1
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McCaleb MR, Miranda AM, Khammash HA, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Regulation of Foxo1 expression is critical for central B cell tolerance and allelic exclusion. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114283. [PMID: 38796853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Resolving the molecular mechanisms of central B cell tolerance might unveil strategies that prevent autoimmunity. Here, using a mouse model of central B cell tolerance in which Forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1) is either deleted or over-expressed in B cells, we show that deleting Foxo1 blocks receptor editing, curtails clonal deletion, and decreases CXCR4 expression, allowing high-avidity autoreactive B cells to emigrate to the periphery whereby they mature but remain anergic and short lived. Conversely, expression of degradation-resistant Foxo1 promotes receptor editing in the absence of self-antigen but leads to allelic inclusion. Foxo1 over-expression also restores tolerance in autoreactive B cells harboring active PI3K, revealing opposing roles of Foxo1 and PI3K in B cell selection. Overall, we show that the transcription factor Foxo1 is a major gatekeeper of central B cell tolerance and that PI3K drives positive selection of immature B cells and establishes allelic exclusion by suppressing Foxo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R McCaleb
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anjelica M Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hadeel A Khammash
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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2
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Xie J, Du Y, Liu D, Wu J, Yang K, He X, Zhao J, Hong P, Liao K, Zhang H, Hong Y, Teijaro JR, Kang SG, Xiao C, Liu WH. The miR-17∼92 miRNAs promote plasma cell differentiation by suppressing SOCS3-mediated NIK degradation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112968. [PMID: 37578862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The miR-17∼92 family microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in germinal center (GC) reaction through promoting T follicular helper (TFH) cell differentiation. It remains unclear whether they also have intrinsic functions in B cell differentiation and function. Here we show that mice with B cell-specific deletion of the miR-17∼92 family exhibit impaired GC reaction, plasma cell differentiation, and antibody production in response to protein antigen immunization and chronic viral infection. Employing CRISPR-mediated functional screening, we identify Socs3 as a key functional target of miR-17∼92 in regulating plasma cell differentiation. Mechanistically, SOCS3, whose expression is elevated in miR-17∼92 family-deficient B cells, interacts with NIK and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation, thereby impairing NF-κB signaling and plasma cell differentiation. This moderate increase in SOCS3 expression has little effect on IL-21-STAT3 signaling. Our study demonstrates differential sensitivity of two key signaling pathways to alterations in the protein level of an miRNA target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dewang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Peicheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kunyu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yazhen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Convergence/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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3
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Dirks J, Andres O, Paul L, Manukjan G, Schulze H, Morbach H. IgD shapes the pre-immune naïve B cell compartment in humans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1096019. [PMID: 36776874 PMCID: PMC9908586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1096019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation and immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire selection are governed by expression of a functional B cell receptor (BCR). Naïve B cells co-express their BCR as IgM and IgD isotype. However, the role of the additionally expressed IgD on naïve B cells is not known. Here we assessed the impact of IgD on naïve B cell maturation and Ig repertoire selection in 8 individuals from 3 different families with heterozygous loss-of-function or loss-of expression mutations in IGHD. Although naïve B cells from these individuals expressed IgM on their surface, the IGHD variant in heterozygous state entailed a chimeric situation by allelic exclusion with almost half of the naïve B cell population lacking surface IgD expression. Flow cytometric analyses revealed a distinct phenotype of IgD-negative naïve B cells with decreased expression of CD19, CD20 and CD21 as well as lower BAFF-R and integrin-β7 expression. IgD-negative B cells were less responsive in vitro after engaging the IgM-BCR, TLR7/9 or CD40 pathway. Additionally, a selective disadvantage of IgD-negative B cells within the T2 transitional and mature naïve B cell compartment as well as reduced frequencies of IgMlo/- B cells within the mature naïve B cell compartment lacking IgD were evident. RNA-Ig-seq of bulk sorted B cell populations showed an altered selection of distinct VH segments in the IgD-negative mature naïve B cell population. We conclude that IgD expression on human naïve B cells is redundant for generation of naïve B cells in general, but further shapes the naive B cell compartment starting from T2 transitional B cells. Our observations suggest an unexpected role of IgD expression to be critical for selection of distinct Ig VH segments into the pre-immune Ig repertoire and for the survival of IgMlo/- naïve B cells known to be enriched in poly-/autoreactive B cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dirks
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Andres
