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Wang H, Fang F, Jing X, Xu D, Ren Z, Dou S, Xie Y, Zhuang Y. Augmentation of functional recovery via ROCK/PI3K/AKT pathway by Fasudil Hydrochloride in a rat sciatic nerve transection model. J Orthop Translat 2024; 47:74-86. [PMID: 39007038 PMCID: PMC11245988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury remains unsatisfactory. This study aims to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of Fasudil Hydrochloride at treating the sciatic nerve transection injury in rats and the mechanism involved. Materials and methods In animal experiments, 75 Sprague Dawley rats that underwent transection and repair of the right sciatic nerve were divided into a control, Fasudil, and Fas + LY group, receiving daily intraperitoneal injection of saline, Fasudil Hydrochloride (10 mg/kg), and Fasudil Hydrochloride plus LY294002 (5 mg/kg), respectively. At day 3 after surgery, the expression of ROCK2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT in L4-5 DRG and the lumbosacral enlargement was determined using Western blotting. At day 7 and 14, axon density in the distal stump was evaluated with immunostaining using the anti-Neurofilament-200 antibody. At day 30, retrograde tracing by injecting Fluoro-gold in the distal stump was performed. Three months after surgery, remyelination was analyzed with immostaining using the anti-MPZ antibody and the transmission electron microscope; Moreover, Motion-Evoked Potential, and recovery of sensorimotor functions was evaluated with a neuromonitor, Footprint, Hot Plate and Von Frey Filaments, respectively. Moveover, the Gastrocnemius muscles were weighed, and then underwent H&E staining, and staining of the neuromuscular junction using α-Bungarotoxin to evaluate the extent of atrophy and degeneration of the endplates in the Gastrocnemius. In vitro, spinal motor neurons (SMNs) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were cultured to examine the impact of Fasudil Hydrochloride and LY294002 on the axon outgrowth. Results Three days after injury, the expression of ROCK2 increased significantly (P<0.01), and Fasudil application significantly increased the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT in L4-6 DRG and the lumbosacral enlargement (P < 0.05). At day 7 and 14 after surgery, a higher axon density could be observed in the Fasudil group(P < 0.05). At day 30 after surgery, a larger number of motor and sensory neurons absorbing Fluoro-gold could be observed in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01) Three months after surgery, a greater thickness of myelin sheath could be observed in the Fasudil group (P < 0.05). The electrophysiological test showed that a larger amplitude of motion-evoked potential could be triggered in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01). Behavioral tests showed that a higher sciatic function index and a lower threshold for reacting to heat and mechanical stimuli could be measured in the Fasudil group. (P < 0.01). The wet weight ratio of the Gastrocnemius muscles and the area of the cross section of its myofibrils were greater in the Fasudil group (P < 0.01), which also demonstrated a higer ratio of axon-endplate connection and a larger size of endplates (P < 0.05). And there were no significant differences for the abovementioned parameters between the control and Fas + LY groups (P>0.05). In vitro studies showed that Fasudil could significantly promote axon growth in DRG and SMNs, and increase the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, which could be abolished by LY294002 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Fasudil can augment axon regeneration and remyelination, and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. The translational potential of this article The translation potential of this article is that we report for the first time that Fasudil Hydrochloride has a remarkable efficacy at improving axon regeneration and remyelination following a transection injury of the right sciatic nerve in rats through the ROCK/PI3K/AKT pathway, which has a translational potential to be used clinically to treat peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of pharmacology, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xing Jing
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Shuang Dou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China
| | - Yuehong Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, institute of clinical applied anatomy, the school of basic medical sciences, Fujian medical university, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
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Berardo A, Bacaglio CR, Báez BB, Sambuelli R, Sheikh KA, Lopez PHH. Blockade of Rho-associated kinase prevents inhibition of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves induced by anti-ganglioside antibodies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:895-899. [PMID: 37843226 PMCID: PMC10664126 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are associated with delayed/poor clinical recovery in Guillain-Barrè syndrome, mostly related to halted axon regeneration. Cross-linking of cell surface gangliosides by anti-ganglioside antibodies triggers inhibition of nerve repair in in vitro and in vivo paradigms of axon regeneration. These effects involve the activation of the small GTPase RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways, which negatively modulate growth cone cytoskeleton, similarly to well stablished inhibitors of axon regeneration described so far. The aim of this work was to perform a proof of concept study to demonstrate the effectiveness of Y-27632, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of ROCK, in a mouse model of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves, where the passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody targeting gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was previously reported to exert a potent inhibitory effect on regeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Our results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of myelinated and unmyelinated axons to the pro-regenerative effect of Y-27632. Treatment with a total dosage of 9 mg/kg of Y-27632 resulted in a complete prevention of anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration of unmyelinated fibers to skin and the functional recovery of mechanical cutaneous sensitivity. In contrast, the same dose showed toxic effects on the regeneration of myelinated fibers. Interestingly, scale down of the dosage of Y-27632 to 5 mg/kg resulted in a significant although not complete recovery of regenerated myelinated axons exposed to anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody in the absence of toxicity in animals exposed to only Y-27632. Overall, these findings confirm the in vivo participation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways in the molecular mechanisms associated with the inhibition of axon regeneration induced by anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody. Our findings open the possibility of therapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting RhoA/Rock pathway in immune neuropathies associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and delayed or incomplete clinical recovery after injury in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Berardo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian R. Bacaglio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bárbara B. Báez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rubén Sambuelli
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kazim A. Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pablo H. H. Lopez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica-Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Seixas AI, Morais MRG, Brakebusch C, Relvas JB. A RhoA-mediated biomechanical response in Schwann cells modulates peripheral nerve myelination. Prog Neurobiol 2023:102481. [PMID: 37315917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelin improves axonal conduction velocity and is essential for nerve development and regeneration. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells depend on bidirectional mechanical and biochemical signaling to form the myelin sheath but the mechanism underlying this process is not understood. Rho GTPases are integrators of "outside-in" signaling that link cytoskeletal dynamics with cellular architecture to regulate morphology and adhesion. Using Schwann cell-specific gene inactivation in the mouse, we discovered that RhoA promotes the initiation of myelination, and is required to both drive and terminate myelin growth at different stages of peripheral myelination, suggesting developmentally-specific modes of action. In Schwann cells, RhoA targets actin filament turnover, via Cofilin 1, actomyosin contractility and cortical actin-membrane attachments. This mechanism couples actin cortex mechanics with the molecular organization of the cell boundary to target specific signaling networks that regulate axon-Schwann cell interaction/adhesion and myelin growth. This work shows that RhoA is a key component of a biomechanical response required to control Schwann cell state transitions for proper myelination of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Seixas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel R G Morais
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - João B Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Dept of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Masson MA, Nait-Oumesmar B. Emerging concepts in oligodendrocyte and myelin formation, inputs from the zebrafish model. Glia 2023; 71:1147-1163. [PMID: 36645033 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which are derived from OL precursor cells. Myelin insulates axons allowing the saltatory conduction of action potentials and also provides trophic and metabolic supports to axons. Interestingly, oligodendroglial cells have the capacity to sense neuronal activity, which regulates myelin sheath formation via the vesicular release of neurotransmitters. Neuronal activity-dependent regulation of myelination is mediated by specialized interaction between axons and oligodendroglia, involving both synaptic and extra-synaptic modes of communications. The zebrafish has provided key advantages for the study of the myelination process in the CNS. External development and transparent larval stages of this vertebrate specie combined with the existence of several transgenic reporter lines provided key advances in oligodendroglial cell biology, axo-glial interactions and CNS myelination. In this publication, we reviewed and discussed the most recent knowledge on OL development and myelin formation, with a focus on mechanisms regulating these fundamental biological processes in the zebrafish. Especially, we highlighted the critical function of axons and oligodendroglia modes of communications and calcium signaling in myelin sheath formation and growth. Finally, we reviewed the relevance of these knowledge's in demyelinating diseases and drug discovery of pharmacological compounds favoring myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Amélie Masson
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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5
