1
|
Regniez M, Dufort-Gervais J, Provost C, Mongrain V, Martinez M. Characterization of Sleep, Emotional, and Cognitive Functions in a New Rat Model of Concomitant Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1044-1059. [PMID: 37885242 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to the spinal cord or the brain have serious medical consequences and lead to long-term disability. The epidemiology, medical complications, and prognosis of isolated spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been well described. However, there are limited data on patients suffering from concurrent SCI and TBI, even if a large proportion of SCI patients have concomitant TBI. The complications associated with this "dual-diagnosis" such as cognitive or behavioral dysfunction are well known in the rehabilitation setting, but evidence-based and standardized approaches for diagnosis and treatment are lacking. Our goal was to develop and characterize a pre-clinical animal model of concurrent SCI and TBI to help identifying "dual-diagnosis" tools. Female rats received a unilateral contusive SCI at the thoracic level alone (SCI group) or combined with a TBI centered on the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SCI-TBI group). We first validated that the SCI extent was comparable between SCI-TBI and SCI groups, and that hindlimb function was impaired. We characterized various neurological outcomes, including locomotion, sleep architecture, brain activity during sleep, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and working memory. We report that SCI-TBI and SCI groups show similar impairments in global locomotor function. While wake/sleep amount and distribution and anxiety- and depression-like symptoms were not affected in SCI-TBI and SCI groups in comparison to the control group (laminectomy and craniotomy only), working memory was impaired only in SCI-TBI rats. This pre-clinical model of concomitant SCI and TBI, including more severe variations of it, shows a translational value for the identification of biomarkers to refine the "dual-diagnosis" of neurotrauma in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Regniez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center of the CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur la Signalisation Neurale et la Circuiterie, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang L, Singla D, Wu AK, Cross KA, Masmanidis SC. Dopamine lesions alter the striatal encoding of single-limb gait. eLife 2024; 12:RP92821. [PMID: 38526916 PMCID: PMC10963031 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatum serves an important role in motor control, and neurons in this area encode the body's initiation, cessation, and speed of locomotion. However, it remains unclear whether the same neurons also encode the step-by-step rhythmic motor patterns of individual limbs that characterize gait. By combining high-speed video tracking, electrophysiology, and optogenetic tagging, we found that a sizable population of both D1 and D2 receptor expressing medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) were phase-locked to the gait cycle of individual limbs in mice. Healthy animals showed balanced limb phase-locking between D1 and D2 MSNs, while dopamine depletion led to stronger phase-locking in D2 MSNs. These findings indicate that striatal neurons represent gait on a single-limb and step basis, and suggest that elevated limb phase-locking of D2 MSNs may underlie some of the gait impairments associated with dopamine loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Deepak Singla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Alexander K Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Katy A Cross
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Sotiris C Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang L, Singla D, Wu AK, Cross KA, Masmanidis SC. Dopamine lesions alter the striatal encoding of single-limb gait. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561216. [PMID: 37873374 PMCID: PMC10592622 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The striatum serves an important role in motor control, and neurons in this area encode the body's initiation, cessation, and speed of locomotion. However, it remains unclear whether the same neurons also encode the step-by-step rhythmic motor patterns of individual limbs that characterize gait. By combining high-speed video tracking, electrophysiology, and optogenetic tagging, we found that a sizable population of both D1 and D2 receptor expressing medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) were phase-locked to the gait cycle of individual limbs in mice. Healthy animals showed balanced limb phase-locking between D1 and D2 MSNs, while dopamine depletion led to stronger phase-locking in D2 MSNs. These findings indicate that striatal neurons represent gait on a single-limb and step basis, and suggest that elevated limb phase-locking of D2 MSNs may underlie some of the gait impairments associated with dopamine loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Deepak Singla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Alexander K. Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Katy A. Cross
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sotiris C. Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drew T, Fortier-Lebel N, Nakajima T. Cortical contribution to visuomotor coordination in locomotion and reaching. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102755. [PMID: 37633106 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of mammals is their ability to make precise visually guided limb movements to attain objects. This is best exemplified by the reach and grasp movements of primates, although it is not unique to this mammalian order. Precise, coordinated, visually guided movements are equally as important during locomotion in many mammalian species, especially in predators. In this context, vision is used to guide paw trajectory and placement. In this review we examine the contribution of the fronto-parietal network in the control of such movements. We suggest that this network is responsible for visuomotor coordination across behaviours and species. We further argue for analogies between cytoarchitectonically similar cortical areas in primates and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Drew
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Fortier-Lebel
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Toshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duguay M, Bonizzato M, Delivet-Mongrain H, Fortier-Lebel N, Martinez M. Uncovering and leveraging the return of voluntary motor programs after paralysis using a bi-cortical neuroprosthesis. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 228:102492. [PMID: 37414352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitative and neuroprosthetic approaches after spinal cord injury (SCI) aim to reestablish voluntary control of movement. Promoting recovery requires a mechanistic understanding of the return of volition over action, but the relationship between re-emerging cortical commands and the return of locomotion is not well established. We introduced a neuroprosthesis delivering targeted bi-cortical stimulation in a clinically relevant contusive SCI model. In healthy and SCI cats, we controlled hindlimb locomotor output by tuning stimulation timing, duration, amplitude, and site. In intact cats, we unveiled a large repertoire of motor programs. After SCI, the evoked hindlimb lifts were highly stereotyped, yet effective in modulating gait and alleviating bilateral foot drag. Results suggest that the neural substrate underpinning motor recovery had traded-off selectivity for efficacy. Longitudinal tests revealed that the return of locomotion after SCI was correlated with recovery of the descending drive, which advocates for rehabilitation interventions directed at the cortical target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Duguay
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marco Bonizzato
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugo Delivet-Mongrain
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Fortier-Lebel
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Département de Neurosciences and Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Downey RJ, Salminen JS, Rojas SA, Richer N, Pliner EM, Hwang J, Cruz-Almeida Y, Manini TM, Hass CJ, Seidler RD, Clark DJ, Ferris DP. Electrical Brain Activity during Human Walking with Parametric Variations in Terrain Unevenness and Walking Speed. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551289. [PMID: 37577540 PMCID: PMC10418077 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mobile brain imaging with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) can provide insight into the cortical processes involved in complex human walking tasks. While uneven terrain is common in the natural environment and poses challenges to human balance control, there is limited understanding of the supraspinal processes involved with traversing uneven terrain. The primary objective of this study was to quantify electrocortical activity related to parametric variations in terrain unevenness for neurotypical young adults. We used high-density EEG to measure brain activity when thirty-two young adults walked on a novel custom-made uneven terrain treadmill surface with four levels of difficulty at a walking speed tailored to each participant. We identified multiple brain regions associated with uneven terrain walking. Alpha (8 - 13 Hz) and beta (13 - 30 Hz) spectral power decreased in the sensorimotor and posterior parietal areas with increasing terrain unevenness while theta (4 - 8 Hz) power increased in the mid/posterior cingulate area with terrain unevenness. We also found that within stride spectral power fluctuations increased with terrain unevenness. Our secondary goal was to investigate the effect of parametric changes in walking speed (0.25 m/s, 0.5m/s, 0.75 m/s, 1.0 m/s) to differentiate the effects of walking speed from uneven terrain. Our results revealed that electrocortical activities only changed substantially with speed within the sensorimotor area but not in other brain areas. Together, these results indicate there are distinct cortical processes contributing to the control of walking over uneven terrain versus modulation of walking speed on smooth, flat terrain. Our findings increase our understanding of cortical involvement in an ecologically valid walking task and could serve as a benchmark for identifying deficits in cortical dynamics that occur in people with mobility deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ryan J. Downey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacob S. Salminen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sofia Arvelo Rojas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Natalie Richer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erika M. Pliner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jungyun Hwang
