1
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Oh SH, Choe S, Song M, Schauer JJ, Yu GH, Bae MS. Impact of terephthalic acid emissions from intensive nocturnal biomass incineration on oxidative potential in Seoul, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173587. [PMID: 38810754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of large-scale incineration facilities on PM2.5 levels in Seoul during winter. Due to the challenge of obtaining accurate combustion data from external sources, heat supply records were used as a proxy for combustion activity. To assess health risks, dithiothreitol-oxidative potential (DTT-OP) was analyzed to identify potential hazards to human health. By comparing DTT-OP with PM2.5 sources related to combustion, the study aimed to understand the impact of local pollution sources on human health in Seoul. The diurnal analysis showed that oxidative potential (0.19 μM/m3) and the biomass burning factor (5.53 μg/m3) peaked between 4:00 and 8:00 AM, with lower levels observed from 12:00 to 20:00. A significant correlation was found between combustion sources and oxidative potential, with a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.92). The presence of terephthalic acid (TPA) in the Cellulose combustion source profile, which is produced by the pyrolysis of plastics like polyester fiber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), further supported the link to emissions from incineration facilities. These findings suggest that the biomass burning source is strongly correlated with DTT-OP, indicating a significant association with health risks among various local sources of PM2.5 in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sea-Ho Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeong Choe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungki Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, USA
| | - Geun-Hye Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Dominutti PA, Thera BTP, Colomb A, Borbon A. Composition and chemical processing of volatile organic compounds in boundary layer polluted plumes: Insights from an airborne Q-PTR-MS on-board the French ATR-42 aircraft. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173311. [PMID: 38782275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the French ATR-42 research aircraft explored contrasting polluted plumes in the Paris megacity, the North-West Mediterranean Basin (WMB) and South West Africa (SWA) in the framework of the MEGAPOLI, ChArMEx/SAFMED and DACCIWA international projects, respectively. Major VOCs were measured by a high-sensitivity airborne Quadrupole Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (Q-PTR-MS), showing a robust and consistent response. Regardless of the location, the air mass composition is dominated by oxygenated VOC (OVOC: methanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and isoprene oxidation products), which explain 70 % of the total VOC burden measured by the Q-PTR-MS. The distribution between OVOC, anthropogenic AVOC and biogenic BVOC is consistent between the three regions. The calculated OH loss rates (12 s-1) and ozone-forming potential (1200 OFP-relative ppb) are three times higher in the SWA plumes. These values are consistent with the calculated and measured reactivities at the ground. The reactivity of the plumes is by far dominated by biogenic BVOC. The chemical processing of VOC was examined by establishing various metrics linking Δ[O/VOC] (VOC or oxygenated VOC), plume dilution and the time processing of the plume (cumulative OH exposure Δt[OH] and the linear decay of primary AVOC and the production/decay of secondary OVOC). As expected, ∆[Ox]/∆[CO] increases with Δt[OH], with significant R2 (0.58 to 0.93). AVOC (aromatics) usually show a decay rate between -0.5 and -3.2 pptAVOC ppbCO-1 per hour, while OVOC either show an increase (secondary production) or a decrease. The production rate is by far the strongest, up to 18 pptOVOC ppbCO-1 per hour (acetaldehyde) during the eastern flight 33 in Paris. Our results set a benchmark for future photochemical studies to compare with. While the anthropogenic origin of some BVOC (terpenoids) and interferences are not excluded, it also emphasizes the importance of the VOC biogenic fraction in anthropogenically influenced environments, which is expected to increase in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Dominutti
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), F-63000 Clemont-Ferrand, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Baye T P Thera
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), F-63000 Clemont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Colomb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), F-63000 Clemont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnès Borbon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), F-63000 Clemont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Zhai S, Jacob DJ, Franco B, Clarisse L, Coheur P, Shah V, Bates KH, Lin H, Dang R, Sulprizio MP, Huey LG, Moore FL, Jaffe DA, Liao H. Transpacific Transport of Asian Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Observed from Satellite: Implications for Ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9760-9769. [PMID: 38775357 PMCID: PMC11155249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is produced in the atmosphere by photochemical oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx), and it can be transported over long distances at cold temperatures before decomposing thermally to release NOx in the remote troposphere. It is both a tracer and a precursor for transpacific ozone pollution transported from East Asia to North America. Here, we directly demonstrate this transport with PAN satellite observations from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI). We reprocess the IASI PAN retrievals by replacing the constant prior vertical profile with vertical shape factors from the GEOS-Chem model that capture the contrasting shapes observed from aircraft over South Korea (KORUS-AQ) and the North Pacific (ATom). The reprocessed IASI PAN observations show maximum transpacific transport of East Asian pollution in spring, with events over the Northeast Pacific offshore from the Western US associated in GEOS-Chem with elevated ozone in the lower free troposphere. However, these events increase surface ozone in the US by less than 1 ppbv because the East Asian pollution mainly remains offshore as it circulates the Pacific High.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixian Zhai
