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Liu Y, Weng L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu Q, Zhao P, Shi Y, Wang P, Fang L. Deciphering the role of CD47 in cancer immunotherapy. J Adv Res 2024; 63:129-158. [PMID: 39167629 PMCID: PMC11380025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for cancer treatment following surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint blockade and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have been successful in clinical trials. Cancer cells evade immune surveillance by hijacking inhibitory pathways via overexpression of checkpoint genes. The Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) has emerged as a crucial checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy by working as a "don't eat me" signal and suppressing innate immune signaling. Furthermore, CD47 is highly expressed in many cancer types to protect cancer cells from phagocytosis via binding to SIRPα on phagocytes. Targeting CD47 by either interrupting the CD47-SIRPα axis or combing with other therapies has been demonstrated as an encouraging therapeutic strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies and small molecules that target CD47 have been explored in pre- and clinical trials. However, formidable challenges such as the anemia and palate aggregation cannot be avoided because of the wide presentation of CD47 on erythrocytes. AIM OF VIEW This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation and function of CD47, and provides a new perspective for immunotherapy targeting CD47. It also highlights the clinical progress of targeting CD47 and discusses challenges and potential strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review provides a comprehensive understanding of targeting CD47 in cancer immunotherapy, it also augments the concept of combination immunotherapy strategies by employing both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linjun Weng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi, Medical Center, 39216 Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, No.266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lan Fang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Wang C, Feng Y, Patel D, Xie H, Lv Y, Zhao H. The role of CD47 in non-neoplastic diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22905. [PMID: 38125492 PMCID: PMC10731077 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a 50 kDa five-spanning membrane receptor that plays a crucial role in multiple cellular processes, including myeloid cell activation, neutrophils transmigration, vascular remodeling, leukocyte adhesion and trans-endothelial migration. Recent studies have revealed that CD47 is a highly expressed anti-phagocytic signal in several types of cancer, and therefore, blocking of CD47 has shown an effective therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, CD47 has been found to be involved in a complex interplay with microglia and other types of cells, and increasing evidence indicates that CD47 can be targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies for non-neoplastic diseases as well. In this review, we focus on CD47 and its role in non-neoplastic diseases, including neurological disorders, atherosclerosis and autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and potential remedies associated with CD47-SIRPα-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Emergency, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Deepali Patel
- School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Yaqing Lv
- Department of Outpatient, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
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Gitik M, Elberg G, Reichert F, Tal M, Rotshenker S. Deletion of CD47 from Schwann cells and macrophages hastens myelin disruption/dismantling and scavenging in Schwann cells and augments myelin debris phagocytosis in macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:243. [PMID: 37872624 PMCID: PMC10594853 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin that surrounds axons breaks in trauma and disease; e.g., peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries (PNI and SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Resulting myelin debris hinders repair if not effectively scavenged by Schwann cells and macrophages in PNI and by microglia in SCI and MS. We showed previously that myelin debris evades phagocytosis as CD47 on myelin ligates SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on macrophages and microglia, triggering SIRPα to inhibit phagocytosis in phagocytes. Using PNI as a model, we tested the in vivo significance of SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in SIRPα null mice, showing that SIRPα deletion leads to accelerated myelin debris clearance, axon regeneration and recovery of function from PNI. Herein, we tested how deletion of CD47, a SIRPα ligand and a cell surface receptor on Schwann cells and phagocytes, affects recovery from PNI. METHODS Using CD47 null (CD47-/-) and wild type mice, we studied myelin disruption/dismantling and debris clearance, axon regeneration and recovery of function from PNI. RESULTS As expected from CD47 on myelin acting as a SIRPα ligand that normally triggers SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in phagocytes, myelin debris clearance, axon regeneration and function recovery were all faster in CD47-/- mice than in wild type mice. Unexpectedly compared with wild type mice, myelin debris clearance started sooner and CD47-deleted Schwann cells displayed enhanced disruption/dismantling and scavenging of myelin in CD47-/- mice. Furthermore, CD47-deleted macrophages from CD47-/- mice phagocytosed more myelin debris than CD47-expressing phagocytes from wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals two novel normally occurring CD47-dependent mechanisms that impede myelin debris clearance. First, CD47 expressed on Schwann cells inhibits myelin disruption/dismantling and debris scavenging in Schwann cells. Second, CD47 expressed on macrophages inhibits myelin debris phagocytosis in phagocytes. The two add to a third mechanism that we previously documented whereby CD47 on myelin ligates SIRPα on macrophages and microglia, triggering SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in phagocytes. Thus, CD47 plays multiple inhibitory roles that combined impede myelin debris clearance, leading to delayed recovery from PNI. Similar inhibitory roles in microglia may hinder recovery from other pathologies in which repair depends on efficient phagocytosis (e.g., SCI and MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Gitik
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
- Genomic Research Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science (DNBBS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Gerard Elberg
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fanny Reichert
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Tal
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Alausa A, Lawal KA, Babatunde OA, Obiwulu ENO, Oladokun OC, Fadahunsi OS, Celestine UO, Moses EU, Rejoice AI, Adegbola PI. Overcoming Immunotherapeutic Resistance in PDAC: SIRPα-CD47 blockade. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106264. [PMID: 35597384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A daily increase in the number of new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains an issue of contention in cancer research. The data revealed that a global cumulated case of about 500, 000 have been reported. This has made PDAC the fourteenth most occurring tumor case in cancer research. Furthermore, PDAC is responsible for about 466,003 deaths annually, representing the seventh prevalent type of cancer mortality. PDAC has no salient symptoms in its early stages. This has exasperated several attempts to produce a perfect therapeutic agent against PDAC. Recently, immunotherapeutic research has shifted focus to the blockade of checkpoint proteins in the management and of some cancers. Investigations have centrally focused on developing therapeutic agents that could at least to a significant extent block the SIRPα-CD47 signaling cascade (a cascade which prevent phagocytosis of tumors by dendritic cells, via the deactivation of innate immunity and subsequently resulting in tumor regression) with minimal side effects. The concept on the blockade of this interaction as a possible mechanism for inhibiting the progression of PDAC is currently being debated. This review examined the structure--function activity of SIRPα-CD47 interaction while discussing in detail the mechanism of tumor resistance in PDAC. Further, this review details how the blockade of SIRPα-CD47 interaction serve as a therapeutic option in the management of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Alausa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state.
