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Noad KN, Andrews TJ. The importance of conceptual knowledge when becoming familiar with faces during naturalistic viewing. Cortex 2024; 177:290-301. [PMID: 38905872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Although the ability to recognise familiar faces is a critical part of everyday life, the process by which a face becomes familiar in the real world is not fully understood. Previous research has focussed on the importance of perceptual experience. However, in natural viewing, perceptual experience with faces is accompanied by increased knowledge about the person and the context in which they are encountered. Although conceptual information is known to be crucial for the formation of new episodic memories, it requires a period of consolidation. It is unclear, however, whether a similar process occurs when we learn new faces. Using a natural viewing paradigm, we investigated how the context in which events are presented influences our understanding of those events and whether, after a period of consolidation, this has a subsequent effect on face recognition. The context was manipulated by presenting events in 1) the original sequence, or 2) a scrambled sequence. Although this manipulation was predicted to have a significant effect on conceptual understanding of events, it had no effect on overall visual experience with the faces. Our prediction was that this contextual manipulation would affect face recognition after the information has been consolidated into memory. We found that understanding of the narrative was greater for participants who viewed the movie in the original sequence compared to those that viewed the movie in a scrambled order. To determine if the context in which the movie was viewed had an effect on face recognition, we compared recognition in the original and scrambled condition. We found an overall effect of conceptual knowledge on face recognition. That is, participants who viewed the original sequence had higher face recognition compared to participants who viewed the scrambled sequence. However, our planned comparisons did not reveal a greater effect of conceptual knowledge on face recognition after consolidation. In an exploratory analysis, we found that overlap in conceptual knowledge between participants was significantly correlated with the overlap in face recognition. We also found that this relationship was greater after a period of consolidation. Together, these findings provide new insights into the role of non-visual, conceptual knowledge for face recognition during natural viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira N Noad
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK.
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2
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Fu Y, Zhang J, Cao Y, Ye L, Zheng R, Li Q, Shen B, Shi Y, Cao J, Fang J. Recognition memory deficits detected through eye-tracking in well-controlled children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1128-1140. [PMID: 38299621 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with self-limited epilepsy characterized by centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) exhibit cognitive deficits in memory during the active phase, but there is currently a lack of studies and techniques to assess their memory development after well-controlled seizures. In this study, we employed eye-tracking techniques to investigate visual memory and its association with clinical factors and global intellectual ability, aiming to identify potential risk factors by examining encoding and recognition processes. METHODS A total of 26 recruited patients diagnosed with SeLECTS who had been seizure-free for at least 2 years, along with 24 control subjects, underwent Wechsler cognitive assessment and an eye-movement-based memory task while video-electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded. Fixation and pupil data related to eye movements were utilized to detect distinct memory processes and subsequently to compare the cognitive performance of patients exhibiting different regression patterns on EEG. RESULTS The findings revealed persistent impairments in visual memory among children with SeLECTS after being well controlled, primarily observed in the recognition stage rather than the encoding phase. Furthermore, the age at onset, frequency of seizures, and interictal epileptiform discharges exhibited significant correlations with eye movement data. SIGNIFICANCE Children with SeLECTS exhibit persistent recognition memory impairment after being well controlled for the disease. Controlling the frequency of seizures and reducing prolonged epileptiform activity may improve memory cognitive development. The application of the eye-tracking technique may provide novel insights into exploring memory cognition as well as underlying mechanisms associated with pediatric epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yina Cao
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linmei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runze Zheng
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University School of Automation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiuwen Cao
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University School of Automation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Fang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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Lalla A, Chaykin R, Sheldon S. Option similarity modulates the link between choice and memory. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:7-22. [PMID: 37488345 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Choices made in everyday life are highly variable. Sometimes, you may find yourself choosing between two similar options (e.g., breakfast foods to eat) and other times between two dissimilar options (e.g., what to buy with a gift certificate). The goal of the present study was to understand how the similarity of choice options affects our ability to remember what we choose and what we did not choose. We hypothesized that choosing between similar as compared to dissimilar options would evoke a comparison-based strategy (evaluating options with respect to one another), fostering a relational form of encoding and leading to better memory for both the chosen and unchosen options. In Experiment 1, participants reported their strategy when choosing between pairs of similar or dissimilar options, revealing that participants were more likely to use a comparison-based strategy when faced with similar options. In Experiment 2, we tested memory after participants made choices between similar or dissimilar options, finding improved memory for both chosen and unchosen options from the similar compared to dissimilar choice trials. In Experiment 3, we examined strategy use when choosing between pairs of similar or dissimilar options and memory for these options. Replicating and extending the results of the first two experiments, we found that participants were more likely to use a comparison-based strategy when choosing between similar than dissimilar options, and that the positive effect of similarity on memory was stronger for unchosen than chosen options when controlling for strategy use. We interpret our results as evidence that option similarity impacts the mnemonic processes used during choice, altering what we encode and ultimately remember about our choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azara Lalla
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Rose Chaykin
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
