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Hughes D, Evans A, Go S, Eyres M, Pan L, Mukherjee S, Soonawalla Z, Willenbrock F, O’Neill E. Development of human pancreatic cancer avatars as a model for dynamic immune landscape profiling and personalized therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9071. [PMID: 38968363 PMCID: PMC11225792 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, a disease with dismal overall survival. Advances in treatment are hindered by a lack of preclinical models. Here, we show how a personalized organotypic "avatar" created from resected tissue allows spatial and temporal reporting on a complete in situ tumor microenvironment and mirrors clinical responses. Our perfusion culture method extends tumor slice viability, maintaining stable tumor content, metabolism, stromal composition, and immune cell populations for 12 days. Using multiplexed immunofluorescence and spatial transcriptomics, we identify immune neighborhoods and potential for immunotherapy. We used avatars to assess the impact of a preclinically validated metabolic therapy and show recovery of stromal and immune phenotypes and tumor redifferentiation. To determine clinical relevance, we monitored avatar response to gemcitabine treatment and identify a patient avatar-predictable response from clinical follow-up. Thus, avatars provide valuable information for syngeneic testing of therapeutics and a truly personalized therapeutic assessment platform for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hughes
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alice Evans
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simei Go
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Eyres
- Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Park SK10 4ZF, UK
| | - Liuliu Pan
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of HPB surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Eric O’Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Yu Z, Xu Z, Li S, Tian Z, Feng Y, Zhao H, Xue G, Cui J, Yan C, Yuan J. Prophylactic vitamin C supplementation regulates DNA demethylation to protect against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149463. [PMID: 38176172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) restricts the use of cisplatin as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent. Our previous study showed that prophylactic vitamin C supplementation may act as an epigenetic modulator in alleviating cisplatin-induced AKI in mice. However, the targets of vitamin C and the mechanisms underlying the epigenetics changes remain largely unknown. Herein, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing were performed on the kidney tissues of mice treated with cisplatin with prophylactic vitamin C supplementation (treatment mice) or phosphate-buffered saline (control mice) at 24 h after cisplatin treatment. Ascorbyl phosphate magnesium (APM), an oxidation-resistant vitamin C derivative, was found that led to global hypomethylation in the kidney tissue and regulated different functional genes in the promoter region and gene body region. Integrated evidence suggested that APM enhanced renal ion transport and metabolism, and reduced apoptosis and inflammation in the kidney tissues. Strikingly, Mapk15, Slc22a6, Cxcl5, and Cd44 were the potential targets of APM that conferred protection against cisplatin-induced AKI. Moreover, APM was found to be difficult to rescue cell proliferation and apoptosis caused by cisplatin in the Slc22a6 knockdown cell line. These results elucidate the mechanism by which vitamin C as an epigenetic regulator to protects against cisplatin-induced AKI and provides a new perspective and evidence support for controlling the disease process through regulating DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 8th, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Fuxing Road 8th, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ziyan Tian
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
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3
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Kim H, Jung I, Lee CH, An J, Ko M. Development of Novel Epigenetic Anti-Cancer Therapy Targeting TET Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16375. [PMID: 38003566 PMCID: PMC10671484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation, particularly alterations in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, plays a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins catalyze the successive oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and further oxidized methylcytosines in DNA, thereby serving as central modulators of DNA methylation-demethylation dynamics. TET loss of function is causally related to neoplastic transformation across various cell types while its genetic or pharmacological activation exhibits anti-cancer effects, making TET proteins promising targets for epigenetic cancer therapy. Here, we developed a robust cell-based screening system to identify novel TET activators and evaluated their potential as anti-cancer agents. Using a carefully curated library of 4533 compounds provided by the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, we identified mitoxantrone as a potent TET agonist. Through rigorous validation employing various assays, including immunohistochemistry and dot blot studies, we demonstrated that mitoxantrone significantly elevated 5hmC levels. Notably, this elevation manifested only in wild-type (WT) but not TET-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, and leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, mitoxantrone-induced cell death in leukemia cell lines occurred in a TET-dependent manner, indicating the critical role of TET proteins in mediating its anti-cancer effects. Our findings highlight mitoxantrone's potential to induce tumor cell death via a novel mechanism involving the restoration of TET activity, paving the way for targeted epigenetic therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (I.J.)
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (I.J.)
| | - Chan Hyeong Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungeun An
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myunggon Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (I.J.)
