1
|
Matteoli M. The role of microglial TREM2 in development: A path toward neurodegeneration? Glia 2024; 72:1544-1554. [PMID: 38837837 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The nervous and the immune systems undergo a continuous cross talk, starting from early development and continuing throughout adulthood and aging. Defects in this cross talk contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain that are primarily involved in this bidirectional communication. Among the microglial genes, trem2 is a key player, controlling the functional state of microglia and being at the forefront of many processes that require interaction between microglia and other brain components, such as neurons and oligodendrocytes. The present review focuses on the early developmental window, describing the early brain processes in which TREM2 is primarily involved, including the modulation of synapse formation and elimination, the control of neuronal bioenergetic states as well as the contribution to myelination processes and neuronal circuit formation. By causing imbalances during these early maturation phases, dysfunctional TREM2 may have a striking impact on the adult brain, making it a more sensitive target for insults occurring during adulthood and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Matteoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park JC, Han JW, Lee W, Kim J, Lee SE, Lee D, Choi H, Han J, Kang YJ, Diep YN, Cho H, Kang R, Yu WJ, Lee J, Choi M, Im SW, Kim JI, Mook-Jung I. Microglia Gravitate toward Amyloid Plaques Surrounded by Externalized Phosphatidylserine via TREM2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400064. [PMID: 38981007 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in synaptic elimination by engulfing dystrophic neurons via triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). They are also involved in the clearance of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD); nonetheless, the driving force behind TREM2-mediated phagocytosis of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques remains unknown. Here, using advanced 2D/3D/4D co-culture systems with loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 (a frameshift mutation engineered in exon 2) brain organoids/microglia/assembloids, it is identified that the clearance of Aβ via TREM2 is accelerated by externalized phosphatidylserine (ePtdSer) generated from dystrophic neurons surrounding the Aβ plaques. Moreover, it is investigated whether microglia from both sporadic (CRISPR-Cas9-based APOE4 lines) and familial (APPNL-G-F/MAPT double knock-in mice) AD models show reduced levels of TREM2 and lack of phagocytic activity toward ePtdSer-positive Aβ plaques. Herein new insight is provided into TREM2-dependent microglial phagocytosis of Aβ plaques in the context of the presence of ePtdSer during AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Genome Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Program, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihui Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Kang
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen N Diep
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Rian Kang
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Yu
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Metabiohealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Wha Im
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Gangwon, Seoul, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Genome Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Arroyo-Garcia LE, Tsagkogianni C, Li L, Wang W, Végvári Á, Salas-Allende I, Plautz Z, Cedazo-Minguez A, Sinha SC, Troyanskaya O, Flajolet M, Yao V, Roussarie JP. A cell autonomous regulator of neuronal excitability modulates tau in Alzheimer's disease vulnerable neurons. Brain 2024; 147:2384-2399. [PMID: 38462574 PMCID: PMC11224620 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons from layer II of the entorhinal cortex (ECII) are the first to accumulate tau protein aggregates and degenerate during prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability will help reveal genes and pathways at play during incipient stages of the disease. Here, we use a data-driven functional genomics approach to model ECII neurons in silico and identify the proto-oncogene DEK as a regulator of tau pathology. We show that epigenetic changes caused by Dek silencing alter activity-induced transcription, with major effects on neuronal excitability. This is accompanied by the gradual accumulation of tau in the somatodendritic compartment of mouse ECII neurons in vivo, reactivity of surrounding microglia, and microglia-mediated neuron loss. These features are all characteristic of early Alzheimer's disease. The existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism linking Alzheimer's disease pathogenic mechanisms in the precise neuron type where the disease starts provides unique evidence that synaptic homeostasis dysregulation is of central importance in the onset of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Tsagkogianni
