that the absence of TTR promoted NSC differentiation toward a glial lineage. Importantly, we identified TTR synthesis in OPCs, suggestive of an alternate biological function in these cells that may extend beyond an extracellular TH-distributor protein. The hypermyelination mechanism may involve increased pAKT (involved in oligodendrocyte maturation) in TTR null mice. Elucidating the regulatory role of TTR in NSC and OPC biology could lead to potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of acquired demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Alshehri
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.,ToolGen, Inc., Seoul, 08501, Korea
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Samantha J Richardson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia. .,School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brown TL, Macklin WB. The Actin Cytoskeleton in Myelinating Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:684-693. [PMID: 30847860 PMCID: PMC6732044 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelinating cells of both the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNSs) undergo dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization in order to differentiate and produce myelin. Myelinating oligodendrocytes in the CNS show a periodic actin pattern, demonstrating tight regulation of actin. Furthermore, recent data demonstrate that actin polymerization drives early cell differentiation and that actin depolymerization drives myelin wrapping. Dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton in myelinating cells is seen in some disease states. This review highlights the cytoskeletal molecules that regulate differentiation of and myelination by cells of the PNS and CNS, informing our understanding of neural development, in particular myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Silva-Rodrigues JF, Patrício-Rodrigues CF, de Sousa-Xavier V, Augusto PM, Fernandes AC, Farinho AR, Martins JP, Teodoro RO. Peripheral axonal ensheathment is regulated by RalA GTPase and the exocyst complex. Development 2020; 147:dev.174540. [PMID: 31969325 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Axon ensheathment is fundamental for fast impulse conduction and the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. Defects in axonal insulation lead to debilitating conditions, but, despite its importance, the molecular players responsible are poorly defined. Here, we identify RalA GTPase as a key player in axon ensheathment in Drosophila larval peripheral nerves. We demonstrate through genetic analysis that RalA action through the exocyst complex is required in wrapping glial cells to regulate their growth and development. We suggest that the RalA-exocyst pathway controls the targeting of secretory vesicles for membrane growth or for the secretion of a wrapping glia-derived factor that itself regulates growth. In summary, our findings provide a new molecular understanding of the process by which axons are ensheathed in vivo, a process that is crucial for normal neuronal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Silva-Rodrigues
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Patrício-Rodrigues
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vicente de Sousa-Xavier
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Augusto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fernandes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R Farinho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João P Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita O Teodoro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mikdache A, Fontenas L, Albadri S, Revenu C, Loisel-Duwattez J, Lesport E, Degerny C, Del Bene F, Tawk M. Elmo1 function, linked to Rac1 activity, regulates peripheral neuronal numbers and myelination in zebrafish. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:161-177. [PMID: 31161284 PMCID: PMC11104998 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system development involves a tight coordination of neuronal birth and death and a substantial remodelling of the myelinating glia cytoskeleton to achieve myelin wrapping of its projecting axons. However, how these processes are coordinated through time is still not understood. We have identified engulfment and cell motility 1, Elmo1, as a novel component that regulates (i) neuronal numbers within the Posterior Lateral Line ganglion and (ii) radial sorting of axons by Schwann cells (SC) and myelination in the PLL system in zebrafish. Our results show that neuronal and myelination defects observed in elmo1 mutant are rescued through small GTPase Rac1 activation. Inhibiting macrophage development leads to a decrease in neuronal numbers, while peripheral myelination is intact. However, elmo1 mutants do not show defective macrophage activity, suggesting a role for Elmo1 in PLLg neuronal development and SC myelination independent of macrophages. Forcing early Elmo1 and Rac1 expression specifically within SCs rescues elmo1-/- myelination defects, highlighting an autonomous role for Elmo1 and Rac1 in radial sorting of axons by SCs and myelination. This uncovers a previously unknown function of Elmo1 that regulates fundamental aspects of PNS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mikdache
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laura Fontenas
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4328, USA
| | - Shahad Albadri
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Celine Revenu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Julien Loisel-Duwattez
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Emilie Lesport
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cindy Degerny
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Marcel Tawk
- U1195, Inserm, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Cellular Signal-Regulated Schwann Cell Myelination and Remyelination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:3-22. [PMID: 31760634 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing studies have demonstrated multiple signaling molecules responsible for oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells development such as migration, differentiation, myelination, and axo-glial interaction. However, complicated roles in these events are still poorly understood. This chapter focuses on well established intracellular signaling transduction and recent topics that control myelination and are elucidated from accumulating evidences. The underlying molecular mechanisms, which involved in membrane trafficking through small GTPase Arf6 and its activator cytohesins, demonstrate the crosstalk between well established intracellular signaling transduction and a new finding signaling pathway in glial cells links to physiological phenotype and essential role in peripheral nerve system (PNS). Since Arf family proteins affect the expression levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and Krox20, which is a transcription factor regulatory factor in early developmental stages of Schwann cells, Arf proteins likely to be key regulator for Schwann cells development. Herein, we discuss how intracellular signaling transductions in Schwann cells associate with myelination in CNS and PNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hackett AR, Strickland A, Milbrandt J. Disrupting insulin signaling in Schwann cells impairs myelination and induces a sensory neuropathy. Glia 2019; 68:963-978. [PMID: 31758725 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although diabetic mice have been studied for decades, little is known about the cell type specific contributions to diabetic neuropathy (DN). Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate and provide trophic support to peripheral nervous system axons. Altered SC metabolism leads to myelin defects, which can be seen both in inherited and DNs. How SC metabolism is altered in DN is not fully understood, but it is clear that insulin resistance underlies impaired lipid metabolism in many cell types throughout the body via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase b (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway. Here, we created an insulin resistant SC by deleting both insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), to determine the role of this signaling pathway in development and response to injury in order to understand SC defects in DN. We found that myelin is thinner throughout development and adulthood in INSR/IGF1R Schwann cell specific knock out mice. The nerves of these mutant mice had reduced expression of key genes that mediate fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis due to reduced mTOR-sterol regulatory element-binding protein signaling. In adulthood, these mice show sensory neuropathy phenotypes reminiscent of diabetic mice. Altogether, these data suggest that SCs may play an important role in DN and targeting their metabolism could lead to new therapies for DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Amy Strickland
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fledrich R, Kungl T, Nave KA, Stassart RM. Axo-glial interdependence in peripheral nerve development. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev151704. [PMID: 31719044 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the development of the peripheral nervous system, axons and myelinating Schwann cells form a unique symbiotic unit, which is realized by a finely tuned network of molecular signals and reciprocal interactions. The importance of this complex interplay becomes evident after injury or in diseases in which aspects of axo-glial interaction are perturbed. This Review focuses on the specific interdependence of axons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerve development that enables axonal outgrowth, Schwann cell lineage progression, radial sorting and, finally, formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fledrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany .,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany .,Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhou Y, Bazick H, Miles JR, Fethiere AI, Salihi MOA, Fazio S, Tavori H, Notterpek L. A neutral lipid-enriched diet improves myelination and alleviates peripheral nerve pathology in neuropathic mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
46
|
Dong L, Li R, Li D, Wang B, Lu Y, Li P, Yu F, Jin Y, Ni X, Wu Y, Yang S, Lv G, Li X, Xiao J, Wang J. FGF10 Enhances Peripheral Nerve Regeneration via the Preactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling-Mediated Antioxidant Response. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1224. [PMID: 31680984 PMCID: PMC6805699 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is slow and mostly incomplete. Previous studies have investigated the neuroprotective effects of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) against spinal cord injury and cerebral ischemia brain injury. However, the role of FGF10 in peripheral nerve regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying therapeutic effects of FGF10 on nerve regeneration and functional recovery after PNI and to explore the associated mechanism. Our results showed that FGF10 administration promoted axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve damage. Moreover, exogenous FGF10 treatment also prevented SCs from excessive oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, which was probably related to the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling. The inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by the specific inhibitor LY294002 partially reversed the therapeutic effects of FGF10 both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, from our perspective, FGF10 may be a promising therapeutic drug for repairing sciatic nerve damage through countering excessive oxidative stress-induced SC apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvpeng Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duohui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangzheng Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yonglong Jin
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanxi Lv
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Harty BL, Coelho F, Pease-Raissi SE, Mogha A, Ackerman SD, Herbert AL, Gereau RW, Golden JP, Lyons DA, Chan JR, Monk KR. Myelinating Schwann cells ensheath multiple axons in the absence of E3 ligase component Fbxw7. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2976. [PMID: 31278268 PMCID: PMC6611888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons; in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate a single axon. Why are the myelinating potentials of these glia so fundamentally different? Here, we find that loss of Fbxw7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, enhances the myelinating potential of SCs. Fbxw7 mutant SCs make thicker myelin sheaths and sometimes appear to myelinate multiple axons in a fashion reminiscent of oligodendrocytes. Several Fbxw7 mutant phenotypes are due to dysregulation of mTOR; however, the remarkable ability of mutant SCs to ensheathe multiple axons is independent of mTOR signaling. This indicates distinct roles for Fbxw7 in SC biology including modes of axon interactions previously thought to fundamentally distinguish myelinating SCs from oligodendrocytes. Our data reveal unexpected plasticity in the myelinating potential of SCs, which may have important implications for our understanding of both PNS and CNS myelination and myelin repair. The authors find that deletion from Schwann cells of an E3 ubiquitin ligase component called Fbxw7 leads to a phenotype reminiscent of myelination in the central nervous system where a single oligodendrocyte ensheaths multiple axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne L Harty