- Earth
and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduation Division of Earth
and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin , Hong Kong SAR, China
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bruno Franco
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clarisse
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Pierre Coheur
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Viral Shah
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- NOAA
Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories,
& Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Haipeng Lin
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ruijun Dang
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fred L. Moore
- NOAA Global
Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jaffe
- School
of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment
and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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4
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Lee SJ, Ju JT, Lee JJ, Song CK, Shin SA, Jung HJ, Shin HJ, Choi SD. Mapping nationwide concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in ambient PM 2.5 in South Korea using machine learning with ground observation data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171884. [PMID: 38527532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant in Northeast Asia, with frequent high PM episodes. To investigate the nationwide spatial distribution maps of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosols in South Korea, prediction models for mapping SO42- and NO3- concentrations in PM2.5 were developed using machine learning with ground-based observation data. Specifically, the random forest algorithm was used in this study to predict the SO42- and NO3- concentrations at 548 air quality monitoring stations located within the representative radii of eight intensive air quality monitoring stations. The average concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and NO3- across the entire nation were 17.2 ± 2.8, 3.0 ± 0.6, and 3.4 ± 1.2 μg/m3, respectively. The spatial distributions of SO42- and NO3- concentrations in 2021 revealed elevated concentrations in both the western and central regions of South Korea. This result suggests that SO42- concentrations were primarily influenced by industrial activities rather than vehicle emissions, whereas NO3- concentrations were more associated with vehicle emissions. During a high PM2.5 event (November 19-21, 2021), the concentration of SO42- was primarily influenced by SOX emissions from China, while the concentration of NO3- was affected by NOX emissions from both China and Korea. The methodology developed in this study can be used to explore the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution. It can also provide valuable insights for the nationwide mitigation of secondary PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Ju
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jae Lee
- Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-A Shin
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Jung
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Research and Management Center for Particulate Matter in the Southeast Region of Korea, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jo HY, Park J, Heo G, Lee HJ, Jeon W, Kim JM, Kim S, Kim JK, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang B, Kim CH. Interpretation of the effects of anthropogenic chlorine on nitrate formation over northeast Asia during KORUS-AQ 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164920. [PMID: 37331392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model, implemented with anthropogenic chlorine (Cl) emissions, was evaluated against ground and NASA DC-8 aircraft measurements during the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) 2016 campaign. The latest anthropogenic Cl emissions, including gaseous HCl and particulate chloride (pCl-) emissions from the Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory of China (ACEIC-2014) (over China) and a global emissions inventory (Zhang et al., 2022) (over outer China), were used to examine the impacts of Cl emissions and the role of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) chemistry in N2O5 heterogeneous reactions on secondary nitrate (NO3-) formation across the Korean Peninsula. The model results against aircraft measurements clearly showed significant Cl- underestimations due mainly to the high gas-particle (G/P) partitioning ratios at aircraft measurement altitudes such as 700-850 hPa, but the ClNO2 simulations were reasonable. Several simulations of CMAQ-based sensitivity experiments against ground measurements indicated that although addition of Cl emission did not significantly alter NO3- formation, the activated ClNO2 chemistry with Cl emissions showed the best model performance with the reduced normalized mean bias (NMB) of 18.7 % compared to a value of 21.1 % for the Cl emissions-free case. In our model evaluation, ClNO2 accumulated during the night but quickly produced Cl radical due to ClNO2 photolysis at sunrise, which modulated other oxidation radicals (e.g., ozone [O3] and hydrogen oxide radicals [HOx]) in the early morning. In the morning hours (0800-1000 LST), the HOx were the dominant oxidants, contributing 86.6 % of the total oxidation capacity (sum of major oxidants such as O3 and HOx species), while oxidability was enhanced by up to ∼6.4 % (increase in 1 h HOx average of 2.89 × 106 molecules·cm-3) in the early morning mainly due to the changes in OH (+7.2 %), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2)(+10.0 %), and O3 (+4.2 %) over the Seoul Metropolitan Area, during the KORUS-AQ campaign. Our results improve understanding of the atmospheric changes in the PM2.5 formation pathway caused by ClNO2 chemistry and Cl emissions over northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Jo
