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Ho MY, Liu S, Xing B. Bacteria extracellular vesicle as nanopharmaceuticals for versatile biomedical potential. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:28. [PMID: 38990415 PMCID: PMC11239649 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria extracellular vesicles (BEVs), characterized as the lipid bilayer membrane-surrounded nanoparticles filled with molecular cargo from parent cells, play fundamental roles in the bacteria growth and pathogenesis, as well as facilitating essential interaction between bacteria and host systems. Notably, benefiting from their unique biological functions, BEVs hold great promise as novel nanopharmaceuticals for diverse biomedical potential, attracting significant interest from both industry and academia. Typically, BEVs are evaluated as promising drug delivery platforms, on account of their intrinsic cell-targeting capability, ease of versatile cargo engineering, and capability to penetrate physiological barriers. Moreover, attributing to considerable intrinsic immunogenicity, BEVs are able to interact with the host immune system to boost immunotherapy as the novel nanovaccine against a wide range of diseases. Towards these significant directions, in this review, we elucidate the nature of BEVs and their role in activating host immune response for a better understanding of BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals' development. Additionally, we also systematically summarize recent advances in BEVs for achieving the target delivery of genetic material, therapeutic agents, and functional materials. Furthermore, vaccination strategies using BEVs are carefully covered, illustrating their flexible therapeutic potential in combating bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancer. Finally, the current hurdles and further outlook of these BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao Ho
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Songhan Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, S637371, Singapore.
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2
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Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Geng S, Wu H, Shao Y, Kang G. Construction of Immune-Related Diagnostic Model for Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2499-2511. [PMID: 38699596 PMCID: PMC11063471 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s451338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), and the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection (LTBI) remains challenging. Methods Gene expression files were downloaded from the GEO database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The ssGSEA algorithm was applied to assess the immunological characteristics of patients with LTBI and TB. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and the cytoHubba plug-in of Cytoscape were used to identify the real hub genes. Finally, a diagnostic model was constructed using real hub genes and validated using a validation set. Results Macrophages and natural killer cells were identified as important immune cells strongly associated with TB. In total, 726 mRNAs were identified as DEGs. MX1, STAT1, IFIH1, DDX58, and IRF7 were identified as real hub immune-related genes. The diagnostic model generated by the five real hub genes could distinguish active TB from healthy controls or patients with LTBI. Conclusion Our study may provide implications for the diagnosis and drug development of M. tb infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Science & Education, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yankun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujun Geng
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Shao
- Office of Clinical Pharmacological Center, Hebei Chest Hospital, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Lung Disease, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guannan Kang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Wan S, Wang K, Huang P, Guo X, Liu W, Li Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Song J, Yang W, Zhang X, Ding X, Leong DT, Wang L. Mechanoelectronic stimulation of autologous extracellular vesicle biosynthesis implant for gut microbiota modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3343. [PMID: 38637580 PMCID: PMC11026491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic gut microbiota is responsible for a few debilitating gastrointestinal diseases. While the host immune cells do produce extracellular vesicles to counteract some deleterious effects of the microbiota, the extracellular vesicles are of insufficient doses and at unreliable exposure times. Here we use mechanical stimulation of hydrogel-embedded macrophage in a bioelectronic controller that on demand boost production of up to 20 times of therapeutic extracellular vesicles to ameliorate the microbes' deleterious effects in vivo. Our miniaturized wireless bioelectronic system termed inducible mechanical activation for in-situ and sustainable generating extracellular vesicles (iMASSAGE), leverages on wireless electronics and responsive hydrogel to impose mechanical forces on macrophages to produce extracellular vesicles that rectify gut microbiome dysbiosis and ameliorate colitis. This in vivo controllable extracellular vesicles-produced system holds promise as platform to treat various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Kepeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Peihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Wurui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaocheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiacheng Song
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianguang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Lianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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Kotey SK, Tan X, Fleming O, Kasiraju RR, Dagnell AL, Van Pelt KN, Rogers J, Hartson SD, Thadathil N, Selvarani R, Ranjit R, Logan S, Deepa SS, Richardson A, Cheng Y. Intracellular iron accumulation facilitates mycobacterial infection in old mouse macrophages. GeroScience 2024; 46:2739-2754. [PMID: 38159133 PMCID: PMC10828278 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging has a significant impact on the immune system, leading to a gradual decline in immune function and changes in the body's ability to respond to bacterial infections. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria, are commonly found in soil, water, and various environmental sources. While many NTM species are considered opportunistic pathogens, some can cause significant infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as older individuals. When mycobacteria enter the body, macrophages are among the first immune cells to encounter them and attempt to engulf mycobacteria through a process called phagocytosis. Some NTM species, including Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) can survive and replicate within macrophages. However, little is known about the interaction between NTM and macrophages in older individuals. In this study, we investigated the response of bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMMs) isolated from young (5 months) and old (25 months) mice to M. avium serotype 4, one of the main NTM species in patients with pulmonary NTM diseases. Our results demonstrated that BMMs from old mice have an increased level of intracellular iron and are more susceptible to M. avium serotype 4 infection compared to BMMs from young mice. The whole-cell proteomic analysis indicated a dysregulated expression of iron homeostasis-associated proteins in old BMMs regardless of mycobacterial infection. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, significantly rescued mycobacterial killing and phagolysosome maturation in BMMs from old mice. Therefore, our data for the first time indicate that an intracellular iron accumulation improves NTM survival within macrophages from old mice and suggest a potential application of iron-chelating drugs as a host-directed therapy for pulmonary NTM infection in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Kotey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Owen Fleming
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ramakrishnama Raju Kasiraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Audrey L Dagnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kyle N Van Pelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Steven D Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nidheesh Thadathil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ramasamy Selvarani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sathyaseelan S Deepa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Okalahoma City Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, 246 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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6
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Schorey JS, Vecchio J, McManus WR, Ongalo J, Webber K. Activation of host nucleic acid sensors by Mycobacterium: good for us or good for them? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:224-240. [PMID: 38153209 PMCID: PMC10985831 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2294904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) sensors in controlling viral infection is well established, their role in promoting an effective immune response to pathogens other than viruses is less clear. This is particularly true for infections with mycobacteria, as studies point to both protective and detrimental roles for activation of nucleic acid sensors in controlling a mycobacterial infection. Some of the contradiction likely stems from the use of different model systems and different mycobacterial species/strains as well as from which nucleic acid sensors were studied and what downstream effectors were evaluated. In this review, we will describe the different nucleic acid sensors that have been studied in the context of mycobacterial infections, and how the different studies compare. We conclude with a section on how nucleic acid sensor agonists have been used therapeutically and what further information is needed to enhance their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S. Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joseph Vecchio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - William R. McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joshua Ongalo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Kylie Webber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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7
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Li Y, Qian Y, Wang N, Qiu D, Cao H, Wang Y, Luo H, Shen X, Cui H, Wang J, Zhu H. The functions and applications of extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115767. [PMID: 37865994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from bacteria function critical roles in bacterial biologic physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) produces EVs both in vitro and in vivo, with membrane-bound nanoparticles facilitating the transmission of biological molecules including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and glycolipids, while interacting remotely with the host. Although studies of EVs in mycobacterial infections is still in its infancy, it has already revealed an entirely new aspect of M. tuberculosis-host interactions that may have implications for tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the significant functions of M. tuberculosis EVs in elucidating the mechanisms underlying vesicle biogenesis and modulating cellular immune responses, as well as the recent advances and challenges in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic or diagnostic strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Yingfen Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child health hospital Maternal and Child heath hospital of Nanchang college, Nanchang 215300, PR China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Jinxi People's Hospital, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Second People's Hospital, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Shen
- Penglang Community Health Service Center of Kunshan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Hanwei Cui
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518118, PR China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, PR China.