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Brown A, Burles F, Iaria G, Einstein G, Moscovitch M. Sex and menstrual cycle influence human spatial navigation strategies and performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14953. [PMID: 37696837 PMCID: PMC10495464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Which facets of human spatial navigation do sex and menstrual cycle influence? To answer this question, a cross-sectional online study of reproductive age women and men was conducted in which participants were asked to demonstrate and self-report their spatial navigation skills and strategies. Participants self-reported their sex and current menstrual phase [early follicular (EF), late follicular/periovulatory (PO), and mid/late luteal (ML)], and completed a series of questionnaires and tasks measuring self-reported navigation strategy use, topographical memory, cognitive map formation, face recognition, and path integration. We found that sex influenced self-reported use of cognitive map- and scene-based strategies, face recognition, and path integration. Menstrual phase moderated the influence of sex: compared to men, women had better face recognition and worse path integration, but only during the PO phase; PO women were also better at path integration in the presence of a landmark compared to EF + ML women and men. These findings provide evidence that human spatial navigation varies with the menstrual cycle and suggest that sensitivity of the entorhinal cortex and longitudinal axis of the hippocampus to differential hormonal effects may account for this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Brown
- Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Ford Burles
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gillian Einstein
- Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy of Research and Education, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
- Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy of Research and Education, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
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Li J, Sun X, You Y, Li Q, Wei C, Zhao L, Sun M, Meng H, Zhang T, Yue W, Wang L, Zhang D. Auts2 deletion involves in DG hypoplasia and social recognition deficit: The developmental and neural circuit mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk1238. [PMID: 35235353 PMCID: PMC8890717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of genetic risk and the underlying developmental and neural circuit mechanisms in autism-related social deficit are largely unclear. Here, we report that deletion of AUTS2, a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs, caused postnatal dentate gyrus (DG) hypoplasia, which was closely relevant to social recognition deficit. Furthermore, a previously unknown mechanism for neural cell migration in postnatal DG development was identified, in which Auts2-related signaling played a vital role as the transcription repressor. Moreover, the supramammillary nucleus (SuM)-DG-CA3 neural circuit was found to be involved in social recognition and affected in Auts2-deleted mice due to DG hypoplasia. Correction of DG-CA3 synaptic transmission by using a pharmacological approach or chemo/optogenetic activation of the SuM-DG circuit restored the social recognition deficit in Auts2-deleted mice. Our findings demonstrated the vital role of Auts2 in postnatal DG development, and this role was critical for SuM-DG-CA3 neural circuit-mediated social recognition behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yang You
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Qiongwei Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chengwen Wei
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Linnan Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Mengwen Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Meng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Mazloum-Farzaghi N, Shing N, Mendoza L, Barense MD, Ryan JD, Olsen RK. The impact of aging and repetition on eye movements and recognition memory. AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, AND COGNITION 2022; 30:402-428. [PMID: 35189778 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2039587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of gaze fixations on neural activity in the hippocampus, a region critical for memory, has been shown to be weaker in older adults compared to younger adults. However, as such research has relied on indirect measures of memory, it remains unclear whether the relationship between visual exploration and direct measures of memory is similarly disrupted in aging. The current study tested older and younger adults on a face memory eye-tracking task previously used by our group that showed that recognition memory for faces presented across variable, but not fixed, viewpoints relies on a hippocampal-dependent binding function. Here, we examined how aging influences eye movement measures that reveal the amount (cumulative sampling) and extent (distribution of gaze fixations) of visual exploration. We also examined how aging influences direct (subsequent conscious recognition) and indirect (eye movement repetition effect) expressions of memory. No age differences were found in direct recognition regardless of facial viewpoint. However, the eye movement measures revealed key group differences. Compared to younger adults, older adults exhibited more cumulative sampling, a different distribution of fixations, and a larger repetition effect. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between cumulative sampling and direct recognition in younger adults, but not older adults. Neither age group showed a relationship between the repetition effect and direct recognition. Thus, despite similar direct recognition, age-related differences were observed in visual exploration and in an indirect eye-movement memory measure, suggesting that the two groups may acquire, retain, and use different facial information to guide recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mazloum-Farzaghi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathanael Shing
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leanne Mendoza
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ladyka-Wojcik N, Olsen RK, Ryan JD, Barense MD. Flexible Use of Spatial Frames of Reference for Object-Location Memory in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1542. [PMID: 34827541 PMCID: PMC8616079 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In memory, representations of spatial features are stored in different reference frames; features relative to our position are stored egocentrically and features relative to each other are stored allocentrically. Accessing these representations engages many cognitive and neural resources, and so is susceptible to age-related breakdown. Yet, recent findings on the heterogeneity of cognitive function and spatial ability in healthy older adults suggest that aging may not uniformly impact the flexible use of spatial representations. These factors have yet to be explored in a precisely controlled task that explicitly manipulates spatial frames of reference across learning and retrieval. We used a lab-based virtual reality task to investigate the relationship between object-location memory across frames of reference, cognitive status, and self-reported spatial ability. Memory error was measured using Euclidean distance from studied object locations to participants' responses at testing. Older adults recalled object locations less accurately when they switched between frames of reference from learning to testing, compared with when they remained in the same frame of reference. They also showed an allocentric learning advantage, producing less error when switching from an allocentric to an egocentric frame of reference, compared with the reverse direction of switching. Higher MoCA scores and better self-assessed spatial ability predicted less memory error, especially when learning occurred egocentrically. We suggest that egocentric learning deficits are driven by difficulty in binding multiple viewpoints into a coherent representation. Finally, we highlight the heterogeneity of spatial memory performance in healthy older adults as a potential cognitive marker for neurodegeneration, beyond normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ladyka-Wojcik
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; (R.K.O.); (J.D.R.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; (R.K.O.); (J.D.R.); (M.D.B.)
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; (R.K.O.); (J.D.R.); (M.D.B.)
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; (R.K.O.); (J.D.R.); (M.D.B.)