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M. Manini
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J. Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachael D. Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - David J. Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel P. Ferris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Disse GD, Nandakumar B, Pauzin FP, Blumenthal GH, Kong Z, Ditterich J, Moxon KA. Neural ensemble dynamics in trunk and hindlimb sensorimotor cortex encode for the control of postural stability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112347. [PMID: 37027302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex has a disputed role in monitoring postural equilibrium and intervening in cases of major postural disturbances. Here, we investigate the patterns of neural activity in the cortex that underlie neural dynamics during unexpected perturbations. In both the primary sensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices of the rat, unique neuronal classes differentially covary their responses to distinguish different characteristics of applied postural perturbations; however, there is substantial information gain in M1, demonstrating a role for higher-order computations in motor control. A dynamical systems model of M1 activity and forces generated by the limbs reveals that these neuronal classes contribute to a low-dimensional manifold comprised of separate subspaces enabled by congruent and incongruent neural firing patterns that define different computations depending on the postural responses. These results inform how the cortex engages in postural control, directing work aiming to understand postural instability after neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Disse
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Francois P Pauzin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gary H Blumenthal
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhaodan Kong
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jochen Ditterich
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen A Moxon
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Motor skills training-induced activation of descending pathways mediating cortical command to hindlimb motoneurons in experimental diabetic rats. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114357. [PMID: 36849002 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes disrupts the corticospinal tract (CST) system components that control hindlimb and trunk movement, resulting in weakness of the lower extremities. However, there is no information about a method to improve these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the rehabilitative effects of 2 weeks of aerobic training (AT) and complex motor skills training (ST) on motor disorders in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. In this study, electrophysiological mapping of the motor cortex showed that the diabetes mellitus (DM)-ST group had a larger motor cortical area compared to the DM-AT group and sedentary diabetic animals. Moreover, hand grip strength and rotarod latency increased in the DM-ST group; however, these two parameters did not change in the DM-AT group, as well as in control and sedentary diabetic rats. Furthermore, in the DM-ST group, cortical stimulation-induced and motor-evoked potentials were preserved after the interception of the CST; however, this potential disappeared after additional lesions were made on lateral funiculus, suggesting that their function extends to activating motor descending pathways other than the CST locating lateral funiculus. According to immunohistochemical analysis, the larger fibers present on the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus, which corresponds to the rubrospinal tract of the DM-ST group, expressed the phosphorylated growth-associated protein, 43 kD, which is a specific marker of axons with plastic changes. Additionally, electrical stimulation of the red nucleus revealed expansion of the hindlimb-responsible area and increased motor-evoked potentials of the hindlimb in the DM-ST group, suggesting a strengthening of synaptic connections between the red nucleus and spinal interneurons driving motoneurons. These results reveal that ST induces plastic changes in the rubrospinal tract in a diabetic model, which can compensate for diabetes by disrupting the CST system components that control the hindlimb. This finding suggests that ST can be a novel rehabilitation strategy to improve motor dysfunctions in diabetic patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakajima T, Fortier-Lebel N, Drew T. A secondary motor area contributing to interlimb coordination during visually guided locomotion in the cat. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:290-315. [PMID: 35259760 PMCID: PMC9837607 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of cytoarchitectonic cortical area 4δc, in the caudal bank of the cruciate sulcus of the cat, to the control of visually guided locomotion. To do so, we recorded the activity of 114 neurons in 4δc while cats walked on a treadmill and stepped over an obstacle that advanced toward them. A total of 84/114 (74%) cells were task-related and 68/84 (81%) of these cells showed significant modulation of their discharge frequency when the contralateral limbs were the first to step over the obstacle. These latter cells included a substantial proportion (27/68 40%) that discharged between the passage of the contralateral forelimb and the contralateral hindlimb over the obstacle, suggesting a contribution of this area to interlimb coordination. We further compared the discharge in area 4δc with the activity patterns of cells in the rostral division of the same cytoarchitectonic area (4δr), which has been suggested to be a separate functional region. Despite some differences in the patterns of activity in the 2 subdivisions, we suggest that activity in each is compatible with a contribution to interlimb coordination and that they should be considered as a single functional area that contributes to both forelimb-forelimb and forelimb-hindlimb coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nicolas Fortier-Lebel
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA) Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Trevor Drew
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA) Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Setogawa T, Nishijo H. Neuronal structures controlling locomotor behavior during active and inactive motor states. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:83-93. [PMID: 36549389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal behaviors can be divided into two states according to their motor activity: the active motor state, which involves significant body movements, and the inactive motor state, which refers to when the animal is stationary. The timing and duration of these states are determined by the activity of the neuronal circuits involved in motor control. Among these motor circuits, those that generate locomotion are some of the most studied neuronal networks and are widely distributed from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries, mainly in rodents using state-of-the-art experimental approaches, of the neuronal mechanisms underlying the initiation and termination of locomotion in the brainstem, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex. These findings is discussed with reference to studies on the neuronal mechanism of motor control during sleep and the modulation of cortical states in these structures. Accumulating evidence has unraveled the complex yet highly structured network that controls the transition between motor states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Setogawa
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Melbaum S, Russo E, Eriksson D, Schneider A, Durstewitz D, Brox T, Diester I. Conserved structures of neural activity in sensorimotor cortex of freely moving rats allow cross-subject decoding. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7420. [PMID: 36456557 PMCID: PMC9715555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about neuronal activity in the sensorimotor cortex relies primarily on stereotyped movements that are strictly controlled in experimental settings. It remains unclear how results can be carried over to less constrained behavior like that of freely moving subjects. Toward this goal, we developed a self-paced behavioral paradigm that encouraged rats to engage in different movement types. We employed bilateral electrophysiological recordings across the entire sensorimotor cortex and simultaneous paw tracking. These techniques revealed behavioral coupling of neurons with lateralization and an anterior-posterior gradient from the premotor to the primary sensory cortex. The structure of population activity patterns was conserved across animals despite the severe under-sampling of the total number of neurons and variations in electrode positions across individuals. We demonstrated cross-subject and cross-session generalization in a decoding task through alignments of low-dimensional neural manifolds, providing evidence of a conserved neuronal code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Melbaum
- grid.5963.9Computer Vision Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Russo
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Eriksson
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Artur Schneider
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Brox
- grid.5963.9Computer Vision Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Diester