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Kietzmann T. Vitamin C: From nutrition to oxygen sensing and epigenetics. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102753. [PMID: 37263060 PMCID: PMC10245123 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is unbeatable - at least when it comes to sales. Of all the vitamin preparations, those containing vitamin C sell best. This is surprising because vitamin C deficiency is extremely rare. Nevertheless, there is still controversy about whether the additional intake of vitamin C supplements is essential for our health. In this context, the possible additional benefit is in most cases merely reduced to the known effect as an antioxidant. However, new findings in recent years on the mechanisms of oxygen-sensing and epigenetic control underpin the multifaceted role of vitamin C in a biological context and have therefore renewed interest in it. In the present article, therefore, known facts are linked to these new key data. In addition, available clinical data on vitamin C use of cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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Temraz S, Jabbour J, Nassar F, El Helou R, Hadla R, Mezher M, El Lakkiss A, Charafeddine M, Nasr R, Shamseddine A. Can plasma vitamin C predict survival in stage IV colorectal cancer patients? Results of a prospective cohort study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1110405. [PMID: 36969825 PMCID: PMC10038077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and AimsIn light of the inconclusive evidence on the association between vitamin C status and colorectal cancer (CRC) outcome, this study assessed the prognostic value of vitamin C in participants with metastatic CRC (mCRC).MethodsAdults with mCRC and cancer-free controls were recruited in this prospective cohort study to allow for comparison of vitamin C levels with healthy individuals from the same population. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, medical variables, BRAF and KRAS mutations, as well as Vitamin C plasma level and food intake were evaluated. Predictors of diminished vitamin C level were assessed via multivariate logistic regression. Mortality and progression free survival (PFS) among mCRC participants were analyzed based on plasma vitamin C level.ResultsThe cancer group (n = 46) was older (mean age: 60 ± 14 vs. 42 ± 9.6, p = 0.047) and included more males (29% vs. 19%, p < 0.001) than the cancer-free group (n = 45). There was a non-significant difference in the vitamin C intake between the two groups; however, the mean plasma vitamin C level was lower in the cancer group (3.5 ± 3.7 vs. 9.2 ± 5.6 mg/l, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and gender, the cancer group was more likely to be deficient compared to the cancer-free group [Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI): 5.4 (2.1–14)]. There was a non-significant trend for higher mortality in the vitamin C deficient cancer group (31% vs. 12%, p = 0.139). PFS did not differ based on vitamin C deficiency and patients with BRAF and KRAS mutations did not have significant differences in vitamin C levels.ConclusionmCRC patients have lower plasma vitamin C levels than healthy controls. The trend toward higher mortality in the vitamin C deficient cancer group was not statistically significant. Whether this phenomenon affects survival and response to treatment warrants further exploration in phase III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Temraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jana Jabbour
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Remie El Helou
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ruba Hadla
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Mezher
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El Lakkiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maya Charafeddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Rihab Nasr,
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Ali Shamseddine,
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Xu Z, Yu Z, Chen M, Zhang M, Chen R, Yu H, Lin Y, Wang D, Li S, Huang L, Li Y, Yuan J, Yin P. Mechanisms of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis based on transcriptome and DNA methylation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011725. [PMID: 36325359 PMCID: PMC9618684 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease that impacts the elderly. Low estrogen is related to changes in DNA methylation and consequent alterations in gene expression, leading to a new direction in research related to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. We constructed an Ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model in our study, and the mouse models had osteoporosis based on the phenotype and methylation levels in the mouse’s bone. Furthermore, the methylation level of the OVX mice was significantly changed compared to that of SHAM mice. Therefore, we performed genome-level analysis on the mouse model using transcriptome and Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) by combining the data of two omics and discovered that the changes in gene expression level caused by osteoporosis primarily focused on the decrease of bone and muscle development and the activation of the immune system. According to intersection analysis of methylation and transcriptome data, the differentially expressed genes and pathways are consistent with the differentially expressed methylation locations and regions. Further, the differentially expressed methylation sites were mainly concentrated in promoters, exons, and other critical functional regions of essential differentially expressed genes. This is also the primary cause of gene differential expression variations, indicating that estrogen deficiency might regulate gene expression by altering methylation modification, leading to osteoporosis. We demonstrated the clinical value of methylation modification research, and these findings would improve the current understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis incidence and development and provide new ideas for early detection and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Xu
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Haikuan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Duanyang Wang
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengbin Yin, ; Yi Li, ; Jing Yuan,
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengbin Yin, ; Yi Li, ; Jing Yuan,
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengbin Yin, ; Yi Li, ; Jing Yuan,
