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Yamane Y. Adaptation of the inferior temporal neurons and efficient visual processing. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1398874. [PMID: 39132448 PMCID: PMC11310006 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1398874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies examining the responses of individual neurons in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex have revealed their characteristics such as two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape tuning, objects, or category selectivity. While these basic selectivities have been studied assuming that their response to stimuli is relatively stable, physiological experiments have revealed that the responsiveness of IT neurons also depends on visual experience. The activity changes of IT neurons occur over various time ranges; among these, repetition suppression (RS), in particular, is robustly observed in IT neurons without any behavioral or task constraints. I observed a similar phenomenon in the ventral visual neurons in macaque monkeys while they engaged in free viewing and actively fixated on one consistent object multiple times. This observation indicates that the phenomenon also occurs in natural situations during which the subject actively views stimuli without forced fixation, suggesting that this phenomenon is an everyday occurrence and widespread across regions of the visual system, making it a default process for visual neurons. Such short-term activity modulation may be a key to understanding the visual system; however, the circuit mechanism and the biological significance of RS remain unclear. Thus, in this review, I summarize the observed modulation types in IT neurons and the known properties of RS. Subsequently, I discuss adaptation in vision, including concepts such as efficient and predictive coding, as well as the relationship between adaptation and psychophysical aftereffects. Finally, I discuss some conceptual implications of this phenomenon as well as the circuit mechanisms and the models that may explain adaptation as a fundamental aspect of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Yamane
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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2
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Yamane Y, Ito J, Joana C, Fujita I, Tamura H, Maldonado PE, Doya K, Grün S. Neuronal Population Activity in Macaque Visual Cortices Dynamically Changes through Repeated Fixations in Active Free Viewing. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0086-23.2023. [PMID: 37798110 PMCID: PMC10591287 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0086-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During free viewing, we move our eyes and fixate on objects to recognize the visual scene of our surroundings. To investigate the neural representation of objects in this process, we studied individual and population neuronal activity in three different visual regions of the brains of macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata): the primary and secondary visual cortices (V1, V2) and the inferotemporal cortex (IT). We designed a task where the animal freely selected objects in a stimulus image to fixate on while we examined the relationship between spiking activity, the order of fixations, and the fixated objects. We found that activity changed across repeated fixations on the same object in all three recorded areas, with observed reductions in firing rates. Furthermore, the responses of individual neurons became sparser and more selective with individual objects. The population activity for individual objects also became distinct. These results suggest that visual neurons respond dynamically to repeated input stimuli through a smaller number of spikes, thereby allowing for discrimination between individual objects with smaller energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Yamane
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Junji Ito
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6 and INM-10) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Cristian Joana
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6 and INM-10) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich 52425, Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ichiro Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pedro E Maldonado
- Department of Neuroscience and Instituto de Neurosciencia Biomedica (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Kenji Doya
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Sonja Grün
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6 and INM-10) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Theoretical Systems Neurobiology, Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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3
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Afef O, Rudy L, Stéphane M. Ketamine promotes adaption-induced orientation plasticity and vigorous network changes. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148111. [PMID: 36183793 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult primary visual cortex features well demonstrated orientation selectivities. However, the imposition of a non-preferred stimulus for many minutes (adaptation) or the application of an antidepressant drug, such as ketamine, shifts the peak of the tuning curve, assigning a novel selectivity to a neuron. The effect of ketamine on V1 neural circuitry is not yet ascertained. The present investigation explores (in control, post-adaptation, and following local ketamine application) the modification of orientation selectivities and its outcome on functional relationships between neurons in mouse and cat. Two main results are revealed. Electrophysiological neuronal responses of monocular stimulation show that in cells exhibiting large orientation shifts after adaptation, ketamine facilitates the cell's recovery. Whereas in units displaying small shifts following adaptation, the drug increases the magnitude of orientation shifts. In addition, pair-wise cross correlogram analyses show modifications of functional relationships between neurons revealing updated micro-circuits as a consequence of ketamine application. We report in cat but not in mouse, that ketamine significantly increases the connectivity rate, their strengths, and an enhancement of neuronal synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouelhazi Afef
- Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Lussiez Rudy
- Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Molotchnikoff Stéphane
- Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada.