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Paul
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georgi Manukjan
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henner Morbach
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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McCaleb MR, Miranda AM, Ratliff KC, Torres RM, Pelanda R. CD19 Is Internalized Together with IgM in Proportion to B Cell Receptor Stimulation and Is Modulated by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Bone Marrow Immature B Cells. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:49-63. [PMID: 36637517 PMCID: PMC10074640 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly generated immature B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity arrest in differentiation and undergo central tolerance via receptor editing and clonal deletion. These autoreactive immature B cells also express low surface levels of the coreceptor CD19, a key activator of the PI3K pathway. Signals emanating from both CD19 and PI3K are known to be critical for attenuating receptor editing and selecting immature B cells into the periphery. However, the mechanisms that modulate CD19 expression at this stage of B cell development have not yet been resolved. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that Cd19 de novo gene transcription and translation do not significantly contribute to the differences in CD19 surface expression in mouse autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cells. Instead, CD19 downregulation is induced by BCR stimulation in proportion to BCR engagement, and the remaining surface IgM and CD19 molecules promote intracellular PI3K-AKT activity in proportion to their level of expression. The internalized CD19 is degraded with IgM by the lysosome, but inhibiting lysosome-mediated protein degradation only slightly improves surface CD19. In fact, CD19 is restored only upon Ag removal. Our data also reveal that the PI3K-AKT pathway positively modulates CD19 surface expression in immature B cells via a mechanism that is independent of inhibition of FOXO1 and its role on Cd19 gene transcription while is dependent on mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. McCaleb
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Kaysie C. Ratliff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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5
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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6
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Abstract
The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the separation and detection of EVs. The recent recognition that EVs have the potential to function as biomarkers or as therapeutic tools has attracted even greater attention to their study. With this progress in mind, an updated comprehensive overview of the roles of EVs in the immune system is timely. This Review summarizes the roles of EVs in basic processes of innate and adaptive immunity, including inflammation, antigen presentation, and the development and activation of B cells and T cells. It also highlights key progress related to deciphering the roles of EVs in antimicrobial defence and in allergic, autoimmune and antitumour immune responses. It ends with a focus on the relevance of EVs to immunotherapy and vaccination, drawing attention to ongoing or recently completed clinical trials that aim to harness the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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7
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Fekrvand S, Khanmohammadi S, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R. B- and T-Cell Subset Abnormalities in Monogenic Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912826. [PMID: 35784324 PMCID: PMC9241517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of inborn errors of immunity characterized by reduced serum concentrations of different immunoglobulin isotypes. CVID is the most prevalent symptomatic antibody deficiency with a broad range of infectious and non-infectious clinical manifestations. Various genetic and immunological defects are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. Monogenic defects account for the pathogenesis of about 20-50% of CVID patients, while a variety of cases do not have a defined genetic background. Deficiencies in molecules of B cell receptor signaling or other pathways involving B-cell development, activation, and proliferation could be associated with monogenetic defects of CVID. Genetic defects damping different B cell developmental stages can alter B- and even other lymphocytes’ differentiation and might be involved in the clinical and immunologic presentations of the disorder. Reports concerning T and B cell abnormalities have been published in CVID patients, but such comprehensive data on monogenic CVID patients is few and no review article exists to describe the abrogation of lymphocyte subsets in these disorders. Hence, we aimed to review the role of altered B- and T-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of CVID patients with monogenic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Reza Yazdani, ;
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8