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Qi J, Shi Y, Tan Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang C, Ci W. Regional gain and global loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine coexist in genitourinary cancers and regulate different oncogenic pathways. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:117. [PMID: 36127710 PMCID: PMC9491006 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is produced by dynamic 5mC oxidation process contributing to tissue specification, and loss of 5hmC has been reported in multiple cancers including genitourinary cancers. However, 5hmC is also cell-type specific, and its variability may exist between differentiated tumor cells and cancer stem cells. Thus, cancer-associated changes in 5hmC may be contributed by distinct sets of tumor cells within the tumor tissues. RESULTS Here, we applied a sensitive immunoprecipitation-based method (hMeDIP-seq) to analyze 5hmC changes during genitourinary carcinogenesis (including prostate, urothelial and kidney). We confirmed the tissue-specific distribution of 5hmC in genitourinary tissues and identified regional gain and global loss of 5hmC coexisting in genitourinary cancers. The genes with gain of 5hmC during tumorigenesis were functionally enriched in regulating stemness and hypoxia, whereas were associated with poor clinical prognosis irrespective of their differences in tumor type. We identified that gain of 5hmC occurred in soft fibrin gel-induced 3D tumor spheres with a tumor-repopulating phenotype in two prostate cancer cell lines, 22RV1 and PC3, compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) rigid dishes. Then, we defined a malignant signature derived from the differentially hydroxymethylated regions affected genes of cancer stem-like cells, which could predict a worse clinical outcome and identified phenotypically malignant populations of cells from prostate cancer tumors. Notably, an oxidation-resistant vitamin C derivative, ascorbyl phosphate magnesium, restored 5hmC and killed the cancer stem cell-like cells leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study dissects the regional gain of 5hmC in maintaining cancer stem-like cells and related to poor prognosis, which provides proof of concept for an epigenetic differentiation therapy with vitamin C by 5hmC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yue Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yezhen Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jilu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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8
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Ma X, Yang B, Li X, Miao Z. Tet Enzymes-Mediated DNA 5hmC Modification in Cerebral Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Injury. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:884-891. [PMID: 35394559 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has recently been found that plays an important role in many diseases; however, there are still few studies in the field of stroke. The purpose of this review is to introduce the influence and function of 5hmC in stroke, in order for more people can study it. In this review, we introduced the role of 5hmC in ischemia and hemorrhage stroke, and summarized the possible therapeutic prospects of 5hmC in stroke. In conclusion, we suggest that 5hmC may serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Gusu School, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215153, China.
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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9
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Bhat KS, Byun S, Alam A, Ko M, An J, Lim S. A fast and label-free detection of hydroxymethylated DNA using a nozzle-jet printed AuNPs@Ti 3C 2 MXene-based electrochemical sensor. Talanta 2022; 244:123421. [PMID: 35397322 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a key epigenetic mark in the mammalian genome that has been proposed as a promising cancer biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic potentials. A new type of two-dimensional (2D) material called MXene includes transition metal carbides and nitrides and possesses unique physico-chemical properties suitable for diverse applications, including electrochemical sensors. Here, we report a new nozzle-jet printed electrochemical sensor using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)@Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite for the real-time and label-free detection of 5hmC in the genome. We utilized Ti3C2 MXene as a platform to immobilize AuNPs, which have been shown to exhibit different affinity interactions toward 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) and 5hmC, and thus produce distinct electrochemical responses. To fabricate the electrode, a highly conductive and adhesive silver ink was prepared to generate a silver line onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using nozzle-jet printing, followed by deposition of AuNPs@Ti3C2 MXene ink at one end via dropcasting. Analyses of morphology and chemical composition showed that all steps of the sensor fabrication were successful. The fabricated sensor coupled with cyclic voltammetry showed excellent performance in distinguishing 5 mC- or 5hmC-enriched cellular genomic DNAs. As a proof-of-concept investigation, we confirmed that our sensor readily and consistently detected 5hmC diminution in multiple tumors, compared to the paired normal tissues. Thus, our simple and cost-effective sensing strategy using printable AuNPs@Ti3C2 MXene ink holds promise for a wide range of practical applications in epigenetic studies as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesar Sideeq Bhat
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Seongjun Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Asrar Alam
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggon Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun An
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Shi Y, Zhang Q, Bi H, Lu M, Tan Y, Zou D, Ge L, Chen Z, Liu C, Ci W, Ma L. Decoding the multicellular ecosystem of vena caval tumor thrombus in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by single-cell RNA sequencing. Genome Biol 2022; 23:87. [PMID: 35361264 PMCID: PMC8969307 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular invasion with tumor thrombus frequently occurs in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thrombectomy is one of the most challenging surgeries with high rate of perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms driving tumor thrombus formation are poorly understood which is required for designing effective therapy for eliminating tumor thrombus. RESULTS We perform single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 19 surgical tissue specimens from 8 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients with tumor thrombus. We observe tumor thrombus has increased tissue resident CD8+ T cells with a progenitor exhausted phenotype compared with the matched primary tumors. Remarkably, macrophages, malignant cells, endothelial cells and myofibroblasts from TTs exhibit enhanced remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The macrophages and malignant cells from primary tumors represent proinflammatory states, but also increase the expression of immunosuppressive markers compared to tumor thrombus. Finally, differential gene expression and interaction analyses reveal that tumor-stroma interplay reshapes the extracellular matrix in tumor thrombus associated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive picture of the ecosystem of ccRCC with tumor thrombus provides deeper insights into the mechanisms of tumor thrombus formation, which may aid in the design of effective neoadjuvant therapy to promote downstaging of tumor thrombus and decrease the perioperative morbidity and mortality of thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai Bi