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Osorio MJ, Mariani JN, Zou L, Schanz SJ, Heffernan K, Cornwell A, Goldman SA. Glial progenitor cells of the adult human white and grey matter are contextually distinct. Glia 2023; 71:524-540. [PMID: 36334067 PMCID: PMC10100527 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genomic analyses have revealed heterogeneity among glial progenitor cells (GPCs), but the compartment selectivity of human GPCs (hGPCs) is unclear. Here, we asked if GPCs of human grey and white brain matter are distinct in their architecture and associated gene expression. RNA profiling of NG2-defined hGPCs derived from adult human neocortex and white matter differed in their expression of genes involved in Wnt, NOTCH, BMP and TGFβ signaling, suggesting compartment-selective biases in fate and self-renewal. White matter hGPCs over-expressed the BMP antagonists BAMBI and CHRDL1, suggesting their tonic suppression of astrocytic fate relative to cortical hGPCs, whose relative enrichment of cytoskeletal genes presaged their greater morphological complexity. In human glial chimeric mice, cortical hGPCs assumed larger and more complex morphologies than white matter hGPCs, and both were more complex than their mouse counterparts. These findings suggest that human grey and white matter GPCs comprise context-specific pools with distinct functional biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joana Osorio
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John N Mariani
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Zou
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven J Schanz
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kate Heffernan
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Adam Cornwell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Xu J, Wen J, Fu L, Liao L, Zou Y, Zhang J, Deng J, Zhang H, Liu J, Wang X, Zuo D, Guo J. Macrophage-specific RhoA knockout delays Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:234. [PMID: 34654444 PMCID: PMC8520251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plenty of macrophages are recruited to the injured nerve to play key roles in the immunoreaction and engulf the debris of degenerated axons and myelin during Wallerian degeneration, thus creating a conducive microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Recently, drugs targeting the RhoA pathway have been widely used to promote peripheral axonal regeneration. However, the role of RhoA in macrophage during Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury is still unknown. Herein, we come up with the hypothesis that RhoA might influence Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration by affecting the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages after peripheral nerve injury. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, H&E staining, and electrophysiology were performed to access the Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve transection and crush injury in the LyzCre+/−; RhoAflox/flox (cKO) mice or Lyz2Cre+/− (Cre) mice, regardless of sex. Macrophages’ migration and phagocytosis were detected in the injured nerves and the cultured macrophages. Moreover, the expression and potential roles of ROCK and MLCK were also evaluated in the cultured macrophages. Results 1. RhoA was specifically knocked out in macrophages of the cKO mice; 2. The segmentation of axons and myelin, the axonal regeneration, and nerve conduction in the injured nerve were significantly impeded while the myoatrophy was more severe in the cKO mice compared with those in Cre mice; 3. RhoA knockout attenuated the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages in vivo and in vitro; 4. ROCK and MLCK were downregulated in the cKO macrophages while inhibition of ROCK and MLCK could weaken the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. Conclusions Our findings suggest that RhoA depletion in macrophages exerts a detrimental effect on Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration, which is most likely due to the impaired migration and phagocytosis of macrophages resulted from disrupted RhoA/ROCK/MLCK pathway. Since previous research has proved RhoA inhibition in neurons was favoring for axonal regeneration, the present study reminds us of that the cellular specificity of RhoA-targeted drugs is needed to be considered in the future application for treating peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jinkun Wen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Neurology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Lanya Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liqiang Liao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junyao Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Ave North 1838, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China. .,Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Dysregulation of myelin synthesis and actomyosin function underlies aberrant myelin in CMT4B1 neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009469118. [PMID: 33653949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009469118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B1 (CMT4B1) is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with childhood onset, caused by loss-of-function mutations in the myotubularin-related 2 (MTMR2) gene. MTMR2 is a ubiquitously expressed catalytically active 3-phosphatase, which in vitro dephosphorylates the 3-phosphoinositides PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P 2, with a preference for PtdIns(3,5)P 2 A hallmark of CMT4B1 neuropathy are redundant loops of myelin in the nerve termed myelin outfoldings, which can be considered the consequence of altered growth of myelinated fibers during postnatal development. How MTMR2 loss and the resulting imbalance of 3'-phosphoinositides cause CMT4B1 is unknown. Here we show that MTMR2 by regulating PtdIns(3,5)P 2 levels coordinates mTORC1-dependent myelin synthesis and RhoA/myosin II-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics to promote myelin membrane expansion and longitudinal myelin growth. Consistent with this, pharmacological inhibition of PtdIns(3,5)P 2 synthesis or mTORC1/RhoA signaling ameliorates CMT4B1 phenotypes. Our data reveal a crucial role for MTMR2-regulated lipid turnover to titrate mTORC1 and RhoA signaling thereby controlling myelin growth.
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8
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Xu Z, Orkwis JA, Harris GM. Cell Shape and Matrix Stiffness Impact Schwann Cell Plasticity via YAP/TAZ and Rho GTPases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094821. [PMID: 34062912 PMCID: PMC8124465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are a highly plastic cell type capable of undergoing phenotypic changes following injury or disease. SCs are able to upregulate genes associated with nerve regeneration and ultimately achieve functional recovery. During the regeneration process, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell morphology play a cooperative, critical role in regulating SCs, and therefore highly impact nerve regeneration outcomes. However, the roles of the ECM and mechanotransduction relating to SC phenotype are largely unknown. Here, we describe the role that matrix stiffness and cell morphology play in SC phenotype specification via known mechanotransducers YAP/TAZ and RhoA. Using engineered microenvironments to precisely control ECM stiffness, cell shape, and cell spreading, we show that ECM stiffness and SC spreading downregulated SC regenerative associated proteins by the activation of RhoA and YAP/TAZ. Additionally, cell elongation promoted a distinct SC regenerative capacity by the upregulation of Rac1/MKK7/JNK, both necessary for the ECM and morphology changes found during nerve regeneration. These results confirm the role of ECM signaling in peripheral nerve regeneration as well as provide insight to the design of future biomaterials and cellular therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (Z.X.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Jacob A. Orkwis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (Z.X.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Greg M. Harris
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (Z.X.); (J.A.O.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(513)-556-4167
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9
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Gyimesi M, Rauscher AÁ, Suthar SK, Hamow KÁ, Oravecz K, Lőrincz I, Borhegyi Z, Déri MT, Kiss ÁF, Monostory K, Szabó PT, Nag S, Tomasic I, Krans J, Tierney PJ, Kovács M, Kornya L, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Improved Inhibitory and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicology (ADMET) Properties of Blebbistatin Derivatives Indicate That Blebbistatin Scaffold Is Ideal for drug Development Targeting Myosin-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 376:358-373. [PMID: 33468641 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebbistatin, para-nitroblebbistatin (NBleb), and para-aminoblebbistatin (AmBleb) are highly useful tool compounds as they selectively inhibit the ATPase activity of myosin-2 family proteins. Despite the medical importance of the myosin-2 family as drug targets, chemical optimization has not yet provided a promising lead for drug development because previous structure-activity-relationship studies were limited to a single myosin-2 isoform. Here we evaluated the potential of blebbistatin scaffold for drug development and found that D-ring substitutions can fine-tune isoform specificity, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion, and toxicological properties. We defined the inhibitory properties of NBleb and AmBleb on seven different myosin-2 isoforms, which revealed an unexpected potential for isoform specific inhibition. We also found that NBleb metabolizes six times slower than blebbistatin and AmBleb in rats, whereas AmBleb metabolizes two times slower than blebbistatin and NBleb in human, and that AmBleb accumulates in muscle tissues. Moreover, mutagenicity was also greatly reduced in case of AmBleb. These results demonstrate that small substitutions have beneficial functional and pharmacological consequences, which highlight the potential of the blebbistatin scaffold for drug development targeting myosin-2 family proteins and delineate a route for defining the chemical properties of further derivatives to be developed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Small substitutions on the blebbistatin scaffold have beneficial functional and pharmacological consequences, highlighting their potential in drug development targeting myosin-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Gyimesi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Anna Á Rauscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Kamirán Á Hamow
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Kinga Oravecz
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - István Lőrincz
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Zsolt Borhegyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Máté T Déri
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Ádám F Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Pál Tamás Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Suman Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Ivan Tomasic
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Jacob Krans
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Patrick J Tierney
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - Mihály Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - László Kornya
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest and Martonvásár, Hungary (M.G., K.O., I.L., Z.B., M.K., A.M.-C.); MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary (M.G., M.K., A.M.-C.); Motorharma Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (A.Á.R.); Printnet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary (S.K.S., I.L.); Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary (K.Á.H.); Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (M.T.D., Á.F.K., K.M.); Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Center, MS Metabolomic Research Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (P.T.S.); Department of Biology, MyoKardia Inc., Brisbane, California (S.N., I.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts (J.K., P.J.T.); and Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, Hungary (L.K.)