| | - Khadijat Ayodeji Lawal
- Heamtalogy and Blood Transfusion Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | - E N O Obiwulu
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State
| | | | | | - Ugwu Obiora Celestine
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
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Xiong ZL, Wang Y, Zhou C, Ma XL, Jiang XW, Yu WH. Based on proteomics to explore the mechanism of mecobalamin promoting the repair of injured peripheral nerves. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:562-572. [PMID: 35413215 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mecobalamin is commonly used in the adjuvant intervention of various peripheral nerve injuries. Actin cytoskeleton plays a role in regeneration of myelin and axon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of mecobalamin regulating actin cytoskeleton in repairing nerve injury. In this study, a crush injury on the right sciatic nerve of two group of rats (12 in each group) was established. The control group was only given normal saline (i.g.), and the intervention group was given Mecobalamin 1mg/kg (i.g.). The rats were sacrificed on 28th day and the injured nerves were collected for proteomics. The result shows that regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway changed significantly. The expression of protein Vav1 was verified by western blot and immunofluorescence. In the intervention group, the nerve fiber structure was complete, the axons were dense and symmetrical, the myelin sheath was compact and uniform in thickness, The positive rate of myelin basic protein (MBP) and βⅢ-Tubulin was higher than that in the control group. The findings of the study show that mecobalamin regulates the actin cytoskeleton in the repair of nerve damage and up-regulates vav1 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Liang Xiong
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harbin, Harbin, China;
| | - Yao Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harbin, Harbin, China;
| | - Chong Zhou
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, Harbin, Harbin, China;
| | - Xiang-Lin Ma
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harbin, Harbin, China;
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harbin, Harbin, China;
| | - Wen-Hui Yu
- Northeast Agricultural University, 12430, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harbin, Harbin, China;
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Vav Proteins in Development of the Brain: A Potential Relationship to the Pathogenesis of Congenital Zika Syndrome? Viruses 2022; 14:v14020386. [PMID: 35215978 PMCID: PMC8874935 DOI: 10.3390/v14020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can result in a significant impact on the brain and eye of the developing fetus, termed congenital zika syndrome (CZS). At a morphological level, the main serious presentations of CZS are microcephaly and retinal scarring. At a cellular level, many cell types of the brain may be involved, but primarily neuronal progenitor cells (NPC) and developing neurons. Vav proteins have guanine exchange activity in converting GDP to GTP on proteins such as Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA to stimulate intracellular signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are known to play important roles in maintaining the polarity and self-renewal of NPC pools by coordinating the formation of adherens junctions with cytoskeletal rearrangements. In developing neurons, these same pathways are adopted to control the formation and growth of neurites and mediate axonal guidance and targeting in the brain and retina. This review describes the role of Vavs in these processes and highlights the points of potential ZIKV interaction, such as (i) the binding and entry of ZIKV in cells via TAM receptors, which may activate Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling; (ii) the functional convergence of ZIKV NS2A with Vav in modulating adherens junctions; (iii) ZIKV NS4A/4B protein effects on PI3K/AKT in a regulatory loop via PPI3 to influence Vav/Rac1 signaling in neurite outgrowth; and (iv) the induction of SOCS1 and USP9X following ZIKV infection to regulate Vav protein degradation or activation, respectively, and impact Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling in NPC and neurons. Experiments to define these interactions will further our understanding of the molecular basis of CZS and potentially other developmental disorders stemming from in utero infections. Additionally, Vav/Rac/RhoA signaling pathways may present tractable targets for therapeutic intervention or molecular rationale for disease severity in CZS.
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7
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Ojiro R, Watanabe Y, Okano H, Takahashi Y, Takashima K, Tang Q, Ozawa S, Saito F, Akahori Y, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Gene expression profiles of multiple brain regions in rats differ between developmental and postpubertal exposure to valproic acid. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:864-882. [PMID: 34779009 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the valproic acid (VPA)-induced disruption pattern of hippocampal adult neurogenesis differs between developmental and 28-day postpubertal exposure. In the present study, we performed brain region-specific global gene expression profiling to compare the profiles of VPA-induced neurotoxicity between developmental and postpubertal exposure. Offspring exposed to VPA at 0, 667, and 2000 parts per million (ppm) via maternal drinking water from gestational day 6 until weaning (postnatal day 21) were examined, along with male rats orally administered VPA at 0, 200, and 900 mg/kg body weight for 28 days starting at 5 weeks old. Four brain regions-the hippocampal dentate gyrus, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, and cerebellar vermis-were subjected to expression microarray analysis. Profiled data suggested a region-specific pattern of effects after developmental VPA exposure, and a common pattern of effects among brain regions after postpubertal VPA exposure. Developmental VPA exposure typically led to the altered expression of genes related to nervous system development (Msx1, Xcl1, Foxj1, Prdm16, C3, and Kif11) in the hippocampus, and those related to nervous system development (Neurod1) and gliogenesis (Notch1 and Sox9) in the corpus callosum. Postpubertal VPA exposure led to the altered expression of genes related to neuronal differentiation and projection (Cd47, Cyr61, Dbi, Adamts1, and Btg2) in multiple brain regions. These findings suggested that neurotoxic patterns of VPA might be different between developmental and postpubertal exposure, which was consistent with our previous study. Of note, the hippocampal dentate gyrus might be a sensitive target of developmental neurotoxicants after puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yousuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Beizavi Z, Gheibihayat SM, Moghadasian H, Zare H, Yeganeh BS, Askari H, Vakili S, Tajbakhsh A, Savardashtaki A. The regulation of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis by microRNAs in combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs together with the help of nano-delivery: a choice for therapy? Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5707-5722. [PMID: 34275112 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD47, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is an important "Don't Eat-Me" signal in phagocytosis process [clearance of apoptotic cells] as well as a regulator of the adaptive immune response. The lower level of CD47 on the cell surface leads to the clearance of apoptotic cells. Dysregulation of CD47 plays a critical role in the development of disorders, particularly cancers. In cancers, recognition of CD47 overexpression on the surface of cancer cells by its receptor, SIRPα on the phagocytic cells, inhibits phagocytosis of cancer cells. Thus, blocking of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis might be as a promising therapeutic target, which promotes phagocytosis of cancer cells, antigen-presenting cell function as well as adaptive T cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity. In this respect, it has been reported that CD47 expression can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs can regulate phagocytosis of macrophages apoptotic process, drug resistance, relapse of disease, radio-sensitivity, and suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through post-transcriptional regulation of CD47-SIRPα signaling axis. Moreover, the regulation of CD47 expression by miRNAs and combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs together with the help of nano-delivery represent a valuable opportunity for effective cancer treatment. In this review, we review studies that evaluate the role of miRNAs in the regulation of CD47-SIRPα in disorders to achieve a novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategy.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct. Confirmed.Journal standard instruction requires a structured abstract; however, none was provided. Please supply an Abstract with subsections..Not confirmed. This is a review article. According to submission guidelines: "The abstract should be presented divided into subheadings (unless it is a mini or full review article)". Kindly check and confirm whether the corresponding authors and mail ID are correctly identified. Confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Beizavi
- Department of General Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hadis Moghadasian
- Laboratory of Common Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasool Allah Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Zare
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Babak Shirazi Yeganeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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9
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Gheibihayat SM, Cabezas R, Nikiforov NG, Jamialahmadi T, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. CD47 in the Brain and Neurodegeneration: An Update on the Role in Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133943. [PMID: 34203368 PMCID: PMC8271744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and broadly expressed on cell membranes. Through interactions with ligands such as SIRPα, TSP-1, integrins, and SH2-domain bearing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), CD47 regulates numerous functions like cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, homeostasis, and the immune system. In this aspect, previous research has shown that CD47 modulates phagocytosis via macrophages, the transmigration of neutrophils, and the activation of T-cells, dendritic cells, and B-cells. Moreover, several studies have reported the increased expression of the CD47 receptor in a variety of diseases, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), bladder cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Gaucher disease, Multiple Sclerosis and stroke among others. The ubiquitous expression of the CD47 cell receptor on most resident cells of the CNS has previously been established through different methodologies. However, there is little information concerning its precise functions in the development of different neurodegenerative pathologies in the CNS. Consequently, further research pertaining to the specific functions and roles of CD47 and SIRP is required prior to its exploitation as a druggable approach for the targeting of various neurodegenerative diseases that affect the human population. The present review attempts to summarize the role of both CD47 and SIRP and their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916188635, Iran;
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 111511, Colombia;
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan 19395/1495, Iran;
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64131, USA;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6907, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Begg BE, Jens M, Wang PY, Minor CM, Burge CB. Concentration-dependent splicing is enabled by Rbfox motifs of intermediate affinity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:901-912. [PMID: 32807990 PMCID: PMC7554199 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Rbfox family of splicing factors regulate alternative splicing during animal development and in disease, impacting thousands of exons in the maturing brain, heart, and muscle. Rbfox proteins have long been known to bind to the RNA sequence GCAUG with high affinity, but just half of Rbfox binding sites contain a GCAUG motif in vivo. We incubated recombinant RBFOX2 with over 60,000 mouse and human transcriptomic sequences to reveal substantial binding to several moderate-affinity, non-GCAYG sites at a physiologically relevant range of RBFOX concentrations. We find that many of these “secondary motifs” bind Rbfox robustly in cells and that several together can exert regulation comparable to GCAUG in a trichromatic splicing reporter assay. Furthermore, secondary motifs regulate RNA splicing in neuronal development and in neuronal subtypes where cellular Rbfox concentrations are highest, enabling a second wave of splicing changes as Rbfox levels increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Begg
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marvin Jens
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Y Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christine M Minor
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher B Burge
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Epithelial CD47 is critical for mucosal repair in the murine intestine in vivo. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5004. [PMID: 31676794 PMCID: PMC6825175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that regulates inflammatory responses and tissue repair. Here, we show that normal mice treated with anti-CD47 antibodies, and Cd47-null mice have impaired intestinal mucosal wound healing. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific loss of CD47 does not induce spontaneous immune-mediated intestinal barrier disruption but results in defective mucosal repair after biopsy-induced colonic wounding or Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced mucosal damage. In vitro analyses using primary cultures of CD47-deficient murine colonic IEC or human colonoid-derived IEC treated with CD47-blocking antibodies demonstrate impaired epithelial cell migration in wound healing assays. Defective wound repair after CD47 loss is linked to decreased epithelial β1 integrin and focal adhesion signaling, as well as reduced thrombospondin-1 and TGF-β1. These results demonstrate a critical role for IEC-expressed CD47 in regulating mucosal repair and raise important considerations for possible alterations in wound healing secondary to therapeutic targeting of CD47. The role of the transmembrane glycoprotein CD47 in healing injured intestinal mucosa is unclear. Here, the authors show that selective loss of CD47 in the murine intestinal epithelium results in defective mucosal repair after colonic wounding, with suggested impaired cell migration in vitro.