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeoung Park
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gookyoung Heo
- National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, Ministry of Environment, Cheongju 28166, Republic of Korea; Now at Environmental Satellite Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbae Jeon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Kang YH, Son K, Kim BU, Chang Y, Kim HC, Schwarz JP, Kim S. Adjusting elemental carbon emissions in Northeast Asia using observed surface concentrations of downwind area and simulated contributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108069. [PMID: 37419059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a practical approach to augment elemental carbon (EC) emissions to improve the reproducibility of the most recent air quality with photochemical grid modeling in support of source-receptor relationship analysis. We demonstrated the usefulness of this approach with a series of simulations for EC concentrations over Northeast Asia during the 2016 Korea-United States Air Quality study. Considering the difficulty of acquiring EC observational data in foreign countries, our approach takes two steps: (1) augmenting upwind EC emissions based on simulated upwind contributions and observational data at a downwind EC monitor considered as the most representative monitor for upwind influences and (2) adjusting downwind EC emissions based on simulated downwind contributions, including the effects of updated upwind emissions from the first step and observational data at the downwind EC monitors. The emission adjustment approach resulted in EC emissions 2.5 times higher than the original emissions in the modeling domain. The EC concentration in the downwind area was observed to be 1.0 μg m-3 during the study period, while the simulated EC concentration was 0.5 μg m-3 before the emission adjustment. After the adjustment, the normalized mean error of the daily mean EC concentration decreased from 48 % to 22 % at ground monitor locations. We found that the EC simulation results were improved at high altitudes, and the contribution of the upwind areas was greater than that of the downwind areas for EC concentrations downwind with or without emission adjustment. This implies that collaborating with upwind regions is essential to alleviate high EC concentrations in downwind areas. The developed emission adjustment approach can be used for any upwind or downwind area when transboundary air pollution mitigation is needed because it provides better reproducibility of the most recent air quality through modeling with improved emission data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hee Kang
- Environmental Research Institute, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuwon Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA 30354, United States
| | - YuWoon Chang
- Department of Air Quality Research, Climate and Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, MD 20742, United States; Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Joshua P Schwarz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Yang X, Zhang J, Xu Z. Natural resources for policy makers: Revisiting COVID-19 perspective of aggregate South Asian economies. RESOURCES POLICY 2023; 83:103731. [PMID: 37216047 PMCID: PMC10192600 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of covid-19 affected human lives and the global environment. Further, literature on the nexus of natural resources and economic growth, initiating the pandemic in the 21st century has confronted policymakers with uncertainty. This requires revisiting the link between natural resources and the economic performance of the South Asian economies. For this purpose, the present study has tried to investigate the role of natural resources in the economic growth of the aggregate South Asian economies during the Covid-19 challenge. The analysis has been completed by a novel approach of MMQR taking data from 1980 to 2021. The oil rents have negatively affected the economic growth may be due to its lower demand during the pandemic caused by lockdown activity. The trade and electricity produced from renewable improve the economic performance of the designated sample economies. The results provide evidence of the irreversible investment theory. The analysis implies that efficient policies for natural resources, specifically oil prices, are required to encourage the South Asian economies' role. Further, the positivity of electricity production from renewable gives rise to the growth hypothesis, which depicts that using renewable energy enhances the economic growth of South Asian economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- School of Business Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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8