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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8
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Youm A, Moscovitch M. Aging, pattern separation, and categorical perception of faces. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:107999. [PMID: 34425146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Categorical perception (CP) is the phenomenon by which observers view linear changes that occur across a continuum as distinct categories. Although categorical perception is a perceptual phenomenon, it may be subserved by mnemonic processes such as pattern separation. To examine this hypothesis, following standard CP tasks, we assessed younger and older participants' abilities to identify and discriminate between members of pairs of famous or non-famous faces. We hypothesized that if CP is dependent upon neural pattern separation, which declines with aging, discrimination ability as indexed by CP would be compromised in older adults, as was found in our study. Since familiarity promotes pattern separation, CP should be enhanced for famous, as compared to non-famous faces, even in older adults. We found that all participants benefited from familiarity, but younger adults outperformed older adults overall. We next examined the effects of face inversion on CP for both famous and non-famous faces. If pattern separation, and CP, is determined solely by the similarity across physical features, then CP should be similar for upright and inverted faces since these features are perceptually invariant across orientation. If, however, pattern separation, and CP, depends on how stimuli are represented, then orientation may matter as upright and inverted faces are represented holistically or part-based, respectively. We found that inversion disrupted CP in younger adults whereas older adults performed similarly across both conditions, suggesting that face-representation is more part-based in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Youm
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada.
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Canada.
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Wynn JS, Liu ZX, Ryan JD. Neural Correlates of Subsequent Memory-Related Gaze Reinstatement. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 34:1547-1562. [PMID: 34272959 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence linking gaze reinstatement-the recapitulation of encoding-related gaze patterns during retrieval-to behavioral measures of memory suggests that eye movements play an important role in mnemonic processing. Yet, the nature of the gaze scanpath, including its informational content and neural correlates, has remained in question. In this study, we examined eye movement and neural data from a recognition memory task to further elucidate the behavioral and neural bases of functional gaze reinstatement. Consistent with previous work, gaze reinstatement during retrieval of freely viewed scene images was greater than chance and predictive of recognition memory performance. Gaze reinstatement was also associated with viewing of informationally salient image regions at encoding, suggesting that scanpaths may encode and contain high-level scene content. At the brain level, gaze reinstatement was predicted by encoding-related activity in the occipital pole and BG, neural regions associated with visual processing and oculomotor control. Finally, cross-voxel brain pattern similarity analysis revealed overlapping subsequent memory and subsequent gaze reinstatement modulation effects in the parahippocampal place area and hippocampus, in addition to the occipital pole and BG. Together, these findings suggest that encoding-related activity in brain regions associated with scene processing, oculomotor control, and memory supports the formation, and subsequent recapitulation, of functional scanpaths. More broadly, these findings lend support to scanpath theory's assertion that eye movements both encode, and are themselves embedded in, mnemonic representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences.,University of Toronto
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10
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Gaze-pattern similarity at encoding may interfere with future memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7697. [PMID: 33833314 PMCID: PMC8032786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brains have a remarkable ability to separate streams of visual input into distinct memory-traces. It is unclear, however, how this ability relates to the way these inputs are explored via unique gaze-patterns. Moreover, it is yet unknown how motivation to forget or remember influences the link between gaze similarity and memory. In two experiments, we used a modified directed-forgetting paradigm and either showed blurred versions of the encoded scenes (Experiment 1) or pink noise images (Experiment 2) during attempted memory control. Both experiments demonstrated that higher levels of across-stimulus gaze similarity relate to worse future memory. Although this across-stimulus interference effect was unaffected by motivation, it depended on the perceptual overlap between stimuli and was more pronounced for different scene comparisons, than scene–pink noise comparisons. Intriguingly, these findings echo the pattern similarity effects from the neuroimaging literature and pinpoint a mechanism that could aid the regulation of unwanted memories.
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Hakobyan O, Cheng S. Recognition Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: The Complex Influence of Input Statistics, Memory, and Decision-making. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1032-1055. [PMID: 33656399 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is the standard tool for studying recognition memory. In particular, the curvilinearity and the y-offset of recognition ROC curves have been interpreted as indicative of either memory strength (single-process models) or different memory processes (dual-process model). The distinction between familiarity and recollection has been widely studied in cognitive neuroscience in a variety of conditions, including lesions of different brain regions. We develop a computational model that explicitly shows how performance in recognition memory is affected by a complex and, as yet, underappreciated interplay of various factors, such as stimulus statistics, memory processing, and decision-making. We demonstrate that (1) the factors in the model affect recognition ROC curves in unexpected ways, (2) fitting R and F parameters according to the dual-process model is not particularly useful for understanding the underlying processes, and (3) the variability of recognition ROC curves and the controversies they have caused might be due to the uncontrolled variability in the contributing factors. Although our model is abstract, its functional components can be mapped onto brain regions, which are involved in corresponding functions. This enables us to reproduce and interpret in a coherent framework the diverse effects on recognition memory that have been reported in patients with frontal and hippocampal lesions. To conclude, our work highlights the importance of the rich interplay of a variety of factors in driving recognition memory performance, which has to be taken into account when interpreting recognition ROC curves.