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12
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CD47: role in the immune system and application to cancer therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 43:19-30. [PMID: 31485984 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD47 is a widely expressed cellular receptor well known for its immunoregulatory functions. By interacting with its ligands, including thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), integrins, and SH2-domain bearing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), it modulates cellular phagocytosis by macrophages, transmigration of neutrophils and activation of dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. Ample studies have shown that various types of cancer express high levels of CD47 to escape from the immune system. Based on this observation, CD47 is currently considered as a prominent target in cancer therapy. CONCLUSIONS Here, we review the role of CD47 in the maintenance of immune system homeostasis. We also depict three emerging CD47-targeting strategies for cancer therapy, including the use of mimicry peptides, antibodies, and gene silencing strategies. Among these approaches, the most advanced one is the use of anti-CD47 antibodies, which enhances cancer cell phagocytosis via inhibition of the CD47-SIRPα axis. These antibodies can also achieve higher anti-cancer efficacies when combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy and hold promise for improving the survival of patients with cancer.
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13
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Kuo YC, He X, Coleman AJ, Chen YJ, Dasari P, Liou J, Biederer T, Zhang X. Structural analyses of FERM domain-mediated membrane localization of FARP1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10477. [PMID: 29992992 PMCID: PMC6041286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FARP1 is a multi-domain protein that is involved in regulating neuronal development through interacting with cell surface proteins such as class A Plexins and SynCAM 1. The N-terminal FERM domain in FARP1 is known to both promote membrane localization and mediate these protein interactions, for which the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we determined the crystal structures of the FERM domain of FARP1 from zebrafish, and those of FARP2 (a close homolog of FARP1) from mouse and zebrafish. These FERM domains adopt the three-leaved clover fold that is typical of all FERM domains. Our structures reveal a positively charged surface patch that is highly conserved in the FERM domain of FARP1 and FARP2. In vitro lipid-binding experiments showed that the FARP1 FERM domain binds specifically to several types of phospholipid, which is dependent on the positively charged surface patch. We further determined through cell-based analyses that this surface patch on the FERM domain underlies the localization of FARP1 to the plasma membrane, and that FERM domain interactions recruit it to postsynaptic sites in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaojing He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrew J Coleman
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Pranathi Dasari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jen Liou
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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14
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Liu X, Wu X, Wang Y, Li Y, Chen X, Yang W, Jiang L. CD47 Promotes Human Glioblastoma Invasion Through Activation of the PI3K/Akt Pathway. Oncol Res 2018; 27:415-422. [PMID: 29321087 PMCID: PMC7848455 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15155538502359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) overexpression is common in various malignancies. This study investigated whether CD47 promotes human glioblastoma invasion and, if so, the underlying mechanisms involved. CD47 expression was found to be stronger in tissues of patients with glioblastoma and in various cancer cell lines than in normal controls. CD47 downregulation via siRNA suppressed invasion in vitro, whereas CD47 overexpression through plasmid transfection exerted the opposite effect. However, overexpression or knocking down of CD47 had no effect on cell proliferation. Moreover, CD47 expression was related to Akt phosphorylation at the cellular molecular level. Suppression of Akt with a specific inhibitor impaired the invasion ability of CD47-overexpressing cells, indicating that stimulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway served as the downstream regulator of CD47-triggered invasion. These results suggest that CD47 might be a useful predictor of poor prognosis and metastasis and a potential target for treating glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jinan Military Region General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenchuan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Third People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
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15
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Mordue KE, Hawley BR, Satchwell TJ, Toye AM. CD47 surface stability is sensitive to actin disruption prior to inclusion within the band 3 macrocomplex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2246. [PMID: 28533511 PMCID: PMC5440412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is an important 'marker of self' protein with multiple isoforms produced though alternative splicing that exhibit tissue-specific expression. Mature erythrocytes express CD47 isoform 2 only, with membrane stability of this version dependent on inclusion within the band 3 macrocomplex, via protein 4.2. At present a paucity of information exists regarding the associations and trafficking of the CD47 isoforms during erythropoiesis. We show that CD47 isoform 2 is the predominant version maintained at the surface of expanding and terminally differentiating erythroblasts. CD47 isoforms 3 and 4 are expressed in all cell types tested except mature erythrocytes, but do not reach the plasma membrane in erythroblasts and are degraded by the orthochromatic stage of differentiation. To identify putative CD47 interactants, immunoprecipitation combined with Nano LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry was conducted on the erythroleukaemic K562 cell line, expanding and terminally differentiating primary erythroblasts and mature erythrocytes. Results indicate that prior to incorporation into the band 3 macrocomplex, CD47 associates with actin-binding proteins and we confirm that CD47 membrane stability is sensitive to actin disrupting drugs. Maintenance of CD47 at the cell surface was also influenced by dynamin, with sensitivity to dynamin disruption prolonged relative to that of actin during erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Mordue
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Institute of Transfusion Sciences, NHSBT, Filton, BS34 7QH, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan R Hawley
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Institute of Transfusion Sciences, NHSBT, Filton, BS34 7QH, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Blood Cell Products at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Institute of Transfusion Sciences, NHSBT, Filton, BS34 7QH, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Blood Cell Products at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
- Bristol Institute of Transfusion Sciences, NHSBT, Filton, BS34 7QH, United Kingdom.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Unit in Red Blood Cell Products at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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16
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Ulc A, Gottschling C, Schäfer I, Wegrzyn D, van Leeuwen S, Luft V, Reinhard J, Faissner A. Involvement of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 in central nervous system development and plasticity. Biol Chem 2017; 398:663-675. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Small GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes (GTPases) of the RhoA family play manifold roles in cell biology and are regulated by upstream guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Herein, we focus on the GEFs of the Vav subfamily. Vav1 was originally described as a proto-oncogene of the hematopoietic lineage. The GEFs Vav2 and Vav3 are more broadly expressed in various tissues. In particular, the GEF Vav3 may play important roles in the developing nervous system during the differentiation of neural stem cells into the major lineages, namely neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We discuss its putative regulatory roles for progenitor differentiation in the developing retina, polarization of neurons and formation of synapses, migration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and establishment of myelin sheaths. We propose that Vav3 mediates the response of various neural cell types to environmental cues.