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4
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Lv Q, Zhang J, Pan Y, Liu X, Miao L, Peng J, Song L, Zou Y, Chen X. Somatosensory Deficits After Stroke: Insights From MRI Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:891283. [PMID: 35911919 PMCID: PMC9328992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.891283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory deficits after stroke are a major health problem, which can impair patients' health status and quality of life. With the developments in human brain mapping techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), many studies have applied those techniques to unravel neural substrates linked to apoplexy sequelae. Multi-parametric MRI is a vital method for the measurement of stroke and has been applied to diagnose stroke severity, predict outcome and visualize changes in activation patterns during stroke recovery. However, relatively little is known about the somatosensory deficits after stroke and their recovery. This review aims to highlight the utility and importance of MRI techniques in the field of somatosensory deficits and synthesizes corresponding articles to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and recovery of somatosensory symptoms. Here, we start by reviewing the anatomic and functional features of the somatosensory system. And then, we provide a discussion of MRI techniques and analysis methods. Meanwhile, we present the application of those techniques and methods in clinical studies, focusing on recent research advances and the potential for clinical translation. Finally, we identify some limitations and open questions of current imaging studies that need to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lv
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junning Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jing Peng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yihuai Zou
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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5
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Peter A, Stauch BJ, Shapcott K, Kouroupaki K, Schmiedt JT, Klein L, Klon-Lipok J, Dowdall JR, Schölvinck ML, Vinck M, Schmid MC, Fries P. Stimulus-specific plasticity of macaque V1 spike rates and gamma. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110086. [PMID: 34879273 PMCID: PMC8674536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When a visual stimulus is repeated, average neuronal responses typically decrease, yet they might maintain or even increase their impact through increased synchronization. Previous work has found that many repetitions of a grating lead to increasing gamma-band synchronization. Here, we show in awake macaque area V1 that both repetition-related reductions in firing rate and increases in gamma are specific to the repeated stimulus. These effects show some persistence on the timescale of minutes. Gamma increases are specific to the presented stimulus location. Further, repetition effects on gamma and on firing rates generalize to images of natural objects. These findings support the notion that gamma-band synchronization subserves the adaptive processing of repeated stimulus encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Peter
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Johannes Stauch
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharine Shapcott
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kleopatra Kouroupaki
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joscha Tapani Schmiedt
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Liane Klein
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johanna Klon-Lipok
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jarrod Robert Dowdall
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marieke Louise Schölvinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Vinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroinformatics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Christoph Schmid
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Stauch BJ, Peter A, Schuler H, Fries P. Stimulus-specific plasticity in human visual gamma-band activity and functional connectivity. eLife 2021; 10:e68240. [PMID: 34473058 PMCID: PMC8412931 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under natural conditions, the visual system often sees a given input repeatedly. This provides an opportunity to optimize processing of the repeated stimuli. Stimulus repetition has been shown to strongly modulate neuronal-gamma band synchronization, yet crucial questions remained open. Here we used magnetoencephalography in 30 human subjects and find that gamma decreases across ≈10 repetitions and then increases across further repetitions, revealing plastic changes of the activated neuronal circuits. Crucially, increases induced by one stimulus did not affect responses to other stimuli, demonstrating stimulus specificity. Changes partially persisted when the inducing stimulus was repeated after 25 minutes of intervening stimuli. They were strongest in early visual cortex and increased interareal feedforward influences. Our results suggest that early visual cortex gamma synchronization enables adaptive neuronal processing of recurring stimuli. These and previously reported changes might be due to an interaction of oscillatory dynamics with established synaptic plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Stauch
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural CircuitsFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Alina Peter
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural CircuitsFrankfurtGermany
| | - Heike Schuler
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
| | - Pascal Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurtGermany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neural CircuitsFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegenNetherlands
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7
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Hsu SM. A neural-based account of sequential bias during perceptual judgment. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1051-1059. [PMID: 33742422 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sequential effects are prominent and pervasive phenomena that exist in most perceptual judgments. Of importance, these effects reflect dynamic aspects in our judgment bias induced by the recent context. When making successive judgments in response to a sequence of stimuli, two opposing consequences have frequently been observed: assimilation effects - current stimuli judged as being closer to preceding stimuli than they actually are, and contrast effects - current stimuli judged as being further from preceding stimuli than they actually are. Although several cognitive accounts have been previously proposed, there is still a lack of consensus on the underlying mechanism, particularly regarding the insights of the temporal dynamics. Building upon accumulating human M/EEG findings, I propose a framework to explain how sequential bias is generated, unfolded over time, and eventually incorporated into the formation of current biased judgment. By bringing sequential effects closer to a biologically plausible framework, this synthetic view could account for how the opposing consequences of sequential effects differentially evolve, distinguish the effects from other perceptual phenomena with similar behavioral outcomes (such as aftereffects and priming), and illuminate how perceptual judgment is adaptively adjusted under the impact of temporal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Mou Hsu
- Imaging Center for Integrated Body, Mind and Culture Research, National Taiwan University, No.49, Fanglan Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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8