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17 164, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lechuan Li
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 164, Solna, Sweden
| | - Isabella Salas-Allende
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zakary Plautz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 17 164, Solna, Sweden
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vicky Yao
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 164, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jean-Pierre Roussarie
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dörje NM, Shvachiy L, Kück F, Outeiro TF, Strenzke N, Beutner D, Setz C. Age-related alterations in efferent medial olivocochlear-outer hair cell and primary auditory ribbon synapses in CBA/J mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1412450. [PMID: 38988659 PMCID: PMC11234844 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1412450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hearing decline stands as the most prevalent single sensory deficit associated with the aging process. Giving compelling evidence suggesting a protective effect associated with the efferent auditory system, the goal of our study was to characterize the age-related changes in the number of efferent medial olivocochlear (MOC) synapses regulating outer hair cell (OHC) activity compared with the number of afferent inner hair cell ribbon synapses in CBA/J mice over their lifespan. Methods Organs of Corti of 3-month-old CBA/J mice were compared with mice aged between 10 and 20 months, grouped at 2-month intervals. For each animal, one ear was used to characterize the synapses between the efferent MOC fibers and the outer hair cells (OHCs), while the contralateral ear was used to analyze the ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and type I afferent nerve fibers of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Each cochlea was separated in apical, middle, and basal turns, respectively. Results The first significant age-related decline in afferent IHC-SGN ribbon synapses was observed in the basal cochlear turn at 14 months, the middle turn at 16 months, and the apical turn at 18 months of age. In contrast, efferent MOC-OHC synapses in CBA/J mice exhibited a less pronounced loss due to aging which only became significant in the basal and middle turns of the cochlea by 20 months of age. Discussion This study illustrates an age-related reduction on efferent MOC innervation of OHCs in CBA/J mice starting at 20 months of age. Our findings indicate that the morphological decline of efferent MOC-OHC synapses due to aging occurs notably later than the decline observed in afferent IHC-SGN ribbon synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Marie Dörje
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liana Shvachiy
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Cardiovascular Centre, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabian Kück
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Medical Statistics, Core Facility Medical Biometry and Statistical Bioinformatics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Strenzke
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristian Setz
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, InnerEarLab, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pumo A, Legeay S. The dichotomous activities of microglia: A potential driver for phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148817. [PMID: 38395249 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by two defining neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques composed of Aβ aggregates and neurofibrillary pathology. Recent research suggests that microglia have both beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of AD. A new theory proposes that microglia play a beneficial role in the early stages of the disease but become harmful in later stages. Further investigations are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of this shift in microglia's function. This transition is likely influenced by specific conditions, including spatial, temporal, and transcriptional factors, which ultimately lead to the deterioration of microglial functionality. Additionally, recent studies have also highlighted the potential influence of microglia diversity on the various manifestations of AD. By deciphering the multiple states of microglia and the phenotypic heterogeneity in AD, significant progress can be made towards personalized medicine and better treatment outcomes for individuals affected by AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pumo
- Université d'Angers, Faculté de Santé, Département Pharmacie, 16, Boulevard Daviers, Angers 49045, France.