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17
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Shao G, Wang Y, Guan S, Burlingame AL, Lu F, Knox R, Ferriero DM, Jiang X. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Cortex Postsynaptic Density following Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:66-81. [PMID: 28315865 PMCID: PMC5519436 DOI: 10.1159/000456030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics of the synapses and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) have provided a deep understanding of protein composition and signal networks in the adult brain, which underlie neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the architecture and organization of PSDs in the immature brain, and how it is modified by brain injury in an early developing stage. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was performed on PSDs prepared from cortices of postnatal day 9 naïve mice or pups which had suffered hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. 512 proteins of different functional groups were identified from PSDs collected 1 h after HI injury, among which 60 have not been reported previously. Seven newly identified proteins involved in neural development were highlighted. HI injury increased the yield of PSDs at early time points upon reperfusion, and multiple proteins were recruited into PSDs following the insult. Quantitative analysis was performed using spectral counting, and proteins whose relative expression was more than 50% up- or downregulated compared to the sham animals 1 h after HI insult were reported. Validation with Western blotting demonstrated changes in expression and phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, activation of a series of postsynaptic protein kinases and dysregulation of scaffold and adaptor proteins in response to neonatal HI insult. This work, along with other recent studies of synaptic protein profiling in the immature brain, builds a foundation for future investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying developing plasticity. Furthermore, it provides insights into the biochemical changes of PSDs following early brain hypoxia-ischemia, which is helpful for understanding not only the injury mechanisms, but also the process of repair or replenishment of neuronal circuits during recovery from brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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18
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Martin-Vilchez S, Whitmore L, Asmussen H, Zareno J, Horwitz R, Newell-Litwa K. RhoGTPase Regulators Orchestrate Distinct Stages of Synaptic Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170464. [PMID: 28114311 PMCID: PMC5256999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RhoGTPases regulate changes in post-synaptic spine morphology and density that support learning and memory. They are also major targets of synaptic disorders, including Autism. Here we sought to determine whether upstream RhoGTPase regulators, including GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs, sculpt specific stages of synaptic development. The majority of examined molecules uniquely regulate either early spine precursor formation or later maturation. Specifically, an activator of actin polymerization, the Rac1 GEF β-PIX, drives spine precursor formation, whereas both FRABIN, a Cdc42 GEF, and OLIGOPHRENIN-1, a RhoA GAP, regulate spine precursor elongation. However, in later development, a novel Rac1 GAP, ARHGAP23, and RhoGDIs inactivate actomyosin dynamics to stabilize mature synapses. Our observations demonstrate that specific combinations of RhoGTPase regulatory proteins temporally balance RhoGTPase activity during post-synaptic spine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Martin-Vilchez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Leanna Whitmore
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Zareno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Karen Newell-Litwa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
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19
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Characterization of Novel Molecular Mechanisms Favoring Rac1 Membrane Translocation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166715. [PMID: 27835684 PMCID: PMC5105943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac1 GTPase plays key roles in cytoskeletal organization, cell motility and a variety of physiological and disease-linked responses. Wild type Rac1 signaling entails dissociation of the GTPase from cytosolic Rac1-Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) complexes, translocation to membranes, activation by exchange factors, effector binding, and activation of downstream signaling cascades. Out of those steps, membrane translocation is the less understood. Using transfections of a expression cDNA library in cells expressing a Rac1 bioreporter, we previously identified a cytoskeletal feedback loop nucleated by the F-actin binding protein coronin 1A (Coro1A) that promotes Rac1 translocation to the plasma membrane by facilitating the Pak-dependent dissociation of Rac1-Rho GDI complexes. This screening identified other potential regulators of this process, including WDR26, basigin, and TMEM8A. Here, we show that WDR26 promotes Rac1 translocation following a Coro1A-like and Coro1A-dependent mechanism. By contrast, basigin and TMEM8A stabilize Rac1 at the plasma membrane by inhibiting the internalization of caveolin-rich membrane subdomains. This latter pathway is F-actin-dependent but Coro1A-, Pak- and Rho GDI-independent.
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20
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Sun FJ, Zhang CQ, Chen X, Wei YJ, Li S, Liu SY, Zang ZL, He JJ, Guo W, Yang H. Downregulation of CD47 and CD200 in patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:85. [PMID: 27095555 PMCID: PMC4837553 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are well-recognized causes of chronic intractable epilepsy in children. Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of the microglia/macrophage and concomitant inflammatory response in FCD IIb and TSC may contribute to the initiation and recurrence of seizures. The membrane glycoproteins CD47 and CD200, which are highly expressed in neurons and other cells, mediate inhibitory signals through their receptors, signal regulatory protein α (SIRP-α) and CD200R, respectively, in microglia/macrophages. We investigate the levels and expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R in surgically resected brain tissues from patients with FCD IIb and TSC, and the potential effect of soluble human CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc on the inhibition of several proinflammatory cytokines associated with FCD IIb and TSC in living epileptogenic brain slices in vitro. The level of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a modulator of CD200, was also investigated. Methods Twelve FCD IIb (range 1.8–9.5 years), 13 TSC (range 1.5–10 years) patients, and 6 control cases (range 1.5–11 years) were enrolled. The levels of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The expression pattern of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays. Results Both the messenger RNA and protein levels of CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200, as well as the mRNA level of IL-4, were downregulated in epileptogenic lesions of FCD IIb and TSC compared with the control specimens, whereas CD200R levels were not significantly changed. CD47, SIRP-α, and CD200 were decreasingly expressed in dysmorphic neuron, balloon cells, and giant cells. CD47 Fc and CD200 Fc could inhibit IL-6 release but did not suppress IL-1β or IL-17 production. Conclusions Our results suggest that microglial activation may be partially caused by CD47/SIRP-α- and CD200/CD200R-mediated reductions in the immune inhibitory pathways within FCD IIb and TSC cortical lesions where chronic neuroinflammation has been established. Upregulation or activation of CD47/SIRP-α and CD200/CD200R may have therapeutic potential for controlling neuroinflammation in human FCD IIb and TSC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0546-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhen-le Zang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 2-V Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Ma L, Kulesskaya N, Võikar V, Tian L. Differential expression of brain immune genes and schizophrenia-related behavior in C57BL/6N and DBA/2J female mice. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:211-6. [PMID: 25661533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests the association of immune genes with complex neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia. However, immune gene expression in the brain and their involvement in schizophrenia-related behavior in animal models have not been well studied so far. We analyzed the social (resident-intruder) and sensorimotor gating (pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle) behaviors, and expression profiles of several brain immune genes in adult C57BL/6N and DBA/2J female mice. Compared to C57BL/6N mice, DBA/2J mice exhibited less social interaction in the resident-intruder test and reduced pre-pulse inhibition. The mRNA levels of Il1b and Il6 genes were significantly higher in the cortex and hypothalamus, while the mRNA level of C1qb was lower in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of DBA/2J mice compared to C57BL/6N mice. Furthermore, Tnfsf13b was up-regulated in the cortex and hippocampus, and so did Cd47 in the hippocampus, while Cx3cl1 was down-regulated in the cortex of DBA/2J mice. Our study demonstrates the differential expression of several immune genes in C57BL/6N and DBA/2J strains and more importantly provides clues on their potential importance in regulating schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
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22
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Zhang H, Li F, Yang Y, Chen J, Hu X. SIRP/CD47 signaling in neurological disorders. Brain Res 2015; 1623:74-80. [PMID: 25795378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play important roles in the process of neuronal injury and recovery. Numeous surface receptors have been described to regulate microglial activation. These receptors tightly mediate normal microglial functions including cell mobility, phagocytosis, and production of inflammatory mediators or trophic factors. In recent years, significant progresses have been achieved for understanding the signaling mechanisms underlying these receptors. Their specific roles in neurological diseases have been documented. This review will focus on the signal regulatory protein (SIRP) and its ligand CD47, two surface receptors expressed on microglia and other cells in the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurons. We will discuss the involvement of SIRP/CD47 signaling in microglial activation and in the interplay between microglia and other CNS cells. Current studies reveal the importance of CD47 and SIRPα in the process of neuroinflammation in the CNS disorders. The dual and contradictory role of CD47 suggests that targeting the SIRPα/CD47 signaling may achieve different effects depending on disease stage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Xianaya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Xianaya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Shp2 in forebrain neurons regulates synaptic plasticity, locomotion, and memory formation in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1557-72. [PMID: 25713104 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01339-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2 (Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2) regulates neural cell differentiation. It is also expressed in postmitotic neurons, however, and mutations of Shp2 are associated with clinical syndromes characterized by mental retardation. Here we show that conditional-knockout (cKO) mice lacking Shp2 specifically in postmitotic forebrain neurons manifest abnormal behavior, including hyperactivity. Novelty-induced expression of immediate-early genes and activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) were attenuated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Shp2 cKO mice, suggestive of reduced neuronal activity. In contrast, ablation of Shp2 enhanced high-K(+)-induced Erk activation in both cultured cortical neurons and synaptosomes, whereas it inhibited that induced by brain-derived growth factor in cultured neurons. Posttetanic potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation were attenuated and enhanced, respectively, in hippocampal slices from Shp2 cKO mice. The mutant mice also manifested transient impairment of memory formation in the Morris water maze. Our data suggest that Shp2 contributes to regulation of Erk activation and synaptic plasticity in postmitotic forebrain neurons and thereby controls locomotor activity and memory formation.