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Korzeniewska A, Wang Y, Benz HL, Fifer MS, Collard M, Milsap G, Cervenka MC, Martin A, Gotts SJ, Crone NE. Changes in human brain dynamics during behavioral priming and repetition suppression. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 189:101788. [PMID: 32198060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral responses to a perceptual stimulus are typically faster with repeated exposure to the stimulus (behavioral priming). This implicit learning mechanism is critical for survival but impaired in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Many studies of the neural bases for behavioral priming have encountered an interesting paradox: in spite of faster behavioral responses, repeated stimuli usually elicit weaker neural responses (repetition suppression). Several neurophysiological models have been proposed to resolve this paradox, but noninvasive techniques for human studies have had insufficient spatial-temporal precision for testing their predictions. Here, we used the unparalleled precision of electrocorticography (ECoG) to analyze the timing and magnitude of task-related changes in neural activation and propagation while patients named novel vs repeated visual objects. Stimulus repetition was associated with faster verbal responses and decreased neural activation (repetition suppression) in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC) and left prefrontal cortex (LPFC). Interestingly, we also observed increased neural activation (repetition enhancement) in LPFC and other recording sites. Moreover, with analysis of high gamma propagation we observed increased top-down propagation from LPFC into VOTC, preceding repetition suppression. The latter results indicate that repetition suppression and behavioral priming are associated with strengthening of top-down network influences on perceptual processing, consistent with predictive coding models of repetition suppression, and they support a central role for changes in large-scale cortical dynamics in achieving more efficient and rapid behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korzeniewska
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Heather L Benz
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Matthew S Fifer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Max Collard
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Griffin Milsap
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Stephen J Gotts
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Nathan E Crone
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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9
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Kafaligonul H, Albright TD, Stoner GR. Auditory modulation of spiking activity and local field potentials in area MT does not appear to underlie an audiovisual temporal illusion. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1340-1355. [PMID: 29924710 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00835.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of brief stationary sounds has been shown to alter the perceived speed of visual apparent motion (AM), presumably by altering the perceived timing of the individual frames of the AM stimuli and/or the duration of the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between those frames. To investigate the neural correlates of this "temporal ventriloquism" illusion, we recorded spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity from the middle temporal area (area MT) in awake, fixating macaques. We found that the spiking activity of most MT neurons (but not the LFP) was tuned for the ISI/speed (these parameters covaried) of our AM stimuli but that auditory timing had no effect on that tuning. We next asked whether the predicted changes in perceived timing were reflected in the timing of neuronal responses to the individual frames of the AM stimuli. Although spiking dynamics were significantly, if weakly, affected by auditory timing in a minority of neurons, the timing of spike responses did not systematically mirror the predicted perception of stimuli. Conversely, the duration of LFP responses in β- and γ-frequency bands was qualitatively consistent with human perceptual reports. We discovered, however, that LFP responses to auditory stimuli presented alone were robust and that responses to audiovisual stimuli were predicted by the linear sum of responses to auditory and visual stimuli presented individually. In conclusion, we find evidence of auditory input into area MT but not of the nonlinear audiovisual interactions we had hypothesized to underlie the illusion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We utilized a set of audiovisual stimuli that elicit an illusion demonstrating "temporal ventriloquism" in visual motion and that have spatiotemporal intervals for which neurons within the middle temporal area are selective. We found evidence of auditory input into the middle temporal area but not of the nonlinear audiovisual interactions underlying this illusion. Our findings suggest that either the illusion was absent in our nonhuman primate subjects or the neuronal correlates of this illusion lie within other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulusi Kafaligonul
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Bilkent University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Thomas D Albright
- Vision Center Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla, California
| | - Gene R Stoner
- Vision Center Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla, California
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10
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Fernandez-Leon JA, Hansen BJ, Dragoi V. Representation of Rapid Image Sequences in V4 Networks. Cereb Cortex 2018. [PMID: 28637171 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural viewing often consists of sequences of brief fixations to image patches of different structure. Whether and how briefly presented sequential stimuli are encoded in a temporal-position manner is poorly understood. Here, we performed multiple-electrode recordings in the visual cortex (area V4) of nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) viewing a sequence of 7 briefly flashed natural images, and measured correlations between the cue-triggered population response in the presence and absence of the stimulus. Surprisingly, we found significant correlations for images occurring at the beginning and the end of a sequence, but not for those in the middle. The correlation strength increased with stimulus exposure and favored the image position in the sequence rather than image identity. These results challenge the commonly held view that images are represented in visual cortex exclusively based on their informational content, and indicate that, in the absence of sensory information, neuronal populations exhibit reactivation of stimulus-evoked responses in a way that reflects temporal position within a stimulus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Fernandez-Leon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan J Hansen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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King JL, Crowder NA. Adaptation to stimulus orientation in mouse primary visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:346-357. [PMID: 29357122 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Information processing in the visual system is shaped by recent stimulus history, such that prolonged viewing of an adapting stimulus can alter the perception of subsequently presented test stimuli. In the tilt-after-effect, the perceived orientation of a grating is often repelled away from the orientation of a previously viewed adapting grating. A possible neural correlate for the tilt-after-effect has been described in cat and macaque primary visual cortex (V1), where adaptation produces repulsive shifts in the orientation tuning curves of V1 neurons. We investigated adaptation to stimulus orientation in mouse V1 to determine whether known species differences in orientation processing, notably V1 functional architecture and proportion of tightly tuned cells, are important for these repulsive shifts. Unlike the consistent repulsion reported in other species, we found that repulsion was only about twice as common as attraction in our mouse data. Furthermore, adapted responses were attenuated across all orientations. A simple model that captured key physiological findings reported in cats and mice indicated that the greater proportion of broadly tuned neurons in mice may explain the observed species differences in adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathan A Crowder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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12