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Abstract
Since the seminal work on the patient HM, who in his adulthood presented an acquired amnesic syndrome following the resection of the bilateral temporal lobe, other research has described several cases of isolated memory dysfunction in children. This chapter presents developmental and long-lasting memory disorders emerging from an organic or neurologic cause at birth or in infancy. More notably, we focus on developmental amnesic syndrome caused by neonatal bihippocampal damage and memory dysfunction caused by medial temporal developmental epilepsy. We describe these two pediatric populations and present the consequences of hippocampal/medial temporal lobe damage in the development of memory systems. We review episodic memory deficits in children with developmental amnesia and temporal lobe epilepsy and highlight their impact on new learning, personal memories, and independent life. Finally, we provide a brief overview of some of the insights and debates emerging from classic work and recent advances in the context of episodic memory dysfunction displayed by children with hippocampal/medial temporal lobe amnesia and propose new perspectives in child neuropsychology of memory, suggesting new avenues for more ecologic memory assessment and rehabilitation.
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Yoo SA, Rosenbaum RS, Tsotsos JK, Fallah M, Hoffman KL. Long-term memory and hippocampal function support predictive gaze control during goal-directed search. J Vis 2020; 20:10. [PMID: 32455429 PMCID: PMC7409592 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements during visual search change with prior experience for search stimuli. Previous studies measured these gaze effects shortly after initial viewing, typically during free viewing; it remains open whether the effects are preserved across long delays and for goal-directed search, and which memory system guides gaze. In Experiment 1, we analyzed eye movements of healthy adults viewing novel and repeated scenes while searching for a scene-embedded target. The task was performed across different time points to examine the repetition effects in long-term memory, and memory types were grouped based on explicit recall of targets. In Experiment 2, an amnesic person with bilateral extended hippocampal damage and the age-matched control group performed the same task with shorter intervals to determine whether or not the repetition effects depend on hippocampal function. When healthy adults explicitly remembered repeated target-scene pairs, search time and fixation duration decreased, and gaze was directed closer to the target region, than when they forgot targets. These effects were seen even after a one-month delay from their initial viewing, suggesting the effects are associated with long-term, explicit memory. Saccadic amplitude was not strongly modulated by scene repetition or explicit recall of targets. The amnesic person did not show explicit recall or implicit repetition effects, whereas his control group showed similar patterns to those seen in Experiment 1. The results reveal several aspects of gaze control that are influenced by long-term memory. The dependence of gaze effects on medial temporal lobe integrity support a role for this region in predictive gaze control.
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15
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Ryan JD, Shen K, Kacollja A, Tian H, Griffiths J, Bezgin G, McIntosh AR. Modeling the influence of the hippocampal memory system on the oculomotor system. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:217-233. [PMID: 32166209 PMCID: PMC7055646 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual exploration is related to activity in the hippocampus (HC) and/or extended medial temporal lobe system (MTL), is influenced by stored memories, and is altered in amnesic cases. An extensive set of polysynaptic connections exists both within and between the HC and oculomotor systems such that investigating how HC responses ultimately influence neural activity in the oculomotor system, and the timing by which such neural modulation could occur, is not trivial. We leveraged TheVirtualBrain, a software platform for large-scale network simulations, to model the functional dynamics that govern the interactions between the two systems in the macaque cortex. Evoked responses following the stimulation of the MTL and some, but not all, subfields of the HC resulted in observable responses in oculomotor regions, including the frontal eye fields, within the time of a gaze fixation. Modeled lesions to some MTL regions slowed the dissipation of HC signal to oculomotor regions, whereas HC lesions generally did not affect the rapid MTL activity propagation to oculomotor regions. These findings provide a framework for investigating how information represented by the HC/MTL may influence the oculomotor system during a fixation and predict how HC lesions may affect visual exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arber Kacollja
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Tian
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Griffiths
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Ryan JD, Shen K, Liu Z. The intersection between the oculomotor and hippocampal memory systems: empirical developments and clinical implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1464:115-141. [PMID: 31617589 PMCID: PMC7154681 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decades of cognitive neuroscience research has shown that where we look is intimately connected to what we remember. In this article, we review findings from human and nonhuman animals, using behavioral, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and computational modeling methods, to show that the oculomotor and hippocampal memory systems interact in a reciprocal manner, on a moment-to-moment basis, mediated by a vast structural and functional network. Visual exploration serves to efficiently gather information from the environment for the purpose of creating new memories, updating existing memories, and reconstructing the rich, vivid details from memory. Conversely, memory increases the efficiency of visual exploration. We call for models of oculomotor control to consider the influence of the hippocampal memory system on the cognitive control of eye movements, and for models of hippocampal and broader medial temporal lobe function to consider the influence of the oculomotor system on the development and expression of memory. We describe eye movement-based applications for the detection of neurodegeneration and delivery of therapeutic interventions for mental health disorders for which the hippocampus is implicated and memory dysfunctions are at the forefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Ryan
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrestTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrestTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zhong‐Xu Liu
- Department of Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Michigan‐DearbornDearbornMichigan
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17