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Wang B, Guo W, Huang Y. Thrombospondins and synaptogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1737-43. [PMID: 25624796 PMCID: PMC4302456 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.22.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review research on the mechanisms underlying the ability of thrombospondin to promote synaptogenesis and examine its role in central nervous system diseases and drug actions. Thrombospondin secreted by glial cells plays a critical role in synaptogenesis and maintains synapse stability. Thrombospondin regulates synaptogenesis through receptor α2δ-1 and neuroligin 1, and promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. It also participates in synaptic remodeling following injury and in the action of some nervous system drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weitao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong Province, China
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Delpech JC, Madore C, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Wohleb ES, Layé S. Microglia in neuronal plasticity: Influence of stress. Neuropharmacology 2015; 96:19-28. [PMID: 25582288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has previously been regarded as an immune-privileged site with the absence of immune cell responses but this dogma was not entirely true. Microglia are the brain innate immune cells and recent findings indicate that they participate both in CNS disease and infection as well as facilitate normal CNS function. Microglia are highly plastic and play integral roles in sculpting the structure of the CNS, refining neuronal circuitry and connectivity, and contribute actively to neuronal plasticity in the healthy brain. Interestingly, psychological stress can perturb the function of microglia in association with an impaired neuronal plasticity and the development of emotional behavior alterations. As a result it seemed important to describe in this review some findings indicating that the stress-induced microglia dysfunction may underlie neuroplasticity deficits associated to many mood disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France.
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26
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Immunomodulator CD200 Promotes Neurotrophic Activity by Interacting with and Activating the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:584-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hsieh CP, Chang WT, Lee YC, Huang AM. Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:463-84. [PMID: 25288019 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti-CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive-like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701
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28
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BNIP3 supports melanoma cell migration and vasculogenic mimicry by orchestrating the actin cytoskeleton. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1127. [PMID: 24625986 PMCID: PMC3973222 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BNIP3 is an atypical BH3-only member of the BCL-2 family of proteins with reported pro-death as well as pro-autophagic and cytoprotective functions, depending on the type of stress and cellular context. In line with this, the role of BNIP3 in cancer is highly controversial and increased BNIP3 levels in cancer patients have been linked with both good as well as poor prognosis. In this study, using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviral transduction to stably knockdown BNIP3 (BNIP3-shRNA) expression levels in melanoma cells, we show that BNIP3 supports cancer cell survival and long-term clonogenic growth. Although BNIP3-shRNA increased mitochondrial mass and baseline levels of reactive oxygen species production, which are features associated with aggressive cancer cell behavior, it also prevented cell migration and completely abolished the ability to form a tubular-like network on matrigel, a hallmark of vasculogenic mimicry (VM). We found that this attenuated aggressive behavior of these melanoma cells was underscored by severe changes in cell morphology and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton associated with loss of BNIP3. Indeed, BNIP3-silenced melanoma cells displayed enhanced formation of actin stress fibers and membrane ruffles, while lamellopodial protrusions and filopodia, tight junctions and adherens junctions were reduced. Moreover, loss of BNIP3 resulted in re-organization of focal adhesion sites associated with increased levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase. Remarkably, BNIP3 silencing led to a drop of the protein levels of the integrin-associated protein CD47 and its downstream signaling effectors Rac1 and Cdc42. These observations underscore that BNIP3 is required to maintain steady-state levels of intracellular complexes orchestrating the plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton, which is integral to cell migration and other vital processes stimulating cancer progression. All together these results unveil an unprecedented pro-tumorigenic role of BNIP3 driving melanoma cell's aggressive features, like migration and VM.