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Pone EJ, Hernandez-Davies JE, Jan S, Silzel E, Felgner PL, Davies DH. Multimericity Amplifies the Synergy of BCR and TLR4 for B Cell Activation and Antibody Class Switching. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882502. [PMID: 35663959 PMCID: PMC9161726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained signaling through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) is thought to occur only when antigen(s) crosslink or disperse multiple BCR units, such as by multimeric antigens found on the surfaces of viruses or bacteria. B cell-intrinsic Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling synergizes with the BCR to induce and shape antibody production, hallmarked by immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) of constant heavy chains from IgM/IgD to IgG, IgA or IgE isotypes, and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of variable heavy and light chains. Full B cell differentiation is essential for protective immunity, where class switched high affinity antibodies neutralize present pathogens, memory B cells are held in reserve for future encounters, and activated B cells also serve as semi-professional APCs for T cells. But the rules that fine-tune B cell differentiation remain partially understood, despite their being essential for naturally acquired immunity and for guiding vaccine development. To address this in part, we have developed a cell culture system using splenic B cells from naive mice stimulated with several biotinylated ligands and antibodies crosslinked by streptavidin reagents. In particular, biotinylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, and biotinylated anti-IgM were pre-assembled (multimerized) using streptavidin, or immobilized on nanoparticles coated with streptavidin, and used to active B cells in this precisely controlled, high throughput assay. Using B cell proliferation and Ig class switching as metrics for successful B cell activation, we show that the stimuli are both synergistic and dose-dependent. Crucially, the multimerized immunoconjugates are most active over a narrow concentration range. These data suggest that multimericity is an essential requirement for B cell BCR/TLRs ligands, and clarify basic rules for B cell activation. Such studies highlight the importance in determining the choice of single vs multimeric formats of antigen and PAMP agonists during vaccine design and development.
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9
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Vadakumchery A, Faraidun H, Ayoubi OE, Outaleb I, Schmid V, Abdelrasoul H, Amendt T, Khadour A, Setz C, Göhring K, Lodd K, Hitzing C, Alkhatib A, Bilal M, Benckendorff J, Al Shugri AK, Brakebusch CH, Engels N, Datta M, Hobeika E, Alsadeq A, Jumaa H. The Small GTPase RHOA Links SLP65 Activation to PTEN Function in Pre B Cells and Is Essential for the Generation and Survival of Normal and Malignant B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842340. [PMID: 35371049 PMCID: PMC8965026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation, differentiation, survival and activation of B cells are coordinated by signals emerging from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) or its precursor, the pre-BCR. The adaptor protein SLP65 (also known as BLNK) is an important signaling factor that controls pre-B cell differentiation by down-regulation of PI3K signaling. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which SLP65 interferes with PI3K signaling. We found that SLP65 induces the activity of the small GTPase RHOA, which activates PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K signaling, by enabling its translocation to the plasma membrane. The essential role of RHOA is confirmed by the complete block in early B cell development in conditional RhoA-deficient mice. The RhoA-deficient progenitor B cells showed defects in activation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and fail to survive both in vitro and in vivo. Reconstituting the RhoA-deficient cells with RhoA or Foxo1, a transcription factor repressed by PI3K signaling and activated by PTEN, completely restores the survival defect. However, the defect in differentiation can only be restored by RhoA suggesting a unique role for RHOA in B cell generation and selection. In full agreement, conditional RhoA-deficient mice develop increased amounts of autoreactive antibodies with age. RHOA function is also required at later stage, as inactivation of RhoA in peripheral B cells or in a transformed mature B cell line resulted in cell loss. Together, these data show that RHOA is the key signaling factor for B cell development and function by providing a crucial SLP65-activated link between BCR signaling and activation of PTEN. Moreover, the identified essential role of RHOA for the survival of transformed B cells offers the opportunity for targeting B cell malignancies by blocking RHOA function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemin Faraidun
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Omar El Ayoubi
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Issame Outaleb
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vera Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hend Abdelrasoul
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ahmad Khadour
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Setz
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Göhring
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karoline Lodd
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoffer Hitzing
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alabbas Alkhatib
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mayas Bilal
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Cord Herbert Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ameera Alsadeq