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Brown TL, Macklin WB. The Actin Cytoskeleton in Myelinating Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:684-693. [PMID: 30847860 PMCID: PMC6732044 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelinating cells of both the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNSs) undergo dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization in order to differentiate and produce myelin. Myelinating oligodendrocytes in the CNS show a periodic actin pattern, demonstrating tight regulation of actin. Furthermore, recent data demonstrate that actin polymerization drives early cell differentiation and that actin depolymerization drives myelin wrapping. Dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton in myelinating cells is seen in some disease states. This review highlights the cytoskeletal molecules that regulate differentiation of and myelination by cells of the PNS and CNS, informing our understanding of neural development, in particular myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Lu G, Zhang M, Wang J, Zhang K, Wu S, Zhao X. Epigenetic regulation of myelination in health and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1371-1387. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Lu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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12
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Wen J, Tan D, Li L, Wang X, Pan M, Guo J. RhoA regulates Schwann cell differentiation through JNK pathway. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:26-34. [PMID: 29940159 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RhoA is a small GTPase that regulates many functions of mammalian cells via actin reorganization. Lots of studies uncovered that its activation acts as a major negative regulator of neurite extension, and inhibition of RhoA activity or reduction of its expression can promote neuron survival and axonal regeneration. However, little is known about whether RhoA also exerts important functions on Schwann cells (SCs) which are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Recently, we reported that RhoA plays important roles in the proliferation, migration and myelination of SCs. In the present study, using RNA interference to knockdown RhoA expression and CT04 (a cell-permeable C3 Transferase) to inhibit RhoA activation we found that blocking RhoA can slack SC differentiation. Unexpectedly, inhibiting ROCK, the mostly well-known downstream effector of RhoA, has no influence on SC differentiation. Instead, the inhibition of RhoA in differentiating SCs results in the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK. And the inhibitor of JNK but not p38 MAPK can promote SC differentiation in the presence of RhoA inhibition. Overall results indicate that RhoA plays a vital role in SC differentiation via JNK pathway rather than ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengjie Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Institute of Bone Biology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510665, China.
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13
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Bang ML, Vainshtein A, Yang HJ, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Devaux J, Werner HB, Peles E. Glial M6B stabilizes the axonal membrane at peripheral nodes of Ranvier. Glia 2018; 66:801-812. [PMID: 29282769 PMCID: PMC5812800 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein M6B and the closely related proteolipid protein regulate oligodendrocyte myelination in the central nervous system, but their role in the peripheral nervous system is less clear. Here we report that M6B is located at nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerves where it stabilizes the nodal axolemma. We show that M6B is co-localized and associates with gliomedin at Schwann cell microvilli that are attached to the nodes. Developmental analysis of sciatic nerves, as well as of myelinating Schwann cells/dorsal root ganglion neurons cultures, revealed that M6B is already present at heminodes, which are considered the precursors of mature nodes of Ranvier. However, in contrast to gliomedin, which accumulates at heminodes with or prior to Na+ channels, we often detected Na+ channel clusters at heminodes without any associated M6B, indicating that it is not required for initial channel clustering. Consistently, nodal cell adhesion molecules (NF186, NrCAM), ion channels (Nav1.2 and Kv7.2), cytoskeletal proteins (AnkG and βIV spectrin), and microvilli components (pERM, syndecan3, gliomedin), are all present at both heminodes and mature nodes of Ranvier in Gpm6b null mice. Using transmission electron microscopy, we show that the absence of M6B results in progressive appearance of nodal protrusions of the nodal axolemma, that are often accompanied by the presence of enlarged mitochondria. Our results reveal that M6B is a Schwann cell microvilli component that preserves the structural integrity of peripheral nodes of Ranvier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Bang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anya Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jerome Devaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Salgado CG, Pinto P, Bouth RC, Gobbo AR, Messias ACC, Sandoval TV, Dos Santos AMR, Moreira FC, Vidal AF, Goulart LR, Barreto JG, da Silva MB, Frade MAC, Spencer JS, Santos S, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. miRNome Expression Analysis Reveals New Players on Leprosy Immune Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:463. [PMID: 29593724 PMCID: PMC5854644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains as a public health problem and its physiopathology is still not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small RNA non-coding that can interfere with mRNA to regulate gene expression. A few studies using DNA chip microarrays have explored the expression of miRNA in leprosy patients using a predetermined set of genes as targets, providing interesting findings regarding the regulation of immune genes. However, using a predetermined set of genes restricted the possibility of finding new miRNAs that might be involved in different mechanisms of disease. Thus, we examined the miRNome of tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL) patients using both blood and lesional biopsies from classical leprosy patients (LP) who visited the Dr. Marcello Candia Reference Unit in Sanitary Dermatology in the State of Pará and compared them with healthy subjects. Using a set of tools to correlate significantly differentially expressed miRNAs with their gene targets, we identified possible interactions and networks of miRNAs that might be involved in leprosy immunophysiopathology. Using this approach, we showed that the leprosy miRNA profile in blood is distinct from that in lesional skin as well as that four main groups of genes are the targets of leprosy miRNA: (1) recognition and phagocytosis, with activation of immune effector cells, where the immunosuppressant profile of LL and immunoresponsive profile of TT are clearly affected by miRNA expression; (2) apoptosis, with supportive data for an antiapoptotic leprosy profile based on BCL2, MCL1, and CASP8 expression; (3) Schwann cells (SCs), demyelination and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), supporting a role for different developmental or differentiation gene families, such as Sox, Zeb, and Hox; and (4) loss of sensation and neuropathic pain, revealing that RHOA, ROCK1, SIGMAR1, and aquaporin-1 (AQP1) may be involved in the loss of sensation or leprosy pain, indicating possible new therapeutic targets. Additionally, AQP1 may also be involved in skin dryness and loss of elasticity, which are well known signs of leprosy but with unrecognized physiopathology. In sum, miRNA expression reveals new aspects of leprosy immunophysiopathology, especially on the regulation of the immune system, apoptosis, SC demyelination, EMT, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Raquel Carvalho Bouth
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Cunha Messias
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Josafá Gonçalves Barreto
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia Espacial (LabEE), Campus Castanhal, UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Moisés Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Divisão de Dermatologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - John Stewart Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, ICB, UFPA, Belém, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia (NPO), UFPA, Belém, Brazil
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15
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Ackerman SD, Luo R, Poitelon Y, Mogha A, Harty BL, D'Rozario M, Sanchez NE, Lakkaraju AKK, Gamble P, Li J, Qu J, MacEwan MR, Ray WZ, Aguzzi A, Feltri ML, Piao X, Monk KR. GPR56/ADGRG1 regulates development and maintenance of peripheral myelin. J Exp Med 2018; 215:941-961. [PMID: 29367382 PMCID: PMC5839751 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identifies GPR56/ADGRG1 as a conserved regulator of peripheral nervous system myelination and defines a novel interacting partner of GPR56: plectin. This study is directly relevant to human health because mutations in GPR56 and PLECTIN cause diseases with neuropathic symptoms. Myelin is a multilamellar sheath generated by specialized glia called Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which serves to protect and insulate axons for rapid neuronal signaling. In zebrafish and rodent models, we identify GPR56/ADGRG1 as a conserved regulator of PNS development and health. We demonstrate that, during SC development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signaling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature PNS, GPR56 is localized to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains, is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitates organization of the myelin sheath. Furthermore, we define plectin—a scaffolding protein previously linked to SC domain organization, myelin maintenance, and a series of disorders termed “plectinopathies”—as a novel interacting partner of GPR56. Finally, we show that Gpr56 mutants develop progressive neuropathy-like symptoms, suggesting an underlying mechanism for peripheral defects in some human patients with GPR56 mutations. In sum, we define Gpr56 as a new regulator in the development and maintenance of peripheral myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rong Luo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Breanne L Harty
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mitchell D'Rozario
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas E Sanchez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Paul Gamble
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Matthew R MacEwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wilson Zachary Ray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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16
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Velasquez JT, St John JA, Nazareth L, Ekberg JAK. Schwann cell lamellipodia regulate cell-cell interactions and phagocytosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:189-200. [PMID: 29336992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia in Schwann cells (SCs) are crucial for myelination, but their other biological functions remain largely uncharacterised. Two types of lamellipodia exist in SCs: axial lamellipodia at the outermost edge of the cell processes, and radial lamellipodia appearing peripherally along the entire cell. We have previously shown that radial lamellipodia on olfactory glia (olfactory ensheathing cells; OECs) promote cell-cell adhesion, contact-mediated migration and phagocytosis. Here we have investigated whether lamellipodia in SCs have similar roles. Using live-cell imaging, we show that the radial lamellipodia in SCs are highly motile, appear at multiple cellular sites and rapidly move in a wave-like manner. We found that axial and radial lamellipodia had strikingly different roles and are regulated by different intracellular pathways. Axial lamellipodia initiated interactions with other SCs and with neurons by contacting radial lamellipodia on SCs, and budding neurites/axons. Most SC-SC interactions resulted in repulsion, and, lamellipodial activity (unlike in OECs) did not promote contact-mediated migration. We show that lamellipodia are crucial for SC-mediated phagocytosis of both axonal debris and bacteria, and demonstrated that inhibition of lamellipodial activity by blocking the Rho/Rac pathways also inhibits phagocytosis. We also show that heregulin, which induces SC differentiation and maturation, alters lamellipodial behaviour but does not affect phagocytic activity. Overall, the results show that SC lamellipodia are important for cell interactions and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.