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Murata Y, Kotani T, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T. The CD47-SIRPα signalling system: its physiological roles and therapeutic application. J Biochem 2014; 155:335-44. [PMID: 24627525 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), also known as SHPS-1/BIT/ CD172a, is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein that binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 through its cytoplasmic region. CD47, another immunoglobulin superfamily protein, is a ligand for SIRPα, with the two proteins constituting a cell-cell communication system (the CD47-SIRPα signalling system). SIRPα is particularly abundant in the myeloid-lineage hematopoietic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), whereas CD47 is expressed ubiquitously. Interaction of CD47 (on red blood cells) with SIRPα (on macrophages) is thought to prevent the phagocytosis by the latter cells of the former cells, determining the lifespan of red blood cells. Recent studies further indicate that this signalling system plays important roles in engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells as well as in tumour immune surveillance through regulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In the immune system, the CD47-SIRPα interaction is also important for the development of a subset of CD11c(+)DCs as well as organization of secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, the CD47-SIRPα signalling system likely regulates bone homeostasis by osteoclast development. Newly emerged functions of the CD47-SIRPα signalling system thus provide multiple therapeutic strategies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Murata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
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30
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Salin-Cantegrel A, Shekarabi M, Rasheed S, Charron FM, Laganière J, Gaudet R, Dion PA, Lapointe JY, Rouleau GA. Potassium-chloride cotransporter 3 interacts with Vav2 to synchronize the cell volume decrease response with cell protrusion dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65294. [PMID: 23724134 PMCID: PMC3665532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function of the potassium-chloride cotransporter 3 (KCC3) causes hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum (HMSN/ACC), a severe neurodegenerative disease associated with defective midline crossing of commissural axons in the brain. Conversely, KCC3 over-expression in breast, ovarian and cervical cancer is associated with enhanced tumor cell malignancy and invasiveness. We identified a highly conserved proline-rich sequence within the C-terminus of the cotransporter which when mutated leads to loss of the KCC3-dependent regulatory volume decrease (RVD) response in Xenopus Laevis oocytes. Using SH3 domain arrays, we found that this poly-proline motif is a binding site for SH3-domain containing proteins in vitro. This approach identified the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav2 as a candidate partner for KCC3. KCC3/Vav2 physical interaction was confirmed using GST-pull down assays and immuno-based experiments. In cultured cervical cancer cells, KCC3 co-localized with the active form of Vav2 in swelling-induced actin-rich protruding sites and within lamellipodia of spreading and migrating cells. These data provide evidence of a molecular and functional link between the potassium-chloride co-transporters and the Rho GTPase-dependent actin remodeling machinery in RVD, cell spreading and cell protrusion dynamics, thus providing new insights into KCC3's involvement in cancer cell malignancy and in corpus callosum agenesis in HMSN/ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Salin-Cantegrel
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Masoud Shekarabi
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Rasheed
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Janet Laganière
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Gaudet
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Dion
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Centre of Excellence in Neuroscience of University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l′Université de Montréal Research Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gupta M, Kamynina E, Morley S, Chung S, Muakkassa N, Wang H, Brathwaite S, Sharma G, Manor D. Plekhg4 is a novel Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein for rho family GTPases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14522-14530. [PMID: 23572525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.430371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PLEKHG4 (puratrophin-1) gene are associated with the heritable neurological disorder autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. However, the biochemical functions of this gene product have not been described. We report here that expression of Plekhg4 in the murine brain is developmentally regulated, with pronounced expression in the newborn midbrain and brainstem that wanes with age and maximal expression in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons in adulthood. We show that Plekhg4 is subject to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, and its steady-state expression levels are regulated by the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 and by the ubiquitin ligase CHIP. On the functional level, we demonstrate that Plekhg4 functions as a bona fide guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that facilitates activation of the small GTPases Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Overexpression of Plekhg4 in NIH3T3 cells induces rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically enhanced formation of lamellopodia and fillopodia. These findings indicate that Plekhg4 is an aggregation-prone member of the Dbl family GEFs and that regulation of GTPase signaling is critical for proper cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Samantha Morley
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Stacey Chung
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Shayna Brathwaite
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Danny Manor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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32
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He X, Kuo YC, Rosche TJ, Zhang X. Structural basis for autoinhibition of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor FARP2. Structure 2013; 21:355-64. [PMID: 23375260 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FARP2 is a Dbl-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains a 4.1, ezrin, radixin and moesin (FERM) domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain and two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. FARP2 activates Rac1 or Cdc42 in response to upstream signals, thereby regulating processes such as neuronal axon guidance and bone homeostasis. How the GEF activity of FARP2 is regulated remained poorly understood. We have determined the crystal structures of the catalytic DH domain and the DH-PH-PH domains of FARP2. The structures reveal an auto-inhibited conformation in which the GEF substrate-binding site is blocked collectively by the last helix in the DH domain and the two PH domains. This conformation is stabilized by multiple interactions among the domains and two well-structured inter-domain linkers. Our cell-based activity assays confirm the suppression of the FARP2 GEF activity by these auto-inhibitory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing He
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75063, USA
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CD47: A Cell Surface Glycoprotein Which Regulates Multiple Functions of Hematopoietic Cells in Health and Disease. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:614619. [PMID: 23401787 PMCID: PMC3564380 DOI: 10.1155/2013/614619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cells and their surroundings are important for proper function and homeostasis in a multicellular organism. These interactions can either be established between the cells and molecules in their extracellular milieu, but also involve interactions between cells. In all these situations, proteins in the plasma membranes are critically involved to relay information obtained from the exterior of the cell. The cell surface glycoprotein CD47 (integrin-associated protein (IAP)) was first identified as an important regulator of integrin function, but later also was shown to function in ways that do not necessarily involve integrins. Ligation of CD47 can induce intracellular signaling resulting in cell activation or cell death depending on the exact context. By binding to another cell surface glycoprotein, signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), CD47 can regulate the function of cells in the monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this spotlight paper, several functions of CD47 will be reviewed, although some functions may be more briefly mentioned. Focus will be on the ways CD47 regulates hematopoietic cells and functions such as CD47 signaling, induction of apoptosis, and regulation of phagocytosis or cell-cell fusion.
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34
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SPIN90 phosphorylation modulates spine structure and synaptic function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54276. [PMID: 23342115 PMCID: PMC3544810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct rearrangement of postsynaptic components in dendritic spines is important for driving changes of spine structure and synaptic function. SPIN90 plays an essential role in many cellular processes including actin polymerization, endocytosis, growth cone formation and dendritic spine morphogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that SPIN90, which is a binding partner of PSD95 and Shank in spines, is targeted to synapses and leads to enhanced synaptic activity in neurons. We show, using in vitro and in vivo kinase assays, that SPIN90 is tyrosine phosphorylated by Src kinase. SPIN90 that was tyrosine-phosphorylated by Src was targeted to dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal neurons. Moreover, a SPIN90 phospho-deficient mutant was unable to accumulate at dendritic spines whereas SPIN90 WT and a phospho-mimicking mutant were localized at spines and bound PSD95 and Shank with increased efficiency. Consistent with these findings, hippocampal neurons that overexpressed SPIN90 WT or a phospho-mimicking mutant had enlarged spine heads, leading to enhanced postsynaptic function in terms of both amplitude and frequency. Together, our findings show that SPIN90 modulates synaptic activity in neurons as a result of its phosphorylation.