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Hambo S, Harb H. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Lung Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16139. [PMID: 38003329 PMCID: PMC10671184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that. In this review, we investigate topics from EV biogenesis and types of EVs to lung bacterial and viral infections caused by various bacterial species. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are covered intensively in this review. Moreover, various viral lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infections, have been depicted extensively. In this review, we focus on eukaryotic-cell-derived EVs as an important component of disease pathogenesis. Finally, this review holds high novelty in its findings and literature review. It represents the first time to cover all different information on immune-cell-derived EVs in both bacterial and viral lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani Harb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Guthrie CM, Tan X, Meeker AC, Self AE, Liu L, Cheng Y. Engineering a dual vaccine against COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273019. [PMID: 37965265 PMCID: PMC10641007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been one of the top public health threats across the world over the past three years. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world, that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the past decades, recombinant M.bovis BCG has been studied as a novel vaccine vector for other infectious diseases in humans besides tuberculosis, such as viral infections. In the current study, we generated a recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD that expresses a fusion protein consisting of M. tb Ag85A protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using synthetic biology technique. Our results show that the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain successfully expressed this fusion protein. Interestingly, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD significantly induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell activation and IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain, and was more potent than the recombinant M.bovis BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. As expected, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD activated an increased number of M. tb Ag85A-specific IFNγ-releasing T cells and enhanced IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain or the BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. Taken together, our results indicate a potential application of the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD as a novel dual vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and M. tb in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn Monèt Guthrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Amber Cherry Meeker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ashton Elisabeth Self
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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10
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Wang N, Yao Y, Qian Y, Qiu D, Cao H, Xiang H, Wang J. Cargoes of exosomes function as potential biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254347. [PMID: 37928531 PMCID: PMC10622749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes as double-membrane vesicles contain various contents of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and non-coding RNAs, and involve in multiple physiological processes, for instance intercellular communication and immunomodulation. Currently, numerous studies found that the components of exosomal proteins, nucleic acids or lipids released from host cells are altered following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exosomal contents provide excellent biomarkers for the auxiliary diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and prognosis of tuberculosis. This study aimed to review the current literatures detailing the functions of exosomes in the procedure of M. tuberculosis infection, and determine the potential values of exosomes as biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfen Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Fourth People’s Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dewen Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Maternal and Child Heath Hospital of Nanchang College, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Sabatke B, Rossi IV, Sana A, Bonato LB, Ramirez MI. Extracellular vesicles biogenesis and uptake concepts: A comprehensive guide to studying host-pathogen communication. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37758682 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of host-pathogen interactions has increased considerably in recent decades. This intercellular communication has been mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play an important role during the interaction. EVs are particles of lipid bilayer and described in different types of cells, eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Depending on their biogenesis they are described as exosomes (derived from multivesicular bodies) and microvesicles (derived from the plasma membrane). The EVs carry biomolecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that can be released or internalized by other cells in different pathways (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, or membrane fusion) in the process described as uptake. The balance between biogenesis and uptake of EVs could modify physiological and pathophysiological processes of the cell. This review is focusing on the dynamic roles of release and capture of EVs during host-pathogen interaction. We also do a critical analysis of methodologies for obtaining and analyzing EVs. Finally, we draw attention to critical points to be considered in EV biogenesis and uptake studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Sabatke
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Izadora Volpato Rossi
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Abel Sana
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leticia Bassani Bonato
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcel I Ramirez
- EVAHPI - Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Parasite Interactions Research Group, Carlos Chagas Institute (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Gan Y, Zhao G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wu MX, Lu M. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Physiological Roles, Infection Immunology, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301357. [PMID: 37357142 PMCID: PMC10477901 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms. However, recent studies have shown that these vesicles play essential roles in direct or indirect communications among microorganisms and between microorganisms and hosts. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the physiological functions and emerging applications of bacterial membrane vesicles, with a focus on their biogenesis, mechanisms of adsorption and invasion into host cells, immune stimulatory effects, and roles in the much-concerned problem of bacterial resistance. Additionally, the potential applications of these vesicles as biomarkers, vaccine candidates, and drug delivery platforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Gan
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Transfusion MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040P. R. China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalDepartment of DermatologyHarvard Medical School, 50 Blossom StreetBostonMA02114USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200240P. R. China
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13
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Gonçalves D, Pinto SN, Fernandes F. Extracellular Vesicles and Infection: From Hijacked Machinery to Therapeutic Tools. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1738. [PMID: 37376186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a broad range of secreted cell-derived membrane vesicles. Beyond their more well-characterized role in cell communication, in recent years, EVs have also been shown to play important roles during infection. Viruses can hijack the biogenesis of exosomes (which are small EVs) to promote viral spreading. Additionally, these exosomes are also important mediators in inflammation and immune responses during both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes these mechanisms while also describing the impact of bacterial EVs in regulating immune responses. Finally, the review also focuses on the potential and challenges of using EVs, in particular, to tackle infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gonçalves
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Greening DW, Xu R, Ale A, Hagemeyer CE, Chen W. Extracellular vesicles as next generation immunotherapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:73-100. [PMID: 36773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer to elicit diverse biological/functional response. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that EVs from immune, tumour, stromal cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication of various immune cell types to dynamically regulate host immune response. EVs have an innate capacity to evade recognition, transport and transfer functional components to target cells, with subsequent removal by the immune system, where the immunological activities of EVs impact immunoregulation including modulation of antigen presentation and cross-dressing, immune activation, immune suppression, and immune surveillance, impacting the tumour immune microenvironment. In this review, we outline the recent progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery and summarise their utility towards clinical translation. We highlight the strategies where EVs (natural and engineered) are being employed as a therapeutic approach for immunogenicity, tumoricidal function, and vaccine development, termed immuno-EVs. With seminal studies providing significant progress in the sequential development of engineered EVs as therapeutic anti-tumour platforms, we now require direct assessment to tune and improve the efficacy of resulting immune responses - essential in their translation into the clinic. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in EV immunobiology and facilitate advances in engineering EVs for the development of novel EV-based immunotherapeutics as a platform for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rong Xu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anukreity Ale