- grid.5963.9IMBIT//BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Optophysiology Lab, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comprehensive dynamic and kinematic analysis of the rodent hindlimb during over ground walking. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19725. [PMID: 36385108 PMCID: PMC9668918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat hindlimb is a frequently utilized pre-clinical model system to evaluate injuries and pathologies impacting the hindlimbs. These studies have demonstrated the translational potential of this model but have typically focused on the force generating capacity of target muscles as the primary evaluative outcome. Historically, human studies investigating extremity injuries and pathologies have utilized biomechanical analysis to better understand the impact of injury and extent of recovery. In this study, we expand that full biomechanical workup to a rat model in order to characterize the spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, 3-D joint kinematics, 3-D joint kinetics, and energetics of gait in healthy rats. We report data on each of these metrics that meets or exceeds the standards set by the current literature and are the first to report on all these metrics in a single set of animals. The methodology and findings presented in this study have significant implications for the development and clinical application of the improved regenerative therapeutics and rehabilitative therapies required for durable and complete functional recovery from extremity traumas, as well as other musculoskeletal pathologies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoshikawa A, Ohtaki H, Miyamoto K, Kim S, Hase K, Yoshida M, Kamijo S, Kamimura S, Koiwa N, Izumizaki M. Mild-intensity running exercise recovered motor function by improvement of ankle mobility after unilateral brain injury of mice using three-dimensional kinematic analysis techniques. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Mirfathollahi A, Ghodrati MT, Shalchyan V, Daliri MR. Decoding locomotion speed and slope from local field potentials of rat motor cortex. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 223:106961. [PMID: 35759821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Local Field Potentials (LFPs) recorded from the primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to be very informative for decoding movement parameters, and these signals can be used to decode forelimb kinematic and kinetic parameters accurately. Although locomotion is one of the most basic and important motor abilities of humans and animals, the potential of LFPs in decoding abstract hindlimb locomotor parameters has not been investigated. This study investigates the feasibility of decoding speed and slope of locomotion, as two important abstract parameters of walking, using the LFP signals. METHODS Rats were trained to walk smoothly on a treadmill with different speeds and slopes. The brain signals were recorded using the microwire arrays chronically implanted in the hindlimb area of M1 while rats walked on the treadmill. LFP channels were spatially filtered using optimal common spatial patterns to increase the discriminability of speeds and slopes of locomotion. Logarithmic wavelet band powers were extracted as basic features, and the best features were selected using the statistical dependency criterion before classification. RESULTS Using 5 s LFP trials, the average classification accuracies of four different speeds and seven different slopes reached 90.8% and 86.82%, respectively. The high-frequency LFP band (250-500 Hz) was the most informative band about these parameters and contributed more than other frequency bands in the final decoder model. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the LFP signals in M1 accurately decode locomotion speed and slope, which can be considered as abstract walking parameters needed for designing long-term brain-computer interfaces for hindlimb locomotion control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alavie Mirfathollahi
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Pardis 16583-44575, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghodrati
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Vahid Shalchyan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kondo T, Saito R, Sato Y, Sato K, Uchida A, Yoshino-Saito K, Shinozaki M, Tashiro S, Nagoshi N, Nakamura M, Ushiba J, Okano H. Treadmill Training for Common Marmoset to Strengthen Corticospinal Connections After Thoracic Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:858562. [PMID: 35530175 PMCID: PMC9074843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.858562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to locomotor dysfunction. Locomotor rehabilitation promotes the recovery of stepping ability in lower mammals, but it has limited efficacy in humans with a severe SCI. To explain this discrepancy between different species, a nonhuman primate rehabilitation model with a severe SCI would be useful. In this study, we developed a rehabilitation model of paraplegia caused by a severe traumatic SCI in a nonhuman primate, common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The locomotor rating scale for marmosets was developed to accurately assess the recovery of locomotor functions in marmosets. All animals showed flaccid paralysis of the hindlimb after a thoracic contusive SCI, but the trained group showed significant locomotor recovery. Kinematic analysis revealed significantly improved hindlimb stepping patterns in trained marmosets. Furthermore, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the motor cortex evoked the hindlimb muscles in the trained group, suggesting the reconnection between supraspinal input and the lumbosacral network. Because rehabilitation may be combined with regenerative interventions such as medicine or cell therapy, this primate model can be used as a preclinical test of therapies that can be used in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Risa Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akito Uchida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syoichi Tashiro
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sato Y, Kondo T, Uchida A, Sato K, Yoshino-Saito K, Nakamura M, Okano H, Ushiba J. Preserved Intersegmental Coordination During Locomotion after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Common Marmosets. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Beloozerova IN. Neuronal activity reorganization in motor cortex for successful locomotion after a lesion in the ventrolateral thalamus. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:56-85. [PMID: 34731070 PMCID: PMC8742732 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00191.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalamic stroke leads to ataxia if the cerebellum-receiving ventrolateral thalamus (VL) is affected. The compensation mechanisms for this deficit are not well understood, particularly the roles that single neurons and specific neuronal subpopulations outside the thalamus play in recovery. The goal of this study was to clarify neuronal mechanisms of the motor cortex involved in mitigation of ataxia during locomotion when part of the VL is inactivated or lesioned. In freely ambulating cats, we recorded the activity of neurons in layer V of the motor cortex as the cats walked on a flat surface and horizontally placed ladder. We first reversibly inactivated ∼10% of the VL unilaterally using glutamatergic transmission antagonist CNQX and analyzed how the activity of motor cortex reorganized to support successful locomotion. We next lesioned 50%-75% of the VL bilaterally using kainic acid and analyzed how the activity of motor cortex reorganized when locomotion recovered. When a small part of the VL was inactivated, the discharge rates of motor cortex neurons decreased, but otherwise the activity was near normal, and the cats walked fairly well. Individual neurons retained their ability to respond to the demand for accuracy during ladder locomotion; however, most changed their response. When the VL was lesioned, the cat walked normally on the flat surface but was ataxic on the ladder for several days after lesion. When ladder locomotion normalized, neuronal discharge rates on the ladder were normal, and the shoulder-related group was preferentially active during the stride's swing phase.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first analysis of reorganization of the activity of single neurons and subpopulations of neurons related to the shoulder, elbow, or wrist, as well as fast- and slow-conducting pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex of animals walking before and after inactivation or lesion in the thalamus. The results offer unique insights into the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery after thalamic stroke, potentially providing guidance for new strategies to alleviate locomotor deficits after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Beloozerova
- 1School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia,2Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatosensory feedback. We follow with the different types of mechanoreceptors and somatosensory afferents and their activity during locomotion. We then describe central projections to locomotor networks and the modulation of somatosensory feedback during locomotion and its mechanisms. We then discuss experimental approaches and animal models used to investigate the control of locomotion by somatosensory feedback before providing an overview of the different functional roles of somatosensory feedback for locomotion. Lastly, we briefly describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the recovery of locomotion after neurological injury. We highlight the fact that somatosensory feedback is an essential component of a highly integrated system for locomotor control. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Frigon
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Boris I Prilutsky
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu H, Li B, Zhang M, Dai C, Xi P, Liu Y, Huang Q, He J, Lang Y, Tang R. Unexpected Terrain Induced Changes in Cortical Activity in Bipedal-Walking Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010036. [PMID: 35053035 PMCID: PMC8773320 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Most studies on cortical dynamics during walking require subjects to walk stably on specific terrain. In fact, humans or other animals are often disturbed by an abrupt change in terrains during walking. To study the impact of unexpected terrain on cortical activity, we analyzed the kinematics and electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics of bipedal-walking rats after encountering unexpected terrain. We found that the gait of rats after encountering the unexpected terrain were significantly different from normal walking. Furthermore, the activities of the left and right primary motor areas (M1), the left and right primary somatosensory areas (S1), and the retrosplenial area (RSP) are coupled to gait cycle phase and varied with the terrain conditions. These findings suggest that unexpected terrains induced changes in gait and cortical activity, and provide novel insights into cortical dynamics during walking. Abstract Humans and other animals can quickly respond to unexpected terrains during walking, but little is known about the cortical dynamics in this process. To study the impact of unexpected terrains on brain activity, we allowed rats with blocked vision to walk on a treadmill in a bipedal posture and then walk on an uneven area at a random position on the treadmill belt. Whole brain EEG signals and hind limb kinematics of bipedal-walking rats were recorded. After encountering unexpected terrain, the θ band power of the bilateral M1, the γ band power of the left S1, and the θ to γ band power of the RSP significantly decreased compared with normal walking. Furthermore, when the rats left uneven terrain, the β band power of the bilateral M1 and the α band power of the right M1 decreased, while the γ band power of the left M1 significantly increased compared with normal walking. Compared with the flat terrain, the θ to low β (3–20 Hz) band power of the bilateral S1 increased after the rats contacted the uneven terrain and then decreased in the single- or double- support phase. These results support the hypothesis that unexpected terrains induced changes in cortical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Chuankai Dai