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17
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Tricaud N. Myelinating Schwann Cell Polarity and Mechanically-Driven Myelin Sheath Elongation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 29354031 PMCID: PMC5760505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath geometry, encompassing myelin sheath thickness relative to internodal length, is critical to optimize nerve conduction velocity and these parameters are carefully adjusted by the myelinating cells in mammals. In the central nervous system these adjustments could regulate neuronal activities while in the peripheral nervous system they lead to the optimization and the reliability of the nerve conduction velocity. However, the physiological and cellular mechanisms that underlie myelin sheath geometry regulation are not yet fully elucidated. In peripheral nerves the myelinating Schwann cell uses several molecular mechanisms to reach and maintain the correct myelin sheath geometry, such that myelin sheath thickness and internodal length are regulated independently. One of these mechanisms is the epithelial-like cell polarization process that occurs during the early phases of the myelin biogenesis. Epithelial cell polarization factors are known to control cell size and morphology in invertebrates and mammals making these processes critical in the organogenesis. Correlative data indicate that internodal length is regulated by postnatal body growth that elongates peripheral nerves in mammals. In addition, the mechanical stretching of peripheral nerves in adult animals shows that myelin sheath length can be increased by mechanical cues. Recent results describe the important role of YAP/TAZ co-transcription factors during Schwann cell myelination and their functions have linked to the mechanotransduction through the HIPPO pathway and the epithelial polarity factor Crb3. In this review the molecular mechanisms that govern mechanically-driven myelin sheath elongation and how a Schwann cell can modulate internodal myelin sheath length, independent of internodal thickness, will be discussed regarding these recent data. In addition, the potential relevance of these mechanosensitive mechanisms in peripheral pathologies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tricaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Belin S, Zuloaga KL, Poitelon Y. Influence of Mechanical Stimuli on Schwann Cell Biology. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:347. [PMID: 29209171 PMCID: PMC5701625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They insulate axons by forming a specialized extension of plasma membrane called the myelin sheath. The formation of myelin is essential for the rapid saltatory propagation of action potentials and to maintain the integrity of axons. Although both axonal and extracellular matrix (ECM) signals are necessary for myelination to occur, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myelination continue to be elucidated. Schwann cells in peripheral nerves are physiologically exposed to mechanical stresses (i.e., tensile, compressive and shear strains), occurring during development, adulthood and injuries. In addition, there is a growing body of evidences that Schwann cells are sensitive to the stiffness of their environment. In this review, we detail the mechanical constraints of Schwann cells and peripheral nerves. We explore the regulation of Schwann cell signaling pathways in response to mechanical stimulation. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimental studies addressing the mechanobiology of Schwann cells. Understanding which mechanical properties can interfere with the cellular and molecular biology of Schwann cell during development, myelination and following injuries opens new insights in the regulation of PNS development and treatment approaches in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Kristen L. Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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19
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Min YJ, Ding LLQ, Cheng LH, Xiao WP, He XW, Zhang H, Min ZY, Pei J. Effect of electroacupuncture on the mRNA and protein expression of Rho-A and Rho-associated kinase II in spinal cord injury rats. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:276-282. [PMID: 28400811 PMCID: PMC5361513 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture is beneficial for the recovery of spinal cord injury, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway regulates the actin cytoskeleton by controlling the adhesive and migratory behaviors of cells that could inhibit neurite regrowth after neural injury and consequently hinder the recovery from spinal cord injury. Therefore, we hypothesized electroacupuncture could affect the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway to promote the recovery of spinal cord injury. In our experiments, the spinal cord injury in adult Sprague-Dawley rats was caused by an impact device. Those rats were subjected to electroacupuncture at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Dazhui (GV14), Zusanli (ST36) and Ciliao (BL32) and/or monosialoganglioside treatment. Behavioral scores revealed that the hindlimb motor functions improved with those treatments. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization and western blot assay showed that electroacupuncture suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of Rho-A and Rho-associated kinase II (ROCKII) of injured spinal cord. Although monosialoganglioside promoted the recovery of hindlimb motor function, monosialoganglioside did not affect the expression of Rho-A and ROCKII. However, electroacupuncture combined with monosialoganglioside did not further improve the motor function or suppress the expression of Rho-A and ROCKII. Our data suggested that the electroacupuncture could specifically inhibit the activation of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway thus partially contributing to the repair of injured spinal cord. Monosialoganglioside could promote the motor function but did not suppress expression of RhoA and ROCKII. There was no synergistic effect of electroacupuncture combined with monosialoganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jiang Min
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Li-Qiang Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hong Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xiao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xing-Wei He
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Min
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jia Pei
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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20
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Chen MS, Kim H, Jagot-Lacoussiere L, Maurel P. Cadm3 (Necl-1) interferes with the activation of the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling cascade and inhibits Schwann cell myelination in vitro. Glia 2016; 64:2247-2262. [PMID: 27658374 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Axo-glial interactions are critical for myelination and the domain organization of myelinated fibers. Cell adhesion molecules belonging to the Cadm family, and in particular Cadm3 (axonal) and its heterophilic binding partner Cadm4 (Schwann cell), mediate these interactions along the internode. Using targeted shRNA-mediated knockdown, we show that the removal of axonal Cadm3 promotes Schwann cell myelination in the in vitro DRG neuron/Schwann cell myelinating system. Conversely, over-expressing Cadm3 on the surface of DRG neuron axons results in an almost complete inability by Schwann cells to form myelin segments. Axons of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, which do not normally support the formation of myelin segments by Schwann cells, express higher levels of Cadm3 compared to DRG neurons. Knocking down Cadm3 in SCG neurons promotes myelination. Finally, the extracellular domain of Cadm3 interferes in a dose-dependent manner with the activation of ErbB3 and of the pro-myelinating PI3K/Akt pathway, but does not interfere with the activation of the Mek/Erk1/2 pathway. While not in direct contradiction, these in vitro results shed lights on the apparent lack of phenotype that was reported from in vivo studies of Cadm3-/- mice. Our results suggest that Cadm3 may act as a negative regulator of PNS myelination, potentially through the selective regulation of the signaling cascades activated in Schwann cells by axonal contact, and in particular by type III Nrg-1. Further analyses of peripheral nerves in the Cadm-/- mice will be needed to determine the exact role of axonal Cadm3 in PNS myelination. GLIA 2016;64:2247-2262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shuo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Hyosung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Patrice Maurel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.