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Autoreactive antibodies control blood glucose by regulating insulin homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115695119. [PMID: 35131852 PMCID: PMC8833180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115695119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The random nature of antibody repertoire generation includes the potential of producing autoantibodies recognizing self-structures. It is believed that establishing immunological tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases require the removal of antibody specificities recognizing self. Using insulin as a common and physiologically important autoantigen, we show that anti-insulin antibodies associated with autoimmune diabetes can readily be detected in mice and humans and are involved in the physiological regulation of blood glucose levels. Importantly, human high-affinity, anti-insulin IgM antibodies protect insulin from autoimmune degradation by anti-insulin IgG antibodies. Thus, in contrast to the proposed negative selection, self-recognition and the production of highly autoreactive IgM antibodies are important for tolerance induction. Homeostasis of metabolism by hormone production is crucial for maintaining physiological integrity, as disbalance can cause severe metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Here, we show that antibody-deficient mice and immunodeficiency patients have subphysiological blood glucose concentrations. Restoring blood glucose physiology required total IgG injections and insulin-specific IgG antibodies detected in total IgG preparations and in the serum of healthy individuals. In addition to the insulin-neutralizing anti-insulin IgG, we identified two fractions of anti-insulin IgM in the serum of healthy individuals. These autoreactive IgM fractions differ in their affinity to insulin. Interestingly, the low-affinity IgM fraction (anti-insulin IgMlow) neutralizes insulin and leads to increased blood glucose, whereas the high-affinity IgM fraction (anti-insulin IgMhigh) protects insulin from neutralization by anti-insulin IgG, thereby preventing blood glucose dysregulation. To demonstrate that anti-insulin IgMhigh acts as a protector of insulin and counteracts insulin neutralization by anti-insulin IgG, we expressed the variable regions of a high-affinity anti-insulin antibody as IgG and IgM. Remarkably, the recombinant anti-insulin IgMhigh normalized insulin function and prevented IgG-mediated insulin neutralization. These results suggest that autoreactive antibodies recognizing insulin are key regulators of blood glucose and metabolism, as they control the concentration of insulin in the blood. Moreover, our data suggest that preventing autoimmune damage and maintaining physiological homeostasis requires adaptive tolerance mechanisms generating high-affinity autoreactive IgM antibodies during memory responses.
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11
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Bier J, Deenick EK. The role of dysregulated PI3Kdelta signaling in human autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:134-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Elissa K. Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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12
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Renna V, Surova E, Khadour A, Datta M, Amendt T, Hobeika E, Jumaa H. Defective Allelic Exclusion by IgD in the Absence of Autoantigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:293-302. [PMID: 34930782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A considerable proportion of peripheral B cells is autoreactive, and it is unclear how the activation of such potentially harmful cells is regulated. In this study, we show that the different activation thresholds or IgM and IgD BCRs adjust B cell activation to the diverse requirements during development. We rely on the autoreactive 3-83 model BCR to generate and analyze mice expressing exclusively autoreactive IgD BCRs on two different backgrounds that determine two stages of autoreactivity, depending on the presence or absence of the cognate Ag. By comparing these models with IgM-expressing control mice, we found that, compared with IgM, IgD has a higher activation threshold in vivo, as it requires autoantigen to enable normal B cell development, including allelic exclusion. Our data indicate that IgM provides the high sensitivity required during early developmental stages to trigger editing of any autoreactive specificities, including those enabling weak interaction with autoantigen. In contrast, IgD has the unique ability to neglect weakly interacting autoantigens while retaining reactivity to higher-affinity Ag. This IgD function enables mature B cells to ignore autoantigens while remaining able to efficiently respond to foreign threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Renna
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Surova
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Khadour
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
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13
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Pelanda R, Greaves SA, Alves da Costa T, Cedrone LM, Campbell ML, Torres RM. B-cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate central tolerance of mouse and human B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:12-26. [PMID: 34997597 PMCID: PMC8986553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The random recombination of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments produces unique IgM antibodies that serve as the antigen receptor for each developing B cell. Hence, the newly formed B cell repertoire is comprised of a variety of specificities that display a range of reactivity with self-antigens. Newly generated IgM+ immature B cells that are non-autoreactive or that bind self-antigen with low avidity are licensed to leave the bone marrow with their intact antigen receptor and to travel via the blood to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for further selection and maturation. In contrast, clones with medium to high avidity for self-antigen remain within the marrow and undergo central tolerance, a process that revises their antigen receptor or eliminates the autoreactive B cell altogether. Thus, central B cell tolerance is critical for reducing the autoreactive capacity and avidity for self-antigen of our circulating B cell repertoire. Bone marrow cultures and mouse models have been instrumental for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the selection of bone marrow B cells. Here, we review recent studies that have shed new light on the contribution of the ERK, PI3K, and CXCR4 signaling pathways in the selection of mouse and human immature B cells that either bind or do not bind self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lena M Cedrone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret L Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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14