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yezhen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daojia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Ge
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Weimin Ci
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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11
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Yu Z, Xu Z, Liang Y, Yin P, Shi Y, Yu J, Hao J, Wang T, Ci W. Vitamin C Deficiency Causes Cell Type-Specific Epigenetic Reprogramming and Acute Tubular Necrosis in a Mouse Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:531-546. [PMID: 34983833 PMCID: PMC8975062 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C deficiency is found in patients with variable kidney diseases. However, the role of vitamin C as an epigenetic regulator in renal homeostasis and pathogenesis remains largely unknown. METHODS We showed that vitamin C deficiency leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) using a vitamin C-deficient mouse model (Gulo knock-out). DNA/RNA epigenetic modifications and injured S3 proximal tubule cells were identified in the vitamin C-deficient kidneys using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, and single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS Integrated evidence suggested that epigenetic modifications affected the proximal tubule cells and fenestrated endothelial cells, leading to tubule injury and hypoxia through transcriptional regulation. Strikingly, loss of DNA hydroxymethylation and DNA hypermethylation in vitamin C-deficient kidneys preceded the histologic sign of tubule necrosis, indicating the causality of vitamin C-induced epigenetic modification in ATN. Consistently, prophylactic supplementation of an oxidation-resistant vitamin C derivative, ascorbyl phosphate magnesium, promoted DNA demethylation and prevented the progression of cisplatin-induced ATN. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C played a critical role in renal homeostasis and pathogenesis in a mouse model, suggesting vitamin supplementation may be an approach to lower the risk of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Yu
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing, China
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12
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Sideeq Bhat K, Kim H, Alam A, Ko M, An J, Lim S. Rapid and Label-Free Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Genomic DNA Using an Au/ZnO Nanorods Hybrid Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Sensor. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101193. [PMID: 34558229 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins modify DNA methylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Loss of 5hmC, a widely accepted epigenetic hallmark of cancers, is proposed as a biomarker for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, precise quantification of 5hmC holds great potential for diverse clinical applications. DNAs containing 5mC or 5hmC display different adsorption affinity toward the gold surface, thus producing different electrochemical responses. Here a novel, label-free electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)/zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) nanostructure for the facile and real-time detection of 5hmC-enriched DNAs is reported. The hybrid structure is fabricated by the vertical hydrothermal growth of ZnO NRs onto indium tin oxide glass substrate, followed by the decoration of ZnO NRs with Au NPs via sputtering. Successful fabrication is confirmed by analyzing the morphology and chemical composition of the sensor. By coupling the fabricated sensor with cyclic voltammetry, its functionality in distinguishing genomic DNAs containing different levels of 5hmC is validated. Notably, the sensor device successfully and consistently detects 5hmC loss in primary hepatocellular carcinoma, compared to the normal tissues. Thus, the novel sensing strategy to assess DNA hydroxymethylation will likely find broad applications in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiesar Sideeq Bhat
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Asrar Alam
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggon Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun An
- Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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13
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Böttger F, Vallés-Martí A, Cahn L, Jimenez CR. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:343. [PMID: 34717701 PMCID: PMC8557029 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin C has the potential to be a potent anti-cancer agent when administered intravenously and in high doses (high-dose IVC). Early phase clinical trials have confirmed safety and indicated efficacy of IVC in eradicating tumour cells of various cancer types. In recent years, the multi-targeting effects of vitamin C were unravelled, demonstrating a role as cancer-specific, pro-oxidative cytotoxic agent, anti-cancer epigenetic regulator and immune modulator, reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibiting hypoxia and oncogenic kinase signalling and boosting immune response. Moreover, high-dose IVC is powerful as an adjuvant treatment for cancer, acting synergistically with many standard (chemo-) therapies, as well as a method for mitigating the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy. Despite the rationale and ample evidence, strong clinical data and phase III studies are lacking. Therefore, there is a need for more extensive awareness of the use of this highly promising, non-toxic cancer treatment in the clinical setting. In this review, we provide an elaborate overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies using high-dose IVC as anti-cancer agent, as well as a detailed evaluation of the main known molecular mechanisms involved. A special focus is put on global molecular profiling studies in this respect. In addition, an outlook on future implications