| | - Samuel Legeay
- Université d'Angers, Faculté de Santé, Département Pharmacie, 16, Boulevard Daviers, Angers 49045, France; Univ Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beiter RM, Sheehan PW, Schafer DP. Microglia phagocytic mechanisms: Development informing disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 86:102877. [PMID: 38631077 PMCID: PMC11162951 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages and professional phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). In development, microglia-mediated phagocytosis is important for sculpting the cellular architecture. This includes the engulfment of dead/dying cells, pruning extranumerary synapses and axons, and phagocytosing fragments of myelin sheaths. Intriguingly, these developmental phagocytic mechanisms by which microglia sculpt the CNS are now appreciated as important for eliminating synapses, myelin, and proteins during neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss parallels between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, which highlights how development is informing disease. We further discuss recent advances and challenges towards therapeutically targeting these phagocytic pathways and how we can leverage development to overcome these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo YX, Yang LL, Yao XQ. Gut microbiota-host lipid crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: implications for disease progression and therapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38627829 PMCID: PMC11020986 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trillions of intestinal bacteria in the human body undergo dynamic transformations in response to physiological and pathological changes. Alterations in their composition and metabolites collectively contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is diverse and complex, evidence suggests lipid metabolism may be one of the potential pathways. However, the mechanisms that gut microbiota mediate lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease pathology remain unclear, necessitating further investigation for clarification. This review highlights the current understanding of how gut microbiota disrupts lipid metabolism and discusses the implications of these discoveries in guiding strategies for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on existing data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xi Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castro-Gomez S, Heneka MT. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity 2024; 57:790-814. [PMID: 38599171 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system following pattern recognition receptor binding has emerged as one of the major pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. Experimental, epidemiological, pathological, and genetic evidence underscores the meaning of innate immune activation during the prodromal as well as clinical phases of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia. Importantly, innate immune activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators contribute mechanistically to other hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as aberrant proteostatis, pathological protein aggregation, cytoskeleton abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, RNA and DNA defects, and synaptic and network disbalance and ultimately to the induction of neuronal cell death. In this review, we discuss common mechanisms of innate immune activation in neurodegeneration, with particular emphasis on the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other receptors involved in the detection of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Center for Neurology, Department of Parkinson, Sleep and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belval, Luxembourg; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Slutsky I. Linking activity dyshomeostasis and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:272-284. [PMID: 38374463 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The presymptomatic phase of Alzheimer disease (AD) starts with the deposition of amyloid-β in the cortex and begins a decade or more before the emergence of cognitive decline. The trajectory towards dementia and neurodegeneration is shaped by the pathological load and the resilience of neural circuits to the effects of this pathology. In this Perspective, I focus on recent advances that have uncovered the vulnerability of neural circuits at early stages of AD to hyperexcitability, particularly when the brain is in a low-arousal states (such as sleep and anaesthesia). Notably, this hyperexcitability manifests before overt symptoms such as sleep and memory deficits. Using the principles of control theory, I analyse the bidirectional relationship between homeostasis of neuronal activity and sleep and propose that impaired activity homeostasis during sleep leads to hyperexcitability and subsequent sleep disturbances, whereas sleep disturbances mitigate hyperexcitability via negative feedback. Understanding the interplay among activity homeostasis, neuronal excitability and sleep is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of vulnerability to and resilience against AD pathology and for identifying new therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu X, Qi L, Qi Q, Zhou J, Chen S, Wang L. Monoclonal antibody therapy for Alzheimer's disease focusing on intracerebral targets. Biosci Trends 2024; 18:49-65. [PMID: 38382942 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the complexity of the disorder and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its drug discovery and development are facing enormous challenges, especially after several failures of monoclonal antibody (mAb) trials. Nevertheless, the Food and Drug Administration's approval of the mAb aducanumab has ushered in a new day. As we better understand the disease's pathogenesis and identify novel intracerebral therapeutic targets, antibody-based therapies have advanced over the past few years. The mAb drugs targeting β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein are the focus of the current research. Massive neuronal loss and glial cell-mediated inflammation are also the vital pathological hallmarks of AD, signaling a new direction for research on mAb drugs. We have elucidated the mechanisms by which AD-specific mAbs cross the BBB to bind to targets. In order to investigate therapeutic approaches to treat AD, this review focuses on the promising mAbs targeting intracerebral dysfunction and related strategies to cross the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Gu