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Pengcheng Xi
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sato Y, Kondo T, Shibata R, Nakamura M, Okano H, Ushiba J. Functional reorganization of locomotor kinematic synergies reflects the neuropathology in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:78-84. [PMID: 34921835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts motor commands to modular structures of the spinal cord, limiting the ability to walk. Evidence suggests that these modules are conserved across species from rodent to human and subserve adaptive walking by controlling coordinated joint movements (kinematic synergies). Since SCI causes uncoordinated joint movements of the lower limbs during walking, there may be a disorder of the modular structures that control them. To gain insights into this complex process, we recorded the kinematics of intact and SCI mice when walking on a treadmill and applied principal component analysis to extract kinematic synergies. Most SCI mice walked stably on the treadmill, but their kinematic synergies were generally different from those of intact mice. We classified the kinematic synergies of SCI mice into three groups based on the similarity of the extracted first three synergy components. We found that these three groups had different degrees of spinal cord damage. This suggests that differences in kinematic synergies reflect underlying SCI neuropathology. These results may help guide the development of different rehabilitation approaches and future physiological experiments to understand the mechanisms of motor control and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reo Shibata
- Department of Orhopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orhopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Faw TD, Lakhani B, Schmalbrock P, Knopp MV, Lohse KR, Kramer JLK, Liu H, Nguyen HT, Phillips EG, Bratasz A, Fisher LC, Deibert RJ, Boyd LA, McTigue DM, Basso DM. Eccentric rehabilitation induces white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 346:113853. [PMID: 34464653 PMCID: PMC10084731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent white matter plasticity offers new potential for rehabilitation-induced recovery after neurotrauma. This first-in-human translational experiment combined myelin water imaging in humans and genetic fate-mapping of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mice to investigate whether downhill locomotor rehabilitation that emphasizes eccentric muscle actions promotes white matter plasticity and recovery in chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). In humans, of 20 individuals with SCI that enrolled, four passed the imaging screen and had myelin water imaging before and after a 12-week (3 times/week) downhill locomotor treadmill training program (SCI + DH). One individual was excluded for imaging artifacts. Uninjured control participants (n = 7) had two myelin water imaging sessions within the same day. Changes in myelin water fraction (MWF), a histopathologically-validated myelin biomarker, were analyzed in a priori motor learning and non-motor learning brain regions and the cervical spinal cord using statistical approaches appropriate for small sample sizes. PDGFRα-CreERT2:mT/mG mice, that express green fluorescent protein on oligodendrocyte precursor cells and subsequent newly-differentiated oligodendrocytes upon tamoxifen-induced recombination, were either naive (n = 6) or received a moderate (75 kilodyne), contusive SCI at T9 and were randomized to downhill training (n = 6) or unexercised groups (n = 6). We initiated recombination 29 days post-injury, seven days prior to downhill training. Mice underwent two weeks of daily downhill training on the same 10% decline grade used in humans. Between-group comparison of functional (motor and sensory) and histological (oligodendrogenesis, oligodendroglial/axon interaction, paranodal structure) outcomes occurred post-training. In humans with SCI, downhill training increased MWF in brain motor learning regions (postcentral, precuneus) and mixed motor and sensory tracts of the ventral cervical spinal cord compared to control participants (P < 0.05). In mice with thoracic SCI, downhill training induced oligodendrogenesis in cervical dorsal and lateral white matter, increased axon-oligodendroglial interactions, and normalized paranodal structure in dorsal column sensory tracts (P < 0.05). Downhill training improved sensorimotor recovery in mice by normalizing hip and knee motor control and reducing hyperalgesia, both of which were associated with new oligodendrocytes in the cervical dorsal columns (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that eccentric-focused, downhill rehabilitation promotes white matter plasticity and improved function in chronic SCI, likely via oligodendrogenesis in nervous system regions activated by the training paradigm. Together, these data reveal an exciting role for eccentric training in white matter plasticity and sensorimotor recovery after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Faw
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petra Schmalbrock
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - John L K Kramer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Huyen T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eileen G Phillips
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resources, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle J Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Collapse of complexity of brain and body activity due to excessive inhibition and MeCP2 disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106378118. [PMID: 34686597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106378118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex body movements require complex dynamics and coordination among neurons in motor cortex. Conversely, a long-standing theoretical notion supposes that if many neurons in motor cortex become excessively synchronized, they may lack the necessary complexity for healthy motor coding. However, direct experimental support for this idea is rare and underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we recorded three-dimensional body movements and spiking activity of many single neurons in motor cortex of rats with enhanced synaptic inhibition and a transgenic rat model of Rett syndrome (RTT). For both cases, we found a collapse of complexity in the motor system. Reduced complexity was apparent in lower-dimensional, stereotyped brain-body interactions, neural synchrony, and simpler behavior. Our results demonstrate how imbalanced inhibition can cause excessive synchrony among movement-related neurons and, consequently, a stereotyped motor code. Excessive inhibition and synchrony may underlie abnormal motor function in RTT.
Collapse
|
23
|
Moreno-Lopez Y, Bichara C, Delbecq G, Isope P, Cordero-Erausquin M. The corticospinal tract primarily modulates sensory inputs in the mouse lumbar cord. eLife 2021; 10:65304. [PMID: 34497004 PMCID: PMC8439650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that the main function of the corticospinal tract (CST) is to convey motor commands to bulbar or spinal motoneurons. Yet the CST has also been shown to modulate sensory signals at their entry point in the spinal cord through primary afferent depolarization (PAD). By sequentially investigating different routes of corticofugal pathways through electrophysiological recordings and an intersectional viral strategy, we here demonstrate that motor and sensory modulation commands in mice belong to segregated paths within the CST. Sensory modulation is executed exclusively by the CST via a population of lumbar interneurons located in the deep dorsal horn. In contrast, the cortex conveys the motor command via a relay in the upper spinal cord or supraspinal motor centers. At lumbar level, the main role of the CST is thus the modulation of sensory inputs, which is an essential component of the selective tuning of sensory feedback used to ensure well-coordinated and skilled movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunuen Moreno-Lopez
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégrées, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bichara
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégrées, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Delbecq
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégrées, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégrées, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matilde Cordero-Erausquin
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégrées, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tia B, Pifferi F. Oscillatory Activity in Mouse Lemur Primary Motor Cortex During Natural Locomotor Behavior. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:655980. [PMID: 34220457 PMCID: PMC8249816 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.655980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In arboreal environments, substrate orientation determines the biomechanical strategy for postural maintenance and locomotion. In this study, we investigated possible neuronal correlates of these mechanisms in an ancestral primate model, the gray mouse lemur. We conducted telemetric recordings of electrocorticographic activity in left primary motor cortex of two mouse lemurs moving on a branch-like small-diameter pole, fixed horizontally, or vertically. Analysis of cortical oscillations in high β (25–35 Hz) and low γ (35–50 Hz) bands showed stronger resting power on horizontal than vertical substrate, potentially illustrating sensorimotor processes for postural maintenance. Locomotion on horizontal substrate was associated with stronger event-related desynchronization than vertical substrate, which could relate to locomotor adjustments and/or derive from differences in baseline activity. Spectrograms of cortical activity showed modulation throughout individual locomotor cycles, with higher values in the first than second half cycle. However, substrate orientation did not significantly influence these variations. Overall, these results confirm that specific cortical mechanisms are solicited during arboreal locomotion, whereby mouse lemurs adjust cortical activity to substrate orientation during static posture and locomotion, and modulate this activity throughout locomotor cycles.