of high-dose vitamin C in cancer treatment is presented and recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Böttger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vallés-Martí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loraine Cahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Mikkelsen SU, Gillberg L, Lykkesfeldt J, Grønbæk K. The role of vitamin C in epigenetic cancer therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:179-193. [PMID: 33789122 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of vitamin C in the treatment of cancer has been subject to controversy for decades. Within the past 10 years, mechanistic insight into the importance of vitamin C in epigenetic regulation has provided a new rationale for its potential anti-cancer effects. At physiological concentrations, vitamin C is a potent antioxidant and thereby co-factor for a range of enzymes including the Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that represent some of the most important epigenetic regulators; the ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases and the Jumonji-C domain-containing histone demethylases. Epigenetic deregulation is a hallmark of many cancers and reduced activity of these enzymes or somatic loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding them, are observed in many cancer types. The present review outlines the growing literature on the role of vitamin C in epigenetic therapy of cancer. In the vast majority of in vitro, animal and clinical studies included in this review, vitamin C showed ability across cancer types to increase the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine catalyzed by the TET enzymes - the first step in DNA demethylation. Most consistently, vitamin C in combination with the class of epigenetic drugs, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies in both preclinical and the limited number of available clinical studies. Yet, the pertinent question of what is the optimal dose of vitamin C in cancer studies remains to be answered. High-quality randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with vitamin C may benefit subgroups of patients with (pre-)cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ulrik Mikkelsen
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 10, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Building 2, 3rd Floor, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Gillberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1st Floor, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 10, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Building 2, 3rd Floor, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Brabson JP, Leesang T, Mohammad S, Cimmino L. Epigenetic Regulation of Genomic Stability by Vitamin C. Front Genet 2021; 12:675780. [PMID: 34017357 PMCID: PMC8129186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs) are a family of iron (Fe2+) and α-KG -dependent dioxygenases that regulate DNA methylation levels by oxidizing 5-methylcystosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). These oxidized methylcytosines promote passive demethylation upon DNA replication, or active DNA demethylation, by triggering base excision repair and replacement of 5fC and 5caC with an unmethylated cytosine. Several studies over the last decade have shown that loss of TET function leads to DNA hypermethylation and increased genomic instability. Vitamin C, a cofactor of TET enzymes, increases 5hmC formation and promotes DNA demethylation, suggesting that this essential vitamin, in addition to its antioxidant properties, can also directly influence genomic stability. This review will highlight the functional role of DNA methylation, TET activity and vitamin C, in the crosstalk between DNA methylation and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Brabson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tiffany Leesang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sofia Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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16
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TET-mediated DNA demethylation plays an important role in arsenic-induced HBE cells oxidative stress via regulating promoter methylation of OGG1 and GSTP1. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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High-Dose Vitamin C: Preclinical Evidence for Tailoring Treatment in Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061428. [PMID: 33804775 PMCID: PMC8003833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vitamin C is an indispensable micronutrient in the human diet due to the multiple functions it carries out in the body. Reports of clinical studies have indicated that, when administered at high dosage by the intravenous route, vitamin C may exert beneficial antitumor effects in patients with advanced stage cancers, including those refractory to previous treatment with chemotherapy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the different mechanisms of action by which high-dose vitamin C may kill tumor cells. A special focus will be given to those mechanisms that provide the rationale basis for tailoring vitamin C treatment according to specific molecular alterations present in the tumor and for the selection of the most appropriate companion drugs. Abstract High-dose vitamin C has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for patients with advanced tumors who failed previous treatment with chemotherapy. Due to vitamin C complex pharmacokinetics, only intravenous administration allows reaching sufficiently high plasma concentrations required for most of the antitumor effects observed in preclinical studies (>0.250 mM). Moreover, vitamin C entry into cells is tightly regulated by SVCT and GLUT transporters, and is cell type-dependent. Importantly, besides its well-recognized pro-oxidant effects, vitamin C modulates TET enzymes promoting DNA demethylation and acts as cofactor of HIF hydroxylases, whose activity is required for HIF-1α proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, at pharmacological concentrations lower than those required for its pro-oxidant activity (<1 mM), vitamin C in specific genetic contexts may alter the DNA damage response by increasing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. These more recently described vitamin C mechanisms offer new treatment opportunities for tumors with specific molecular defects (e.g., HIF-1α over-expression or TET2, IDH1/2, and WT1 alterations). Moreover, vitamin C action at DNA levels may provide the rationale basis for combination therapies with PARP inhibitors and hypomethylating agents. This review outlines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vitamin C to be taken into account in designing clinical studies that evaluate its potential use as anticancer agent.