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Amendt T, Jumaa H. Adaptive tolerance: Protection through self-recognition. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100236. [PMID: 34984705 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The random nature of immunoglobulin gene segment rearrangement inevitably leads to the generation of self-reactive B cells. Avoidance of destructive autoimmune reactions is necessary in order to maintain physiological homeostasis. However, current central and peripheral tolerance concepts fail to explain the massive number of autoantibody-borne autoimmune diseases. Moreover, recent studies have shown that in physiological mouse models autoreactive B cells were neither clonally deleted nor kept in an anergic state, but were instead able to mount autoantibody responses. We propose that activation of autoreactive B cells is induced by polyvalent autoantigen complexes that can occur under physiological conditions. Repeated encounter of autoantigen complexes leads to the production of affinity-matured autoreactive IgM that protects its respective self-targets from degradation. We refer to this novel mechanism as adaptive tolerance. This article discusses the discovery of adaptive tolerance and the unexpected role of high affinity IgM autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Deenick EK, Bier J, Lau A. PI3K Isoforms in B Cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:235-254. [PMID: 36243847 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) control many aspects of cellular activation and differentiation and play an important role in B cells biology. Three different classes of PI3K have been described, all of which are expressed in B cells. However, it is the class IA PI3Ks, and the p110δ catalytic subunit in particular, which seem to play the most critical role in B cells. Here we discuss the important role that class IA PI3K plays in B cell development, activation and differentiation, as well as examine what is known about the other classes of PI3Ks in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Wan Z, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Immunoglobulin D and its encoding genes: An updated review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104198. [PMID: 34237381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of a functional Cδ gene in ostriches, immunoglobulin (Ig) D has been considered to be an extremely evolutionarily conserved Ig isotype besides the IgM found in all classes of jawed vertebrates. However, in contrast to IgM (which remains stable over evolutionary time), IgD shows considerable structural plasticity among vertebrate species and, moreover, its functions are far from elucidated even in humans and mice. Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of the IgD-B-cell receptor (IgD-BCR) may help physiologically autoreactive B cells survive in peripheral lymphoid tissues thanks to unresponsiveness to self-antigens and help their entry into germinal centers to "redeem" autoreactivity via somatic hypermutation. Other studies have demonstrated that secreted IgD may enhance mucosal homeostasis and immunity by linking B cells with basophils to optimize T-helper-2 cell-mediated responses and to constrain IgE-mediated basophil degranulation. Herein, we review the new discoveries on IgD-encoding genes in jawed vertebrates in the past decade. We also highlight advances in the functions of the IgD-BCR and secreted IgD in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang X, Mei D, Wang H, Yu Q, Hong Z, Xu L, Ge J, Han L, Shu J, Liang F, Cai X, Zhu Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Tai Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Wei W. hIgDFc-Ig inhibits B cell function by regulating the BCR-Syk-Btk-NF-κB signalling pathway in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105873. [PMID: 34500060 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease targeting the synovium. Previous studies have found that IgD may be a potential target for the treatment of RA. We designed a new type of fusion protein, hIgDFc-Ig (DG), to block the binding of IgD to IgD receptor (IgDR). In this study, we found that DG has a significant therapeutic effect in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). DG improved the claw of irritation symptoms in these mice, inhibited the pathological changes in spleen and joint tissues, and had a moderating effect on B cell subsets at different inflammatory stages. Moreover, DG could also decrease the levels of IgA, IgD, IgM and IgG subtypes of immunoglobulin in the serum of mice with CIA. In vitro, B cell antigen receptor (BCR) knockout Ramos cells were established using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to further study the activation of BCR signalling by IgD and the effect of DG. We found that the therapeutic effect of DG in mice with CIA may be achieved by inhibiting the activation of BCR signalling by IgD, which may be related to the activation of Igβ. In summary, DG may be a potential biological agent for the treatment of RA and it has broad application prospects in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Syk Kinase/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzheng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongyang Hong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jinru Ge
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Le Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jinling Shu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Faqin Liang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.