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Kim N, Yum SS, Cho S, Jung J, Lee G, Kim H. Atmospheric sulfate formation in the Seoul Metropolitan Area during spring/summer: Effect of trace metal ions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120379. [PMID: 36240964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the effort to control SO2 emission, sulfate is still one of the major inorganic components of PM2.5 in urban area. Moreover, there is still a lack of understanding of the sulfate formation mechanism via SO2 oxidation under various ambient conditions. In this study, we focus on sulfate formation during a haze pollution episode in the spring/summertime of 2016 in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). During the pollution episode, PM2.5 mass concentration exceeded over 60 μg m-3, and sulfate accounted for about 25% of the total PM2.5 mass concentration. A sharp increase of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) values along with aerosol liquid water content (AWC) under humid conditions could be ascribed to an apparent contribution of aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 of sulfate formation during the pollution period. Comparisons of SOR values with four representative oxidants for the aqueous-phase oxidation (i.e., NO2, H2O2, O3, and TMIs) indicated that TMIs concentration, especially for Mn (II), showed the best positive correlation. Furthermore, for calculating the sulfate production rate, the contribution of TMIs concentration was found to be dominant within the pH range in SMA (2.1-3.0), which was determined by the chemical composition and derived AWC. These results imply that not only the SO2 emission but also other chemical components (e.g., TMI and nitrate) would play a critical combined role in sulfate formation under urban haze condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Yum
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, 03722, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seogju Cho
- Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, 13818, Gwacheon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsang Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Science Division, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 17035, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Li Y, Du A, Lei L, Sun J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Tang G, Song S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Sun Y. Vertically Resolved Aerosol Chemistry in the Low Boundary Layer of Beijing in Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9312-9324. [PMID: 35708253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in Beijing has been improved significantly in recent years; however, our knowledge of the vertically resolved aerosol chemistry in summer remains poor. Here, we carried out comprehensive measurements of aerosol composition, gaseous species, and aerosol optical properties on a meteorological tower in Beijing in summer and compared with those measured in winter. Our results showed that aerosol liquid water (ALW) contributing approximately 50% of the total mass with higher values aloft played a crucial role in aerosol formation. Particularly, the higher nitrate concentration in city aloft than at the ground level during daytime was mainly due to the enhanced gas-particle partitioning driven by ALW and particle acidity. The vertical profiles of organic aerosol (OA) factors varied more differently in the urban boundary layer. Although the ubiquitous decreases in primary OA with the increase in height were mainly due to the influences of local emissions and vertical convection, the vertical differences in oxygenated OA between summer and winter may be related to the photochemical processing of different biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. The single-scattering albedo, brown carbon, and absorption Ångstrom exponent of aerosol particles also presented different vertical profiles between day and night due to the vertical changes in aerosol chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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Bae M, Kim BU, Kim HC, Woo JH, Kim S. An observation-based adjustment method of regional contribution estimation from upwind emissions to downwind PM 2.5 concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107214. [PMID: 35385813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method to adjust contributions from upwind emissions to downwind PM2.5 concentrations to account for the differences between observed and simulated PM2.5 concentrations in an upwind area. Emissions inventories (EI) typically have a time lag between the inventory year and the release year. In addition, traditional emission control policies and social issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic cause steady or unexpected changes in anthropogenic emissions. These uncertainties could result in overestimation of the emission impacts of upwind areas on downwind areas if emissions used in modeling for the upwind areas were larger than the reality. In this study, South Korea was defined as the downwind area while other regions in Northeast Asia including China were defined as the upwind areas to evaluate applicability of the proposed adjustment method. We estimated the contribution of emissions released from the upwind areas to PM2.5 concentrations in South Korea from 2015 to 2020 using a three-dimensional photochemical model with two EIs. In these two simulations for 2015-2020, the annual mean foreign contributions differed by 4.1-5.5 µg/m3. However, after adjustment, the differences decreased to 0.4-1.1 µg/m3. The adjusted annual mean foreign contributions were 12.7 and 8.8 µg/m3 during 2015-2017 and 2018-2020, respectively. Finally, we applied the adjustment method to the COVID-19 pandemic period to evaluate the applicability for short-term episodes. The foreign contribution of PM2.5 during the lockdown period in China decreased by 30% after adjustment and the PM2.5 normalized mean bias in South Korea improved from 15% to -4%. This result suggests that the upwind contribution adjustment can be used to alleviate the uncertainty of the emissions inventory used in air quality simulations. We believe that the proposed upwind contribution adjustment method can help to correctly understand the contributions of local and upwind emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in downwind areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea.