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Mahmoudi F, Hanachi P, Montaseri A. Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials. Clin Immunol 2023; 248:109237. [PMID: 36669608 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities. This immune-modulating feature may provide a promising strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, immune cell-derived EVs have received attention as potential biomarkers for being used as diagnostic tools and preventive strategies such as for developing vaccines. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by different immune cell types, their effects on the immune system, and highlight their potential applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mahmoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Dwivedi M, Ghosh D, Saha A, Hasan S, Jindal D, Yadav H, Yadava A, Dwivedi M. Biochemistry of exosomes and their theranostic potential in human diseases. Life Sci 2023; 315:121369. [PMID: 36639052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are classified as special extracellular vesicles in the eukaryotic system having diameters ranging from 30 to 120 nm. These vesicles carry various endogenous molecules including DNA, mRNA, microRNA, circular RNA, and proteins, crucial for numerous metabolic reactions and can be proposed as therapeutic or diagnostic targets for several disorders. The donor exosomes release their content to recipient cells and further establish the significant intercellular communication showing biological effects by triggering environmental alterations. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal and dendritic cells have demonstrated their therapeutic potential against organ injury. Yet, various intricacies are involved in exosomal transport and its inclusion in cancer and other disease pathogenesis needs to be explored. The exosomes represent profound potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers in various pathophysiological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, chronic cancers, infectious diseases, female reproductive diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, we demonstrate the advancements in the implication of exosomes as one of the irrefutable prognostic biological targets in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
| | - Diya Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Divya Jindal
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Hitendra Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Anuradha Yadava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Medha Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
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17
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Gonzalez Fernandez J, Moncayo Arlandi J, Ochando A, Simon C, Vilella F. The role of extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication in human reproduction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:281-301. [PMID: 36762584 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-maternal cross-talk has emerged as a vitally important process for embryo development and implantation, which is driven by secreted factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EV cargo of bioactive molecules significantly influences target cells and primes them for critical stages of reproductive biology, including embryo development, adhesion, and implantation. Recent research has suggested that EVs and their cargo represent a powerful non-invasive tool that can be leveraged to assess embryo and maternal tissue quality during assisted reproduction treatments. Here, we review the current scientific literature regarding the intercellular cross-talk between embryos and maternal tissues from fertilization to implantation, focusing on human biology and signaling mechanisms identified in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gonzalez Fernandez
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Moncayo Arlandi
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ochando
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simon
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Wang J, Li Y, Wang N, Wu J, Ye X, Jiang Y, Tang L. Functions of exosomal non-coding RNAs to the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127214. [PMID: 37033928 PMCID: PMC10073540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) which causes the world's dominant fatal bacterial contagious disease. Increasing studies have indicated that exosomes may be a novel option for the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-150 nm) containing lipids, proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) released from various cells, and can transfer their cargos and communicate between cells. Furthermore, exosomal ncRNAs exhibit diagnosis potential in bacterial infections, including TB. Additionally, differential exosomal ncRNAs regulate the physiological and pathological functions of M. tb-infected cells and act as diagnostic markers for TB. This current review explored the potential biological roles and the diagnostic application prospects of exosomal ncRNAs, and included recent information on their pathogenic and therapeutic functions in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibiao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Tang, ; Jianjun Wang,
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19
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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20
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Listeria monocytogenes Infection Alters the Content and Function of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Trophoblast Stem Cells. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0034722. [PMID: 36154271 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00347-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental immunity is critical for fetal health during pregnancy, as invading pathogens spread from the parental blood to the fetus through this organ. However, inflammatory responses in the placenta can adversely affect both the fetus and the pregnant person, and the balance between protective placental immune response and detrimental inflammation is poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles that play a critical role in placental immunity. EVs produced by placental trophoblasts mediate immune tolerance to the fetus and to the placenta itself, but these EVs can also activate detrimental inflammatory responses. The regulation of these effects is not well characterized, and the role of trophoblast EVs (tEVs) in the response to infection has yet to be defined. The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes infects the placenta, serving as a model to study tEV function in this context. We investigated the effect of L. monocytogenes infection on the production and function of tEVs, using a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) model. We found that tEVs from infected TSCs can induce the production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in recipient cells. Surprisingly, this tEV treatment could confer increased susceptibility to subsequent L. monocytogenes infection, which has not been reported previously as an effect of EVs. Proteomic analysis and RNA sequencing revealed that tEVs from infected TSCs had altered cargo compared with those from uninfected TSCs. However, no L. monocytogenes proteins were detected in tEVs from infected TSCs. Together, these results suggest an immunomodulatory role for tEVs during prenatal infection.
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21
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ACE2-containing defensosomes serve as decoys to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001754. [PMID: 36099266 PMCID: PMC9469972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, exosomes, mediate intercellular communication by transporting substrates with a variety of functions related to tissue homeostasis and disease. Their diagnostic and therapeutic potential has been recognized for diseases such as cancer in which signaling defects are prominent. However, it is unclear to what extent exosomes and their cargo inform the progression of infectious diseases. We recently defined a subset of exosomes termed defensosomes that are mobilized during bacterial infection in a manner dependent on autophagy proteins. Through incorporating protein receptors on their surface, defensosomes mediated host defense by binding and inhibiting pore-forming toxins secreted by bacterial pathogens. Given this capacity to serve as decoys that interfere with surface protein interactions, we investigated the role of defensosomes during infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Consistent with a protective function, exosomes containing high levels of the viral receptor ACE2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from critically ill COVID-19 patients was associated with reduced intensive care unit (ICU) and hospitalization times. We found ACE2+ exosomes were induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation of viral sensors in cell culture, which required the autophagy protein ATG16L1, defining these as defensosomes. We further demonstrate that ACE2+ defensosomes directly bind and block viral entry. These findings suggest that defensosomes may contribute to the antiviral response against SARS-CoV-2 and expand our knowledge on the regulation and effects of extracellular vesicles during infection. Autophagy proteins mediate the production of extracellular vesicles termed defensosomes in response to innate immune ligands. This study reveals that ACE2-containing defensosomes bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, and are associated with reduced length of hospital stay for patients with COVID-19.