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Amendt T, Jumaa H. Memory IgM protects endogenous insulin from autoimmune destruction. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107621. [PMID: 34369608 PMCID: PMC8408592 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous diversity of antibody specificities is generated by random rearrangement of immunoglobulin gene segments and is important for general protection against pathogens. Since random rearrangement harbors the risk of producing self-destructive antibodies, it is assumed that autoreactive antibody specificities are removed during early B-cell development leading to a peripheral compartment devoid of autoreactivity. Here, we immunized wild-type mice with insulin as a common self-antigen and monitored diabetes symptoms as a measure for autoimmune disease. Our results show that autoreactive anti-insulin IgM and IgG antibodies associated with autoimmune diabetes can readily be generated in wild-type animals. Surprisingly, recall immunizations induced increased titers of high-affinity insulin-specific IgM, which prevented autoimmune diabetes. We refer to this phenomenon as adaptive tolerance, in which high-affinity memory IgM prevents autoimmune destruction by competing with self-destructive antibodies. Together, this study suggests that B-cell tolerance is not defined by the absolute elimination of autoreactive specificities, as harmful autoantibody responses can be generated in wild-type animals. In contrast, inducible generation of autoantigen-specific affinity-matured IgM acts as a protective mechanism preventing self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Amendt
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
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19
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Amendt T, Ayoubi OE, Linder AT, Allies G, Young M, Setz CS, Jumaa H. Primary Immune Responses and Affinity Maturation Are Controlled by IgD. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709240. [PMID: 34434193 PMCID: PMC8381280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B cells co-express IgM and IgD B cell antigen receptors (BCR) on their surface. While IgM BCR expression is already essential at early stages of development, the role of the IgD-class BCR remains unclear as most B cell functions appeared unchanged in IgD-deficient mice. Here, we show that IgD-deficient mice have an accelerated rate of B cell responsiveness as they activate antibody production within 24h after immunization, whereas wildtype (WT) animals required 3 days to activate primary antibody responses. Strikingly, soluble monovalent antigen suppresses IgG antibody production induced by multivalent antigen in WT mice. In contrast, IgD-deficient mice were not able to modulate IgG responses suggesting that IgD controls the activation rate of B cells and subsequent antibody production by sensing and distinguishing antigen-valences. Using an insulin-derived peptide we tested the role of IgD in autoimmunity. We show that primary autoreactive antibody responses are generated in WT and in IgD-deficient mice. However, insulin-specific autoantibodies were detected earlier and caused more severe symptoms of autoimmune diabetes in IgD-deficient mice as compared to WT mice. The rapid control of autoimmune diabetes in WT animals was associated with the generation of high-affinity IgM that protects insulin from autoimmune degradation. In IgD-deficient mice, however, the generation of high-affinity protective IgM is delayed resulting in prolonged autoimmune diabetes. Our data suggest that IgD is required for the transition from primary, highly autoreactive, to secondary antigen-specific antibody responses generated by affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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20
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Bacalao MA, Satterthwaite AB. Recent Advances in Lupus B Cell Biology: PI3K, IFNγ, and Chromatin. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615673. [PMID: 33519824 PMCID: PMC7841329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), autoantibodies are formed that promote inflammation and tissue damage. There has been significant interest in understanding the B cell derangements involved in SLE pathogenesis. The past few years have been particularly fruitful in three domains: the role of PI3K signaling in loss of B cell tolerance, the role of IFNγ signaling in the development of autoimmunity, and the characterization of changes in chromatin accessibility in SLE B cells. The PI3K pathway coordinates various downstream signaling molecules involved in B cell development and activation. It is governed by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1. Murine models lacking either of these phosphatases in B cells develop autoimmune disease and exhibit defects in B cell tolerance. Limited studies of human SLE B cells demonstrate reduced expression of PTEN or increased signaling events downstream of PI3K in some patients. IFNγ has long been known to be elevated in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. New data suggests that IFNγR expression on B cells is required to develop autoreactive germinal centers (GC) and autoantibodies in murine lupus. Furthermore, IFNγ promotes increased transcription of BCL6, IL-6 and T-bet in B cells, which also promote GC and autoantibody formation. IFNγ also induces epigenetic changes in human B cells. SLE B cells demonstrate significant epigenetic reprogramming, including enhanced chromatin accessibility at transcription factor motifs involved in B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) differentiation as well as alterations in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Histone deacetylase inhibitors limit disease development in murine lupus models, at least in part via their ability to prevent B cell class switching and differentiation into plasma cells. This review will discuss relevant discoveries of the past several years pertaining to these areas of SLE B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Bacalao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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21