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA 30354, USA.
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Jung Hun Woo
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea.
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11
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Choi J, Henze DK, Cao H, Nowlan CR, González Abad G, Kwon H, Lee H, Oak YJ, Park RJ, Bates KH, Maasakkers JD, Wisthaler A, Weinheimer AJ. An Inversion Framework for Optimizing Non-Methane VOC Emissions Using Remote Sensing and Airborne Observations in Northeast Asia During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD035844. [PMID: 35865789 PMCID: PMC9285978 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We aim to reduce uncertainties in CH2O and other volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions through assimilation of remote sensing data. We first update a three-dimensional (3D) chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem with the KORUSv5 anthropogenic emission inventory and inclusion of chemistry for aromatics and C2H4, leading to modest improvements in simulation of CH2O (normalized mean bias (NMB): -0.57 to -0.51) and O3 (NMB: -0.25 to -0.19) compared against DC-8 aircraft measurements during KORUS-AQ; the mixing ratio of most VOC species are still underestimated. We next constrain VOC emissions using CH2O observations from two satellites (OMI and OMPS) and the DC-8 aircraft during KORUS-AQ. To utilize data from multiple platforms in a consistent manner, we develop a two-step Hybrid Iterative Finite Difference Mass Balance and four-dimensional variational inversion system (Hybrid IFDMB-4DVar). The total VOC emissions throughout the domain increase by 47%. The a posteriori simulation reduces the low biases of simulated CH2O (NMB: -0.51 to -0.15), O3 (NMB: -0.19 to -0.06), and VOCs. Alterations to the VOC speciation from the 4D-Var inversion include increases of biogenic isoprene emissions in Korea and anthropogenic emissions in Eastern China. We find that the IFDMB method alone is adequate for reducing the low biases of VOCs in general; however, 4D-Var provides additional refinement of high-resolution emissions and their speciation. Defining reasonable emission errors and choosing optimal regularization parameters are crucial parts of the inversion system. Our new hybrid inversion framework can be applied for future air quality campaigns, maximizing the value of integrating measurements from current and upcoming geostationary satellite instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyul Choi
- Environmental Engineering ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hyung‐Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yujin J. Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied PhysicsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Andrew J. Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
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12
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Satellite-Based Diagnosis and Numerical Verification of Ozone Formation Regimes over Nine Megacities in East Asia. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Urban photochemical ozone (O3) formation regimes (NOx- and VOC-limited regimes) at nine megacities in East Asia were diagnosed based on near-surface O3 columns from 900 to 700 hPa, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO), which were inferred from measurements by ozone-monitoring instruments (OMI) for 2014–2018. The nine megacities included Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanghai, Seoul, Busan, Tokyo, and Osaka. The space-borne HCHO–to–NO2 ratio (FNR) inferred from the OMI was applied to nine megacities and verified by a series of sensitivity tests of Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) simulations by halving the NOx and VOC emissions. The results showed that the satellite-based FNRs ranged from 1.20 to 2.62 and the regimes over the nine megacities were identified as almost NOx-saturated conditions, while the domain-averaged FNR in East Asia was >2. The results of WRF–Chem sensitivity modeling show that O3 increased when the NOx emissions reduced, whereas VOC emission reduction showed a significant decrease in O3, confirming the characteristics of VOC-limited conditions in all of the nine megacities. When both NOx and VOC emissions were reduced, O3 decreased in most cities, but increased in the three lowest-FNRs megacities, such as Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo, where weakened O3 titration caused by NOx reduction had a larger enough effect to offset O3 suppression induced by the decrease in VOCs. Our model results, therefore, indicated that the immediate VOC emission reduction is a key controlling factor to decrease megacity O3 in East Asia, and also suggested that both VOC and NOx reductions may not be of broad utility in O3 abatement in megacities and should be considered judiciously in highly NOx-saturated cities in East Asia.