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21
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Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference Targeting RhoA Slacks the Migration, Proliferation, and Myelin Formation of Schwann Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1229-1239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Newell-Litwa KA, Horwitz R, Lamers ML. Non-muscle myosin II in disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1495-515. [PMID: 26542704 PMCID: PMC4728321 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin motor protein non-muscle myosin II (NMII) acts as a master regulator of cell morphology, with a role in several essential cellular processes, including cell migration and post-synaptic dendritic spine plasticity in neurons. NMII also generates forces that alter biochemical signaling, by driving changes in interactions between actin-associated proteins that can ultimately regulate gene transcription. In addition to its roles in normal cellular physiology, NMII has recently emerged as a critical regulator of diverse, genetically complex diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancers and vascular disease. In the context of these disorders, NMII regulatory pathways can be directly mutated or indirectly altered by disease-causing mutations. NMII regulatory pathway genes are also increasingly found in disease-associated copy-number variants, particularly in neuronal disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Furthermore, manipulation of NMII-mediated contractility regulates stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, thus highlighting the key role of NMII-based pharmaceuticals in the clinical success of stem cell therapies. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of NMII activity and its regulation by kinases and microRNAs in the pathogenesis and prognosis of a diverse range of diseases, including neuronal disorders, cancer and vascular disease. We also address promising clinical applications and limitations of NMII-based inhibitors in the treatment of these diseases and the development of stem-cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Newell-Litwa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marcelo L Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-010, Brazil
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23
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Poitelon Y, Bogni S, Matafora V, Della-Flora Nunes G, Hurley E, Ghidinelli M, Katzenellenbogen BS, Taveggia C, Silvestri N, Bachi A, Sannino A, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. Spatial mapping of juxtacrine axo-glial interactions identifies novel molecules in peripheral myelination. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8303. [PMID: 26383514 PMCID: PMC4576721 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell interactions promote juxtacrine signals in specific subcellular domains, which are difficult to capture in the complexity of the nervous system. For example, contact between axons and Schwann cells triggers signals required for radial sorting and myelination. Failure in this interaction causes dysmyelination and axonal degeneration. Despite its importance, few molecules at the axo-glial surface are known. To identify novel molecules in axo-glial interactions, we modified the ‘pseudopodia' sub-fractionation system and isolated the projections that glia extend when they receive juxtacrine signals from axons. By proteomics we identified the signalling networks present at the glial-leading edge, and novel proteins, including members of the Prohibitin family. Glial-specific deletion of Prohibitin-2 in mice impairs axo-glial interactions and myelination. We thus validate a novel method to model morphogenesis and juxtacrine signalling, provide insights into the molecular organization of the axo-glial contact, and identify a novel class of molecules in myelination. Neuron–glia interactions are critical in the nervous system, where they result in the extension of glial pseudopodia. Poitelon et al. isolate these protrusions using an in vitro assay, and, by characterising their proteomes, identify Prohibitin-2 as a regulator of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Poitelon
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - S Bogni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - V Matafora
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - G Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - E Hurley
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - M Ghidinelli
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - B S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois and College of Medicine, Urbana Illinois 61801, USA
| | - C Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - N Silvestri
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - A Bachi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy
| | - A Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - L Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - M L Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Department Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano 20132, Italy.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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24
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Zalc B. The acquisition of myelin: An evolutionary perspective. Brain Res 2015; 1641:4-10. [PMID: 26367449 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that the emergence of vertebrates was made possible by the acquisition of neural crest cells, which then led to the development of evolutionarily advantageous complex head structures (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). In this regard the contribution of one important neural crest derivative-the peripheral myelin sheath-to the success of the vertebrates has to be pointed out. Without this structure, the vertebrates, as we know them, simply could not exist. After briefly reviewing the major functions of the myelin sheath we will ask and provide tentative answers to the following three questions: when during evolution has myelin first appeared? Where has myelin initially appeared: in the CNS or in the PNS? Was it necessary to acquire a new cell type to form a myelin sheath? Careful examination of fossils lead us to conclude that myelin was acquired 425 MY ago by placoderms, the earliest hinge-jaw fishes. I argue that the acquisition of myelin during evolution has been a necessary prerequisite to permit gigantism of gnathostome species, including the sauropods. I propose that this acquisition occurred simultaneously in the PNS and CNS and that myelin forming cells are the descendants of ensheathing glia, already present in invertebrates, that have adapted their potential to synthesize large amount of membrane in response to axonal requirements. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zalc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), GH Pitie-Salpêtrière, Bâtiment ICM, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.
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25
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Abstract
Myelinated nerve fibers are essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. They form as the result of reciprocal interactions between axons and Schwann cells. Extrinsic signals from the axon, and the extracellular matrix, drive Schwann cells to adopt a myelinating fate, whereas myelination reorganizes the axon for its role in conduction and is essential for its integrity. Here, we review our current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of myelinating Schwann cells. Recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate will be described. Together, these studies provide important new insights into how these pathways converge to activate the transcriptional cascade of myelination and remodel the actin cytoskeleton that is critical for morphogenesis of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Salzer
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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C3 toxin and poly-DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone conduits in the critically damaged peripheral nervous system: a combined therapeutic approach. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 74:350-3. [PMID: 25643184 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve regeneration over longer distances through conduits is limited. In the presented study, critical size nerve gap bridging with a poly-DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone (PLC) conduit was combined with application of C3 toxin to facilitate axonal sprouting. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PLC filled with fibrin (n = 10) and fibrin gel loaded with 1-μg C3-C2I and 2-μg C2II (n = 10) were compared to autologous nerve grafts (n = 10) in a 15-mm sciatic nerve gap lesion model of the rat. Functional and electrophysiological analyses were performed before histological evaluation. RESULTS Evaluation of motor function and nerve conduction velocity at 16 weeks revealed no differences between the groups. All histological parameters and muscle weight were significantly elevated in nerve graft group. No differences were observed in both PLC groups. CONCLUSIONS The PLCs are permissive for nerve regeneration over a 15-mm defect in rats. Intraluminal application of C3 toxin did not lead to significant enhancement of nerve sprouting.
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Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. Autoimmune antigenic targets at the node of Ranvier in demyelinating disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:143-56. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Joshi AR, Bobylev I, Zhang G, Sheikh KA, Lehmann HC. Inhibition of Rho-kinase differentially affects axon regeneration of peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:28-38. [PMID: 25261755 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA and its down-stream effector Rho-kinase (ROCK) are important effector molecules of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Modulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway has been shown to promote axonal regeneration, however in vitro and animal studies are inconsistent regarding the extent of axonal outgrowth induced by pharmacological inhibition of ROCK. We hypothesized that injury to sensory and motor nerves result in diverse activation levels of RhoA, which may impact the response of those nerve fiber modalities to ROCK inhibition. We therefore examined the effects of Y-27632, a chemical ROCK inhibitor, on the axonal outgrowth of peripheral sensory and motor neurons grown in the presence of growth-inhibiting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). In addition we examined the effects of three different doses of Y-27632 on nerve regeneration of motor and sensory nerves in animal models of peripheral nerve crush. In vitro, sensory neurons were less responsive to Y-27632 compared to motor neurons in a non-growth permissive environment. These differences were associated with altered expression and activation of RhoA in sensory and motor axons. In vivo, systemic treatment with high doses of Y-27632 significantly enhanced the regeneration of motor axons over short distances, while the regeneration of sensory fibers remained largely unchanged. Our results support the concept that in a growth non-permissive environment, the regenerative capacity of sensory and motor axons is differentially affected by the RhoA/ROCK pathway, with motor neurons being more responsive compared to sensory. Future treatments, that are aimed to modulate RhoA activity, should consider this functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilja Bobylev
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kazim A Sheikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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29
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Pedraza CE, Taylor C, Pereira A, Seng M, Tham CS, Izrael M, Webb M. Induction of oligodendrocyte differentiation and in vitro myelination by inhibition of rho-associated kinase. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/4/1759091414538134. [PMID: 25289646 PMCID: PMC4189421 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414538134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin
degradation results in loss of axonal function and eventual axonal degeneration.