Collapse
|
25
|
Brown AR, Martinez M. Chronic inactivation of the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex after thoracic spinal cord hemisection impedes locomotor recovery in the rat. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113775. [PMID: 34081986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
After incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), cortical plasticity is involved in hindlimb locomotor recovery. Nevertheless, whether cortical activity is required for motor map plasticity and recovery remains unresolved. Here, we combined a unilateral thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) with a cortical inactivation protocol that uncovered a functional role of contralesional cortical activity in hindlimb recovery and ipsilesional map plasticity. In adult rats, left hindlimb paralysis was induced by sectioning half of the spinal cord at the thoracic level (hemisection) and we used a continuous infusion of muscimol (GABAA agonist, 10 mM, 0.11 µl/h) delivered via implanted osmotic pump (n = 9) to chronically inactivate the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex. Hemisected rats with saline infusion served as a SCI control group (n = 8), and intact rats with muscimol infusion served as an inactivation control group (n = 6). Locomotion was assessed in an open field, on a horizontal ladder, and on a treadmill prior to and for three weeks after hemisection. Cortical inactivation after hemisection significantly impeded hindlimb locomotor recovery in all tasks and specifically disrupted the ability of rats to generate proper flexion of the affected hindlimb during stepping compared to SCI controls, with no significant effect of inactivation in intact rats. Chronic and acute (n = 4) cortical inactivation after hemisection also significantly reduced the representation of the affected hindlimb in the ipsilesional motor cortex derived with intracortical microsimulation (ICMS). Our results provide evidence that residual activity in the contralesional hindlimb motor cortex after thoracic hemisection contributes to spontaneous locomotor recovery and map plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Brown
- Département de Neurosciences Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau au service de l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Département de Neurosciences Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau au service de l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sathyamurthy A, Barik A, Dobrott CI, Matson KJE, Stoica S, Pursley R, Chesler AT, Levine AJ. Cerebellospinal Neurons Regulate Motor Performance and Motor Learning. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107595. [PMID: 32402292 PMCID: PMC7263484 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is important to reveal how movements are planned, executed, and refined by networks of neurons distributed throughout the nervous system. Here, we report the neuroanatomical organization and behavioral roles of cerebellospinal (CeS) neurons. Using intersectional genetic techniques, we find that CeS neurons constitute a small minority of excitatory neurons in the fastigial and interpositus deep cerebellar nuclei, target pre-motor circuits in the ventral spinal cord and the brain, and control distinct aspects of movement. CeS neurons that project to the ipsilateral cervical cord are required for skilled forelimb performance, while CeS neurons that project to the contralateral cervical cord are involved in skilled locomotor learning. Together, this work establishes CeS neurons as a critical component of the neural circuitry for skilled movements and provides insights into the organizational logic of motor networks. Sathyamurthy et al. define the organization, function, and targets of cerebellospinal neurons, revealing a direct link between the deep cerebellar nuclei and motor execution circuits in the spinal cord and demonstrating a role for these neurons in motor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Courtney I Dobrott
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Stoica
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Randall Pursley
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- Sensory Cells and Circuits Section, National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bonizzato M, James ND, Pidpruzhnykova G, Pavlova N, Shkorbatova P, Baud L, Martinez-Gonzalez C, Squair JW, DiGiovanna J, Barraud Q, Micera S, Courtine G. Multi-pronged neuromodulation intervention engages the residual motor circuitry to facilitate walking in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1925. [PMID: 33771986 PMCID: PMC7997909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury usually spares some components of the locomotor circuitry. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the midbrain locomotor region and epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord (EES) are being used to tap into this spared circuitry to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury. While appealing, the potential synergy between DBS and EES remains unknown. Here, we report the synergistic facilitation of locomotion when DBS is combined with EES in a rat model of severe contusion spinal cord injury leading to leg paralysis. However, this synergy requires high amplitudes of DBS, which triggers forced locomotion associated with stress responses. To suppress these undesired responses, we link DBS to the intention to walk, decoded from cortical activity using a robust, rapidly calibrated unsupervised learning algorithm. This contingency amplifies the supraspinal descending command while empowering the rats into volitional walking. However, the resulting improvements may not outweigh the complex technological framework necessary to establish viable therapeutic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonizzato
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D James
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Galyna Pidpruzhnykova
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Pavlova
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Motor Physiology Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Shkorbatova
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neuromorphology Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laetitia Baud
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Martinez-Gonzalez
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jordan W Squair
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Quentin Barraud
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV/UNIL/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rat Locomotion Detection Based on Brain Functional Directed Connectivity from Implanted Electroencephalography Signals. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030345. [PMID: 33803159 PMCID: PMC7998315 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have suggested that the cortex involved in walking control in freely locomotion rats. Moreover, the spectral characteristics of cortical activity showed significant differences in different walking conditions. However, whether brain connectivity presents a significant difference during rats walking under different behavior conditions has yet to be verified. Similarly, whether brain connectivity can be used in locomotion detection remains unknown. To address those concerns, we recorded locomotion and implanted electroencephalography signals in freely moving rats performing two kinds of task conditions (upslope and downslope walking). The Granger causality method was used to determine brain functional directed connectivity in rats during these processes. Machine learning algorithms were then used to categorize the two walking states, based on functional directed connectivity. We found significant differences in brain functional directed connectivity varied between upslope and downslope walking. Moreover, locomotion detection based on brain connectivity achieved the highest accuracy (91.45%), sensitivity (90.93%), specificity (91.3%), and F1-score (91.43%). Specifically, the classification results indicated that connectivity features in the high gamma band contained the most discriminative information with respect to locomotion detection in rats, with the support vector machine classifier exhibiting the most efficient performance. Our study not only suggests that brain functional directed connectivity in rats showed significant differences in various behavioral contexts but also proposed a method for classifying the locomotion states of rat walking, based on brain functional directed connectivity. These findings elucidate the characteristics of neural information interaction between various cortical areas in freely walking rats.
Collapse
|
29
|
Davaa G, Hong JY, Kim TU, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Hong K, Hyun JK. Exercise Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Changing DNA Methylation. Cells 2021; 10:143. [PMID: 33445717 PMCID: PMC7828206 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is a traditional method to maximize remaining function in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), but the exact mechanism by which exercise promotes recovery after SCI has not been identified; whether exercise truly has a beneficial effect on SCI also remains unclear. Previously, we showed that epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex occur after SCI and that a treatment leading to epigenetic modulation effectively promotes functional recovery after SCI. We aimed to determine how exercise induces functional improvement in rats subjected to SCI and whether epigenetic changes are engaged in the effects of exercise. A spinal cord contusion model was established in rats, which were then subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks. We found that the size of the lesion cavity and the number of macrophages were decreased more in the exercise group than in the control group after 12 weeks of injury. Immunofluorescence and DNA dot blot analysis revealed that levels of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the brain motor cortex were increased after exercise. Accordingly, the expression of ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family members (Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3) in the brain motor cortex also elevated. However, no macrophage polarization was induced by exercise. Locomotor function, including Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and ladder scores, also improved in the exercise group compared to the control group. We concluded that treadmill exercise facilitates functional recovery in rats with SCI, and mechanistically epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex may contribute to exercise-induced improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganchimeg Davaa
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Young Hong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Tae Uk Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Seo Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
- Wiregene, Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31116, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bergel A, Tiran E, Deffieux T, Demené C, Tanter M, Cohen I. Adaptive modulation of brain hemodynamics across stereotyped running episodes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6193. [PMID: 33273463 PMCID: PMC7713412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During locomotion, theta and gamma rhythms are essential to ensure timely communication between brain structures. However, their metabolic cost and contribution to neuroimaging signals remain elusive. To finely characterize neurovascular interactions during locomotion, we simultaneously recorded mesoscale brain hemodynamics using functional ultrasound (fUS) and local field potentials (LFP) in numerous brain structures of freely-running overtrained rats. Locomotion events were reliably followed by a surge in blood flow in a sequence involving the retrosplenial cortex, dorsal thalamus, dentate gyrus and CA regions successively, with delays ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 seconds after peak speed. Conversely, primary motor cortex was suppressed and subsequently recruited during reward uptake. Surprisingly, brain hemodynamics were strongly modulated across trials within the same recording session; cortical blood flow sharply decreased after 10-20 runs, while hippocampal responses strongly and linearly increased, particularly in the CA regions. This effect occurred while running speed and theta activity remained constant and was accompanied by an increase in the power of hippocampal, but not cortical, high-frequency oscillations (100-150 Hz). Our findings reveal distinct vascular subnetworks modulated across fast and slow timescales and suggest strong hemodynamic adaptation, despite the repetition of a stereotyped behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bergel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine-Neuroscience, 75005, Paris, France.