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18
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Feng C, Huang X, Li X, Mao J. The Roles of Base Modifications in Kidney Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:580018. [PMID: 33282735 PMCID: PMC7691527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.580018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications including histone modifications and DNA and RNA modifications are involved in multiple biological processes and human diseases. One disease, kidney cancer, includes a common type of tumor, accounts for about 2% of all cancers, and usually has poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategy of kidney cancer are still under intensive study. Understanding the roles of epigenetic modifications and underlying mechanisms in kidney cancer is critical to its diagnosis and clinical therapy. Recently, the function of DNA and RNA modifications has been uncovered in kidney tumor. In the present review, we summarize recent findings about the roles of epigenetic modifications (particularly DNA and RNA modifications) in the incidence, progression, and metastasis of kidney cancer, especially the renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Feng
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play diverse roles in many biological processes, including regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated adaptation to hypoxia, extracellular matrix formation, epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. 2OGDDs all require oxygen, reduced iron and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate) to function, although their affinities for each of these co-substrates, and hence their sensitivity to depletion of specific co-substrates, varies widely. Numerous 2OGDDs are recurrently dysregulated in cancer. Moreover, cancer-specific metabolic changes, such as those that occur subsequent to mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, can dysregulate specific 2OGDDs. This latter observation suggests that the role of 2OGDDs in cancer extends beyond cancers that harbour mutations in the genes encoding members of the 2OGDD superfamily. Herein, we review the regulation of 2OGDDs in normal cells and how that regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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20
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Codini M. Why Vitamin C Could Be an Excellent Complementary Remedy to Conventional Therapies for Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218397. [PMID: 33182353 PMCID: PMC7664876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent cancer in women is breast cancer, which is a major cause of death. Currently, there are many pharmacological therapies that have made possible the cure and resolution of this tumor. However, these therapies are accompanied by numerous collateral effects that influence the quality of life (QoL) of the patients to varying degrees. For this reason, attention is turning to the use of complementary medicine to improve QoL. In particular, there are increased trials of intravenous injection of vitamin C at high doses to enhance the antitumor activity of drugs and/or decrease their side effects. This review intends to underline the anticancer mechanisms of vitamin C that could explain its efficacy for treating breast cancer, and why the use of vitamin C at high doses could help patients with breast cancer to enhance the efficacy of pharmacological therapies and/or decrease their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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21
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Chen YY, Hu HH, Wang YN, Liu JR, Liu HJ, Liu JL, Zhao YY. Metabolomics in renal cell carcinoma: From biomarker identification to pathomechanism insights. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108623. [PMID: 33039388 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a frequently diagnosed cancer with high prevalence, which is inversely associated with survival benefit. Although myriad studies have shed light on disease causality, unfortunately, thus far, RCC diagnosis is faced with numerous obstacles partly due to the insufficient knowledge of effective biomarkers, hinting deeper mechanistic understanding are urgently needed. Metabolites are recognized as final proxies for gene-environment interactions and physiological homeostasis as they reflect dynamic processes that are ongoing or have been taken place, and metabolomics may therefore offer a far more productive and cost-effective route to disease discovery, particularly within the arena for new biomarker identification. In this review, we primarily expatiate recent advances in metabolomics that may be amenable to novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for RCC, which may expand our armaments to win more bettles against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - He-He Hu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing-Ru Liu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hai-Jing Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China.
| | - Jian-Ling Liu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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22
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Butt G, Farooqi AA, Adylova A, Attar R, Yilmaz S, Konysbayevna KK, Sabitaliyevich UY, Gasparri ML, Xu B. Vitamin C as an Anticancer Agent: Regulation of Signaling Pathways. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1868-1875. [PMID: 32648842 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200710102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for effective treatment of cancer with minimum off-target effects and maximum clinical outcomes have remained overarching goals in the clinical oncology. Vitamin C has remained in the shadows of controversy since the past few decades; burgeoning evidence has started to shed light on wide-ranging anticancer effects exerted by Vitamin C to induce apoptosis in drug-resistant cancer cells, inhibit uncontrolled proliferation of the cancer cells and metastatic spread. Landmark achievements in molecular oncology have ushered in a new era, and researchers have focused on the identification of oncogenic pathways regulated by Vitamin C in different cancers. However, there are visible knowledge gaps in our understanding related to the ability of Vitamin C to modulate a myriad of transduction cascades. There are scattered pieces of scientific evidence about promising potential of Vitamin C to regulate JAK-STAT, TGF/SMAD, TRAIL and microRNAs in different cancers. However, published data is insufficient and needs to be investigated comprehensively to enable basic and clinical researchers to reap full benefits and promote result-oriented transition of Vitamin C into various phases of clinical trials. In this review, we will emphasize on available evidence related to the regulation of oncogenic cell signaling pathways by Vitamin C in different cancers. We will also highlight the conceptual gaps, which need detailed and cutting-edge research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Butt
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammad A Farooqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aima Adylova
- Department of Postgraduate Education and Research, Kazakhstan Medical University KSPH, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Uteuliyev Y Sabitaliyevich
- Department of Postgraduate Education and Research, Kazakhstan Medical University KSPH, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Maria L Gasparri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Universita' della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
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23