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22
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Emerson LE, Barker H, Tran T, Barker S, Enslow S, Ou M, Hoffman C, Jones M, Pascual DW, Edelmann MJ. Extracellular vesicles elicit protective immune responses against Salmonella infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12267. [PMID: 36134734 PMCID: PMC9494607 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) produced by antigen-presenting cells represent a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. The sEVs have been shown to drive Th1-type adaptive immune responses against intracellular infections such as Salmonella. In this study, we have demonstrated that an administration of sEVs produced by Salmonella-infected macrophages to BALB/c mice that were then challenged with Salmonella infection decreased bacterial load in infected animals and led to protection against a lethal dose of Salmonella. Second, the same sEVs induced a robust production of IgA anti-Salmonella antibodies (Abs) in BALB/c mice, including IgA anti-OmpD Abs. These results show that the nanoscale sEVs stimulate adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and that these sEVs can be used to provide animals with complete protection against lethal infection, such as the systemic bacterial infection in immunodeficient BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Emerson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hailey Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Terri Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha Enslow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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23
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Yan K, Xu G, Li Z. MicroRNA-20b carried by mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles protects alveolar epithelial type II cells from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in vitro. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 101:105292. [PMID: 35504589 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been largely used for their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties in the treatment of immune-based disorders and bacterial infections. This study explores the function of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECII) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. EVs were extracted from the acquired MSCs. AECII-like MLE-15 and A549 cells were treated with MSC-EVs and then subjected to MTB infection. MSC-EVs treatment significantly prevented the increase in bacterial load, and it prevented the production of proinflammatory cytokines in cells induced by MTB infection. MicroRNA-20b (miR-20b) was upregulated in cells after MSC-EVs treatment. Artificial inhibition of miR-20b blocked the protective effects of MSC-EVs against MTB infection. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the key molecules involved in the immune regulation in cells mediated by miR-20b. miR-20b directly targeted nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and inactivated the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signaling pathway by reducing the formation of TLR2-TLR4 dimer after MTB infection. In conclusion, this study suggests that MSC-EVs carry miR-20b to inhibit NFAT5 and inactivate the TLR signaling pathway, thus mediating innate immune response and preventing AECII from MTB infection-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Yan
- Department of Respiratory Nursing, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266034, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guangying Xu
- Department of Respiratory Nursing, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266034, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Linyi High-tech Zone People's Hospital, Linyi 276200, Shandong, PR China.
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Keshtkar S, Soleimanian S, Kaviani M, Sarvestani FS, Azarpira N, Asvar Z, Pakbaz S. Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Face of Pathogenic Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906078. [PMID: 35844564 PMCID: PMC9279736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are a collection of vesicles released from cells that play an important role in intercellular communication. Microbial infections are known as one of the major problems in the medical field. Considering the increasing resistance of strains to routine drug treatments, the need for new therapies seems to be more than ever. Recent studies have shown that the EVs released from immune cells during microbial infections had anti-microbial effects or were able to induce neighbouring cells to display anti-microbial effects. This mini-review aimed to explore the latest studies on immune cell-derived EVs in viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Review of the literature demonstrated that specific cargos in EVs were involved in the fight against pathogenic infections. Additionally, the transport of appropriate bioactive molecules including miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins via EVs could mediate the anti-microbial process. Thus, it could be a proof-of-principle that therapeutic approaches based on EVs derived from immune cells could offer a promising path forward, which is still in early stages and needs further assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Keshtkar
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeede Soleimanian
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kaviani
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Negar Azarpira
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Negar Azarpira,
| | - Zahra Asvar
- Nanotechnology School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Pakbaz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Mehaffy C, Ryan JM, Kruh-Garcia NA, Dobos KM. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:912831. [PMID: 35719351 PMCID: PMC9204639 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.912831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health issue causing millions of infections every year. Of these, about 15% ultimately result in death. Efforts to control TB include development of new and more effective vaccines, novel and more effective drug treatments, and new diagnostics that test for both latent TB Infection and TB disease. All of these areas of research benefit from a good understanding of the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of TB. Mtb secreted protein antigens have been the focus of vaccine and diagnosis research for the past century. Recently, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an important source of secreted antigens in Mtb has gained attention. Similarly, the discovery that host EVs can carry Mtb products during in vitro and in vivo infection has spiked interest because of its potential use in blood-based diagnostics. Despite advances in understanding the content of Mtb and Mtb-infected host extracellular vesicles, our understanding on the biogenesis and role of Mtb and host extracellular vesicles during Mtb infection is still nascent. Here, we explore the current literature on extracellular vesicles regarding Mtb, discuss the host and Mtb extracellular vesicles as distinct entities, and discuss current gaps in the field.