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Yang Y, Wang Q, Wang SR, Wang Y, Xiao Q. Representation of time interval entrained by periodic stimuli in the visual thalamus of pigeons. eLife 2017; 6:27995. [PMID: 29284554 PMCID: PMC5747522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use the temporal information from previously experienced periodic events to instruct their future behaviors. The retina and cortex are involved in such behavior, but it remains largely unknown how the thalamus, transferring visual information from the retina to the cortex, processes the periodic temporal patterns. Here we report that the luminance cells in the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami (DLA) of pigeons exhibited oscillatory activities in a temporal pattern identical to the rhythmic luminance changes of repetitive light/dark (LD) stimuli with durations in the seconds-to-minutes range. Particularly, after LD stimulation, the DLA cells retained the entrained oscillatory activities with an interval closely matching the duration of the LD cycle. Furthermore, the post-stimulus oscillatory activities of the DLA cells were sustained without feedback inputs from the pallium (equivalent to the mammalian cortex). Our study suggests that the experience-dependent representation of time interval in the brain might not be confined to the pallial/cortical level, but may occur as early as at the thalamic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Incremental learning of perceptual and conceptual representations and the puzzle of neural repetition suppression. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 23:1055-71. [PMID: 27294423 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-015-0855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Incremental learning models of long-term perceptual and conceptual knowledge hold that neural representations are gradually acquired over many individual experiences via Hebbian-like activity-dependent synaptic plasticity across cortical connections of the brain. In such models, variation in task relevance of information, anatomic constraints, and the statistics of sensory inputs and motor outputs lead to qualitative alterations in the nature of representations that are acquired. Here, the proposal that behavioral repetition priming and neural repetition suppression effects are empirical markers of incremental learning in the cortex is discussed, and research results that both support and challenge this position are reviewed. Discussion is focused on a recent fMRI-adaptation study from our laboratory that shows decoupling of experience-dependent changes in neural tuning, priming, and repetition suppression, with representational changes that appear to work counter to the explicit task demands. Finally, critical experiments that may help to clarify and resolve current challenges are outlined.
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Cheyette SJ, Plaut DC. Modeling the N400 ERP component as transient semantic over-activation within a neural network model of word comprehension. Cognition 2016; 162:153-166. [PMID: 27871623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the N400 event-related brain potential has provided fundamental insights into the nature of real-time comprehension processes, and its amplitude is modulated by a wide variety of stimulus and context factors. It is generally thought to reflect the difficulty of semantic access, but formulating a precise characterization of this process has proved difficult. Laszlo and colleagues (Laszlo & Plaut, 2012; Laszlo & Armstrong, 2014) used physiologically constrained neural networks to model the N400 as transient over-activation within semantic representations, arising as a consequence of the distribution of excitation and inhibition within and between cortical areas. The current work extends this approach to successfully model effects on both N400 amplitudes and behavior of word frequency, semantic richness, repetition, semantic and associative priming, and orthographic neighborhood size. The account is argued to be preferable to one based on "implicit semantic prediction error" (Rabovsky & McRae, 2014) for a number of reasons, the most fundamental of which is that the current model actually produces N400-like waveforms in its real-time activation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cheyette
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David C Plaut
- Department of Psychology and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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15
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Wang Y, Wang Y. Neurons in primary visual cortex represent distribution of luminance. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/18/e12966. [PMID: 27655797 PMCID: PMC5037916 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To efficiently detect a wide range of light-intensity changes, visual neurons must adapt to ambient luminance. However, how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) code the distribution of luminance remains unknown. We designed stimuli that represent rapid changes in luminance under different luminance distributions and investigated V1 neuron responses to these novel stimuli. We demonstrate that V1 neurons represent luminance changes by dynamically adjusting their responses when the luminance distribution changes. Many cells (35%) detected luminance changes by responding to dark stimuli when the distribution was dominated by bright stimuli, bright stimuli when dominated by dark stimuli, and both dark and bright stimuli when dominated by intermediate luminance stimuli; 13% of cells signaled the mean luminance that was varied with different distributions; the remaining 52% of cells gradually shifted the responses that were most sensitive to luminance changes when the luminance distribution varied. The remarkable response changes of the former two cell groups suggest their crucial roles in detecting luminance changes. These response characteristics demonstrate that V1 neurons are not only sensitive to luminance change, but also luminance distribution change. They encode luminance changes according to the luminance distribution. Mean cells represent the prevailing luminance and reversal cells represent the salient stimuli in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Kuravi P, Caggiano V, Giese M, Vogels R. Repetition suppression for visual actions in the macaque superior temporal sulcus. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:1324-37. [PMID: 26745246 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00849.