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Sadeh T, Dang C, Gat-Lazer S, Moscovitch M. Recalling the firedog: Individual differences in associative memory for unitized and nonunitized associations among older adults. Hippocampus 2019; 30:130-142. [PMID: 31348573 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits in aging are characterized by impaired hippocampus-mediated relational binding-the formation of links between items in memory. By reducing reliance on relational binding, unitization of two items into one concept enhances associative recognition among older adults. Can a similar enhancement be obtained when probing memory with recall? This question has yet to be examined, because recall has been assumed to rely predominantly on relational binding. Inspired by recent evidence challenging this assumption, we investigated individual differences in older adults' recall of unitized and nonunitized associations. Compared with successfully aging individuals, older adults with mild memory deficits, typically mediated by the hippocampus, were impaired in recall of paired-associates in a task which relies on relational binding (study: "PLAY-TUNNEL"; test: PLAY-T?). In stark contrast, the two groups showed similar performance when items were unitized into a novel compound word (study: "LOVEGIGGLE"; test: LOVEG?). Thus, boosting nonrelational aspects of recall enhances associative memory among aging individuals with subtle memory impairments to comparable levels as successfully aging older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Sadeh
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christa Dang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sigal Gat-Lazer
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Pain Day Care Unit, Rehabilitation Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Wynn JS, Shen K, Ryan JD. Eye Movements Actively Reinstate Spatiotemporal Mnemonic Content. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:E21. [PMID: 31735822 PMCID: PMC6802778 DOI: 10.3390/vision3020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements support memory encoding by binding distinct elements of the visual world into coherent representations. However, the role of eye movements in memory retrieval is less clear. We propose that eye movements play a functional role in retrieval by reinstating the encoding context. By overtly shifting attention in a manner that broadly recapitulates the spatial locations and temporal order of encoded content, eye movements facilitate access to, and reactivation of, associated details. Such mnemonic gaze reinstatement may be obligatorily recruited when task demands exceed cognitive resources, as is often observed in older adults. We review research linking gaze reinstatement to retrieval, describe the neural integration between the oculomotor and memory systems, and discuss implications for models of oculomotor control, memory, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana S. Wynn
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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19
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Yeung LK, Olsen RK, Hong B, Mihajlovic V, D'Angelo MC, Kacollja A, Ryan JD, Barense MD. Object-in-place Memory Predicted by Anterolateral Entorhinal Cortex and Parahippocampal Cortex Volume in Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:711-729. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral portion of the entorhinal cortex is one of the first brain regions affected by tau pathology, an important biomarker for Alzheimer disease. Improving our understanding of this region's cognitive role may help identify better cognitive tests for early detection of Alzheimer disease. Based on its functional connections, we tested the idea that the human anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) may play a role in integrating spatial information into object representations. We recently demonstrated that the volume of the alERC was related to processing the spatial relationships of the features within an object [Yeung, L. K., Olsen, R. K., Bild-Enkin, H. E. P., D'Angelo, M. C., Kacollja, A., McQuiggan, D. A., et al. Anterolateral entorhinal cortex volume predicted by altered intra-item configural processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 5527–5538, 2017]. In this study, we investigated whether the human alERC might also play a role in processing the spatial relationships between an object and its environment using an eye-tracking task that assessed visual fixations to a critical object within a scene. Guided by rodent work, we measured both object-in-place memory, the association of an object with a given context [Wilson, D. I., Langston, R. F., Schlesiger, M. I., Wagner, M., Watanabe, S., & Ainge, J. A. Lateral entorhinal cortex is critical for novel object-context recognition. Hippocampus, 23, 352–366, 2013], and object-trace memory, the memory for the former location of objects [Tsao, A., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. Traces of experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex. Current Biology, 23, 399–405, 2013]. In a group of older adults with varying stages of brain atrophy and cognitive decline, we found that the volume of the alERC and the volume of the parahippocampal cortex selectively predicted object-in-place memory, but not object-trace memory. These results provide support for the notion that the alERC may integrate spatial information into object representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna K. Olsen
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | | | | | | | - Arber Kacollja
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
| | - Morgan D. Barense
- University of Toronto
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto
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20
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Bicanski A, Burgess N. A Computational Model of Visual Recognition Memory via Grid Cells. Curr Biol 2019; 29:979-990.e4. [PMID: 30853437 PMCID: PMC6428694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Models of face, object, and scene recognition traditionally focus on massively parallel processing of low-level features, with higher-order representations emerging at later processing stages. However, visual perception is tightly coupled to eye movements, which are necessarily sequential. Recently, neurons in entorhinal cortex have been reported with grid cell-like firing in response to eye movements, i.e., in visual space. Following the presumed role of grid cells in vector navigation, we propose a model of recognition memory for familiar faces, objects, and scenes, in which grid cells encode translation vectors between salient stimulus features. A sequence of saccadic eye-movement vectors, moving from one salient feature to the expected location of the next, potentially confirms an initial hypothesis (accumulating evidence toward a threshold) about stimulus identity, based on the relative feature layout (i.e., going beyond recognition of individual features). The model provides an explicit neural mechanism for the long-held view that directed saccades support hypothesis-driven, constructive perception and recognition; is compatible with holistic face processing; and constitutes the first quantitative proposal for a role of grid cells in visual recognition. The variance of grid cell activity along saccade trajectories exhibits 6-fold symmetry across 360 degrees akin to recently reported fMRI data. The model suggests that disconnecting grid cells from occipitotemporal inputs may yield prosopagnosia-like symptoms. The mechanism is robust with regard to partial visual occlusion, can accommodate size and position invariance, and suggests a functional explanation for medial temporal lobe involvement in visual memory for relational information and memory-guided attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Bicanski
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AZ London, UK.
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AZ London, UK.