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26
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Zou C, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhou X. Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Insights Into the Interaction Between Host and Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840550. [PMID: 35693784 PMCID: PMC9174424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid particles released by virtually every living cell. EVs carry bioactive molecules, shuttle from cells to cells and transduce signals, regulating cell growth and metabolism. Pathogenic bacteria can cause serious infections via a wide range of strategies, and host immune systems also develop extremely complex adaptations to counteract bacterial infections. As notable carriers, EVs take part in the interaction between the host and bacteria in several approaches. For host cells, several strategies have been developed to resist bacteria via EVs, including expelling damaged membranes and bacteria, neutralizing toxins, triggering innate immune responses and provoking adaptive immune responses in nearly the whole body. For bacteria, EVs function as vehicles to deliver toxins and contribute to immune escape. Due to their crucial functions, EVs have great application potential in vaccines, diagnosis and treatments. In the present review, we highlight the most recent advances, application potential and remaining challenges in understanding EVs in the interaction between the host and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yige Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Hematology and Hematology Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xikun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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27
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Chen J, Zhang H, Wang S, Du Y, Wei B, Wu Q, Wang H. Inhibitors of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835058. [PMID: 35283837 PMCID: PMC8905621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain numerous active substances. EVs mediate bacterial interactions with their hosts or other microbes. Bacterial EVs play a double-edged role in infections through various mechanisms, including the delivery of virulence factors, modulating immune responses, mediating antibiotic resistance, and inhibiting competitive microbes. The spread of antibiotic resistance continues to represent a difficult clinical challenge. Therefore, the investigation of novel therapeutics is a valuable research endeavor for targeting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. As a pathogenic substance of bacteria, bacterial EVs have gained increased attention. Thus, EV inhibitors are expected to function as novel antimicrobial agents. The inhibition of EV production, EV activity, and EV-stimulated inflammation are considered potential pathways. This review primarily introduces compounds that effectively inhibit bacterial EVs and evaluates the prospects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongfang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Quadri Z, Elsherbini A, Bieberich E. Extracellular vesicles in pharmacology: Novel approaches in diagnostics and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:105980. [PMID: 34863822 PMCID: PMC8760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized lipid vesicles that are produced by all eukaryotic cells, and they typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes were discovered almost 40 years ago; however, the last two decades have attracted considerable attention due to exosomes' inherent abilities to shuttle nucleic acids, lipids and proteins between cells, along with their natural affinity to exosome target cells. From a pharmaceutical perspective, exosomes are regarded as naturally produced nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles. The application of exosomes as a means of drug delivery offers critical advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. These advantages are due to the exosomes' intrinsic features, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, stability, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. Herein, we outline the structure and origin of exosomes, as well as their biological functions. We also touch upon recent advances in exosome labeling, imaging and drug loading. Finally, we discuss exosomes in targeted drug delivery and clinical trial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainuddin Quadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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30
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Chang SH, Park SH, Cho ML, Choi Y. Why Should We Consider Potential Roles of Oral Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren Syndrome? Immune Netw 2022; 22:e32. [PMID: 36081525 PMCID: PMC9433196 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Chang
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Ching KL, de Vries M, Gago J, Dancel-Manning K, Sall J, Rice WJ, Barnett C, Liang FX, Thorpe LE, Shopsin B, Segal LN, Dittmann M, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. ACE2-containing defensosomes serve as decoys to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34981050 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.17.473223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, exosomes, mediate intercellular communication by transporting substrates with a variety of functions related to tissue homeostasis and disease. Their diagnostic and therapeutic potential has been recognized for diseases such as cancer in which signaling defects are prominent. However, it is unclear to what extent exosomes and their cargo inform the progression of infectious diseases. We recently defined a subset of exosomes termed defensosomes that are mobilized during bacterial infection in a manner dependent on autophagy proteins. Through incorporating protein receptors on their surface, defensosomes mediated host defense by binding and inhibiting pore-forming toxins secreted by bacterial pathogens. Given this capacity to serve as decoys that interfere with surface protein interactions, we investigated the role of defensosomes during infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19. Consistent with a protective function, exosomes containing high levels of the viral receptor ACE2 in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid from critically ill COVID-19 patients was associated with reduced ICU and hospitalization times. We found ACE2+ exosomes were induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation of viral sensors in cell culture, which required the autophagy protein ATG16L1, defining these as defensosomes. We further demonstrate that ACE2+ defensosomes directly bind and block viral entry. These findings suggest that defensosomes may contribute to the antiviral response against SARS-CoV-2 and expand our knowledge on the regulation and effects of extracellular vesicles during infection.
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32
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Deng Y, Sun Z, Wang L, Wang M, Yang J, Li G. Biosensor-based assay of exosome biomarker for early diagnosis of cancer. Front Med 2021; 16:157-175. [PMID: 34570311 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer imposes a severe threat to people's health and lives, thus pressing a huge medical and economic burden on individuals and communities. Therefore, early diagnosis of cancer is indispensable in the timely prevention and effective treatment for patients. Exosome has recently become an attractive cancer biomarker in noninvasive early diagnosis because of the unique physiology and pathology functions, which reflects remarkable information regarding the cancer microenvironment, and plays an important role in the occurrence and evolution of cancer. Meanwhile, biosensors have gained great attention for the detection of exosomes due to their superior properties, such as convenient operation, real-time readout, high sensitivity, and remarkable specificity, suggesting promising biomedical applications in the early diagnosis of cancer. In this review, the latest advances of biosensors regarding the assay of exosomes were summarized, and the superiorities of exosomes as markers for the early diagnosis of cancer were evaluated. Moreover, the recent challenges and further opportunities of developing effective biosensors for the early diagnosis of cancer were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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33
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Thoresen D, Wang W, Galls D, Guo R, Xu L, Pyle AM. The molecular mechanism of RIG-I activation and signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:154-168. [PMID: 34514601 PMCID: PMC9293153 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RIG‐I is our first line of defense against RNA viruses, serving as a pattern recognition receptor that identifies molecular features common among dsRNA and ssRNA viral pathogens. RIG‐I is maintained in an inactive conformation as it samples the cellular space for pathogenic RNAs. Upon encounter with the triphosphorylated terminus of blunt‐ended viral RNA duplexes, the receptor changes conformation and releases a pair of signaling domains (CARDs) that are selectively modified and interact with an adapter protein (MAVS), thereby triggering a signaling cascade that stimulates transcription of interferons. Here, we describe the structural determinants for specific RIG‐I activation by viral RNA, and we describe the strategies by which RIG‐I remains inactivated in the presence of host RNAs. From the initial RNA triggering event to the final stages of interferon expression, we describe the experimental evidence underpinning our working knowledge of RIG‐I signaling. We draw parallels with behavior of related proteins MDA5 and LGP2, describing evolutionary implications of their collective surveillance of the cell. We conclude by describing the cell biology and immunological investigations that will be needed to accurately describe the role of RIG‐I in innate immunity and to provide the necessary foundation for pharmacological manipulation of this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thoresen
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Drew Galls
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Guo
- Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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34
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Escudé Martinez de Castilla P, Tong L, Huang C, Sofias AM, Pastorin G, Chen X, Storm G, Schiffelers RM, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a drug delivery system: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113801. [PMID: 34015418 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system. Here, we assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic review. For each study published in the past decade, disease models, animal species, EV donor cell types, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), EV surface modifications, API loading methods, EV size and charge, estimation of EV purity, presence of biodistribution studies and administration routes were quantitatively analyzed in a defined and reproducible way. We have interpreted the trends we observe over the past decade, to define the niches where to apply EVs for drug delivery in the future and to provide a basis for regulatory guidelines.