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In many brain areas, repetition of a stimulus usually weakens the neural response. This "adaptation" or repetition suppression effect has been observed with mass potential measures such as event-related potentials (ERPs), in fMRI BOLD responses, and locally with local field potentials (LFPs) and spiking activity. Recently, it has been reported that macaque F5 mirror neurons do not show repetition suppression of their spiking activity for single repetitions of hand actions, which disagrees with human fMRI adaptation studies. This finding also contrasts with numerous studies showing repetition suppression in macaque inferior temporal cortex, including the rostral superior temporal sulcus (STS). Since the latter studies employed static stimuli, we assessed here whether the use of dynamic action stimuli abolishes repetition suppression in the awake macaque STS. To assess adaptation effects in the STS, we employed the same hand action movies as used when examining adaptation in F5. The upper bank STS neurons showed repetition suppression during the approaching phase of the hand action, which corresponded to the phase of the action for which these neurons responded overall the strongest. The repetition suppression was present for the spiking activity measured in independent single-unit and multiunit recordings as well as for the LFP power at frequencies > 50 Hz. Together with previous data in F5, these findings suggest that adaptation effects differ between F5 mirror neurons and the STS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kuravi
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martin Giese
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Werner-Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;
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17
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Bachatene L, Bharmauria V, Cattan S, Chanauria N, Rouat J, Molotchnikoff S. Summation of connectivity strengths in the visual cortex reveals stability of neuronal microcircuits after plasticity. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:64. [PMID: 26453336 PMCID: PMC4600218 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within sensory systems, neurons are continuously affected by environmental stimulation. Recently, we showed that, on cell-pair basis, visual adaptation modulates the connectivity strength between similarly tuned neurons to orientation and we suggested that, on a larger scale, the connectivity strength between neurons forming sub-networks could be maintained after adaptation-induced-plasticity. In the present paper, based on the summation of the connectivity strengths, we sought to examine how, within cell-assemblies, functional connectivity is regulated during an exposure-based adaptation. RESULTS Using intrinsic optical imaging combined with electrophysiological recordings following the reconfiguration of the maps of the primary visual cortex by long stimulus exposure, we found that within functionally connected cells, the summed connectivity strengths remain almost equal although connections among individual pairs are modified. Neuronal selectivity appears to be strongly associated with neuronal connectivity in a "homeodynamic" manner which maintains the stability of cortical functional relationships after experience-dependent plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the "homeostatic plasticity concept" giving new perspectives on how the summation in visual cortex leads to the stability within labile neuronal ensembles, depending on the newly acquired properties by neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Bachatene
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Vishal Bharmauria
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Sarah Cattan
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Nayan Chanauria
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean Rouat
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Molotchnikoff
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences de la vision, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Neurosciences Computationnelles et Traitement Intelligent des Signaux (NECOTIS), Département de Génie Électrique et Génie Informatique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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18
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Andrade GN, Butler JS, Mercier MR, Molholm S, Foxe JJ. Spatio-temporal dynamics of adaptation in the human visual system: a high-density electrical mapping study. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:925-39. [PMID: 25688539 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When sensory inputs are presented serially, response amplitudes to stimulus repetitions generally decrease as a function of presentation rate, diminishing rapidly as inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) fall below 1 s. This 'adaptation' is believed to represent mechanisms by which sensory systems reduce responsivity to consistent environmental inputs, freeing resources to respond to potentially more relevant inputs. While auditory adaptation functions have been relatively well characterized, considerably less is known about visual adaptation in humans. Here, high-density visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded while two paradigms were used to interrogate visual adaptation. The first presented stimulus pairs with varying ISIs, comparing VEP amplitude to the second stimulus with that of the first (paired-presentation). The second involved blocks of stimulation (N = 100) at various ISIs and comparison of VEP amplitude between blocks of differing ISIs (block-presentation). Robust VEP modulations were evident as a function of presentation rate in the block-paradigm, with strongest modulations in the 130-150 ms and 160-180 ms visual processing phases. In paired-presentations, with ISIs of just 200-300 ms, an enhancement of VEP was evident when comparing S2 with S1, with no significant effect of presentation rate. Importantly, in block-presentations, adaptation effects were statistically robust at the individual participant level. These data suggest that a more taxing block-presentation paradigm is better suited to engage visual adaptation mechanisms than a paired-presentation design. The increased sensitivity of the visual processing metric obtained in the block-paradigm has implications for the examination of visual processing deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizely N Andrade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building - Wing 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Departments of Psychology & Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Haag LM, Heba S, Lenz M, Glaubitz B, Höffken O, Kalisch T, Puts NA, Edden RAE, Tegenthoff M, Dinse H, Schmidt-Wilcke T. Resting BOLD fluctuations in the primary somatosensory cortex correlate with tactile acuity. Cortex 2014; 64:20-8. [PMID: 25461704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensory perception, including 2-point discrimination (2 ptD), is tightly linked to cortical processing of tactile stimuli in primary somatosensory cortices. While the role of cortical activity in response to a tactile stimulus has been widely investigated, the role of baseline cortical activity is largely unknown. Using resting state fMRI we investigated the relationship between local BOLD fluctuations in the primary somatosensory cortex (the representational field of the hand) and 2 ptD of the corresponding index finger (right and left). Cortical activity was measured using fractional amplitudes of the low frequency BOLD fluctuations (fALFF) and synchronicity using regional homogeneity (ReHo) of the S1 hand region during rest. 2 ptD correlated with higher ReHo values in the representational areas of the contralateral S1 cortex (left hand: p = .028; right hand: p = .049). 2 ptD additionally correlated with higher fALFF in the representational area of the left hand (p = .007) and showed a trend for a significant correlation in the representational area of the right hand (p = .051). Thus, higher BOLD amplitudes and synchronicity at rest, as measures of cortical activity and synchronicity, respectively, are related to better tactile discrimination abilities of the contralateral hand. Our findings extend the relationship seen between spontaneous BOLD fluctuations and sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Haag