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21
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Inhoff MC, Heusser AC, Tambini A, Martin CB, O'Neil EB, Köhler S, Meager MR, Blackmon K, Vazquez B, Devinsky O, Davachi L. Understanding perirhinal contributions to perception and memory: Evidence through the lens of selective perirhinal damage. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:9-18. [PMID: 30594569 PMCID: PMC6456260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although a memory systems view of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been widely influential in understanding how memory processes are implemented, a large body of work across humans and animals has converged on the idea that the MTL can support various other decisions, beyond those involving memory. Specifically, recent work suggests that perception of and memory for visual representations may interact in order to support ongoing cognition. However, given considerations involving lesion profiles in neuropsychological investigations and the correlational nature of fMRI, the precise nature of representations supported by the MTL are not well understood in humans. In the present investigation, three patients with highly specific lesions to MTL were administered a task that taxed perceptual and mnemonic judgments with highly similar face stimuli. A striking double dissociation was observed such that I.R., a patient with a cyst localized to right posterior PRc, displayed a significant impairment in perceptual discriminations, whereas patient A.N., an individual with a lesion in right posterior parahippocampal cortex and the tail of the right hippocampus, and S.D., an individual with bilateral hippocampal damage, did not display impaired performance on the perceptual task. A.N. and S.D. did, however, show impairments in memory performance, whereas patient I.R. did not. These results causally implicate right PRc in successful perceptual oddity judgments, however they suggest that representations supported by PRc are not necessary for correct mnemonic judgments, even in situations of high featural overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika C Inhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Heusser
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle Tambini
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward B O'Neil
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Brain and Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R Meager
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Blackmon
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada
| | - Blanca Vazquez
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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22
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Robin J, Rai Y, Valli M, Olsen RK. Category specificity in the medial temporal lobe: A systematic review. Hippocampus 2018; 29:313-339. [PMID: 30155943 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts of medial temporal lobe (MTL) function ascribe different functions to subregions of the MTL including perirhinal, entorhinal, parahippocampal cortices, and the hippocampus. Some have suggested that the functional roles of these subregions vary in terms of their category specificity, showing preferential coding for certain stimulus types, but the evidence for this functional organization is mixed. In this systematic review, we evaluate existing evidence for regional specialization in the MTL for three categories of visual stimuli: faces, objects, and scenes. We review and synthesize across univariate and multivariate neuroimaging studies, as well as neuropsychological studies of cases with lesions to the MTL. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that faces activate the perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the anterior hippocampus, while scenes engage the parahippocampal cortex and both the anterior and posterior hippocampus, depending on the contrast condition. There is some evidence for object-related activity in anterior MTL regions when compared to scenes, and in posterior MTL regions when compared to faces, suggesting that aspects of object representations may share similarities with face and scene representations. While neuroimaging evidence suggests some hippocampal specialization for faces and scenes, neuropsychological evidence shows that hippocampal damage leads to impairments in scene memory and perception, but does not entail equivalent impairments for faces in cases where the perirhinal cortex remains intact. Regional specialization based on stimulus categories has implications for understanding the mechanisms of MTL subregions, and highlights the need for the development of theoretical models of MTL function that can accommodate the differential patterns of specificity observed in the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeshith Rai
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikaeel Valli
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Lucas HD, Duff MC, Cohen NJ. The Hippocampus Promotes Effective Saccadic Information Gathering in Humans. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:186-201. [PMID: 30188777 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the hippocampus is critical for memory. Recent evidence suggests that one function of hippocampal memory processing is to optimize how people actively explore the world. Here we demonstrate that the link between the hippocampus and exploration extends even to the moment-to-moment use of eye movements during visuospatial memory encoding. In Experiment 1, we examined relationships between study-phase eye movements in healthy individuals and subsequent performance on a spatial reconstruction test. In addition to quantitative measures of viewing behaviors (e.g., how many fixations or saccades were deployed during study), we used the information-theoretic measure of entropy to assess the amount of randomness or disorganization in participants' scanning behaviors. We found that the use of scanpaths during study that were lower in entropy (e.g., more organized, less random) predicted more accurate spatial reconstruction both within and between participants. Scanpath entropy was a better predictor of reconstruction accuracy than were the quantitative measures of viewing. In Experiment 2, we found that individuals with hippocampal amnesia tended to engage in viewing patterns that were higher in entropy (less organized) relative to healthy comparisons. These findings reveal a critical role of the hippocampus in guiding eye movement exploration to optimize visuospatial relational memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Lucas
- Louisiana State University.,University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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24
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Mahoney EJ, Kapur N, Osmon DC, Hannula DE. Eye Tracking as a Tool for the Detection of Simulated Memory Impairment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Liu ZX, Shen K, Olsen RK, Ryan JD. Age-related changes in the relationship between visual exploration and hippocampal activity. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:81-91. [PMID: 30075215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms underlying age-related memory declines remains an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Recently, we observed that visual sampling behavior predicted activity within the hippocampus, a region critical for memory. In younger adults, increases in the number of gaze fixations were associated with increases in hippocampal activity (Liu et al., 2017). This finding suggests a close coupling between the oculomotor and memory system. However, the extent to which this coupling is altered with aging has not been investigated. In this study, we gave older adults the same face processing task used in Liu et al. (2017) and compared their visual exploration behavior and neural activation in the hippocampus and the fusiform face area (FFA) to those of younger adults. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed an increase in visual exploration as indexed by the number of gaze fixations. However, the relationship between visual exploration and neural responses in the hippocampus and FFA was weaker than that of younger adults. Older adults also showed weaker responses to novel faces and a smaller repetition suppression effect in the hippocampus and FFA compared to younger adults. All together, this study provides novel evidence that the capacity to bind visually sampled information, in real-time, into coherent representations along the ventral visual stream and the medial temporal lobe declines with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xu Liu
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1.