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13
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Effects of Air Pollutants on Summer Precipitation in Different Regions of Beijing. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that air pollutants have complex impacts on urban precipitation. Meteorological weather station and satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product data from the last 20 years, combined with simulation results from the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), this paper focuses on the effects of air pollutants on summer precipitation in different regions of Beijing. These results showed that air pollution intensity during the summer affected the precipitation contribution rate (PCR) of plains and mountainous regions in the Beijing area, especially in the plains. Over the past 20 years, plains PCR increased by ~10% when the AOD augmented by 0.15, whereas it decreased with lower pollution levels. In contrast, PCR in mountainous areas decreased with higher pollution levels and increased with lower pollution levels. Our analysis from model results indicated that aerosol increases reduce the effective particle size of cloud droplets and raindrops. Smaller cloud raindrops more readily transport to high air layers and participate in the generation of ice-phase substances in the clouds, increasing the total amount of cloud water in the air in a certain time, which ultimately enhanced precipitation intensity on the plains. The removal of pollutants caused by increased precipitation in the plains decreased rainfall levels in mountainous areas.
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14
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Kenagy HS, Romer Present PS, Wooldridge PJ, Nault BA, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Zare A, Pye HOT, Yu J, Song CH, Blake DR, Woo JH, Kim Y, Cohen RC. Contribution of Organic Nitrates to Organic Aerosol over South Korea during KORUS-AQ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16326-16338. [PMID: 34870986 PMCID: PMC8759034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of anthropogenic NOx emissions in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production is not fully understood but is important for understanding the contribution of emissions to air quality. Here, we examine the role of organic nitrates (RONO2) in SOA formation over the Korean Peninsula during the Korea-United States Air Quality field study in Spring 2016 as a model for RONO2 aerosol in cities worldwide. We use aircraft-based measurements of the particle phase and total (gas + particle) RONO2 to explore RONO2 phase partitioning. These measurements show that, on average, one-fourth of RONO2 are in the condensed phase, and we estimate that ≈15% of the organic aerosol (OA) mass can be attributed to RONO2. Furthermore, we observe that the fraction of RONO2 in the condensed phase increases with OA concentration, evidencing that equilibrium absorptive partitioning controls the RONO2 phase distribution. Lastly, we model RONO2 chemistry and phase partitioning in the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. We find that known chemistry can account for one-third of the observed RONO2, but there is a large missing source of semivolatile, anthropogenically derived RONO2. We propose that this missing source may result from the oxidation of semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds and/or from anthropogenic molecules that undergo autoxidation or multiple generations of OH-initiated oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Kenagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul S Romer Present
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Azimeh Zare
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jinhyeok Yu
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul H Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- Energy, Climate, and Environment (ECE) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley CA 94 720, United States
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15
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Comparison of PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea Estimated from the Various Ground-Based and Satellite AOD. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on multiple linear regression (MLR) models, we estimated the PM2.5 at Seoul using a number of aerosol optical depth (AOD) values obtained from ground-based and satellite remote sensing observations. To construct the MLR model, we consider various parameters related to the ambient meteorology and air quality. In general, all AOD values resulted in the high quality of PM2.5 estimation through the MLR method: mostly correlation coefficients >~0.8. Among various polar-orbit satellite AODs, AOD values from the MODIS measurement contribute to better PM2.5 estimation. We also found that the quality of estimated PM2.5 shows some seasonal variation; the estimated PM2.5 values consistently have the highest correlation with in situ PM2.5 in autumn, but are not well established in winter, probably due to the difficulty of AOD retrieval in the winter condition. MLR modeling using spectral AOD values from the ground-based measurements revealed that the accuracy of PM2.5 estimation does not depend on the selected wavelength. Although all AOD values used in this study resulted in a reasonable accuracy range of PM2.5 estimation, our analyses of the difference in estimated PM2.5 reveal the importance of utilizing the proper AOD for the best quality of PM2.5 estimation.
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