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Heba
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Melanie Lenz
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Glaubitz
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Oliver Höffken
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Tobias Kalisch
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Nicholaas A Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Martin Tegenthoff
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Hubert Dinse
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Li Z, Ouyang G, Yao L, Li X. Estimating the correlation between bursty spike trains and local field potentials. Neural Netw 2014; 57:63-72. [PMID: 24945471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To further understand rhythmic neuronal synchronization, an increasingly useful method is to determine the relationship between the spiking activity of individual neurons and the local field potentials (LFPs) of neural ensembles. Spike field coherence (SFC) is a widely used method for measuring the synchronization between spike trains and LFPs. However, due to the strong dependency of SFC on the burst index, it is not suitable for analyzing the relationship between bursty spike trains and LFPs, particularly in high frequency bands. To address this issue, we developed a method called weighted spike field correlation (WSFC), which uses the first spike in each burst multiple times to estimate the relationship. In the calculation, the number of times that the first spike is used is equal to the spike count per burst. The performance of this method was demonstrated using simulated bursty spike trains and LFPs, which comprised sinusoids with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases. This method was also used to estimate the correlation between pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and gamma oscillations in rats performing behaviors. Analyses using simulated and real data demonstrated that the WSFC method is a promising measure for estimating the correlation between bursty spike trains and high frequency LFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Ocker GK, Doiron B. Kv7 channels regulate pairwise spiking covariability in health and disease. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:340-52. [PMID: 24790164 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00084.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-threshold M currents are mediated by the Kv7 family of potassium channels. Kv7 channels are important regulators of spiking activity, having a direct influence on the firing rate, spike time variability, and filter properties of neurons. How Kv7 channels affect the joint spiking activity of populations of neurons is an important and open area of study. Using a combination of computational simulations and analytic calculations, we show that the activation of Kv7 conductances reduces the covariability between spike trains of pairs of neurons driven by common inputs. This reduction is beyond that explained by the lowering of firing rates and involves an active cancellation of common fluctuations in the membrane potentials of the cell pair. Our theory shows that the excess covariance reduction is due to a Kv7-induced shift from low-pass to band-pass filtering of the single neuron spike train response. Dysfunction of Kv7 conductances is related to a number of neurological diseases characterized by both elevated firing rates and increased network-wide correlations. We show how changes in the activation or strength of Kv7 conductances give rise to excess correlations that cannot be compensated for by synaptic scaling or homeostatic modulation of passive membrane properties. In contrast, modulation of Kv7 activation parameters consistent with pharmacological treatments for certain hyperactivity disorders can restore normal firing rates and spiking correlations. Our results provide key insights into how regulation of a ubiquitous potassium channel class can control the coordination of population spiking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Koch Ocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brent Doiron
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Stimulus repetition modulates gamma-band synchronization in primate visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3626-31. [PMID: 24554080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309714111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a sensory stimulus repeats, neuronal firing rate and functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent responses typically decline, yet perception and behavioral performance either stay constant or improve. An additional aspect of neuronal activity is neuronal synchronization, which can enhance the impact of neurons onto their postsynaptic targets independent of neuronal firing rates. We show that stimulus repetition leads to profound changes of neuronal gamma-band (∼40-90 Hz) synchronization. Electrocorticographic recordings in two awake macaque monkeys demonstrated that repeated presentations of a visual grating stimulus resulted in a steady increase of visually induced gamma-band activity in area V1, gamma-band synchronization between areas V1 and V4, and gamma-band activity in area V4. Microelectrode recordings in area V4 of two additional monkeys under the same stimulation conditions allowed a direct comparison of firing rates and gamma-band synchronization strengths for multiunit activity (MUA), as well as for isolated single units, sorted into putative pyramidal cells and putative interneurons. MUA and putative interneurons showed repetition-related decreases in firing rate, yet increases in gamma-band synchronization. Putative pyramidal cells showed no repetition-related firing rate change, but a decrease in gamma-band synchronization for weakly stimulus-driven units and constant gamma-band synchronization for strongly driven units. We propose that the repetition-related changes in gamma-band synchronization maintain the interareal stimulus signaling and sharpen the stimulus representation by gamma-synchronized pyramidal cell spikes.
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23
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Information theory of adaptation in neurons, behavior, and mood. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 25:47-53. [PMID: 24709600 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to make accurate predictions of future stimuli and consequences of one's actions are crucial for the survival and appropriate decision-making. These predictions are constantly being made at different levels of the nervous system. This is evidenced by adaptation to stimulus parameters in sensory coding, and in learning of an up-to-date model of the environment at the behavioral level. This review will discuss recent findings that actions of neurons and animals are selected based on detailed stimulus history in such a way as to maximize information for achieving the task at hand. Information maximization dictates not only how sensory coding should adapt to various statistical aspects of stimuli, but also that reward function should adapt to match the predictive information from past to future.