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Tiran
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Demené
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tanter
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France.
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine-Neuroscience, 75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bourrier A, Szarpak-Jankowska A, Veliev F, Olarte-Hernandez R, Shkorbatova P, Bonizzato M, Rey E, Barraud Q, Briançon-Marjollet A, Auzely R, Courtine G, Bouchiat V, Delacour C. Introducing a biomimetic coating for graphene neuroelectronics: toward in-vivoapplications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 7. [PMID: 35125348 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab42d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electronic micro and nano-devices are suitable tools to monitor the activity of many individual neurons over mesoscale networks. However the inorganic materials currently used in microelectronics are barely accepted by neural cells and tissues, thus limiting both the sensor lifetime and efficiency. In particular, penetrating intracortical probes face high failure rate because of a wide immune response of cells and tissues. This adverse reaction called gliosis leads to the rejection of the implanted probe after few weeks and prevent long-lasting recordings of cortical neurons. Such acceptance issue impedes the realization of many neuro-rehabilitation projects. To overcome this, graphene and related carbon-based materials have attracted a lot of interest regarding their positive impact on the adhesion and regeneration of neurons, and their ability to provide high-sensitive electronic devices, such as graphene field effect transistor (G-FET). Such devices can also be implemented on numerous suitable substrates including soft substrates to match the mechanical compliance of cells and tissues, improving further the biocompatibility of the implants. Thus, using graphene as a coating and sensing device material could significantly enhance the acceptance of intracortical probes. However, such a thin monolayer of carbon atoms could be teared off during manipulation and insertion within the brain, and could also display degradation over time. In this work, we have investigated the ability to protect graphene with a natural, biocompatible and degradable polymeric film derivated from hyaluronic acid (HA). We demonstrate that HA-based coatings can be deposited over a wide range of substrates, including intracortical probes and graphene FET arrays without altering the underlying device material, its biocompatibility and sensitivity. Moreover, we show that this coating can be monitoredin situby quantifying the number of deposited charges with the G-FET arrays. The reported graphene functionalization offers promising alternatives for improving the acceptance of various neural interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bourrier
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Farida Veliev
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Polina Shkorbatova
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bonizzato
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Rey
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Briançon-Marjollet
- Grenoble Alpes, HP2 Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel Auzely
- University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV-CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain-Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Bouchiat
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Delacour
- Institut Néel, CNRS & Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Borrell JA, Krizsan-Agbas D, Nudo RJ, Frost SB. Effects of a contusive spinal cord injury on cortically-evoked spinal spiking activity in rats. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:10.1088/1741-2552/abc1b5. [PMID: 33059344 PMCID: PMC8046849 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc1b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective.The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on spike activity evoked in the hindlimb spinal cord of the rat from cortical electrical stimulation.Approach.Adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a Healthy or SCI group. SCI rats were given a 175 kDyn dorsal midline contusion injury at the level of the T8 vertebrae. At 4 weeks post-SCI, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was delivered at several sites in the hindlimb motor cortex of anesthetized rats, and evoked neural activity was recorded from corresponding sites throughout the dorsoventral depths of the spinal cord and EMG activity from hindlimb muscles.Main results.In healthy rats, post-ICMS spike histograms showed reliable, evoked spike activity during a short-latency epoch 10-12 ms after the initiation of the ICMS pulse train (short). Longer latency spikes occurred between ∼20 and 60 ms, generally following a Gaussian distribution, rising above baseline at timeLON, followed by a peak response (Lp), and then falling below baseline at timeLOFF. EMG responses occurred betweenLONandLp( 25-27 ms). In SCI rats, short-latency responses were still present, long-latency responses were disrupted or eliminated, and EMG responses were never evoked. The retention of the short-latency responses indicates that spared descending spinal fibers, most likely via the cortico-reticulospinal pathway, can still depolarize spinal cord neurons after a dorsal midline contusion injury.Significance.This study provides novel insights into the role of alternate pathways for voluntary control of hindlimb movements after SCI that disrupts the corticospinal tract in the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Borrell
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Dora Krizsan-Agbas
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Randolph J. Nudo
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shawn B. Frost
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li B, Liu S, Hu D, Li G, Tang R, Song D, Lang Y, He J. Electrocortical activity in freely walking rats varies with environmental conditions. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147188. [PMID: 33137325 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Longstanding theories in the field of neurophysiology have held that walking in rats is an unconscious, rhythmic locomotion that does not require cortical involvement. However, recent studies have suggested that the extent of cortical involvement during walking actually varies depending on the environmental conditions. To determine the impact of environmental conditions on cortical engagement in freely walking rats, we recorded limb kinematics and signals from implanted electroencephalography arrays in rats performing a series of natural behaviors. We found that rat gaits were significantly different across various locomotion terrains (e.g. walking on an upslope vs. downslope). Further, rat forelimbs and hindlimbs showed similar patterns of motion. The results also suggested that rat cortical engagement during walking varied across environmental conditions. Specifically, α band power significantly increased during 30° downslope walking in the posterior parietal, left secondary motor, and left somatosensory clusters. Additionally, during 30° upslope walking, the β band power was greater in the left primary motor and left and right secondary motor sources. Further, rats walking on up- or downslopes of varying steepness were found to have different cortical activities. Compared with 10° downslope walking, α band power was greater during 30° downslope locomotion in the left primary motor and somatosensory sources. These findings support the hypothesis that cortical contribution during walking in rats is influenced by environmental conditions, underlining the importance of goal-directed behaviors for motor function rehabilitation and neuro-prosthetic control in brain-machine interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sican Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dingyin Hu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tia B, Takemi M, Kosugi A, Castagnola E, Ricci D, Ushiba J, Fadiga L, Iriki A. Spectral Power in Marmoset Frontal Motor Cortex during Natural Locomotor Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:1077-1089. [PMID: 33068002 PMCID: PMC7786367 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During primate arboreal locomotion, substrate orientation modifies body axis orientation and biomechanical contribution of fore- and hindlimbs. To characterize the role of cortical oscillations in integrating these locomotor demands, we recorded electrocorticographic activity from left dorsal premotor, primary motor, and supplementary motor cortices of three common marmosets moving across a branch-like small-diameter pole, fixed horizontally or vertically. Animals displayed behavioral adjustments to the task, namely, the horizontal condition mainly induced quadrupedal walk with pronated/neutral forelimb postures, whereas the vertical condition induced walk and bound gaits with supinated/neutral postures. Examination of cortical activity suggests that β (16–35 Hz) and γ (75–100 Hz) oscillations could reflect different processes in locomotor adjustments. During task, modulation of γ ERS by substrate orientation (horizontal/vertical) and epoch (preparation/execution) suggests close tuning to movement dynamics and biomechanical demands. β ERD was essentially modulated by gait (walk/bound), which could illustrate contribution to movement sequence and coordination. At rest, modulation of β power by substrate orientation underlines its role in sensorimotor processes for postural maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banty Tia
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mitsuaki Takemi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akito Kosugi