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35
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Marschinke F, Hashemian S, Matozaki T, Oldenborg PA, Strömberg I. The absence of CD47 promotes nerve fiber growth from cultured ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45218. [PMID: 23049778 PMCID: PMC3458886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In ventral mesencephalic organotypic tissue cultures, two timely separated sequences of nerve fiber growth have been observed. The first appearing nerve fiber pattern is a long-distance outgrowth that occurs before astrocytes start to proliferate and migrate to form an astrocytic monolayer that finally surrounds the tissue slice. These long-distance growing nerve fibers are retracted as the astrocytes migrate, and are followed by a secondary outgrowth. The secondary outgrowth is persistent in time but reaches short distances, comparable with outgrowth seen from a dopaminergic graft implanted to the brain. The present study was focused on the interaction between the astrocytes and the long-distance growing non-glial associated nerve fibers. Cross talk between astroglia and neurite formation might occur through the integrin-associated protein CD47. CD47 serves as a ligand for signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α and as a receptor for the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalic tissue from CD47+/+ and CD47−/− mice was used to investigate astrocytic migration and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) –positive outgrowth that occurred remote from the astrocytes. TH-immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the non-glial-associated nerve fiber outgrowth in CD47−/− cultures reached significantly longer distances and higher density compared to nerve fibers formed in CD47+/+ cultures at 14 days in vitro. These nerve fibers often had a dotted appearance in CD47+/+ cultures. No difference in the astrocytic migration was observed. Further investigations revealed that the presence of CD47 in control culture did neither hamper non-glial-associated growth through SIRPα nor through TSP-1 since similar outgrowth was found in SIRPα mutant cultures and in CD47+/+ cultures treated with blocking antibodies against the TSP-1, respectively, as in the control cultures. In conclusion, long-distance growing nerve fiber formation is promoted by the absence of CD47, even though the presence of astrocytes is not inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanaz Hashemian
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Strömberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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36
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McGowen MR, Grossman LI, Wildman DE. Dolphin genome provides evidence for adaptive evolution of nervous system genes and a molecular rate slowdown. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3643-51. [PMID: 22740643 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans (dolphins and whales) have undergone a radical transformation from the original mammalian bodyplan. In addition, some cetaceans have evolved large brains and complex cognitive capacities. We compared approximately 10,000 protein-coding genes culled from the bottlenose dolphin genome with nine other genomes to reveal molecular correlates of the remarkable phenotypic features of these aquatic mammals. Evolutionary analyses demonstrated that the overall synonymous substitution rate in dolphins has slowed compared with other studied mammals, and is within the range of primates and elephants. We also discovered 228 genes potentially under positive selection (dN/dS > 1) in the dolphin lineage. Twenty-seven of these genes are associated with the nervous system, including those related to human intellectual disabilities, synaptic plasticity and sleep. In addition, genes expressed in the mitochondrion have a significantly higher mean dN/dS ratio in the dolphin lineage than others examined, indicating evolution in energy metabolism. We encountered selection in other genes potentially related to cetacean adaptations such as glucose and lipid metabolism, dermal and lung development, and the cardiovascular system. This study underlines the parallel molecular trajectory of cetaceans with other mammalian groups possessing large brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McGowen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48210, USA
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37
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Gonzalez-Billault C, Muñoz-Llancao P, Henriquez DR, Wojnacki J, Conde C, Caceres A. The role of small GTPases in neuronal morphogenesis and polarity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:464-85. [PMID: 22605667 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly dynamic remodeling and cross talk of the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton support neuronal morphogenesis. Small RhoGTPases family members have emerged as crucial regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review we will comprehensively analyze findings that support the participation of RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and TC10 in different neuronal morphogenetic events ranging from migration to synaptic plasticity. We will specifically address the contribution of these GTPases to support neuronal polarity and axonal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology and Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Maruyama T, Kusakari S, Sato-Hashimoto M, Hayashi Y, Kotani T, Murata Y, Okazawa H, Oldenborg PA, Kishi S, Matozaki T, Ohnishi H. Hypothermia-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPα in the brain. J Neurochem 2012; 121:891-902. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Angibaud J, Louveau A, Baudouin SJ, Nerrière-Daguin V, Evain S, Bonnamain V, Hulin P, Csaba Z, Dournaud P, Thinard R, Naveilhan P, Noraz N, Pellier-Monnin V, Boudin H. The immune molecule CD3zeta and its downstream effectors ZAP-70/Syk mediate ephrin signaling in neurons to regulate early neuritogenesis. J Neurochem 2011; 119:708-22. [PMID: 21895656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the key role of the immune protein CD3ζ in the maturation of neuronal circuits in the CNS. Yet, the upstream signals that might recruit and activate CD3ζ in neurons are still unknown. In this study, we show that CD3ζ functions early in neuronal development and we identify ephrinA1-dependent EphA4 receptor activation as an upstream regulator of CD3ζ. When newly born neurons are still spherical, before neurite extension, we found a transient CD3ζ aggregation at the cell periphery matching the initiation site of the future neurite. This accumulation of CD3ζ correlated with a stimulatory effect on filopodia extension via a Rho-GEF Vav2 pathway and a repression of neurite outgrowth. Conversely, cultured neurons lacking CD3ζ isolated from CD3ζ(-/-) mice showed a decreased number of filopodia and an enhanced neurite number. Stimulation with ephrinA1 induces the translocation of both CD3ζ and its activated effector molecules, ZAP-70/Syk tyrosine kinases, to EphA4 receptor clusters. EphrinA1-induced growth cone collapse was abrogated in CD3ζ(-/-) neurons and was markedly reduced by ZAP-70/Syk inhibition. Moreover, ephrinA1-induced ZAP-70/Syk activation was inhibited in CD3ζ(-/-) neurons. Altogether, our data suggest that CD3ζ mediates the ZAP-70/Syk kinase activation triggered by ephrinA-activated pathway to regulate early neuronal morphogenesis.
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Sick E, Boukhari A, Deramaudt T, Rondé P, Bucher B, André P, Gies JP, Takeda K. Activation of CD47 receptors causes proliferation of human astrocytoma but not normal astrocytes via an Akt-dependent pathway. Glia 2011; 59:308-19. [PMID: 21125662 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD47 is a membrane receptor that plays pivotal roles in many pathophysiological processes, including infection, inflammation, cell spreading, proliferation, and apoptosis. We show that activation of CD47 increases proliferation of human U87 and U373 astrocytoma cells but not normal astrocytes. CD47 function-blocking antibodies inhibit proliferation of untreated U87 and U373 cells but not normal astrocytes, suggesting that CD47 may be constitutively activated in astrocytoma. CD47 expression levels were similar in our three cell types. CD47 couples to G-proteins in astrocytes and astrocytoma and especially to the Gβγ dimer. Downstream signaling following CD47 activation involves Gβγ dimer-dependent activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in astrocytoma cells but not in normal astrocytes. This pathway is known to be deregulated in astrocytoma, leading to cell proliferation and enhanced survival signals. Putative PLIC-1 interaction with CD47 in astrocytoma cells but not astrocytes may contribute to the proliferative effect observed upon activation of CD47. Our data indicate that CD47 receptors have a stimulatory role in cell proliferation and demonstrate for the first time that CD47 signals via the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancerous cells but not normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Sick
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7213-Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 rte du Rhin, Illkirch, France.
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Allison JG, Das PM, Ma J, Inglis FM, Jones FE. The ERBB4 intracellular domain (4ICD) regulates NRG1-induced gene expression in hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:155-63. [PMID: 21352860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The NRG1 growth factor and ERBB4 receptor have been identified as leading schizophrenia risk genes. Although NRG1 and ERBB4 have been shown to modulate neuronal functions involved in schizophrenia, including both GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses, the exact molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we investigated ERBB4 intracellular domain, 4ICD, transactivator function in rat hippocampal cultures by inhibiting γ-secretase mediated ERBB4 regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). NRG1 stimulation resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of hippocampal cells displaying nuclear 4ICD which was abolished in cultures pretreated with the γ-secretase inhibitor compound E (CE). To identify NRG1-4ICD transactivated genes we compared global gene expression profiles of hippocampal cultures stimulated with NRG1 in the absence or presence of CE. In concordance with the contribution of NRG1-ERBB4 signaling to dendritic spine maturation and schizophrenia, global gene expression analysis followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the dataset identified NRG1-4ICD regulated genes significantly represented in semaphorin signaling and actin cytoskeletal plasticity and multiple genes with confirmed roles in dendritic spine morphogenesis. Using the power of global gene expression analysis our data provides a proof-of-concept supporting a role for non-canonical NRG1-4ICD signaling in the regulation of gene expression contributing to normal and schizophrenic neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- June G Allison
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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42
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Papadimitriou E, Kardassis D, Moustakas A, Stournaras C. TGFβ-induced Early Activation of the Small GTPase RhoA is Smad2/3-independent and Involves Src and the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Vav2. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:229-38. [DOI: 10.1159/000331734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Inhibitory C-type lectin receptors in myeloid cells. Immunol Lett 2010; 136:1-12. [PMID: 20934454 PMCID: PMC3061320 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors encoded by the natural killer gene complex play critical roles in enabling NK cell discrimination between self and non-self. In recent years, additional genes at this locus have been identified with patterns of expression that extend to cells of the myeloid lineage where many of the encoded inhibitory receptors have equally important functions as regulators of immune homeostasis. In the present review we highlight the roles of some of these receptors including recent insights gained with regard to the identification of exogenous and endogenous ligands, mechanisms of cellular inhibition and activation, regulated expression within different cellular and immune contexts, as well as functions that include the regulation of bone homeostasis and involvement in autoimmunity.