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
| | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
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26
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Fernández G, Orozco D, Agamennoni O, Schumacher M, Sañudo S, Biondi J, Parra MA. Visual Processing during Short-Term Memory Binding in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:185-194. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Sañudo
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Biondi
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Parra
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Facultad de Psicología, Barranquilla, Colombia
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27
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Whitehead JC, Li L, McQuiggan DA, Gambino SA, Binns MA, Ryan JD. Portable eyetracking-based assessment of memory decline. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:904-916. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1444737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingqian Li
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sara A. Gambino
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm A. Binns
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory. Cortex 2017; 93:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Liu ZX, Shen K, Olsen RK, Ryan JD. Visual Sampling Predicts Hippocampal Activity. J Neurosci 2017; 37:599-609. [PMID: 28100742 PMCID: PMC6596763 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2610-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements serve to accumulate information from the visual world, contributing to the formation of coherent memory representations that support cognition and behavior. The hippocampus and the oculomotor network are well connected anatomically through an extensive set of polysynaptic pathways. However, the extent to which visual sampling behavior is related to functional responses in the hippocampus during encoding has not been studied directly in human neuroimaging. In the current study, participants engaged in a face processing task while brain responses were recorded with fMRI and eye movements were monitored simultaneously. The number of gaze fixations that a participant made on a given trial was correlated significantly with hippocampal activation such that more fixations were associated with stronger hippocampal activation. Similar results were also found in the fusiform face area, a face-selective perceptual processing region. Notably, the number of fixations was associated with stronger hippocampal activation when the presented faces were novel, but not when the faces were repeated. Increases in fixations during viewing of novel faces also led to larger repetition-related suppression in the hippocampus, indicating that this fixation-hippocampal relationship may reflect the ongoing development of lasting representations. Together, these results provide novel empirical support for the idea that visual exploration and hippocampal binding processes are inherently linked. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampal and oculomotor networks have each been studied extensively for their roles in the binding of information and gaze function, respectively. Despite the evidence that individuals with amnesia whose damage includes the hippocampus show alterations in their eye movement patterns and recent findings that the two systems are anatomically connected, it has not been demonstrated whether visual exploration is related to hippocampal activity in neurologically intact adults. In this combined fMRI-eye-tracking study, we show how hippocampal responses scale with the number of gaze fixations made during viewing of novel, but not repeated, faces. These findings provide new evidence suggesting that the hippocampus plays an important role in the binding of information, as sampled by gaze fixations, during visual exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xu Liu
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1, and
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1, and
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1, and
- Department of Psychology and
| | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1, and
- Department of Psychology and
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
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Shen K, Bezgin G, Selvam R, McIntosh AR, Ryan JD. An Anatomical Interface between Memory and Oculomotor Systems. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1772-1783. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Visual behavior is guided by memories from prior experience and knowledge of the visual scene. The hippocampal system (HC), in particular, has been implicated in the guidance of saccades: Amnesic patients, following damage to the HC, exhibit selective deficits in their gaze patterns. However, the neural circuitry by which mnemonic representations influence the oculomotor system remains unknown. We used a data-driven, network-based approach on directed anatomical connectivity from the macaque brain to reveal an extensive set of polysnaptic pathways spanning the extrastriate, posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices that potentially mediate the exchange of information between the memory and visuo-oculomotor systems. We additionally show how the potential for directed information flow from the hippocampus to oculomotor control areas is exceptionally high. In particular, the dorsolateral pFC and FEF—regions known to be responsible for the cognitive control of saccades—are topologically well positioned to receive information from the hippocampus. Together with neuropsychological evidence of altered gaze patterns following damage to the hippocampus, our findings suggest that a reconsideration of hippocampal involvement in oculomotor guidance is needed.
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Olsen RK, Sebanayagam V, Lee Y, Moscovitch M, Grady CL, Rosenbaum RS, Ryan JD. The relationship between eye movements and subsequent recognition: Evidence from individual differences and amnesia. Cortex 2016; 85:182-193. [PMID: 27842701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is consistent agreement regarding the positive relationship between cumulative eye movement sampling and subsequent recognition, but the role of the hippocampus in this sampling behavior is currently unknown. It is also unclear whether the eye movement repetition effect, i.e., fewer fixations to repeated, compared to novel, stimuli, depends on explicit recognition and/or an intact hippocampal system. We investigated the relationship between cumulative sampling, the eye movement repetition effect, subsequent memory, and the hippocampal system. Eye movements were monitored in a developmental amnesic case (H.C.), whose hippocampal system is compromised, and in a group of typically developing participants while they studied single faces across multiple blocks. The faces were studied from the same viewpoint or different viewpoints and were subsequently tested with the same or different viewpoint. Our previous work suggested that hippocampal representations support explicit recognition for information that changes viewpoint across repetitions (Olsen et al., 2015). Here, examination of eye movements during encoding indicated that greater cumulative sampling was associated with better memory among controls. Increased sampling, however, was not associated with better explicit memory in H.C., suggesting that increased sampling only improves memory when the hippocampal system is intact. The magnitude of the repetition effect was not correlated with cumulative sampling, nor was it related reliably to subsequent recognition. These findings indicate that eye movements collect information that can be used to strengthen memory representations that are later available for conscious remembering, whereas eye movement repetition effects reflect a processing change due to experience that does not necessarily reflect a memory representation that is available for conscious appraisal. Lastly, H.C. demonstrated a repetition effect for fixed viewpoint faces but not for variable viewpoint faces, which suggests that repetition effects are differentially supported by neocortical and hippocampal systems, depending upon the representational nature of the underlying memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Vinoja Sebanayagam