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Nguyen TG. The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:107-122. [PMID: 33410368 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1861265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody and the least appreciated member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family. Since its discovery over half a century ago, the essence of its function in the immune system has been somewhat enigmatic and less well-defined than other antibody classes. Membrane-bound IgD (mIgD) is mostly recognized as B-cell receptor (BCR) while secreted IgD (sIgD) has been recently implicated in 'arming' basophils and mast cells in mucosal innate immunity. Activations of immune responses via mIgD-BCR or sIgD by specific antigens or anti-IgD antibody thereby produce a broad and complex mix of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such broadly activated immune responses via IgD were initially deemed to potentiate and exacerbate the onset of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Paradoxically, treatments with anti-IgD antibody suppressed and ameliorated autoimmune conditions and allergic inflammations in mouse models without compromising the host's general immune defence, demonstrating a unique and novel therapeutic application for anti-IgD antibody treatment. Herein, this review endeavored to collate and summarize the evidence of the unique characteristics and features of activated immune responses via mIgD-BCR and sIgD that revealed an unappreciated immune-regulatory function of IgD in the immune system via an amplifying loop of anti-inflammatory Th2 and tolerogenic responses, and highlighted a novel therapeutic paradigm in harnessing these immune responses to treat human autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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22
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Li M, Liang M, Lan T, Wu X, Xie W, Wang T, Chen Z, Shen S, Peng B. Four Immune-Related Long Non-coding RNAs for Prognosis Prediction in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:566491. [PMID: 33364253 PMCID: PMC7752774 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.566491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to establish an immune-related LncRNA model for risk assessment and prognosis prediction in HCC patients. METHODS Hepatocellular carcinoma patient samples with complete clinical data and corresponding whole transcriptome expression were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Immune-related genes were acquired from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) website and matched with LncRNA in the TCGA to get immune-related LncRNA. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used for screening the candidate LncRNAs and calculating the risk coefficient to establish the prognosis model. Patients were divided into a high-risk group and a low-risk group depending on the median risk score. The reliability of the prediction was evaluated in the validation cohort and the whole cohort. GSEA and principal component analysis were used for function evaluation. RESULTS A total of 319 samples met the screening criteria and were randomly distributed across the training cohort and the validation cohort. After comparison with the IMMUNE_RESPONSE gene set and the IMMUNE_SYSTEM_PROCESS gene set, a total of 3094 immune-related LncRNAs were screened. Ultimately, four immune-related LncRNAs were used to construct a formula using LASSO regression. According to the formula, the low-risk group showed a higher survival rate than the high-risk group in the validation cohort and the whole cohort. The receiver operating characteristic curves data demonstrated that the risk score was more specific than other traditional clinical characteristics in predicting the 5-year survival rate for HCC. CONCLUSION The four-immune-related-LncRNA model can be used for survival prediction in HCC and guide clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqi Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minni Liang