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35
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Shandilya UK, Sharma A, Mallikarjunappa S, Guo J, Mao Y, Meade KG, Karrow NA. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of TLR4 modulates Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis cell lysate-induced inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11135-11146. [PMID: 34253365 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition receptor involved in the recognition of microbial pathogens and host alarmins. Ligation to TLR4 initiates a signaling cascade that leads to inflammation. Polymorphisms in bovine TLR4 have been associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) susceptibility and resistance, the cause of Johne's disease, and milk somatic cell score, a biomarker of mastitis. Although the contribution of TLR4 to recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been well characterized, its role in MAP recognition is less certain. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 mediated gene editing was performed to generate TLR4 knockout (KO) mammary epithelial cells to determine if TLR4 expression is involved in the initiation of the host inflammatory response to MAP cell lysate (5 and 10 µg/mL) and Escherichia coli LPS (5 µg/mL). The absence of TLR4 in KO cells resulted in enhanced expression of key inflammatory genes (TNFA and IL6), anti-inflammatory genes (IL10 and SOCS3), and supernatant cytokine and chemokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, CCL3) in response to the MAP cell lysate (10 µg/mL). However, in response to LPS, the KO cells showed reduced expression of key inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6) and supernatant cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, IL-8) as compared with unedited cells. Overall, these results confirm that TLR4 is essential for eliciting inflammation in response to LPS; however, exacerbated gene and protein expression in TLR4 KO cells in response to MAP cell lysate suggests a different mechanism of infection and host response for MAP, at least in terms of how it interacts with TLR4. These novel findings show potential divergent roles for TLR4 in mycobacterial infections, and this may have important consequences for the therapeutic control of inflammation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Shandilya
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Mallikarjunappa
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Guo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P R China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Y Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P R China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - K G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland, C15 PW93; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland, D04 V1W8
| | - N A Karrow
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Pathogen Interactions: A Review of Inter-Kingdom Signaling by Small Noncoding RNA. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071010. [PMID: 34208860 PMCID: PMC8303656 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this brief review is to describe the role of noncoding regulatory RNAs, including short RNAs (sRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) fragments and microRNAs (miRNA) secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), in inter-kingdom communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. Bacteria secrete vesicles that contain noncoding regulatory RNAs, and recent studies have shown that the bacterial vesicles fuse with and deliver regulatory RNAs to host cells, and similar to eukaryotic miRNAs, regulatory RNAs modulate the host immune response to infection. Recent studies have also demonstrated that mammalian cells secrete EVs containing miRNAs that regulate the gut microbiome, biofilm formation and the bacterial response to antibiotics. Thus, as evidence accumulates it is becoming clear that the secretion of noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNAs in extracellular vesicles is an important mechanism of bidirectional communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate how noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNA secreted in extracellular vesicles mediate inter-kingdom communication.
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37
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Schorey JS, Cheng Y, McManus WR. Bacteria- and host-derived extracellular vesicles - two sides of the same coin? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268991. [PMID: 34081134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens spend portions of their life cycle both inside and outside host cells. While in these two distinct environments, they release or shed bacterial components, including virulence factors that promote their survival and replication. Some of these components are released through extracellular vesicles, which are either derived from the bacteria themselves or from the host cells. Bacteria- and host-derived vesicles have been studied almost exclusively in isolation from each other, with little discussion of the other type of secreted vesicles, despite the fact that both are generated during an in vivo infection and both are likely play a role in bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity. In this Review, we aim to bridge this gap and discuss what we know of bacterial membrane vesicles in their generation and composition. We will compare and contrast this with the composition of host-derived vesicles with regard to bacterial components. We will also compare host cell responses to the different vesicles, with a focus on how these vesicles modulate the immune response, using Mycobacterium, Listeria and Salmonella as specific examples for these comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - William R McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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38
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Palacios A, Gupta S, Rodriguez GM, Prados-Rosales R. Extracellular vesicles in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:175-181. [PMID: 33743266 PMCID: PMC9909588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as an important process in bacterial biology and host-pathogen interactions. Like many other bacteria, mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), produces EVs in vitro and in vivo. These membrane-enclosed nanoparticles enable Mtb to secrete hydrophobic molecules, proteins, lipids and glycolipids in a concentrated and protected manner and engage in remote interactions with the host. The nature of the material secreted in mycobacterial EVs, the functional attributes of these vesicles and their potential as protective antigens have stimulated great interest in the mycobacterial field. Although the field of EVs in mycobacterial infections is developing, it has already uncovered a whole new dimension for Mtb-host interactions potentially relevant to TB pathogenesis. In this mini-review, we discuss the current evidence supporting an important role of mycobacterial EVs in modulating cellular immune response, the challenges and recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of vesicle biogenesis and the implications for development of new preventive and therapeutic tools against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Palacios
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, 48160, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Shamba Gupta
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, 07103 NJ, USA
| | - G. Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark, 07103 NJ, USA
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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39
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Lu G, Jiang X, Wu A, Zhou J, Liu H, He F, Zhang Q, Zen K, Gu S, Wang J. Two Small Extracellular Vesicle sRNAs Derived From Mycobacterium tuberculosis Serve as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:642559. [PMID: 33936000 PMCID: PMC8082067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is of great significance for the control and treatment of TB. However, TB remains a major healthy, social, and economic burden worldwide because of the lack of ideal diagnostic biomarkers. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-encoded small RNA (sRNA) is a class of regulation small RNA. Several studies have identified M. tuberculosis encoded-sRNAs in the serum/plasm of M. tuberculosis-infected patients. Small extracellular vesicles are small membrane vesicles secreted by many cell types during physiological and pathological conditions. Recent evidence has indicated that most of the nucleic acids in the serum/plasma are packaged in the small extracellular vesicles and could serve as ideal diagnostic biomarkers. In this study, we attempted a novel approach for TB diagnosis: targeting small extracellular vesicles M. tuberculosis encoded sRNA (sRNA) by qRT-PCR. The results showed that M. tuberculosis-encoded ASdes and MTB-miR5 only existed in tuberculosis patients and have the potential to serve as a sensitive and accurate methodology for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Lu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - XinRui Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Anni Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengjun Liu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gu
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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40
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Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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41