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Long Qi
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Qi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Chen
- Postdoctoral Station of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim H, Le B, Goshi N, Zhu K, Grodzki AC, Lein PJ, Zhao M, Seker E. Rat primary cortical cell tri-culture to study effects of amyloid-beta on microglia function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.584736. [PMID: 38558989 PMCID: PMC10979983 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.584736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The etiology and progression of sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been studied for decades. One proposed mechanism is that amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins induce neuroinflammation, synapse loss, and neuronal cell death. Microglia play an especially important role in Aβ clearance, and alterations in microglial function due to aging or disease may result in Aβ accumulation and deleterious effects on neuronal function. However, studying these complex factors in vivo , where numerous confounding processes exist, is challenging, and until recently, in vitro models have not allowed sustained culture of microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the same culture. Here, we employ a tri-culture model of rat primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia and compare it to co-culture (neurons and astrocytes) and mono-culture enriched for microglia to study microglial function (i.e., motility and Aβ clearance) and proteomic response to exogenous Aβ. Methods We established cortical co-culture (neurons and astrocytes), tri-culture (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and mono-culture (microglia) from perinatal rat pups. On days in vitro (DIV) 7 - 14, the cultures were exposed to fluorescently-labeled Aβ (FITC-Aβ) particles for varying durations. Images were analyzed to determine the number of FITC-Aβ particles after specific lengths of exposure. A group of cells were stained for βIII-tubulin, GFAP, and Iba1 for morphological analysis via quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Cytokine profiles from conditioned media were obtained. Live-cell imaging with images acquired every 5 minutes for 4 hours was employed to extract microglia motility parameters (e.g., Euclidean distance, migration speed, directionality ratio). Results and discussion FITC-Aβ particles were more effectively cleared in the tri-culture compared to the co-culture. This was attributed to microglia engulfing FITC-Aβ particles, as confirmed via epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. Adding FITC-Aβ significantly increased the size of microglia, but had no significant effect on neuronal surface coverage or astrocyte size. Analysis of the cytokine profile upon FITC-Aβ addition revealed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6) in tri-culture, but not co-culture. In addition, Aβ addition altered microglia motility marked by swarming-like motion with decreased Euclidean distance yet unaltered speed. These results highlight the importance of cell-cell communication in microglia function (e.g., motility and Aβ clearance) and the utility of the tri-culture model to further investigate microglia dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gomez‐Arboledas A, Fonseca MI, Kramar E, Chu S, Schartz ND, Selvan P, Wood MA, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 signaling promotes region- and age-dependent synaptic pruning in models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2173-2190. [PMID: 38278523 PMCID: PMC10984438 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. Complement-mediated synaptic pruning has been associated with this excessive loss of synapses in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of C5aR1 inhibition on microglial and astroglial synaptic pruning in two mouse models of AD. METHODS A combination of super-resolution and confocal and tridimensional image reconstruction was used to assess the effect of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 on the Arctic48 and Tg2576 models of AD. RESULTS Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 partially rescues excessive pre-synaptic pruning and synaptic loss in an age and region-dependent fashion in two mouse models of AD, which correlates with improved long-term potentiation (LTP). DISCUSSION Reduction of excessive synaptic pruning is an additional beneficial outcome of the suppression of C5a-C5aR1 signaling, further supporting its potential as an effective targeted therapy to treat AD. HIGHLIGHTS C5aR1 ablation restores long-term potentiation in the Arctic model of AD. C5aR1 ablation rescues region specific excessive pre-synaptic loss. C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, rescues VGlut1 loss in the Tg2576 model of AD. C1q tagging is not sufficient to induce VGlut1 microglial ingestion. Astrocytes contribute to excessive pre-synaptic loss at late stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez‐Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Enikö Kramar