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24
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The Measurement of Information Transmitted by a Neural Population: Promises and Challenges. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15093507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Kaliukhovich DA, De Baene W, Vogels R. Effect of adaptation on object representation accuracy in macaque inferior temporal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:777-89. [PMID: 23469883 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stimulus repetition produces a decrease of the response in many cortical areas and different modalities. This adaptation is highly prominent in macaque inferior temporal (IT) neurons. Here we ask how these repetition-induced changes in IT responses affect the accuracy by which IT neurons encode objects. This question bears on the functional consequences of adaptation, which are still unclear. We recorded the responses of single IT neurons to sequences of familiar shapes, each shown for 300 msec with an ISI of the same duration. The difference in shape between the two successively presented stimuli,that is, adapter and test, varied parametrically. The discriminability of the test stimuli was reduced for repeated compared with nonrepeated stimuli. In some conditions for which adapter and test shapes differed, the cross-adaptation resulted in an enhanced discriminability. These single cell results were confirmed in a second experiment in which we recorded multiunit spiking activity using a laminar microelectrode in macaque IT. Two familiar stimuli were presented successively for 500 msec each and separated with an ISI of the same duration. Trials consisted either of a repetition of the same stimulus or of their alternation. Small neuronal populations showed decreased classification accuracy for repeated compared with nonrepeated test stimuli, but classification was enhanced for the test compared with adapter stimuli when the test stimulus differed from recently seen stimuli. These findings suggest that short-term, stimulus-specific adaptation in IT supports efficient coding of stimuli that differ from recently seen ones while impairing the coding of repeated stimuli.
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26
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Heerebout BT, Tap AY, Rotteveel M, Phaf RH. Gamma flicker elicits positive affect without awareness. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:281-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Doesburg SM, Ibrahim GM, Smith ML, Sharma R, Viljoen A, Chu B, Rutka JT, Snead OC, Pang EW. Altered Rolandic gamma-band activation associated with motor impairment and ictal network desynchronization in childhood epilepsy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54943. [PMID: 23383007 PMCID: PMC3557278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is associated with an abnormal expression of neural oscillations and their synchronization across brain regions. Oscillatory brain activation and synchronization also play an important role in cognition, perception and motor control. Childhood epilepsy is associated with a variety of cognitive and motor deficits, but the relationship between altered functional brain responses in various frequency ranges and functional impairment in these children remains poorly understood. We investigated functional magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses from motor cortex in multiple functionally relevant frequency bands following median nerve stimulation in twelve children with epilepsy, including four children with motor impairments. We demonstrated that children with motor impairments exhibit an excessive gamma-band response from Rolandic cortex, and that the magnitude of this Rolandic gamma response is negatively associated with motor function. Abnormal responses from motor cortex were also associated with ictal desynchronization of oscillations within Rolandic cortex measured using intracranial EEG (iEEG). These results provide the evidence that ictal disruption of motor networks is associated with an altered functional response from motor cortex, which is in turn associated with motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Doesburg
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Abstract
In the absence of sensory input, neuronal networks are far from being silent. Whether spontaneous changes in ongoing activity reflect previous sensory experience or stochastic fluctuations in brain activity is not well understood. Here we describe reactivation of stimulus-evoked activity in awake visual cortical networks. We found that continuous exposure to randomly flashed image sequences induces reactivation in macaque V4 cortical networks in the absence of visual stimulation. This reactivation of previously evoked activity is stimulus-specific, occurs only in the same temporal order as the original response, and strengthens with increased stimulus exposures. Importantly, cells exhibiting significant reactivation carry more information about the stimulus than cells that do not reactivate. These results demonstrate a surprising degree of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortical networks as a result of repeated exposure to unattended information. We suggest that awake reactivation in visual cortex may underlie perceptual learning by passive stimulus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Eagleman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
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Disruption of rolandic gamma-band functional connectivity by seizures is associated with motor impairments in children with epilepsy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39326. [PMID: 22737233 PMCID: PMC3380842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although children with epilepsy exhibit numerous neurological and cognitive deficits, the mechanisms underlying these impairments remain unclear. Synchronization of oscillatory neural activity in the gamma frequency range (>30 Hz) is purported to be a mechanism mediating functional integration within neuronal networks supporting cognition, perception and action. Here, we tested the hypothesis that seizure-induced alterations in gamma synchronization are associated with functional deficits. By calculating synchrony among electrodes and performing graph theoretical analysis, we assessed functional connectivity and local network structure of the hand motor area of children with focal epilepsy from intracranial electroencephalographic recordings. A local decrease in inter-electrode phase synchrony in the gamma bands during ictal periods, relative to interictal periods, within the motor cortex was strongly associated with clinical motor weakness. Gamma-band ictal desychronization was a stronger predictor of deficits than the presence of the seizure-onset zone or lesion within the motor cortex. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude of ictal desychronization and impairment of motor dexterity in the contralateral, but not ipsilateral hand. There was no association between ictal desynchronization within the hand motor area and non-motor deficits. This study uniquely demonstrates that seizure-induced disturbances in cortical functional connectivity are associated with network-specific neurological deficits.