- Thaden School, 410 SE Staggerwing Lane, Bentonville, AR, 72712, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fernanda Coelho
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah E Pease-Raissi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1440 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Amy L Herbert
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 279W. Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Judith P Golden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Brain Discovery Sciences, MS Society Centre for Translational Research, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang C, Chi J, Che K, Ma X, Qiu M, Wang Z, Wang Y. The combined effect of mesenchymal stem cells and resveratrol on type 1 diabetic neuropathy. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3555-3563. [PMID: 30988737 PMCID: PMC6447822 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common diabetic complications that results in an increase in patient discomfort and pain. The present study demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or resveratrol (RSV) may improve diabetic hyperglycemia and neuropathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effect of MSCs and RSV on DN. A total of 100 non-obese diabetic mice were divided into the following six groups: Normal control, MSCs, RSV, MSCs + RSV, insulin and diabetic control groups. Following homologous therapy, the levels of blood glucose and C-peptide, islets, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, nerve growth factor (NGF) and myelin basic protein (MBP), and the sciatic nerve structure in each group were examined and evaluated. Following the administration of therapy, the levels of blood glucose and C-peptide in mice in the MSCs + RSV group were significantly improved when compared with the other diabetic groups, and the dosage of insulin therapy required was the lowest among the six experimental groups (P<0.05). The levels of NGF, MBP and NF-κB in the MSCs + RSV group were significantly improved compared with the MSCs and RSV groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the diameter of the axon, number of myelinated nerve fibers and the depth of the myelin sheath in the MSCs + RSV group were greatest among the five examined groups (excluding the control). The combination of RSV and MSCs could relieve hyperglycemia and improve DN. This indicated that the combination of RSV and MSCs may be a novel therapeutic method for the treatment of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Endocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Chi
- Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Kui Che
- Laboratory of Thyroid Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Endocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Qiu
- Endocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zhongchao Wang
- Endocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Endocrinology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Belin S, Ornaghi F, Shackleford G, Wang J, Scapin C, Lopez-Anido C, Silvestri N, Robertson N, Williamson C, Ishii A, Taveggia C, Svaren J, Bansal R, Schwab MH, Nave K, Fratta P, D’Antonio M, Poitelon Y, Feltri ML, Wrabetz L. Neuregulin 1 type III improves peripheral nerve myelination in a mouse model of congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1260-1273. [PMID: 30535360 PMCID: PMC6452193 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath thickness is precisely regulated and essential for rapid propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. In the peripheral nervous system, extrinsic signals from the axonal protein neuregulin 1 (NRG1) type III regulate Schwann cell fate and myelination. Here we ask if modulating NRG1 type III levels in neurons would restore myelination in a model of congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (CHN). Using a mouse model of CHN, we improved the myelination defects by early overexpression of NRG1 type III. Surprisingly, the improvement was independent from the upregulation of Egr2 or essential myelin genes. Rather, we observed the activation of MAPK/ERK and other myelin genes such as peripheral myelin protein 2 and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. We also confirmed that the permanent activation of MAPK/ERK in Schwann cells has detrimental effects on myelination. Our findings demonstrate that the modulation of axon-to-glial NRG1 type III signaling has beneficial effects and improves myelination defects during development in a model of CHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Ornaghi
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- SR-TIGET, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ghjuvan’Ghjacumu Shackleford
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Scapin
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nicholas Silvestri
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Neil Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Williamson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maurizio D’Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dai C, Tang S, Biao X, Xiao X, Chen C, Li J. Colistin induced peripheral neurotoxicity involves mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1963-1972. [PMID: 30783935 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymyxin is a critical antibiotic against the infection caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Neurotoxicity is one of main dose-limiting factors. The present study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism on colistin induced peripheral neurotoxicity using a mouse model. Forty mice were divided into control, colistin 1-, 3- and 7-day groups, the mice were intravenously injected with saline or colistin (sulfate) at the dose of 15 mg/kg/day for 1, 3 and 7 days, respectively. The results showed that, colistin treatment for 7 days markedly resulted in the demyelination, axonal degeneration and mitochondria swelling in the mice's sciatic tissues. Colistin treatment induces oxidative stress as well as the increases of mitochondrial permeability transition, decreases of membrane potential (ΔΨm) and activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain in the mice's sciatic nerve tissues. Furthermore, in the colistin-7 day group, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) level Na+/K+-ATPase activity decreased to 75.2% (p < 0.01) and 80.1% (p < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, colistin treatment down-regulates the expression of protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) mRNAs and up-regulates the expression of Bax and caspase-3 mRNAs. Our results reveal that colistin induced sciatic nerves damage involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and the inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Biao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|