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shu‐Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSchool of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kamondi A, Grigg-Damberger M, Löscher W, Tanila H, Horvath AA. Epilepsy and epileptiform activity in late-onset Alzheimer disease: clinical and pathophysiological advances, gaps and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:162-182. [PMID: 38356056 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated a link between Alzheimer disease (AD) and epilepsy. Late-onset epilepsy and epileptiform activity can precede cognitive deterioration in AD by years, and its presence has been shown to predict a faster disease course. In animal models of AD, amyloid and tau pathology are linked to cortical network hyperexcitability that precedes the first signs of memory decline. Thus, detection of epileptiform activity in AD has substantial clinical importance as a potential novel modifiable risk factor for dementia. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiological evidence for the complex bidirectional relationship between AD and epilepsy, examine the effect of epileptiform activity and seizures on cognition in people with AD, and discuss the precision medicine treatment strategies based on the latest research in human and animal models. Finally, we outline some of the unresolved questions of the field that should be addressed by rigorous research, including whether particular clinicopathological subtypes of AD have a stronger association with epilepsy, and the sequence of events between epileptiform activity and amyloid and tau pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kamondi
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andras Attila Horvath
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng J, Han L, Xu H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Luo H, Zhang YW. TREM2 regulates microglial phagocytosis of synapses in innate immune tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111445. [PMID: 38147777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that innate immune cells also possess immunological memory. Microglia are brain-resident innate immune cells and execute inflammatory and phagocytic functions upon environmental stimulation, during which processes triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays an important regulatory role. However, although microglia are known to exhibit innate immune memory related to inflammation when subjected to continuous inflammatory stimuli, whether microglia exhibit innate immune memory related to phagocytosis and whether TREM2 participates in innate immune memory of microglia remain unknown. Herein, we treated WT and Trem2 KO mice with peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce microglial activation or microglial immune tolerance. We found that Tnfα and Il-1β expression levels in the hippocampi were significantly elevated after 1xLPS and then dramatically decreased after 4xLPS in both WT and Trem2 KO mice; and their level changes were indistinguishable between WT and Trem2 KO mice. Moreover, 1xLPS significantly promoted microglial phagocytosis of synapses and caused microglial morphology changes resembling activated status in both WT and Trem2 KO mice. However, 4xLPS significantly reduced synapse phagocytosis and largely reversed morphology changes in WT microglia. While 4xLPS had no effect on reducing synapse phagocytosis in Trem2 KO microglia. RNA-seq analysis revealed that TREM2 deficiency reprogrammed complement and phagosome-related transcriptional landscape during immune tolerance. Our results demonstrate that microglia also exhibit immune tolerance related to phagocytosis of synapses and that TREM2 plays a crucial role in this process possibly through regulating complement system and phagosome-related gene expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Linkun Han
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lingliang Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhaoji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Yunqiang Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dejanovic B, Sheng M, Hanson JE. Targeting synapse function and loss for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:23-42. [PMID: 38012296 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction and loss are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that correlate with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse synaptic damage remain elusive. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways that impair synapses in neurodegenerative diseases, including the effects of protein aggregation and neuroinflammation. We also highlight emerging therapeutic approaches that aim to restore synaptic function and integrity, such as enhancing synaptic plasticity, preventing synaptotoxicity, modulating neuronal network activity and targeting immune signalling. We discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for each strategy, as well as the challenges and opportunities for developing effective synapse-targeting therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Z. Evidence that Alzheimer's Disease Is a Disease of Competitive Synaptic Plasticity Gone Awry. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:447-470. [PMID: 38669548 PMCID: PMC11119021 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that a physiological function of amyloid-β (Aβ) is to mediate neural activity-dependent homeostatic and competitive synaptic plasticity in the brain. I have previously summarized the lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis and highlighted the similarities between Aβ and anti-microbial peptides in mediating cell/synapse competition. In cell competition, anti-microbial peptides deploy a multitude of mechanisms to ensure both self-protection and competitor elimination. Here I review recent studies showing that similar mechanisms are at play in Aβ-mediated synapse competition and perturbations in these mechanisms underpin Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, I discuss evidence that Aβ and ApoE, two crucial players in AD, co-operate in the regulation of synapse competition. Glial ApoE promotes self-protection by increasing the production of trophic monomeric Aβ and inhibiting its assembly into toxic oligomers. Conversely, Aβ oligomers, once assembled, promote the elimination of competitor synapses via direct toxic activity and amplification of "eat-me" signals promoting the elimination of weak synapses. I further summarize evidence that neuronal ApoE may be part of a gene regulatory network that normally promotes competitive plasticity, explaining the selective vulnerability of ApoE expressing neurons in AD brains. Lastly, I discuss evidence that sleep may be key to Aβ-orchestrated plasticity, in which sleep is not only induced by Aβ but is also required for Aβ-mediated plasticity, underlining the link between sleep and AD. Together, these results strongly argue that AD is a disease of competitive synaptic plasticity gone awry, a novel perspective that may promote AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morales M, Findley AP, Mitchell DM. Intercellular contact and cargo transfer between Müller glia and to microglia precede apoptotic cell clearance in the developing retina. Development 2024; 151:dev202407. [PMID: 38174987 PMCID: PMC10820749 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
To clarify our understanding of glial phagocytosis in retinal development, we used real-time imaging of larval zebrafish to provide cell-type specific resolution of this process. We show that radial Müller glia frequently participate in microglial phagocytosis while also completing a subset of phagocytic events. Müller glia actively engage with dying cells through initial target cell contact and phagocytic cup formation, after which an exchange of the dying cell from Müller glia to microglia often takes place. In addition, we find evidence that Müller glia cellular material, possibly from the initial Müller cell phagocytic cup, is internalized into microglial compartments. Previously undescribed Müller cell behaviors were seen, including cargo splitting, wrestling for targets and lateral passing of cargo to neighbors. Collectively, our work provides new insight into glial functions and intercellular interactions, which will allow future work to understand these behaviors on a molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Anna P. Findley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Diana M. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Woo MS, Nilsson J, Therriault J, Rahmouni N, Brinkmalm A, Benedet AL, Ashton NJ, Macedo AC, Servaes S, Wang YT, Tissot C, Arias JF, Hosseini SA, Chamoun M, Lussier FZ, Karikari TK, Stevenson J, Mayer C, Ferrari-Souza JP, Kobayashi E, Massarweh G, Friese MA, Pascoal TA, Gauthier S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Rosa-Neto P. 14-3-3 [Formula: see text]-reported early synaptic injury in Alzheimer's disease is independently mediated by sTREM2. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:278. [PMID: 38001539 PMCID: PMC10675887 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is closely associated with tau aggregation and microglia activation in later stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, synaptic damage happens early in AD at the very early stages of tau accumulation. It remains unclear whether microglia activation independently causes synaptic cleavage before tau aggregation appears. METHODS We investigated 104 participants across the AD continuum by measuring 14-3-3 zeta/delta ([Formula: see text]) as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for synaptic degradation, and fluid and imaging biomarkers of tau, amyloidosis, astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. We performed correlation analyses in cognitively unimpaired and impaired participants and used structural equation models to estimate the impact of microglia activation on synaptic injury in different disease stages. RESULTS 14-3-3 [Formula: see text] was increased in participants with amyloid pathology at the early stages of tau aggregation before hippocampal volume loss was detectable. 14-3-3 [Formula: see text] correlated with amyloidosis and tau load in all participants but only with biomarkers of neurodegeneration and memory deficits in cognitively unimpaired participants. This early synaptic damage was independently mediated by sTREM2. At later disease stages, tau and astrogliosis additionally mediated synaptic loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results advertise that sTREM2 is mediating synaptic injury at the early stages of tau accumulation, underlining the importance of microglia activation for AD disease propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Mölndal, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arthur C Macedo
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Jaime Fernandez Arias
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Seyyed Ali Hosseini
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Firoza Z Lussier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PA USA
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 PA USA