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Zhang Z, Jin Y, Zhang W, Chu C, Zhang K, Gao X, Zhou J, Zou L, Tang F, Wang H, Zou Q. Values of 5mC, 5hmC, and TET2 for identifying the presence and progression of breast precancerous lesion. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23162. [PMID: 31867779 PMCID: PMC7246364 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the correlations of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and ten-eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) expressions in lesion tissue with histological classification of breast precancerous lesion. METHODS Eighty-three patients with breast ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN), 20 patients with breast ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCIS-MI), and 10 patients with invasive breast cancer were included. Histological classification of the DIN patients was classified as DIN1A, DIN1B, DIN1C, DIN2, and DIN3. 5mC, 5hmC, and TET2 expressions in lesion tissues from biopsy were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. RESULTS 5hmC and TET2 were negatively associated with histological classification as validated by both IHC score and IHC semi-quantification expression grades in total patients (all P < .05); however, no correlation of 5mC with histological classification was found (all P > .05). 5mC (P = .004) was negatively but 5hmC (P < .001) was positively correlated with TET2, while no association of 5mC with 5hmC was discovered in total patients (P = .078). In addition, 5mC was positively associated with ER expression in total patients (P = .040). In subgroups, 5mC was negatively correlated with 5hmC in DIN1C patients (P = .023) and invasive cancer patients (P = .044), and 5mC was negatively associated with TET2 in DIN1B patients (P = .004) as well as DCIS-MI patients (P = .003). CONCLUSION 5hmC and TET2 have the potentials to serve as biomarkers that could assist in the identification of presence and progression of breast precancerous lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiting Jin
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chengyu Chu
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xingyan Gao
- Department of Breast SurgeryHuangpu BranchShanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liping Zou
- Department of PathologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of PathologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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24
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Roa FJ, Peña E, Gatica M, Escobar-Acuña K, Saavedra P, Maldonado M, Cuevas ME, Moraga-Cid G, Rivas CI, Muñoz-Montesino C. Therapeutic Use of Vitamin C in Cancer: Physiological Considerations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:211. [PMID: 32194425 PMCID: PMC7063061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early studies of William J. McCormick in the 1950s, vitamin C has been proposed as a candidate for the treatment of cancer. A number of reports have shown that pharmacological concentrations of vitamin C selectively kill cancer cells in vitro and decrease the growth rates of a number of human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. However, up to the date there is still doubt regarding this possible therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer, mainly because high dose administration in cancer patients has not showed a clear antitumor activity. These apparent controversial findings highlight the fact that we lack information on the interactions that occurs between cancer cells and vitamin C, and if these transformed cells can uptake, metabolize and compartmentalize vitamin C like normal human cells do. The role of SVCTs and GLUTs transporters, which uptake the reduced form and the oxidized form of vitamin C, respectively, has been recently highlighted in the context of cancer showing that the relationship between vitamin C and cancer might be more complex than previously thought. In this review, we analyze the state of art of the effect of vitamin C on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and relate it to the capacity of cancer cells in acquiring, metabolize and compartmentalize this nutrient, with its implications on the potential therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Roa
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcell Gatica
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kathleen Escobar-Acuña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulina Saavedra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mafalda Maldonado
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Magdalena E Cuevas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Coralia I Rivas
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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25
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Chen L, Song H, Luo Z, Cui H, Zheng W, Liu Y, Li W, Luo F, Liu J. PHLPP2 is a novel biomarker and epigenetic target for the treatment of vitamin C in pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1294-1303. [PMID: 32319585 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulations are closely associated with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is one of the most aggressive malignancies and currently has limited treatment options. Vitamin C (VC), an epigenetic mediator, exerts antitumor effects on several types of cancer. However, the clinical application of VC is limited, particularly in PDAC. Thus, to investigate the antitumor effects and explore the potential clinical application of VC in PDAC, the survival of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were analyzed, and proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays were performed in the present study. It was first established that high expression levels of the sodium‑dependent VC transporter 2, a critical VC transporter, predicted a good prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. It was further confirmed that VC directly inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and suppressed migration of human pancreatic cancer cells. Global 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) content was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells following VC treatment, predominantly relying on ten‑eleven translocation 2. Furthermore, VC could specifically increase 5hmC levels at the promotor region on PH domain leucine‑rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) and enhance PHLPP2 expression levels. When PHLPP2 expression levels were knocked down, VC was able to partially overcome the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells. These results illustrated a novel and precise mechanism of action of epigenetic alterations that underly the inhibition of VC in pancreatic cancer, and emphasized that PHLPP2 may be a new biomarker and epigenetic target for the clinical treatment of VC in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Huan Song
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhongguang Luo
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Haoshu Cui
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wanwei Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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26
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Kundu A, Shelar S, Ghosh AP, Ballestas M, Kirkman R, Nam H, Brinkley GJ, Karki S, Mobley JA, Bae S, Varambally S, Sudarshan S. 14-3-3 proteins protect AMPK-phosphorylated ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) from PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1754-1766. [PMID: 31901078 PMCID: PMC7008385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) is a member of the methylcytosine dioxygenase family of enzymes and has been implicated in cancer and aging because of its role as a global epigenetic modifier. TET2 has a large N-terminal domain and a catalytic C-terminal region. Previous reports have demonstrated that the TET2 catalytic domain remains active independently of the N-terminal domain. As such, the function of the N terminus of this large protein remains poorly characterized. Here, using yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation, and several biochemical assays, we found that several isoforms of the 14-3-3 family of proteins bind TET2. 14-3-3 proteins bound TET2 when it was phosphorylated at Ser-99. In particular, we observed that AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-99 promotes TET2 stability and increases global DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. The interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with TET2 protected the Ser-99 phosphorylation, and disruption of this interaction both reduced TET2 phosphorylation and decreased TET2 stability. Furthermore, we noted that protein phosphatase 2A can interact with TET2 and dephosphorylate Ser-99. Collectively, these results provide detailed insights into the role of the TET2 N-terminal domain in TET2 regulation. Moreover, they reveal the dynamic nature of TET2 protein regulation that could have therapeutic implications for disease states resulting from reduced TET2 levels or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Sandeep Shelar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Arindam P Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Mary Ballestas
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Hyeyoung Nam
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | - Suman Karki
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Sejong Bae
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233.