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Stress-evoked tyrosine phosphorylation of signal regulatory protein α regulates behavioral immobility in the forced swim test. J Neurosci 2010; 30:10472-83. [PMID: 20685990 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0257-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe stress induces changes in neuronal function that are implicated in stress-related disorders such as depression. The molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the brain to stress remain primarily unknown, however. Signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha) is an Ig-superfamily protein that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and binds the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Here we show that mice expressing a form of SIRPalpha that lacks most of the cytoplasmic region manifest prolonged immobility (depression-like behavior) in the forced swim (FS) test. FS stress induced marked tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPalpha in the brain of wild-type mice through activation of Src family kinases. The SIRPalpha ligand CD47 was important for such SIRPalpha phosphorylation, and CD47-deficient mice also manifested prolonged immobility in the FS test. Moreover, FS stress-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of both the NR2B subunit of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor and the K+-channel subunit Kvbeta2 was regulated by SIRPalpha. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRPalpha is important for regulation of depression-like behavior in the response of the brain to stress.
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Mori M, Murata Y, Kotani T, Kusakari S, Ohnishi H, Saito Y, Okazawa H, Ishizuka T, Mori M, Matozaki T. Promotion of cell spreading and migration by vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) in cooperation with integrins. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:195-204. [PMID: 20301196 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase with a single catalytic domain in its cytoplasmic region and multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region. VE-PTP is expressed specifically in endothelial cells and is implicated in regulation of angiogenesis. The molecular basis for such regulation by VE-PTP has remained largely unknown, however. We now show that forced expression of VE-PTP promoted cell spreading as well as formation of lamellipodia and filopodia in cultured fibroblasts plated on fibronectin. These effects of VE-PTP on cell morphology required its catalytic activity as well as activation of integrins and Ras. In addition, VE-PTP-induced cell spreading and lamellipodium formation were prevented by inhibition of Src family kinases or of Rac or Cdc42. Indeed, forced expression of VE-PTP increased the level of c-Src phosphorylation at tyrosine-416. Moreover, the VE-PTP-induced changes in cell morphology were suppressed by expression of dominant negative forms of FRG or Vav2, both of which are guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho family proteins and are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Forced expression of VE-PTP also enhanced fibronectin-dependent migration of cultured fibroblasts. Conversely, depletion of VE-PTP by RNA interference in human umbilical vein endothelial cells or mouse endothelioma cells inhibited cell spreading on fibronectin. These results suggest that VE-PTP, in cooperation with integrins, regulates the spreading and migration of endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munemasa Mori
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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Moon MS, Gomez TM. Balanced Vav2 GEF activity regulates neurite outgrowth and branching in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:118-28. [PMID: 20298788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of Vav2, a reported Rac1/Cdc42 GEF, on the development of Xenopus spinal neurons in vitro and in vivo. Both gain and loss of Vav2 function inhibited the rate neurite extension on laminin (LN), while only GFP-Vav2 over-expression enhanced process formation and branching. Vav2 over-expression protected neurons from RhoA-mediated growth cone collapse, similar to constitutively active Rac1, suggesting that Vav2 activates Rac1 in spinal neurons. Enhanced branching on LN required both Vav2 GEF activity and N-terminal tyrosine residues, but protection from RhoA-mediated collapse only required GEF activity. Interestingly, wild-type spinal neurons exhibited increased branching on the cell adhesion molecule L1, which required Vav2 GEF function, but not N-terminal tyrosine residues. Finally, we find that Vav2 differentially affects the Rohon-Beard peripheral and central process extension but promotes neurite branching of commissural interneurons near the ventral midline. Together, we suggest that balanced Vav2 activity is necessary for optimal neurite outgrowth and promotes branching by targeting GEF activity to branch points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-soon Moon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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47
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The guanine exchange factor vav controls axon growth and guidance during Drosophila development. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2257-67. [PMID: 20147552 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1820-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vav proteins are guanine exchange factors (GEFs) that trigger the activation of the Rho GTPases in general and the Rac family in particular. While the role of the mammalian vav genes has been extensively studied in the hematopoietic system and the immune response, there is little information regarding the role of vav outside of these systems. Here, we report that the single Drosophila vav homolog is ubiquitously expressed during development, although it is enriched along the embryonic ventral midline and in the larval eye discs and brain. We have analyzed the role that vav plays during development by generating Drosophila null mutant alleles. Our results indicate that vav is required during embryogenesis to prevent longitudinal axons from crossing the midline. Later on, during larval development, vav is required within the axons to regulate photoreceptor axon targeting to the optic lobe. Finally, we demonstrate that adult vav mutant escapers, which exhibit coordination problems, display axon growth defects in the ellipsoid body, a brain area associated with locomotion control. In addition, we show that vav interacts with other GEFs known to act downstream of guidance receptors. Thus, we propose that vav acts in coordination with other GEFs to regulate axon growth and guidance during development by linking guidance signals to the cytoskeleton via the modulation of Rac activity.
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Freeman WM, Lull ME, Patel KM, Brucklacher RM, Morgan D, Roberts DCS, Vrana KE. Gene expression changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens following abstinence from cocaine self-administration. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:29. [PMID: 20187946 PMCID: PMC2837051 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies of cocaine-responsive gene expression have focused on changes occurring during cocaine exposure, but few studies have examined the persistence of these changes with cocaine abstinence. Persistent changes in gene expression, as well as alterations induced during abstinence may underlie long-lasting drug craving and relapse liability. Results Whole-genome expression analysis was conducted on a rat cocaine binge-abstinence model that has previously been demonstrated to engender increased drug seeking and taking with abstinence. Gene expression changes in two mesolimbic terminal fields (mPFC and NAc) were identified in a comparison of cocaine-naïve rats with rats after 10 days of cocaine self-administration followed by 1, 10, or 100 days of enforced abstinence (n = 6-11 per group). A total of 1,461 genes in the mPFC and 414 genes in the NAc were altered between at least two time points (ANOVA, p < 0.05; ± 1.4 fold-change). These genes can be subdivided into: 1) changes with cocaine self-administration that do not persist into periods of abstinence, 2) changes with cocaine self-administration that persist with abstinence, 3) and those not changed with cocaine self-administration, but changed during enforced abstinence. qPCR analysis was conducted to confirm gene expression changes observed in the microarray analysis. Conclusions Together, these changes help to illuminate processes and networks involved in abstinence-induced behaviors, including synaptic plasticity, MAPK signaling, and TNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Kotani T, Murata Y, Ohnishi H, Mori M, Kusakari S, Saito Y, Okazawa H, Bixby JL, Matozaki T. Expression of PTPRO in the interneurons of adult mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:119-36. [PMID: 19924828 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PTPRO is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) with a single catalytic domain in its cytoplasmic region and multiple fibronectin type III-like domains in its extracellular region. In the chick, PTPRO mRNA has been shown to be particularly abundant in embryonic brain, and PTPRO is implicated in axon growth and guidance during embryonic development. However, the temporal and spatial expression of PTPRO protein in the mammalian CNS, particularly in the juvenile and adult mammalian brain, has not been evaluated in any detail. By immunohistofluorescence analysis with a monoclonal antibody to PTPRO, we show that PTPRO is widely expressed throughout the mouse brain from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 1, while expression is largely confined to the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory tubercle in the adult brain. In the OB, PTPRO protein is expressed predominantly in the external plexiform layer, the granule cell layer, and the glomerular layer (GL). In these regions, expression of PTPRO is predominant in interneurons such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic or calretinin (CR)-positive granule cells. In addition, PTPRO is expressed in GABAergic, CR-positive, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive, or neurocalcin-positive periglomerular cells in the GL. Costaining of PTPRO with other neuronal markers suggests that PTPRO is likely to be localized to the dendrites or dendritic spines of these olfactory interneurons. Thus, PTPRO might participate in regulation of dendritic morphology or synapse formation of interneurons in the adult mouse OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Kotani
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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