Differentiation of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) leading to
remyelination of denuded axons occurs regularly in early stages of MS but halts as
the pathology transitions into progressive MS. Pharmacological potentiation of
endogenous OPC maturation and remyelination is now recognized as a promising
therapeutic approach for MS. In this study, we analyzed the effects of modulating the
Rho-A/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway, by the use of selective
inhibitors of ROCK, on the transformation of OPCs into mature, myelinating
oligodendrocytes. Here we demonstrate, with the use of cellular cultures from rodent
and human origin, that ROCK inhibition in OPCs results in a significant generation of
branches and cell processes in early differentiation stages, followed by accelerated
production of myelin protein as an indication of advanced maturation. Furthermore,
inhibition of ROCK enhanced myelin formation in cocultures of human OPCs and neurons
and remyelination in rat cerebellar tissue explants previously demyelinated with
lysolecithin. Our findings indicate that by direct inhibition of this signaling
molecule, the OPC differentiation program is activated resulting in morphological and
functional cell maturation, myelin formation, and regeneration. Altogether, we show
evidence of modulation of the Rho-A/ROCK signaling pathway as a viable target for the
induction of remyelination in demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Pedraza
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Albertina Pereira
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Seng
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Chui-Se Tham
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Webb
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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Miyamoto Y, Yamamori N, Torii T, Tanoue A, Yamauchi J. Rab35, acting through ACAP2 switching off Arf6, negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1532-42. [PMID: 24600047 PMCID: PMC4004601 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form myelin sheaths. Rab35/ACAP2 and cytohesin-2 antagonistically control oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination through Arf6 on/off regulation, presenting a unique way of regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination by a small GTPase network. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate to produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons to ensure fast propagation of action potentials. Many aspects of differentiation are regulated by multiple extracellular signals. However, their intracellular signalings remain elusive. We show that Rab35 and its effector, ACAP2, a GTPase-activating protein that switches off Arf6 activity, negatively regulate oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. Knockdown of Rab35 or ACAP2 with their respective small interfering RNAs promotes differentiation. As differentiation initiates, the activities of Rab35 and ACAP2 are down-regulated. The activity of Arf6, in contrast, is up-regulated. Arf6 knockdown inhibits differentiation, indicating that Rab35 and ACAP2 negatively regulate differentiation by down-regulating Arf6. Importantly, as differentiation proceeds, the activity of cytohesin-2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that switches on Arf6 activity, is up-regulated. Pharmacological inhibition of cytohesin-2 inhibits differentiation, suggesting that cytohesin-2 promotes differentiation by activating Arf6. Furthermore, using oligodendrocyte-neuronal cocultures, we find that knockdown of Rab35 or ACAP2 promotes myelination, whereas inhibition of cytohesin-2 or knockdown of Arf6 inhibits myelination. Thus Rab35/ACAP2 and cytohesin-2 antagonistically control oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination through Arf6 regulation, presenting a unique small GTPase on/off switching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan Japan Human Health Sciences Foundation, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0001, Japan Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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31
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The protein kinase A regulatory subunit R1A (Prkar1a) plays critical roles in peripheral nerve development. J Neurosci 2014; 33:17967-75. [PMID: 24227708 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0766-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through cAMP has been implicated in Schwann cell (SC) proliferation and myelination, but the signaling pathway components downstream of cAMP required for SC function remain unknown. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a potential downstream effector of cAMP. Here, we induced loss of Prkar1a, the gene encoding the type 1A regulatory subunit of PKA, in SC to study its role in nerve development; loss of Prkar1a is predicted to elevate PKA activity. Conditional Prkar1a knock-out in mouse SC (Prkar1a-SCKO) resulted in a dramatic and persistent axonal sorting defect, and unexpectedly decreased SC proliferation in Prkar1a-SCKO nerves in vivo. Effects were cell autonomous as they were recapitulated in vitro in Prkar1a-SCKO SC, which showed elevated PKA activity. In the few SCs sorted into 1:1 relationships with axons in vivo, SC myelination was premature in Prkar1a-SCKO nerves, correlating with global increase in the cAMP-regulated transcription factor Oct-6 and expression of myelin basic protein. These data reveal a previously unknown role of PKA in axon sorting, an unexpected inhibitory role of PKA on SC cell proliferation in vivo and define the importance of Prkar1a in peripheral nerve development.
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32
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Schwann cell LRP1 regulates remak bundle ultrastructure and axonal interactions to prevent neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5590-602. [PMID: 23536074 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3342-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophic support and myelination of axons by Schwann cells in the PNS are essential for normal nerve function. Herein, we show that deletion of the LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) gene in Schwann cells (scLRP1(-/-)) induces abnormalities in axon myelination and in ensheathment of axons by nonmyelinating Schwann cells in Remak bundles. These anatomical changes in the PNS were associated with mechanical allodynia, even in the absence of nerve injury. In response to crush injury, sciatic nerves in scLRP1(-/-) mice showed accelerated degeneration and Schwann cell death. Remyelinated axons were evident 20 d after crush injury in control mice, yet were largely absent in scLRP1(-/-) mice. In the partial nerve ligation model, scLRP1(-/-) mice demonstrated significantly increased and sustained mechanical allodynia and loss of motor function. Evidence for central sensitization in pain processing included increased p38MAPK activation and activation of microglia in the spinal cord. These studies identify LRP1 as an essential mediator of normal Schwann cell-axonal interactions and as a pivotal regulator of the Schwann cell response to PNS injury in vivo. Mice in which LRP1 is deficient in Schwann cells represent a model for studying how abnormalities in Schwann cell physiology may facilitate and sustain chronic pain.
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33
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The Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil restores normal motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats by assuring the proper localization of adhesion-related molecules in myelinating Schwann cells. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:438-46. [PMID: 23337773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in the complications of diabetes. In this study, we found that fasudil, a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, had a beneficial effect on the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), which is delayed in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Cadherin-dependent adherens junctions (AJs) in myelinating Schwann cells, necessary for proper myelin formation and rapid propagation of action potentials, are regulated by Rho/Rho-kinase signaling. These AJ structures are maintained by E-cadherin and catenin complexes such as β-catenin and p120 catenin. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of fasudil on MNCV, we examined alterations in AJ structure in the peripheral nerves of the experimental rats. Our results showed that the activities of Rho and Rho-kinase increased simultaneously in the sciatic nerves of the diabetic rats. Fasudil restored the MNCV by suppressing the up-regulation of the Rho-kinase. In the diabetic state, enhanced Rho and Rho-kinase activity reduced p120 catenin expression and altered the distribution of p120 catenin and E-cadherin, which are normally localized in the paranodal compartment of the nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures where autotypic AJs stabilize myelin structure. Fasudil restored normal p120 catenin expression and the distribution of p120 catenin and E-cadherin in the myelin sheath. In conclusion, reduced expression and altered distribution of the adhesion molecules in the myelin sheath might contribute to the slowing of the MNCV in the diabetic rats. Fasudil, through its effect on the distribution of the adhesion-related molecules, might prevent slowing of the MNCV.