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yunjo Lee
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Ramon M, Miellet S, Dzieciol AM, Konrad BN, Dresler M, Caldara R. Super-Memorizers Are Not Super-Recognizers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150972. [PMID: 27008627 PMCID: PMC4805230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have a natural expertise in recognizing faces. However, the nature of the interaction between this critical visual biological skill and memory is yet unclear. Here, we had the unique opportunity to test two individuals who have had exceptional success in the World Memory Championships, including several world records in face-name association memory. We designed a range of face processing tasks to determine whether superior/expert face memory skills are associated with distinctive perceptual strategies for processing faces. Superior memorizers excelled at tasks involving associative face-name learning. Nevertheless, they were as impaired as controls in tasks probing the efficiency of the face system: face inversion and the other-race effect. Super memorizers did not show increased hippocampal volumes, and exhibited optimal generic eye movement strategies when they performed complex multi-item face-name associations. Our data show that the visual computations of the face system are not malleable and are robust to acquired expertise involving extensive training of associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Ramon
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue P.A. de Faucigny 2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastien Miellet
- Bournemouth University, Department of Psychology, Talbot Campus, BH12 5BB, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Dzieciol
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Nikolai Konrad
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Caldara
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue P.A. de Faucigny 2, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Pathman T, Ghetti S. More to it than meets the eye: how eye movements can elucidate the development of episodic memory. Memory 2016; 24:721-36. [PMID: 26999263 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1155870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recognise past events along with the contexts in which they occurred is a hallmark of episodic memory, a critical capacity. Eye movements have been shown to track veridical memory for the associations between events and their contexts (relational binding). Such eye-movement effects emerge several seconds before, or in the absence of, explicit response, and are linked to the integrity and function of the hippocampus. Drawing from research from infancy through late childhood, and by comparing to investigations from typical adults, patient populations, and animal models, it seems increasingly clear that eye movements reflect item-item, item-temporal, and item-spatial associations in developmental populations. We analyse this line of work, identify missing pieces in the literature and outline future avenues of research, in order to help elucidate the development of episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanujeni Pathman
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Simona Ghetti
- b Department of Psychology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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A. Moss R. A Theory on the Singular Function of the Hippocampus: Facilitating the Binding of New Circuits of Cortical Columns. AIMS Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rosenbaum RS, Cassidy BN, Herdman KA. Patterns of preserved and impaired spatial memory in a case of developmental amnesia. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:196. [PMID: 26029074 PMCID: PMC4426723 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is believed to have evolved to support allocentric spatial representations of environments as well as the details of personal episodes that occur within them, whereas other brain structures are believed to support complementary egocentric spatial representations. Studies of patients with adult-onset lesions lend support to these distinctions for newly encountered places but suggest that with time and/or experience, schematic aspects of environments can exist independent of the hippocampus. Less clear is the quality of spatial memories acquired in individuals with impaired episodic memory in the context of a hippocampal system that did not develop normally. Here we describe a detailed investigation of the integrity of spatial representations of environments navigated repeatedly over many years in the rare case of H.C., a person with congenital absence of the mammillary bodies and abnormal hippocampal and fornix development. H.C. and controls who had extensive experience navigating the residential and downtown areas known to H.C. were tested on mental navigation tasks that assess the identity, location, and spatial relations among landmarks, and the ability to represent routes. H.C. was able to represent distances and directions between familiar landmarks and provide accurate, though inefficient, route descriptions. However, difficulties producing detailed spatial features on maps and accurately ordering more than two landmarks that are in close proximity to one another along a route suggest a spatial representation that includes only coarse, schematic information that lacks coherence and that cannot be used flexibly. This pattern of performance is considered in the context of other areas of preservation and impairment exhibited by H.C. and suggests that the allocentric-egocentric dichotomy with respect to hippocampal and extended hippocampal system function may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Toronto, ON, Canada
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Whitehead JC, Gambino SA, Richter JD, Ryan JD. Focus group reflections on the current and future state of cognitive assessment tools in geriatric health care. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1455-66. [PMID: 26109860 PMCID: PMC4472067 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study provides insight into the thoughts and opinions of geriatric health-care professionals toward cognitive assessments and the use of emerging technologies, such as eye-tracking, to supplement current tools. METHODS Two focus group sessions were conducted with nurses and physicians who routinely administer neurocognitive assessments to geriatric populations. Video recordings of the focus group sessions were transcribed and a thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS Participants reported the need for assessment and diagnostic tools that are accessible and efficient, and that are capable of accommodating the rapid growth in the aging population. The prevalence of more complex ailments experienced by older adults has had repercussions in the quality of care that the clients receive, and has contributed to lengthy wait times and resource shortages. Health-care professionals stated that they are hampered by the disjointed structure of the health-care system and that they would benefit from a more efficient allocation of responsibilities made possible through tools that did not require extensive training or certification. Eyetracking-based cognitive assessments were thought to strongly complement this system, yet it was thought that difficulty would be faced in gaining the support and increased uptake by health-care professionals due to the nonintuitive relationship between eyetracking and cognition. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that health-care professionals are receptive to the use of eyetracking technology to assess for cognitive health as it would conserve resources by allowing frontline staff to administer assessments with minimal training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, ON, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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