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Kaliukhovich DA, Vogels R. Stimulus repetition affects both strength and synchrony of macaque inferior temporal cortical activity. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:3509-27. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00059.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetition of a visual stimulus reduces the firing rate of macaque inferior temporal (IT) neurons. The neural mechanisms underlying this adaptation or repetition suppression are still unclear. In particular, we do not know how the IT circuit is affected by stimulus repetition. To address this, we measured local field potentials (LFPs) and multiunit spiking activity (MUA) simultaneously at 16 sites with a laminar electrode in IT while repeating visual images. Stimulus exposures and interstimulus intervals were each 500 ms. The rhesus monkeys were performing a passive fixation task during the recordings. Induced LFP power decreased with repetition for spectral frequencies above 60 Hz but increased with repetition for lower frequencies, the latter because of a delayed decrease in power when repeating a stimulus. LFP-LFP and MUA-LFP coherences decreased with repetition for frequencies above 60 Hz. This repetition suppression of the MUA-LFP coherence was not due to differences in firing rate since it was present when spike counts were equated for the adapter and repeated stimuli. For frequencies between 15 and 40 Hz, the effect of repetition on synchronization depended on the electrode depth: For the putative superficial layers synchronization was enhanced with repetition, while the LFPs of the putative deep layers decreased their synchrony across layers. The between-site, trial-to-trial covariations in MUA (“noise correlations”) decreased with repetition, but this might have reflected repetition suppression of the firing rate. This work demonstrates that short-term stimulus repetition affects the synchronized activity, in addition to response strength, in IT cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, K.U. Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
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Gotts SJ, Chow CC, Martin A. Repetition Priming and Repetition Suppression: A Case for Enhanced Efficiency Through Neural Synchronization. Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:227-237. [PMID: 23144664 PMCID: PMC3491809 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.670617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulus repetition in identification tasks leads to improved behavioral performance ("repetition priming") but attenuated neural responses ("repetition suppression") throughout task-engaged cortical regions. While it's clear that this pervasive brain-behavior relationship reflects some form of improved processing efficiency, the exact form that it takes remains elusive. In this Discussion Paper, we review four different theoretical proposals that have the potential to link repetition suppression and priming, with a particular focus on a proposal that stimulus repetition affects improved efficiency through enhanced neural synchronization. We argue that despite exciting recent work on the role of neural synchronization in cognitive processes such as attention and perception, similar studies in the domain of learning and memory - and priming, in particular - have been lacking. We emphasize the need for new studies with adequate spatiotemporal resolution, formulate several novel predictions, and discuss our ongoing efforts to disentangle the current proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Gotts
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carson C. Chow
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gotts SJ, Chow CC, Martin A. Repetition priming and repetition suppression: Multiple mechanisms in need of testing. Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:250-9. [PMID: 24171755 PMCID: PMC6454549 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.697054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In our Discussion Paper, we reviewed four theoretical proposals that have the potential to link the neural and behavioral phenomena of Repetition Suppression and Repetition Priming. We argued that among these proposals, the Synchrony and Bayesian Explaining Away models appear to be the most promising in addressing existing data, and we articulated a series of predictions to distinguish between them. The commentaries have helped to clarify some of these predictions, have highlighted additional evidence supporting the Facilitation and Sharpening models, and have emphasized dissociations by repetition lag and brain location. Our reply addresses these issues in turn, and we argue that progress will require the testing of Repetition Suppression, changes in neural tuning, and changes in synchronization throughout the brain and over a variety of lags and task contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Gotts
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carson C. Chow
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hagan MA, Dean HL, Pesaran B. Spike-field activity in parietal area LIP during coordinated reach and saccade movements. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:1275-90. [PMID: 22157119 PMCID: PMC3311693 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00867.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex is situated between visual and motor areas and supports coordinated visually guided behavior. Area LIP in the intraparietal sulcus contains representations of visual space and has been extensively studied in the context of saccades. However, area LIP has not been studied during coordinated movements, so it is not known whether saccadic representations in area LIP are influenced by coordinated behavior. Here, we studied spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity in area LIP while subjects performed coordinated reaches and saccades or saccades alone to remembered target locations to test whether activity in area LIP is influenced by the presence of a coordinated reach. We find that coordination significantly changes the activity of individual neurons in area LIP, increasing or decreasing the firing rate when a reach is made with a saccade compared with when a saccade is made alone. Analyzing spike-field coherence demonstrates that area LIP neurons whose firing rate is suppressed during the coordinated task have activity temporally correlated with nearby LFP activity, which reflects the synaptic activity of populations of neurons. Area LIP neurons whose firing rate increases during the coordinated task do not show significant spike-field coherence. Furthermore, LFP power in area LIP is suppressed and does not increase when a coordinated reach is made with a saccade. These results demonstrate that area LIP neurons display different responses to coordinated reach and saccade movements, and that different spike rate responses are associated with different patterns of correlated activity. The population of neurons whose firing rate is suppressed is coherently active with local populations of LIP neurons. Overall, these results suggest that area LIP plays a role in coordinating visually guided actions through suppression of coherent patterns of saccade-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Hagan
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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