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27
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Cramer-Morales KL, Heer CD, Mapuskar KA, Domann FE. Succinate Accumulation Links Mitochondrial MnSOD Depletion to Aberrant Nuclear DNA Methylation and Altered Cell Fate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 1:60-70. [PMID: 33585836 PMCID: PMC7876477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that human cell line HEK293 lacking mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) exhibited decreased succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and mice lacking MnSOD displayed significant reductions in SDH and aconitase activities. Since MnSOD has significant effects on SDH activity, and succinate is a key regulator of TET enzymes needed for proper differentiation, we hypothesized that SOD2 loss would lead to succinate accumulation, inhibition of TET activity, and impaired erythroid precursor differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we genetically disrupted the SOD2 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic strategy in a human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL 92.1.7) capable of induced differentiation toward an erythroid phenotype. Cells obtained in this manner displayed significant inhibition of SDH activity and ~10-fold increases in cellular succinate levels compared to their parent cell controls. Furthermore, SOD2 -/- cells exhibited significantly reduced TET enzyme activity concomitant with decreases in genomic 5-hmC and corresponding increases in 5-mC. Finally, when stimulated with δ-aminolevulonic acid (δ-ALA), SOD2 -/- HEL cells failed to properly differentiate toward an erythroid phenotype, likely due to failure to complete the necessary global DNA demethylation program required for erythroid maturation. Together, our findings support the model of an SDH/succinate/TET axis and a role for succinate as a retrograde signaling molecule of mitochondrial origin that significantly perturbs nuclear epigenetic reprogramming and introduce MnSOD as a governor of the SDH/succinate/TET axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. Cramer-Morales
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Collin D. Heer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kranti A. Mapuskar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Frederick E. Domann;
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28
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Hydroxyurea promotes TET1 expression and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190456. [PMID: 30988069 PMCID: PMC6522705 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are abnormally expressed in various cancers. Osteosarcoma cells were treated with hydroxyurea to investigate the expression pattern of TET proteins in these cells. The expression of TET1 was increased in U2OS cells after treatment with hydroxyurea. In addition, hydroxyurea increased cell apoptosis and altered the cell cycle. TET proteins catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC); therefore, 5mC and 5hmC levels were evaluated. Increased 5hmC levels were observed after the hydroxyurea treatment. Experiments examining cell apoptosis and the cell cycle after knockdown and overexpression of TET1 were conducted to further investigate whether TET1 expression affected cell growth. The overexpression of TET1 increased cell apoptosis and inhibited cell growth. Taken together, TET1 expression regulated proliferation and apoptosis in U2OS cells, changes that were associated with 5hmC levels.
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29
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Xiang Y, Guo Z, Zhu P, Chen J, Huang Y. Traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer treatment: Modern perspectives of ancient but advanced science. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1958-1975. [PMID: 30945475 PMCID: PMC6536969 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years and at the present time is widely accepted as an alternative treatment for cancer. In this review, we sought to summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and therapeutic activity of TCM, especially that of the Chinese herbal medicine-derived phytochemicals curcumin, resveratrol, and berberine. Numerous genes have been reported to be involved when using TCM treatments and so we have selectively highlighted the role of a number of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes in TCM therapy. In addition, the impact of TCM treatment on DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation of noncoding RNAs is discussed. Furthermore, we have highlighted studies of TCM therapy that modulate the tumor microenvironment and eliminate cancer stem cells. The information compiled in this review will serve as a solid foundation to formulate hypotheses for future studies on TCM-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Xiang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zimu Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Zhong X, Liu D, Hao Y, Li C, Hao J, Lin C, Shi S, Wang D. The expression of TET3 regulated cell proliferation in HepG2 cells. Gene 2019; 698:113-119. [PMID: 30836118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins have been shown to be abnormally expressed in different cancers. To investigate the expression pattern of TET proteins in HepG2 cells, sodium ascorbate was used to treat HepG2 cells. Our results showed that TET1, TET2 and TET3 expression was increased after sodium ascorbate treatment. The TET proteins catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thus, 5mC and 5hmC levels were examined. The results suggested that 5hmC was increased after sodium ascorbate treatment. To further determine the biological function of the TET proteins, si-TET1, si-TET2 and si-TET3 were transfected into HepG2 cells. The results showed that a knock down of TET3 expression stimulated cell proliferation of HepG2 cells. To further understand the effects of TET3 expression on cell proliferation, sodium ascorbate was added to the cells after transfection with si-TET3. The results demonstrated that sodium ascorbate could rescue TET3 expression and inhibit cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicate that TET3 expression regulated cell proliferation, which is associated with 5hmC in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhong
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengshun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jindong Hao
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin, China
| | - Shuming Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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31
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Lai W, Mo J, Yin J, Lyu C, Wang H. Profiling of epigenetic DNA modifications by advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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