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Sun YF, Pi J, Xu JF. Emerging Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: From Immunity Regulations to Vaccine and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628973. [PMID: 33868247 PMCID: PMC8047325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles carrying protein, lipid, and nucleic acid for secreting cells, and act as significant signal transport vectors for cell-cell communication and immune modulation. Immune-cell-derived exosomes have been found to contain molecules involved in immunological pathways, such as MHCII, cytokines, and pathogenic antigens. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most fatal infectious diseases. The pathogen for tuberculosis escapes the immune defense and continues to replicate despite rigorous and complicate host cell mechanisms. The infected-cell-derived exosomes under this circumstance are found to trigger different immune responses, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, and activate subsequent pathways, highlighting the critical role of exosomes in anti-MTB immune response. Additionally, as a novel kind of delivery system, exosomes show potential in developing new vaccination and treatment of tuberculosis. We here summarize recent research progress regarding exosomes in the immune environment during MTB infection, and further discuss the potential of exosomes as delivery system for novel anti-MTB vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Fu Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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42
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Pérez-Cruz C, Briansó F, Sonnleitner E, Bläsi U, Mercadé E. RNA release via membrane vesicles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is associated with the growth phase. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5030-5041. [PMID: 33650279 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 membrane vesicles (MVs) are known to play a role in cell-to-cell communication. Several studies have shown that the MV composition and physicochemical properties vary according to the bacterial growth stage, but the impact this might have on the externalization of RNA via MVs has not been addressed. Therefore, a study to characterize the RNA content from MVs retrieved at different growth phases was conducted. First, the transcriptome analyses revealed a higher abundance of around 300 RNA species in MVs when compared with the cells. The vesiculation rate along the growth curve was determined, showing that the release of MVs increased during the transition to the stationary phase, whereas it decreased in the late stationary phase. RNA-seq of MVs retrieved along the transition to the stationary phase demonstrated that the RNA cargo of vesicles did not vary. However, the amount of smaller RNAs (<200 nt) inside MVs retrieved in the late exponential phase was higher than in the stationary phase MVs. These results indicate that the externalization of RNA via MVs occurs during late exponential phase and implies the secretion of different types of MVs during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Cruz
- Marine Research Division, AZTI, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Sukarrieta, Spain.,Microbiology Unit, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Briansó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sonnleitner
- Max Perutz Labs, Center of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Bläsi
- Max Perutz Labs, Center of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Mercadé
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Onomoto K, Onoguchi K, Yoneyama M. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated signaling: interaction between host and viral factors. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:539-555. [PMID: 33462384 PMCID: PMC7812568 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are RNA sensor molecules that play essential roles in innate antiviral immunity. Among the three RLRs encoded by the human genome, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, which contain N-terminal caspase recruitment domains, are activated upon the detection of viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Activated RLRs induce downstream signaling via their interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins and activate the production of type I and III interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shown that RLR-mediated signaling is regulated by interactions with endogenous RNAs and host proteins, such as those involved in stress responses and posttranslational modifications. Since RLR-mediated cytokine production is also involved in the regulation of acquired immunity, the deregulation of RLR-mediated signaling is associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Moreover, RLR-mediated signaling might be involved in the aberrant cytokine production observed in coronavirus disease 2019. Since the discovery of RLRs in 2004, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the activation and regulation of RLR-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of regulated RNA recognition and signal activation by RLRs, focusing on the interactions between various host and viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Onoguchi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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44
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Gupta A, Kumar A, Anand R, Bairagi N, Chatterjee S. Genome scale metabolic model driven strategy to delineate host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Omics 2021; 17:296-306. [PMID: 33595587 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyze high throughput proteomics data reflecting the response of the Mφ-like THP1 cell line to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. M. tuberculosis's engagement with the host's metabolic pathways is a known strategy employed by the pathogen to shift the balance in its favour. Our study revisits this strategy through the integration of the temporal proteomics data in the genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) giving context-specific GSMMs. THP1 cells were infected with H37Ra, H37Rv, BND433 and JAL2287 strains of M. tuberculosis and the host response was studied at 6, 18, 30 and 42 hours after infection. We have developed a modified flux balance analysis (FBA), which does not use an objective function, to find the fluxes of metabolic reactions in different strains and stages of infection and have revealed different functional modules. Hence, we have established a method of rewiring using GSMMs to explore potential strategies to change the flux state of virulent M. tuberculosis infected macrophages as against their avirulent counterparts. Our methodology gives a correlation between different flux states, the extent of which was interpreted as the extent of rewiring. The accuracy of the results from the proposed methodology was validated with gene knockout experimental data. We found that more than one reaction has to be rewired simultaneously to alter virulent to an avirulent response. The identified modules showed influence across the investigated strains and time points suggesting that these reactions could be therapeutically targeted. This novel methodology is now available for use in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, India
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45
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Benet S, Gálvez C, Drobniewski F, Kontsevaya I, Arias L, Monguió-Tortajada M, Erkizia I, Urrea V, Ong RY, Luquin M, Dupont M, Chojnacki J, Dalmau J, Cardona P, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Julián E, Furrer H, Günthard HF, Crocker PR, Tapia G, Borràs FE, Fellay J, McLaren PJ, Telenti A, Cardona PJ, Clotet B, Vilaplana C, Martinez-Picado J, Izquierdo-Useros N. Dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated to a SIGLEC1 null variant that limits antigen exchange via trafficking extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12046. [PMID: 33489013 PMCID: PMC7807485 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of individuals with null alleles enables studying how the loss of gene function affects infection. We previously described a non-functional variant in SIGLEC1, which encodes the myeloid-cell receptor Siglec-1/CD169 implicated in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission. Here we report a significant association between the SIGLEC1 null variant and extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in two clinical cohorts comprising 6,256 individuals. Local spread of bacteria within the lung is apparent in Mtb-infected Siglec-1 knockout mice which, despite having similar bacterial load, developed more extensive lesions compared to wild type mice. We find that Siglec-1 is necessary to induce antigen presentation through extracellular vesicle uptake. We postulate that lack of Siglec-1 delays the onset of protective immunity against Mtb by limiting antigen exchange via extracellular vesicles, allowing for an early local spread of mycobacteria that increases the risk for extrapulmonary dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Benet
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Cristina Gálvez
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | | | - Irina Kontsevaya
- Department of Retrovirology Imperial College London UK.,Department of Retrovirology Research Center Borstel, Borstel Germany.,Department of Retrovirology N.V. Postnikov Samara Region Clinical Tuberculosis Dispensary Samara Russia
| | - Lilibeth Arias
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- REMAR-IVECAT Group Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,ICREC Research Program Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Itziar Erkizia
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Victor Urrea
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Ruo-Yan Ong
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Judith Dalmau
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain
| | - Paula Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS UPS Université de Toulouse Toulouse France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167) France and Buenos Aires Toulouse Argentina
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Department of Retrovirology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Pathology Department Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT Group Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Nephrology Department Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital Badalona Spain