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, 44121, Italy.,Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Beloozerova IN, Marlinski V. Contribution of the ventrolateral thalamus to the locomotion-related activity of motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1480-1504. [PMID: 32783584 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00253.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of motor cortex is necessary for accurate stepping on a complex terrain. How this activity is generated remains unclear. The goal of this study was to clarify the contribution of signals from the ventrolateral thalamus (VL) to formation of locomotion-related activity of motor cortex during vision-independent and vision-dependent locomotion. In two cats, we recorded the activity of neurons in layer V of motor cortex as cats walked on a flat surface and a horizontal ladder. We reversibly inactivated ~10% of the VL unilaterally with the glutamatergic transmission antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and analyzed how this affected the activity of motor cortex neurons. We examined neuronal subpopulations with somatosensory receptive fields on different segments of the forelimb and pyramidal tract projecting neurons (PTNs). We found that the VL contribution to the locomotion-related activity of motor cortex is very powerful and has both excitatory and inhibitory components. The magnitudes of both the excitatory and inhibitory contributions fluctuate over the step cycle and depend on locomotion task. On a flat surface, the VL contributes more excitation to the shoulder- and elbow-related neurons than the wrist/paw-related cells. The VL excites the shoulder-related group the most during the transition from stance to swing phase, while most intensively exciting the elbow-related group during the transition from swing to stance. The VL contributes more excitation for the fast- than slow-conducting PTNs. Upon transition to vision-dependent locomotion on the ladder, the VL contribution increases more for the wrist/paw-related neurons and slow-conducting PTNs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How the activity of motor cortex is generated and the roles that different inputs to motor cortex play in formation of response properties of motor cortex neurons during movements remain unclear. This is the first study to characterize the contribution of the input from the ventrolateral thalamus (VL), the main subcortical input to motor cortex, to the activity of motor cortex neurons during vision-independent and vision-dependent locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Beloozerova
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Vladimir Marlinski
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nordin AD, Hairston WD, Ferris DP. Faster Gait Speeds Reduce Alpha and Beta EEG Spectral Power From Human Sensorimotor Cortex. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:842-853. [PMID: 31199248 PMCID: PMC7134343 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2921766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine if walking speed affected human sensorimotor electrocortical dynamics using mobile high-density electroencephalography (EEG). METHODS To overcome limitations associated with motion and muscle artifact contamination in EEG recordings, we compared solutions for artifact removal using novel dual-layer EEG electrodes and alternative signal processing methods. Dual-layer EEG simultaneously recorded human electrocortical signals and isolated motion artifacts using pairs of mechanically coupled and electrically independent electrodes. For electrical muscle activity removal, we incorporated electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the neck into our mobile EEG data processing pipeline. We compared artifact removal methods during treadmill walking at four speeds (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s). RESULTS Left and right sensorimotor alpha and beta spectral power increased in contralateral limb single support and push off, and decreased during contralateral limb swing at each speed. At faster walking speeds, sensorimotor spectral power fluctuations were less pronounced across the gait cycle with reduced alpha and beta power (p < 0.05) compared to slower speeds. Isolated noise recordings and neck EMG spectral power fluctuations matched gait events and showed broadband spectral power increases at faster speeds. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Dual-layer EEG enabled us to isolate changes in human sensorimotor electrocortical dynamics across walking speeds. A comparison of signal processing approaches revealed similar intrastride cortical fluctuations when applying common (e.g., artifact subspace reconstruction) and novel artifact rejection methods. Dual-layer EEG, however, allowed us to document and rule out residual artifacts, which exposed sensorimotor spectral power changes across gait speeds.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cutrone A, Micera S. Implantable Neural Interfaces and Wearable Tactile Systems for Bidirectional Neuroprosthetics Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801345. [PMID: 31763784 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics and neuromodulation represent a promising field for several related applications in the central and peripheral nervous system, such as the treatment of neurological disorders, the control of external robotic devices, and the restoration of lost tactile functions. These actions are allowed by the neural interface, a miniaturized implantable device that most commonly exploits electrical energy to fulfill these operations. A neural interface must be biocompatible, stable over time, low invasive, and highly selective; the challenge is to develop a safe, compact, and reliable tool for clinical applications. In case of anatomical impairments, neuroprosthetics is bound to the need of exploring the surrounding environment by fast-responsive and highly sensitive artificial tactile sensors that mimic the natural sense of touch. Tactile sensors and neural interfaces are closely interconnected since the readouts from the first are required to convey information to the neural implantable apparatus. The role of these devices is pivotal hence technical improvements are essential to ensure a secure system to be eventually adopted in daily life. This review highlights the fundamental criteria for the design and microfabrication of neural interfaces and artificial tactile sensors, their use in clinical applications, and future enhancements for the release of a second generation of devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Cutrone
- The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1202, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xing D, Aghagolzadeh M, Truccolo W, Borton D. Low-Dimensional Motor Cortex Dynamics Preserve Kinematics Information During Unconstrained Locomotion in Nonhuman Primates. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1046. [PMID: 31636530 PMCID: PMC6788380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamical systems view of movement generation in motor cortical areas has emerged as an effective way to explain the firing properties of populations of neurons recorded from these regions. Recently, many studies have focused on finding low-dimensional representations of these dynamical systems during voluntary reaching and grasping behaviors carried out by the forelimbs. One such model, the Poisson linear-dynamical-system (PLDS) model, has been shown to extract dynamics which can be used to decode reaching kinematics. However, few have investigated these dynamics, especially in non-human primates, during behaviors such as locomotion, which may involve motor cortex to a lesser degree. Here, we focused on unconstrained quadrupedal locomotion, and investigated whether unsupervised latent state-space models can extract low-dimensional dynamics while preserving information about hind-limb kinematics. Spiking activity from the leg area of primary motor cortex of rhesus macaques was recorded simultaneously with hind-limb joint positions during ambulation across a corridor, ladder, and on a treadmill at various speeds. We found that PLDS models can extract stereotyped low-dimensional neural trajectories from these neurons phase-locked to the gait cycle, and that distinct trajectories emerge depending on the speed and class of behavior. Additionally, it was possible to decode both the hind-limb kinematics and the gait phase from these inferred trajectories just as well or better than from the full neural population (18-80 neurons) with only 12 dimensions. Our results demonstrate that kinematics and gait phase during various locomotion tasks are well represented in low-dimensional latent dynamics inferred from motor cortex population activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Xing
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Mehdi Aghagolzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wilson Truccolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, United States
| | - David Borton
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bourrier A, Shkorbatova P, Bonizzato M, Rey E, Barraud Q, Courtine G, Othmen R, Reita V, Bouchiat V, Delacour C. Monolayer Graphene Coating of Intracortical Probes for Long-Lasting Neural Activity Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801331. [PMID: 31402600 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The invasiveness of intracortical interfaces currently used today is responsible for the formation of an intense immunoresponse and inflammatory reaction from neural cells and tissues. This leads to a high concentration of reactive glial cells around the implant site, creating a physical barrier between the neurons and the recording channels. Such a rejection of foreign analog interfaces causes neural signals to fade from recordings which become flooded by background noise after a few weeks. Despite their invasiveness, those devices are required to track single neuron activity and decode fine sensory or motor commands. In particular, such quantitative and long-lasting recordings of individual neurons are crucial during a long time period (several months) to restore essential functions of the cortex, disrupted after injuries, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. To overcome this limitation, graphene and related materials have attracted numerous interests, as they gather in the same material many suitable properties for interfacing living matter, such as an exceptionally high neural affinity, diffusion barrier, and high physical robustness. In this work, the neural affinity of a graphene monolayer with numerous materials commonly used in neuroprostheses is compared, and its impact on the performance and durability of intracortical probes is investigated. For that purpose, an innovative coating method to wrap 3D intracortical probes with a continuous monolayer graphene is developed. Experimental evidence demonstrate the positive impact of graphene on the bioacceptance of conventional intracortical probes, in terms of detection efficiency and tissues responses, allowing real-time samplings of motor neuron activity during 5 weeks. Since continuous graphene coatings can easily be implemented on a wide range of 3D surfaces, this study further motivates the use of graphene and related materials as it could significantly contribute to reduce the current rejection of neural probes currently used in many research areas, from fundamental neurosciences to medicine and neuroprostheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bourrier
