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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play diverse roles in many biological processes, including regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated adaptation to hypoxia, extracellular matrix formation, epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. 2OGDDs all require oxygen, reduced iron and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate) to function, although their affinities for each of these co-substrates, and hence their sensitivity to depletion of specific co-substrates, varies widely. Numerous 2OGDDs are recurrently dysregulated in cancer. Moreover, cancer-specific metabolic changes, such as those that occur subsequent to mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, can dysregulate specific 2OGDDs. This latter observation suggests that the role of 2OGDDs in cancer extends beyond cancers that harbour mutations in the genes encoding members of the 2OGDD superfamily. Herein, we review the regulation of 2OGDDs in normal cells and how that regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Strowitzki MJ, Cummins EP, Taylor CT. Protein Hydroxylation by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Hydroxylases: Unique or Ubiquitous? Cells 2019; 8:cells8050384. [PMID: 31035491 PMCID: PMC6562979 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All metazoans that utilize molecular oxygen (O2) for metabolic purposes have the capacity to adapt to hypoxia, the condition that arises when O2 demand exceeds supply. This is mediated through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. At physiological oxygen levels (normoxia), HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate proline residues on HIF-α subunits leading to their destabilization by promoting ubiquitination by the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) ubiquitin ligase and subsequent proteasomal degradation. HIF-α transactivation is also repressed in an O2-dependent way due to asparaginyl hydroxylation by the factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH). In hypoxia, the O2-dependent hydroxylation of HIF-α subunits by PHDs and FIH is reduced, resulting in HIF-α accumulation, dimerization with HIF-β and migration into the nucleus to induce an adaptive transcriptional response. Although HIFs are the canonical substrates for PHD- and FIH-mediated protein hydroxylation, increasing evidence indicates that these hydroxylases may also have alternative targets. In addition to PHD-conferred alterations in protein stability, there is now evidence that hydroxylation can affect protein activity and protein/protein interactions for alternative substrates. PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited by a new class of drugs termed prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors which have recently been approved for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. The identification of alternative targets of HIF hydroxylases is important in order to fully elucidate the pharmacology of hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI). Despite significant technical advances, screening, detection and verification of alternative functional targets for PHDs and FIH remain challenging. In this review, we discuss recently proposed non-HIF targets for PHDs and FIH and provide an overview of the techniques used to identify these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Tang H, Babicheva A, McDermott KM, Gu Y, Ayon RJ, Song S, Wang Z, Gupta A, Zhou T, Sun X, Dash S, Wang Z, Balistrieri A, Zheng Q, Cordery AG, Desai AA, Rischard F, Khalpey Z, Wang J, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Endothelial HIF-2α contributes to severe pulmonary hypertension due to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L256-L275. [PMID: 29074488 PMCID: PMC5866501 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling characterized by concentric wall thickening and intraluminal obliteration is a major contributor to the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Here we report that increased hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) in lung vascular endothelial cells (LVECs) under normoxic conditions is involved in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by inducing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which subsequently results in vascular remodeling and occlusive lesions. We observed significant EndMT and markedly increased expression of SNAI, an inducer of EndMT, in LVECs from patients with IPAH and animals with experimental PH compared with normal controls. LVECs isolated from IPAH patients had a higher level of HIF-2α than that from normal subjects, whereas HIF-1α was upregulated in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from IPAH patients. The increased HIF-2α level, due to downregulated prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2), a prolyl hydroxylase that promotes HIF-2α degradation, was involved in enhanced EndMT and upregulated SNAI1/2 in LVECs from patients with IPAH. Moreover, knockdown of HIF-2α (but not HIF-1α) with siRNA decreases both SNAI1 and SNAI2 expression in IPAH-LVECs. Mice with endothelial cell (EC)-specific knockout (KO) of the PHD2 gene, egln1 (egln1EC-/-), developed severe PH under normoxic conditions, whereas Snai1/2 and EndMT were increased in LVECs of egln1EC-/- mice. EC-specific KO of the HIF-2α gene, hif2a, prevented mice from developing hypoxia-induced PH, whereas EC-specific deletion of the HIF-1α gene, hif1a, or smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific deletion of hif2a, negligibly affected the development of PH. Also, exposure to hypoxia for 48-72 h increased protein level of HIF-1α in normal human PASMCs and HIF-2α in normal human LVECs. These data indicate that increased HIF-2α in LVECs plays a pathogenic role in the development of severe PH by upregulating SNAI1/2, inducing EndMT, and causing obliterative pulmonary vascular lesions and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Aleksandra Babicheva
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kimberly M McDermott
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yali Gu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Akash Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xutong Sun
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Swetaleena Dash
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Zilu Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Balistrieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Arlette G Cordery
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Zain Khalpey
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medicine University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Kobayashi H, Liu J, Urrutia AA, Burmakin M, Ishii K, Rajan M, Davidoff O, Saifudeen Z, Haase VH. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylation in FOXD1 lineage cells is essential for normal kidney development. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1370-1383. [PMID: 28847650 PMCID: PMC5696043 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in the embryo is a frequent cause of intra-uterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and multiple organ defects. In the kidney, this can lead to low nephron endowment, predisposing to chronic kidney disease and arterial hypertension. A key component in cellular adaptation to hypoxia is the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, which is regulated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) dioxygenases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3. In the adult kidney, PHD oxygen sensors are differentially expressed in a cell type-dependent manner and control the production of erythropoietin in interstitial cells. However, the role of interstitial cell PHDs in renal development has not been examined. Here we used a genetic approach in mice to interrogate PHD function in FOXD1-expressing stroma during nephrogenesis. We demonstrate that PHD2 and PHD3 are essential for normal kidney development as the combined inactivation of stromal PHD2 and PHD3 resulted in renal failure that was associated with reduced kidney size, decreased numbers of glomeruli, and abnormal postnatal nephron formation. In contrast, nephrogenesis was normal in animals with individual PHD inactivation. We furthermore demonstrate that the defect in nephron formation in PHD2/PHD3 double mutants required intact hypoxia-inducible factor-2 signaling and was dependent on the extent of stromal hypoxia-inducible factor activation. Thus, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylation in renal interstitial cells is critical for normal nephron formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; The Hypertension and Renal Centers of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andres A Urrutia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mikhail Burmakin
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ken Ishii
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Malini Rajan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Olena Davidoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; The Hypertension and Renal Centers of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Volker H Haase
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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