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Lausanne Switzerland.,Precision Medicine Unit Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Paul J McLaren
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg Manitoba Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,AIDS and Related Illnesses Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS) Faculty of Medicine University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC) Vic Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE) Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Facultat de Biociències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain.,AIDS and Related Illnesses Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS) Faculty of Medicine University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC) Vic Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Barcelona Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- Department of Retrovirology IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute Badalona Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) Can Ruti Campus Badalona Spain
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46
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Rai A, Fang H, Fatmous M, Claridge B, Poh QH, Simpson RJ, Greening DW. A Protocol for Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Functional Dissection of Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2261:105-149. [PMID: 33420988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles released by cells. They carry proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites which can be transferred to a recipient cell, locally or at a distance, to elicit a functional response. Since their discovery over 30 years ago, the functional repertoire of EVs in both physiological (e.g., organ morphogenesis, embryo implantation) and pathological (e.g., cancer, neurodegeneration) conditions has cemented their crucial role in intercellular communication. Moreover, because the cargo encapsulated within circulating EVs remains protected from degradation, their diagnostic as well as therapeutic (such as drug delivery tool) applications have garnered vested interest. Global efforts have been made to purify EV subtypes from biological fluids and in vitro cell culture media using a variety of strategies and techniques, with a major focus on EVs of endocytic origin called exosomes (30-150 nm in size). Given that the secretome comprises of soluble secreted proteins, protein aggregates, RNA granules, and EV subtypes (such as exosomes, shed microvesicles, apoptotic bodies), it is imperative to purify exosomes to homogeneity if we are to perform biochemical and biophysical characterization and, importantly, functional dissection. Besides understanding the composition of EV subtypes, defining molecular bias of how they reprogram target cells also remains of paramount importance in this area of active research. Here, we outline a systematic "how to" protocol (along with useful insights/tips) to obtain highly purified exosomes and perform their biophysical and biochemical characterization. This protocol employs a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to characterize the protein composition of exosomes. We also provide insights on different isolation strategies and their usefulness in various downstream applications. We outline protocols for lipophilic labeling of exosomes to study uptake by a recipient cell, investigating cellular reprogramming using proteomics and studying functional response to exosomes in the Transwell-Matrigel™ Invasion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monique Fatmous
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bethany Claridge
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qi Hui Poh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Extracellular RNAs in Bacterial Infections: From Emerging Key Players on Host-Pathogen Interactions to Exploitable Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249634. [PMID: 33348812 PMCID: PMC7766527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These molecules can interact with mRNAs or proteins, affecting a variety of cellular functions. Emerging evidence shows that intra/inter-species and trans-kingdom regulation can also be achieved with exogenous RNAs, which are exported to the extracellular medium, mainly through vesicles. In bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) seem to be the more common way of extracellular communication. In several bacterial pathogens, MVs have been described as a delivery system of ncRNAs that upon entry into the host cell, regulate their immune response. The aim of the present work is to review this recently described mode of host-pathogen communication and to foster further research on this topic envisaging their exploitation in the design of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to fight bacterial infections.
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Paik S, Jo EK. An Interplay Between Autophagy and Immunometabolism for Host Defense Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603951. [PMID: 33262773 PMCID: PMC7688515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic pathway featuring lysosomal degradation, is a central component of the host immune defense against various infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Mtb can evade the autophagic defense and drive immunometabolic remodeling of host phagocytes. Co-regulation of the autophagic and metabolic pathways may play a pivotal role in shaping the innate immune defense and inflammation during Mtb infection. Two principal metabolic sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, function together to control the autophagy and immunometabolism that coordinate the anti-mycobacterial immune defense. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and immunometabolism in terms of combating intracellular Mtb, and how AMPK-mTOR signaling regulates antibacterial autophagy in terms of Mtb infection. We describe several autophagy-targeting agents that promote host antimicrobial defenses by regulating the AMPK-mTOR axis. A better understanding of the crosstalk between immunometabolism and autophagy, both of which are involved in host defense, is crucial for the development of innovative targeted therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Larabi A, Dalmasso G, Delmas J, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. Exosomes transfer miRNAs from cell-to-cell to inhibit autophagy during infection with Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive E. coli. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1677-1694. [PMID: 32583714 PMCID: PMC7524154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1771985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), which abnormally colonize the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) patients, are able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), survive and replicate within macrophages and induce a pro-inflammatory response. AIEC infection of IECs induces secretion of exosomes that increase AIEC replication in exosome-receiving IECs and macrophages. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the increased AIEC replication in cells receiving exosomes from AIEC-infected cells. Exosomes released by uninfected human intestinal epithelial T84 cells (Exo-uninfected) or by T84 cells infected with the clinical AIEC LF82 strain (Exo-LF82), the nonpathogenic E. coli K12 strain (Exo-K12) or the commensal E. coli HS strain (Exo-HS) were purified and used to stimulate T84 cells. Stimulation of T84 cells with Exo-LF82 inhibited autophagy compared with Exo-uninfected, Exo-K12 and Exo-HS. qRT-PCR analysis revealed increased levels of miR-30c and miR-130a in Exo-LF82 compared to Exo-uninfected, Exo-K12 and Exo-HS. These miRNAs were transferred via exosomes to recipient cells, in which they targeted and inhibited ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and thereby autophagy response, thus favoring AIEC intracellular replication. Inhibition of these miRNAs in exosome-donor cells infected with AIEC LF82 abolished the increase in miR-30c and miR-130a levels in the released Exo-LF82 and in Exo-LF82-receiving cells, thus suppressing the inhibitory effect of Exo-LF82 on ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and on autophagy-mediated AIEC clearance in Exo-LF82-receiving cells. Our study shows that upon AIEC infection, IECs secrete exosomes that can transfer specific miRNAs to recipient IECs, inhibiting autophagy-mediated clearance of intracellular AIEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Wang Y, Zhao M, Liu S, Guo J, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles: diverse mediators of pathology and therapeutics in multiple diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:924. [PMID: 33116121 PMCID: PMC7595091 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are primary innate immune cells that exhibit diverse functions in response to different pathogens or stimuli, and they are extensively involved in the pathology of various diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by live cells. As vital messengers, macrophage-derived EVs (Mφ-EVs) can transfer multiple types of bioactive molecules from macrophages to recipient cells, modulating the biological function of recipient cells. In recent years, Mφ-EVs have emerged as vital mediators not only in the pathology of multiple diseases such as inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancers, but also as mediators of beneficial effects in immunoregulation, cancer therapy, infectious defense, and tissue repair. Although many investigations have been performed to explore the diverse functions of Mφ-EVs in disease pathology and intervention, few studies have comprehensively summarized their detailed biological roles as currently understood. In this review, we briefly introduced an overview of macrophage and EV biology, and primarily focusing on current findings and future perspectives with respect to the pathological and therapeutic effects of Mφ-EVs in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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