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34
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Hirahara Y, Matsuda KI, Liu YF, Yamada H, Kawata M, Boggs JM. 17β-Estradiol and 17α-estradiol induce rapid changes in cytoskeletal organization in cultured oligodendrocytes. Neuroscience 2013; 235:187-99. [PMID: 23337538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic changes in the cytoskeleton and the morphology of oligodendrocytes (OLs) occur during various stages of the myelination process. OLs in culture produce large membrane sheets containing cytoskeletal veins of microtubules and actin filaments. We recently showed that estrogen receptors (ER) related to ERα/β were expressed in the membrane sheets of mature OLs in culture. Ligation of these or other membrane ERs in OLs with both 17β- and 17α-estradiol mediated rapid non-genomic signaling. Here, we show that estrogens also mediate rapid non-genomic remodeling of the cytoskeleton in mature OLs in culture. 17β-Estradiol caused a rapid loss of microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in the OL membrane sheets. It also increased phosphorylation of the actin filament-severing protein cofilin, thus inactivating it. Staining for actin barbed ends with rhodamine-actin showed that it decreased the amount of actin barbed ends. 17α-Estradiol, on the other hand, increased the percentage of cells with abundant staining of actin filaments and actin barbed ends, suggesting that it stabilized and/or increased the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. The specific ERα and ERβ agonists, 4,4',4″-(4-propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol (PPT) and diarylpropionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionitrile (DPN), respectively, also caused the rapid phosphorylation of cofilin. Estrogen-induced phosphorylation of cofilin was inhibited by Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of the Rho-associated protein serine/threonine kinase (ROCK). The Rho/ROCK/cofilin pathway is therefore implicated in actin rearrangement via estrogen ligation of membrane ERs, which may include forms of ERα and ERβ. These results indicate a role for estrogens in modulation of the cytoskeleton in mature OLs, and thus in various processes required for myelinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi-City, 570-8506 Osaka, Japan
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35
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Abstract
The fundamental roles of Schwann cells during peripheral nerve formation and regeneration have been recognized for more than 100 years, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that integrate Schwann cell and axonal functions continue to be elucidated. Derived from the embryonic neural crest, Schwann cells differentiate into myelinating cells or bundle multiple unmyelinated axons into Remak fibers. Axons dictate which differentiation path Schwann cells follow, and recent studies have established that axonal neuregulin1 signaling via ErbB2/B3 receptors on Schwann cells is essential for Schwann cell myelination. Extracellular matrix production and interactions mediated by specific integrin and dystroglycan complexes are also critical requisites for Schwann cell-axon interactions. Myelination entails expansion and specialization of the Schwann cell plasma membrane over millimeter distances. Many of the myelin-specific proteins have been identified, and transgenic manipulation of myelin genes have provided novel insights into myelin protein function, including maintenance of axonal integrity and survival. Cellular events that facilitate myelination, including microtubule-based protein and mRNA targeting, and actin based locomotion, have also begun to be understood. Arguably, the most remarkable facet of Schwann cell biology, however, is their vigorous response to axonal damage. Degradation of myelin, dedifferentiation, division, production of axonotrophic factors, and remyelination all underpin the substantial regenerative capacity of the Schwann cells and peripheral nerves. Many of these properties are not shared by CNS fibers, which are myelinated by oligodendrocytes. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms responsible for the complex biology of Schwann cells continues to have practical benefits in identifying novel therapeutic targets not only for Schwann cell-specific diseases but other disorders in which axons degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grahame J Kidd
- Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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36
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Ness JK, Snyder KM, Tapinos N. Lck tyrosine kinase mediates β1-integrin signalling to regulate Schwann cell migration and myelination. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1912. [PMID: 23715271 PMCID: PMC3674276 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between laminin and β1-integrin on the surface of Schwann cells regulates Schwann cell proliferation, maturation and differentiation. However, the signalling mediators that fine-tune these outcomes are not fully elucidated. Here we show that lymphoid cell kinase is the crucial effector of β1-integrin signalling in Schwann cells. Lymphoid cell kinase is activated after laminin treatment of Schwann cells, while downregulation of β1-integrin with short interfering RNAs inhibits lymphoid cell kinase phosphorylation. Treatment of Schwann cells with a selective lymphoid cell kinase inhibitor reveals a pathway that involves paxillin and CrkII, which ultimately elevates Rac-GTP levels to induce radial lamellipodia formation. Inhibition of lymphoid cell kinase in Schwann cell-dorsal root ganglion cocultures and dorsal root ganglions from Lck(-/-) mice show a reduction of Schwann cell longitudinal migration, reduced myelin formation and internode length. Finally, Lck(-/-) mice exhibit delays in myelination, thinner myelin with abnormal g-ratios and aberrant myelin outfoldings. Our data implicate lymphoid cell kinase as a major regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, migration and myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Ness
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
| | - Kristin M. Snyder
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
| | - Nikos Tapinos
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
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Masaki T. Polarization and myelination in myelinating glia. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:769412. [PMID: 23326681 PMCID: PMC3544266 DOI: 10.5402/2012/769412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating glia, oligodendrocytes in central nervous system and Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath, a multilayered membrane system around axons enabling salutatory nerve impulse conduction and maintaining axonal integrity. Myelin sheath is a polarized structure localized in the axonal side and therefore is supposed to be formed based on the preceding polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, myelination process is closely associated with polarization of myelinating glia. However, cell polarization has been less extensively studied in myelinating glia than other cell types such as epithelial cells. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide insights for the field of myelination research by applying the information obtained in polarity study in other cell types, especially epithelial cells, to cell polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, in this paper, the main aspects of cell polarization study in general are summarized. Then, they will be compared with polarization in oligodendrocytes. Finally, the achievements obtained in polarization study for epithelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and other types of cells will be translated into polarization/myelination process by Schwann cells. Then, based on this model, the perspectives in the study of Schwann cell polarization/myelination will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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38
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Wang Y, Teng HL, Huang ZH. Intrinsic migratory properties of cultured Schwann cells based on single-cell migration assay. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51824. [PMID: 23251634 PMCID: PMC3522601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of Schwann cells is critical for development of peripheral nervous system and is essential for regeneration and remyelination after nerve injury. Although several factors have been identified to regulate Schwann cell migration, intrinsic migratory properties of Schwann cells remain elusive. In this study, based on time-lapse imaging of single isolated Schwann cells, we examined the intrinsic migratory properties of Schwann cells and the molecular cytoskeletal machinery of soma translocation during migration. We found that cultured Schwann cells displayed three motile phenotypes, which could transform into each other spontaneously during their migration. Local disruption of F-actin polymerization at leading front by a Cytochalasin D or Latrunculin A gradient induced collapse of leading front, and then inhibited soma translocation. Moreover, in migrating Schwann cells, myosin II activity displayed a polarized distribution, with the leading process exhibiting higher expression than the soma and trailing process. Decreasing this front-to-rear difference of myosin II activity by frontal application of a ML-7 or BDM (myosin II inhibitors) gradient induced the collapse of leading front and reversed soma translocation, whereas, increasing this front-to-rear difference of myosin II activity by rear application of a ML-7 or BDM gradient or frontal application of a Caly (myosin II activator) gradient accelerated soma translocation. Taken together, these results suggest that during migration, Schwann cells display malleable motile phenotypes and the extension of leading front dependent on F-actin polymerization pulls soma forward translocation mediated by myosin II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Lin Teng
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-hui Huang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Negative Regulators of Schwann Cell Differentiation—Novel Targets for Peripheral Nerve Therapies? J Clin Immunol 2012; 33 Suppl 1:S18-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Heinen A, Tzekova N, Graffmann N, Torres KJ, Uhrberg M, Hartung HP, Küry P. Histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 regulates Schwann cell differentiation. Glia 2012; 60:1696-708. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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The actin-severing protein cofilin is downstream of neuregulin signaling and is essential for Schwann cell myelination. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5284-97. [PMID: 22496574 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6207-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is a complex process requiring coordination of directional motility and an increase in glial cell size to generate a multilamellar myelin sheath. Regulation of actin dynamics during myelination is poorly understood. However, it is known that myelin thickness is related to the abundance of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) expressed on the axon surface. Here we identify cofilin1, an actin depolymerizing and severing protein, as a downstream target of NRG1 signaling in rat Schwann cells (SCs). In isolated SCs, NRG1 promotes dephosphorylation of cofilin1 and its upstream regulators, LIM kinase (LIMK) and Slingshot-1 phosphatase (SSH1), leading to cofilin1 activation and recruitment to the leading edge of the plasma membrane. These changes are associated with rapid membrane expansion yielding a 35-50% increase in SC size within 30 min. Cofilin1-deficient SCs increase phosphorylation of ErbB2, ERK, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin in response to NRG1, but fail to increase in size possibly due to stabilization of unusually long focal adhesions. Cofilin1-deficient SCs cocultured with sensory neurons do not myelinate. Ultrastructural analysis reveals that they unsuccessfully segregate or engage axons and form only patchy basal lamina. After 48 h of coculturing with neurons, cofilin1-deficient SCs do not align or elongate on axons and often form adhesions with the underlying substrate. This study identifies cofilin1 and its upstream regulators, LIMK and SSH1, as end targets of a NRG1 signaling pathway and demonstrates that cofilin1 is necessary for dynamic changes in the cytoskeleton needed for axon engagement and myelination by SCs.