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, 518172 China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Research Centre for Studies in Aging, 6875 La Salle Blvd, FBC Room 3149, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schlepckow K, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Hong S, Haass C. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 37863592 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis. Microglia have long been considered to have detrimental roles in Alzheimer's disease. However, functional analyses of genes encoding risk factors that are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and that are enriched or exclusively expressed in microglia, have revealed unexpected protective functions. One of the major risk genes for Alzheimer's disease is TREM2. Risk variants of TREM2 are loss-of-function mutations affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid and energy metabolism, and survival and proliferation. Agonistic anti-TREM2 antibodies have been developed to boost these protective functions in patients with intact TREM2 alleles. Several anti-TREM2 antibodies are in early clinical trials, and current efforts aim to achieve more efficient transport of these antibodies across the blood-brain barrier. PET imaging could be used to monitor target engagement. Data from animal models, and biomarker studies in patients, further support a rationale for boosting TREM2 functions during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Group of Neurogenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lepiarz-Raba I, Gbadamosi I, Florea R, Paolicelli RC, Jawaid A. Metabolic regulation of microglial phagocytosis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:48. [PMID: 37908010 PMCID: PMC10617244 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the regulation of brain health and disease. Microglia perform multiple functions in the central nervous system, including surveillance, phagocytosis and release of a variety of soluble factors. Importantly, a majority of their functions are closely related to changes in their metabolism. This natural inter-dependency between core microglial properties and metabolism offers a unique opportunity to modulate microglial activities via nutritional or metabolic interventions. In this review, we examine the existing scientific literature to synthesize the hypothesis that microglial phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be selectively enhanced via metabolic interventions. We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. Next, we examine the evidence for dysregulation of microglial metabolism in AD. This is followed by a review of in vivo studies on metabolic manipulation of microglial functions to ascertain their therapeutic potential in AD. Finally, we discuss the effects of metabolic factors on microglial phagocytosis of healthy synapses, a pathological process that also contributes to the progression of AD. We conclude by enlisting the current challenges that need to be addressed before strategies to harness microglial phagocytosis to clear pathological protein deposits in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders can be widely adopted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roberta Florea
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ali Jawaid
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY: Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morales M, Findley AP, Mitchell DM. Intercellular contact and cargo transfer between Müller glia and to microglia precede apoptotic cell clearance in the developing retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561302. [PMID: 37873206 PMCID: PMC10592698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To clarify our understanding of glial phagocytosis in retinal development, we used real time imaging of larval zebrafish to provide cell-type specific resolution of this process. We show that radial Müller glia frequently participate in microglial phagocytosis while also completing a subset of phagocytic events. Müller glia (MG) actively engage with dying cells through initial target cell contact and phagocytic cup formation after which an exchange of the dying cell from MG to microglia often takes place. Additionally, we find evidence that Müller glia cellular material, possibly from the initial Müller cell's phagocytic cup, is internalized into microglial compartments. Previously undescribed Müller cell behaviors were seen, including cargo splitting, wrestling for targets, lateral passing of cargo to neighbors, and engulfment of what is possibly synaptic puncta. Collectively, our work provides new insight into glial functions and intercellular interactions, which will allow future work to understand these behaviors on a molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gomez-Arboledas A, Fonseca MI, Kramar E, Chu SH, Schartz N, Selvan P, Wood MA, Tenner AJ. C5aR1 signaling promotes region and age dependent synaptic pruning in models of Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560234. [PMID: 37873302 PMCID: PMC10592845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synaptic loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that correlates with cognitive decline in AD patients. Complement-mediated synaptic pruning has been associated with this excessive loss of synapses in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of C5aR1 inhibition on microglial and astroglial synaptic pruning in two mouse models of AD. METHODS A combination of super-resolution and confocal and tridimensional image reconstruction was used to assess the effect of genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 on the Arctic48 and Tg2576 models of AD. RESULTS Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 rescues the excessive pre-synaptic pruning and synaptic loss in an age and region dependent fashion in two mouse models of AD, which correlates with improved long-term potentiation (LTP). DISCUSSION Reduction of excessive synaptic pruning is an additional beneficial outcome of the suppression of C5a-C5aR1 signaling, further supporting its potential as an effective targeted therapy to treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maria I. Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enikö Kramar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicole Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Purnika Selvan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|