- Center of Surgery and Anaesthiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tielong Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunli Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baogang Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jani PK, Kubagawa H, Melchers F. A rheostat sets B-cell receptor repertoire selection to distinguish self from non-self. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:42-49. [PMID: 32916645 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In bone marrow VDJ-recombination continuously generates original repertoires of immature B cells expressing IgM-B cell receptor (BcR), in which each cell recognizes the wide variety of self and non-self antigens with an individually different spectrum of avidities. High avidity self-reactive B cells try to edit their BcRs by secondary or multiple VL-rearrangements to JL-rearrangements. If they do not manage to change their self reactivity, they are deleted by apoptosis. Low avidity self-reactive B cells are anergized, while B cells with no avidity to self are ignored. A rheostat crosslinking antigen-binding BcRs, self antigen complexed with pentameric IgM and Fcμ-receptor monitors high, low or no binding. PI3K and PTEN are the effectors of this self antigen-sensing device. In mature B cells this rheostat continues to function in the activation of resting B cells by foreign antigens which crosslink BcR, antigen and pentameric IgM with Fcμ-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Lau A, Avery DT, Jackson K, Lenthall H, Volpi S, Brigden H, Russell AJ, Bier J, Reed JH, Smart JM, Cole T, Choo S, Gray PE, Berglund LJ, Hsu P, Wong M, O'Sullivan M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Uzel G, Notarangelo LD, Brink R, Goodnow CC, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Activated PI3Kδ breaches multiple B cell tolerance checkpoints and causes autoantibody production. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132760. [PMID: 31841125 PMCID: PMC7041712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients, gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD break tolerance, causing highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM. Mouse models reveal that Pik3cd GOF subverts the response to self-antigen, preventing the induction of anergy and instead stimulating plasmablast and GC formation. Antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases are a major health burden. However, our understanding of how self-reactive B cells escape self-tolerance checkpoints to secrete pathogenic autoantibodies remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that patients with monogenic immune dysregulation caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, encoding the p110δ catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), have highly penetrant secretion of autoreactive IgM antibodies. In mice with the corresponding heterozygous Pik3cd activating mutation, self-reactive B cells exhibit a cell-autonomous subversion of their response to self-antigen: instead of becoming tolerized and repressed from secreting autoantibody, Pik3cd gain-of-function B cells are activated by self-antigen to form plasmablasts that secrete high titers of germline-encoded IgM autoantibody and hypermutating germinal center B cells. However, within the germinal center, peripheral tolerance was still enforced, and there was selection against B cells with high affinity for self-antigen. These data show that the strength of PI3K signaling is a key regulator of pregerminal center B cell self-tolerance and thus represents a druggable pathway to treat antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lau
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, Centro per le malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda J Russell
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Bier
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theresa Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul E Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortium of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein, a new biological agent, inhibits T cell function in CIA rats by inhibiting IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:800-812. [PMID: 31937932 PMCID: PMC7470893 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein, a new biological agent, is constructed by linking a segment of human IgD-Fc with a segment of human IgG1-Fc, which specifically blocks the IgD-IgDR pathway and selectively inhibits the abnormal proliferation, activation, and differentiation of T cells. In this study we investigated whether IgD-Fc-Ig exerted therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. CIA rats were treated with IgD-Fc-Ig (1, 3, and 9 mg/kg) or injected with biological agents etanercept (3 mg/kg) once every 3 days for 40 days. In the PBMCs and spleen lymphocytes of CIA rats, both T and B cells exhibited abnormal proliferation; the percentages of CD3+ total T cells, CD3+CD4+ Th cells, CD3+CD4+CD25+-activated Th cells, Th1(CD4+IFN-γ+), and Th17(CD4+IL-17+) were significantly increased, whereas the Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) cell percentage was decreased. IgD-Fc-Ig administration dose-dependently decreased the indicators of arthritis; alleviated the histopathology of spleen and joint; reduced serum inflammatory cytokines levels; decreased the percentages of CD3+ total T cells, CD3+CD4+ Th cells, CD3+CD4+CD25+-activated Th cells, Th1 (CD4+IFN-γ+), and Th17(CD4+IL-17+); increased Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) cell percentage; and down-regulated the expression of key molecules in IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling (p-Lck, p-ZAP70, p-P38, p-NF-κB65). Treatment of normal T cells with IgD (9 μg/mL) in vitro promoted their proliferation. Co-treatment with IgD-Fc-Ig (0.1–10 μg/mL) dose-dependently decreased IgD-stimulated T cell subsets percentages and down-regulated the IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling. In summary, this study demonstrates that IgD-Fc-Ig alleviates CIA and regulates the functions of T cells through inhibiting IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling.
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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