- Institut NéelCNRS and Université Grenoble‐Alpes 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Polina Shkorbatova
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind InstituteSchool of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Campus Biotech CH‐1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marco Bonizzato
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind InstituteSchool of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Campus Biotech CH‐1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Elodie Rey
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind InstituteSchool of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Campus Biotech CH‐1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind InstituteSchool of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Campus Biotech CH‐1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind InstituteSchool of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Campus Biotech CH‐1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Riadh Othmen
- Institut NéelCNRS and Université Grenoble‐Alpes 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Valerie Reita
- Institut NéelCNRS and Université Grenoble‐Alpes 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Vincent Bouchiat
- Institut NéelCNRS and Université Grenoble‐Alpes 38042 Grenoble France
| | - Cécile Delacour
- Institut NéelCNRS and Université Grenoble‐Alpes 38042 Grenoble France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Umeda T, Koizumi M, Katakai Y, Saito R, Seki K. Decoding of muscle activity from the sensorimotor cortex in freely behaving monkeys. Neuroimage 2019; 197:512-526. [PMID: 31015029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable advances have recently been made in the development of Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) technologies for restoring or enhancing motor function. However, the application of these technologies may be limited to patients in static conditions, as these developments have been largely based on studies of animals (e.g., non-human primates) in constrained movement conditions. The ultimate goal of BMI technology is to enable individuals to move their bodies naturally or control external devices without physical constraints. Here, we demonstrate accurate decoding of muscle activity from electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals in unrestrained, freely behaving monkeys. We recorded ECoG signals from the sensorimotor cortex as well as electromyogram signals from multiple muscles in the upper arm while monkeys performed two types of movements with no physical restraints, as follows: forced forelimb movement (lever-pull task) and natural whole-body movement (free movement within the cage). As in previous reports using restrained monkeys, we confirmed that muscle activity during forced forelimb movement was accurately predicted from simultaneously recorded ECoG data. More importantly, we demonstrated that accurate prediction of muscle activity from ECoG data was possible in monkeys performing natural whole-body movement. We found that high-gamma activity in the primary motor cortex primarily contributed to the prediction of muscle activity during natural whole-body movement as well as forced forelimb movement. In contrast, the contribution of high-gamma activity in the premotor and primary somatosensory cortices was significantly larger during natural whole-body movement. Thus, activity in a larger area of the sensorimotor cortex was needed to predict muscle activity during natural whole-body movement. Furthermore, decoding models obtained from forced forelimb movement could not be generalized to natural whole-body movement, which suggests that decoders should be built individually and according to different behavior types. These results contribute to the future application of BMI systems in unrestrained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan.
| | - Masashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan
| | - Yuko Katakai
- Administrative Section of Primate Research Facility, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan; The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050003, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Administrative Section of Primate Research Facility, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 1878502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yokoyama H, Kaneko N, Ogawa T, Kawashima N, Watanabe K, Nakazawa K. Cortical Correlates of Locomotor Muscle Synergy Activation in Humans: An Electroencephalographic Decoding Study. iScience 2019; 15:623-639. [PMID: 31054838 PMCID: PMC6547791 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular control during walking is believed to be simplified by the coactivation of muscles called muscle synergies. Although significant corticomuscular connectivity during walking has been reported, the level at which the cortical activity is involved in muscle activity (muscle synergy or individual muscle level) remains unclear. Here we examined cortical correlates of muscle activation during walking by brain decoding of activation of muscle synergies and individual muscles from electroencephalographic signals. We demonstrated that the activation of locomotor muscle synergies was decoded from slow cortical waves. In addition, the decoding accuracy for muscle synergies was greater than that for individual muscles and the decoding of individual muscle activation was based on muscle-synergy-related cortical information. These results indicate the cortical correlates of locomotor muscle synergy activation. These findings expand our understanding of the relationships between brain and locomotor muscle synergies and could accelerate the development of effective brain-machine interfaces for walking rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yokoyama
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kawashima
- Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Art & Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2021, Australia; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Barroso FO, Yoder B, Tentler D, Wallner JJ, Kinkhabwala AA, Jantz MK, Flint RD, Tostado PM, Pei E, Satish ADR, Brodnick SK, Suminski AJ, Williams JC, Miller LE, Tresch MC. Decoding neural activity to predict rat locomotion using intracortical and epidural arrays. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036005. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Oranth A, Schultheis C, Tolstenkov O, Erbguth K, Nagpal J, Hain D, Brauner M, Wabnig S, Steuer Costa W, McWhirter RD, Zels S, Palumbos S, Miller III DM, Beets I, Gottschalk A. Food Sensation Modulates Locomotion by Dopamine and Neuropeptide Signaling in a Distributed Neuronal Network. Neuron 2018; 100:1414-1428.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
44
|
Gallego JA, Perich MG, Naufel SN, Ethier C, Solla SA, Miller LE. Cortical population activity within a preserved neural manifold underlies multiple motor behaviors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4233. [PMID: 30315158 PMCID: PMC6185944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of cortical neurons flexibly perform different functions; for the primary motor cortex (M1) this means a rich repertoire of motor behaviors. We investigate the flexibility of M1 movement control by analyzing neural population activity during a variety of skilled wrist and reach-to-grasp tasks. We compare across tasks the neural modes that capture dominant neural covariance patterns during each task. While each task requires different patterns of muscle and single unit activity, we find unexpected similarities at the neural population level: the structure and activity of the neural modes is largely preserved across tasks. Furthermore, we find two sets of neural modes with task-independent activity that capture, respectively, generic temporal features of the set of tasks and a task-independent mapping onto muscle activity. This system of flexibly combined, well-preserved neural modes may underlie the ability of M1 to learn and generate a wide-ranging behavioral repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Gallego
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics CSIC-UPM, Ctra. Campo Real km 0.2 - La Poveda, 28500, Arganda del Rey, Spain.
| | - Matthew G Perich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Stephanie N Naufel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christian Ethier
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval, CERVO Research Center, 2601 Ch. de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Sara A Solla
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brain-controlled modulation of spinal circuits improves recovery from spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3015. [PMID: 30068906 PMCID: PMC6070513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of brain-controlled neuromodulation therapies during motor rehabilitation may augment recovery from neurological disorders. To test this hypothesis, we conceived a brain-controlled neuromodulation therapy that combines the technical and practical features necessary to be deployed daily during gait rehabilitation. Rats received a severe spinal cord contusion that led to leg paralysis. We engineered a proportional brain-spine interface whereby cortical ensemble activity constantly determines the amplitude of spinal cord stimulation protocols promoting leg flexion during swing. After minimal calibration time and without prior training, this neural bypass enables paralyzed rats to walk overground and adjust foot clearance in order to climb a staircase. Compared to continuous spinal cord stimulation, brain-controlled stimulation accelerates and enhances the long-term recovery of locomotion. These results demonstrate the relevance of brain-controlled neuromodulation therapies to augment recovery from motor disorders, establishing important proofs-of-concept that warrant clinical studies.
Collapse
|
46
|
Raffalt PC, Nielsen LR, Madsen S, Højberg LM, Pingel J, Nielsen JB, Alkjær T, Wienecke J. Assessment of intersegmental coordination of rats during walking at different speeds – Application of continuous relative phase. J Biomech 2018; 73:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|