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Wang H, Rusielewicz T, Tewari A, Leitman EM, Einheber S, Melendez-Vasquez CV. Myosin II is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1547-56. [PMID: 22437915 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During their development as myelinating cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC) undergo dramatic changes in the organization of their cytoskeleton. These changes involve an increase in cell branching and in lamella extension, which is important for the ability of oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons in the CNS. We have previously shown that the levels of the actin-associated motor protein nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) decrease as oligodendrocyte differentiate and that inhibition of NMII activity increases branching and myelination, suggesting that NMII is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. In agreement with this interpretation, we have found that overexpression of NMII prevents oligodendrocyte branching and differentiation and that OPC maturation is accelerated in NMII knockout mice as shown by a significant increase in the percentage of mature MBP(+) cells. Although several pathways have been implicated in oligodendrocyte morphogenesis, their specific contribution to the regulation of NMII activity has not been directly examined. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of NMII in OPC is controlled by Fyn kinase via downregulation of RhoA-ROCK-NMII phosphorylation. We found that treatment with PP2 or knockdown of Fyn using siRNA prevents the decrease in myosin phosphorylation normally observed during OPC differentiation and that the inhibition of branching induced by overexpression of constitutively active RhoA can be reversed by treatment with Y27632 or blebbistatin. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Fyn kinase downregulates NMII activity, thus promoting oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
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43
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Lou D, Sun B, Wei H, Deng X, Chen H, Xu D, Li G, Xu H, Wang Y. Spatiotemporal Expression of Testicular Protein Kinase 1 After Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:180-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Penna V, Bjoern Stark G, Leibig N, Boyle V, Sakalidou M. Rho-inhibition by local application of c3-toxin for enhancement of axonal sprouting in a rat end-to-side nerve repair model. Microsurgery 2012; 32:207-12. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Madura T, Tomita K, Terenghi G. Ibuprofen improves functional outcome after axotomy and immediate repair in the peripheral nervous system. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:1641-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Leitman EM, Tewari A, Horn M, Urbanski M, Damanakis E, Einheber S, Salzer JL, de Lanerolle P, Melendez-Vasquez CV. MLCK regulates Schwann cell cytoskeletal organization, differentiation and myelination. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3784-96. [PMID: 22100921 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been implicated in the regulation of Schwann cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation. In quiescent SCs, elevation of cAMP promotes the expression of proteins associated with myelination such as Krox-20 and P0, and downregulation of markers associated with the non-myelinating SC phenotype. We have previously shown that the motor protein myosin II is required for the establishment of normal SC-axon interactions, differentiation and myelination, however, the mechanisms behind these effects are unknown. Here we report that the levels and activity of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), an enzyme that regulates MLC phosphorylation in non-muscle cells, are dramatically downregulated in SCs after cAMP treatment, in a similar pattern to that of c-Jun, a known inhibitor of myelination. Knockdown of MLCK in SCs mimics the effect of cAMP elevation, inducing plasma membrane expansion and expression of Krox-20 and myelin proteins. Despite activation of myelin gene transcription these cells fail to make compact myelin when placed in contact with axons. Our data indicate that myosin II activity is differentially regulated at various stages during myelination and that in the absence of MLCK the processes of SC differentiation and compact myelin assembly are uncoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Leitman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
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The atypical Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, dock7, negatively regulates schwann cell differentiation and myelination. J Neurosci 2011; 31:12579-92. [PMID: 21880919 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2738-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In development of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells proliferate, migrate, and ultimately differentiate to form myelin sheath. In all of the myelination stages, Schwann cells continuously undergo morphological changes; however, little is known about their underlying molecular mechanisms. We previously cloned the dock7 gene encoding the atypical Rho family guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and reported the positive role of Dock7, the target Rho GTPases Rac/Cdc42, and the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase in Schwann cell migration (Yamauchi et al., 2008). We investigated the role of Dock7 in Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Knockdown of Dock7 by the specific small interfering (si)RNA in primary Schwann cells promotes dibutyryl cAMP-induced morphological differentiation, indicating the negative role of Dock7 in Schwann cell differentiation. It also results in a shorter duration of activation of Rac/Cdc42 and JNK, which is the negative regulator of myelination, and the earlier activation of Rho and Rho-kinase, which is the positive regulator of myelination. To obtain the in vivo evidence, we generated Dock7 short hairpin (sh)RNA transgenic mice. They exhibited a decreased expression of Dock7 in the sciatic nerves and enhanced myelin thickness, consistent with in vitro observation. The effects of the in vivo knockdown on the signals to Rho GTPases are similar to those of the in vitro knockdown. Collectively, the signaling through Dock7 negatively regulates Schwann cell differentiation and the onset of myelination, demonstrating the unexpected role of Dock7 in the interplay between Schwann cell migration and myelination.
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Jacob C, Lebrun-Julien F, Suter U. How histone deacetylases control myelination. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:303-12. [PMID: 21861092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelinated axons are a beautiful example of symbiotic interactions between two cell types: Myelinating glial cells organize axonal membranes and build their myelin sheaths to allow fast action potential conduction, while axons regulate myelination and enhance the survival of myelinating cells. Axonal demyelination, occurring in neurodegenerative diseases or after a nerve injury, results in severe motor and/or mental disabilities. Thus, understanding how the myelination process is induced, regulated, and maintained is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies for regeneration in the nervous system. Epigenetic regulation has recently been recognized as a fundamental contributing player. In this review, we focus on the central mechanisms of gene regulation mediated by histone deacetylation and other key functions of histone deacetylases in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jacob
- Department of Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH-Hönggerberg, HPM E39, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Sheikh KA. Autoantobodies activate small GTPase RhoA to modulate neurite outgrowth. Small GTPases 2011; 2:233-238. [PMID: 22145097 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.4.17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review illustrates an example of adaptive immune responses (auto-antibodies) modulating growth/repair behavior of neurons in the disease context of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), which is a prototypic autoimmune, acute monophasic disorder of the peripheral nerves that is the commonest cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Anti-ganglioside antibodies (Abs) are the most commonly recognized autoimmune markers in all forms of GBS and these Abs are associated with poor recovery. Extent of axonal injury and failure of axonal regeneration are critical determinants of recovery after GBS. In this clinical context, our group examined the hypothesis that anti-ganglioside Abs adversely affect axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. We show that anti-ganglioside Abs inhibit axon regeneration in preclinical cell culture and animal models. This inhibition is mediated by activation of small GTPase RhoA and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) by modulation of growth cone extension and associated neurite elongation in neuronal cultures. Our studies suggest that RhoA and ROCK are potential targets for development of novel therapeutic strategies to enhance nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim A Sheikh
- Department of Neurology; University of Texas Medical School at Houston; Houston, TX USA
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Chaya T, Shibata S, Tokuhara Y, Yamaguchi W, Matsumoto H, Kawahara I, Kogo M, Ohoka Y, Inagaki S. Identification of a negative regulatory region for the exchange activity and characterization of T332I mutant of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 (ARHGEF10). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29511-20. [PMID: 21719701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.236810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The T332I mutation in Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 (ARHGEF10) was previously found in persons with slowed nerve conduction velocities and thin myelination of peripheral nerves. However, the molecular and cellular basis of the T332I mutant is not understood. Here, we show that ARHGEF10 has a negative regulatory region in the N terminus, in which residue 332 is located, and the T332I mutant is constitutively active. An N-terminal truncated ARHGEF10 mutant, ARHGEF10 ΔN (lacking amino acids 1-332), induced cell contraction that was inhibited by a Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 and had higher GEF activity for RhoA than the wild type. The T332I mutant also showed the phenotype similar to the N-terminal truncated mutant. These data suggest that the ARHGEF10 T332I mutation-associated phenotype observed in the peripheral nerves is due to activated GEF activity of the ARHGEF10 T332I mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Chaya
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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